^op chi Khoa hgc Trudng Dgi hgc CSn Tho Phan A: Khoa hgc Tu nhien. Cong nghi vd Mdi irudng: 33 (2014): 75-82
Tap chl Khoa hoc Tru'dng Dai hcic Can Thd website: sj.ctu.edu.vn
T 6 N G H O P CO SOf Uit THUYET VA THlTC NGHIEM PHAN TICH KHONG PHA HUY TRAI XOAI BANG PHU'ONG PHAP VA DAP NHE Vo Minh Tri' va Vo Tin Thanh^
' Khoa Cdng nghi, Trudng Dgi hgc Cdn Tha
^ Khoa Ndng nghiip & Sinh hgc dng dyng. Trudng Dgi hgc Cdn Tha Thdng tin chung:
Ngdy nhdn: 25/12/2013 Ngdy chdp nhgn: 28/08/2014 Title:
Reviewing theoretical and experimental foundations of the non-destructive analysis of mangoes using slight impact method Td khda:
Phdn tich khdng phd hiiy, phuang phdp va dgp nhe Keywords:
non-destructive analysis, slight impact method
ABSTRACT
Recently, the non-destructive measurement methods for analyzing and evaluating fruits such as using sound, slight impact method, image analysis have gained much interest from the scientific community. Among them, non-destructive fruit analysis using slight impact method showed feasibility and strong progression. This study aims at reviewing, analyzing and evaluating experiments in which slight impact method has been used in order to make a clear and sufficient basis for analyzing the physical properties of mangoes using this method. Experimental results show that the mango firmness could be measured using slight impact method. This sets a pathway for building an automatic mango sorting system to provide information for storage, transportation, and consumption of mangoes.
TOM TAT
Cdc phuang phdp do ludng khdng phd huy dimg di phdn tich ddnh gid trdi cdy nhu dm thanh, va dap nhe, phdn tich hinh dnh dugc cdng ddng khoa hgc quan tdm vd nghien cdu trong Ihdi gian gdn day. Trong sd dd, phdn tich khong phd hiiy trdi cdy theo phuang phdp va ddp nhe co tinh khd thi vd ki thiia cao. Nghien curu ndy nham tdng hgp, phdn tich, ddnh gid cdc thi nghiim'dd'irng dung phuong phdp va dgp nhe, tit dd dua ra ca sd ro rdng day du de phdn tich ca tinh xodi bdng phucmg phdp ndy. Ket qud thuc nghiem cho thdy phuang phdp va dgp nh? hodn todn co thi dimg di do dg cung cua trdi xodi. Day Id ca sd cho viec xdy dung mgt he thdng phdn logi tit dgng phuc vu cho viic cung cdp thong tin cho vdn de ton trd, van chuyin hay tiiu thu logi trdi cdy nay.
Chit lupng cua cic loai trii ciy vd rau qui thudng dupe dinh gii dya ttdn cdc thanh phin hda hpc hoic cdc die tinh vdt ly hay mdt sy ket hpp cua c i hai ydu to. Tuy nhidn, thupc tinh dupe quan tim bdi ngudi tidu dung Id miu ma va chit lupng cua sdn phim. Vi viy, dinh gia chdt lupng ndng sin ludn dupe quan tim v i dau tu nghien cftu dd dap ftng nhu ciu cfta ngudi tieu dung ddng thdi ting hifu qua kinh te cho nhi san xudt. Cic n ^ e n eftu
dinh gii chdt lugng cua ttii cay dya tten bai phuong phap phan tich ehinh Id phdn tich phi buy va phan tich khdng pha hfty. Phuang phap phan tich khong pha buy phd biin theo hai hudng: va dap vd am thanh. Trong do, phucmg phip va dip sft dung mdt sd kj thuit khde nhau nhu thi roi trii va dap len cdm bidn lyc, va dip ttii vdi khdi lupng thip hay va dip theo md hinh con lic dan.
Trong nhftng nim gin diy, nhd su phit trien ttong kl thuit cam bien - do ludng nen eic ngbien
Tgp chi Khoa hgc Trudng Dgi hgc Cdn Tha cuu ddnh gid chit lupng d?t nhieu thanh tyu ldn, thim ehi da phat ttien thidt bi phin loai ttong thuong mai. Tuy nhidn, cic cdng trinh nghien cftu niy chu ylu d cdc nude phit tridn vi cic hf thdng phin loai nhu thi chua xuit hifn d Vift Nam do chi phi diu tu ldn.
Dya tten nhftng thdnh cdng cfta cic cdng ttinh nghien cftu tmdc dd vi gdn diy nhat la nghien cftu khi thinh cdng cua cua Lien vd ctv. (2009, 2013) ttong nghien cftu dp san chac cfta c i ehua vi di vdi hifu qua phin loai cao (84.21%), dk tai cung se budc diu dp dyng phuang phap thi roi dl ddnh gia dd chin ttdn ddi tupng xoii cat de phuc vy cho nghien cftu ve danh gii chit lupng va bao quan sau thu hoach cho xoai noi rieng vd dua ra cac nguyen Iy ve phan lo^i chat lupng cua cae loai ttdi cdy noi chung.
2 N O I DUNG NGHIEN CUtl 2.1 Hf th6ng cic phmmg phap va dip 2.1.1 Phuang phdp thd rai va ddp lin cdm biin luc
Md hinh gdm mdt ca ciu gift qua bang khi nen, mpt loadeell, miy phat, dao ddng nghifm vi miy tinh (Hinh 1). Trai dupe gift nhd lyc hut tft co ciu hut chdn khdng va dupe tha ra dl roi ty do xudng loadeell tft mft dp cao rat nhd (vii mm) dupe dinh sdn. Loadeell se tao ra tin hidu tuang ty, tin hifu nay dupe khuech dai vi sd boa bdi miy phit trudc khi dupe tmydn ve may tinh va xem tten dao ddng nghifm. Dft lifu sau do sS dupe phan tich vi xft ly
Computer
Khoa hgc Tu nhien, Cdng nghe vd Mdi trudng: 33 (2014): 75-82 tinh todn ttdn miy tinh.
Phucmg phip xac ffinh chi s6 san chic cfta trai qua t j sd FA^ dupe Delwiche (1987) dua ra (ttong do F la bidn dp dinh cua lyc va dip tdi da, t la flidi gian de dat dupe lyc va dip tdi da do) v i ip dyng phucmg phdp niy vdo phin loai dio (Delwiche va ctv., 1987). Chen cho ring lyc va dip l i mft him phu thudc vao khdi lupng vi bdn kinh cong cua ttdi, vi vay dao ddng cie thdng sd nay inh hudng rit nhieu ddn kdt qui do, ngoii ra do trudng thanh cfta ttii Cling phu thudc vdo khdi lupng (De Ketelaere va civ., 2006), vi viy trong thi nghifm ndy Lien vd ctv. (2009) dS phat ttien phuang phip ndy bing thi nghifm do dd sin chic eua trdi ci chua (Hinh 1). Trong thi nghifm niy, Lien va ctv chi ra ring ddi vdi dilu kifn phin loai ttyc tilp thi chi can sft dyng ba thdng sd Cs, Ce, tc' (Hinh 2) dl khio sit khi ning phdn loai ttii, ket qud phdn loai dat 79,2 %. Nam 2010, Rangi va ctv phit ttiln he thdng bang tii phan loai trii Kiwi dya ttdn thi nghifm eua Lien vd ctv. (2009) vdi dp chinh xac d?t 82,3 %. Nim 2013, Lien vi ctv tilp tyc thyc hien thi nghifm theo md hiiih thi nghiem nam 2009 ttdn ttdi di vi thdng sd duoc dftng de danli gia la
Cp,,2 - (Fpi-Fp2)/(tpu)', Cci,2 = (Fp,-Fp2)/At^
Cp»i^ = CP''Vw, C™'-^ = Cci.2/w^ (Hinh 3), kit qua phan lo£tid&t 84,21%.
Ngoai ra, thi nghiem nay cimg dupe nhidu nha nghien eftu thyc hien tten nhidu loai ttii ciy khdc nhau: do dp sin chac cua trii nhu xodi (Hahn, 2004).
\
Digital Osciltoscope
Height-adjustable Stand
Hinh 1: Trii dupe gift bing thilt bi hit chan khdng, sau do dirpc thi roi ttr do xuong loadeell tiir dd cao dupe xic dinh (Lien va cfv., 2009)
^op chi Khoa hgc TrudngDgi hgc Cdn Tha Phdn A: Khoa hgc Tv nhiin. Cdng ngh? vd Mdi irudng: 33 (2014): 75-82
1.5 T i m e (ms)
Hinh 2: Bieu do thd hifn dap irng l^rc va d i p theo thdi gian (Lieu vd ctv., 2009) 5 0 - .
4 0 -
lOO T i m e ( m s )
Hinh 3: Bieu do the hifu dap irng luc va d i p theo thdi gian (Lien vd ctv., 2013) 2.1.2 Phucmgphdp vaddp vdi khdi lugng thdp
Phuong phap va dip vdi khdi lupng thip dupe md hinh hoi bdi mdt hf gdm mdt qud cau cftng va dip len mpt qui ciu cao su. Trong mdt qua ttinh va dip nhu vay, dip ftng ddng ciia vit va dip li mdt
5 2.3/5,_mKm2 .3/5
hdm theo md-dun dan hdi, hf sd Poision cfta qui ciu dan hdi, khdi lupng, ban kinh cong, vin tdc cua hai vat Dya tren li thuylt n ^ e n cuu^d.md hinh dan hdi cfta hai qui ciu cao su Tirriosaiko'vi Goodier(1951), lyc va dap dupe md ti nhu sau:
£2(1-/if)+ £1(1-//^)
R\.R2 y^- (1)
Vdi F: l i iuc va dip ISn mdi vat, VQ: vin tdc cua hai vat, mi: khdi lupng cfta qud ciu, mi: khdi lupng, pi : He so Poisson cua qui cAu va dap, pa : Hf sd poisson cua trai, Ei: Module dan hdi cua qui ciu va dip, E2: Md-dun ddn hdi cfta ttdi, Ri: bdn kinh dudng cong tai didm tilp xuc cua qui ciu, R2:
bin kinh cong t?i diem tilp xuc cua ttii, vo=vi, tai va dip tuih (V2=0).
Cdng thfte cudi cftng de do gii tti sin chic cua trii Chen vd ctv. (1996):
Alt^ 0.68.F.vn / D.m (2)
Trong dd A, t lin lupt li gia tdc v i thdi gian va dip.
Tgp chiKhoa hoc TrudngDgi hgc Cdn Tha Phdn A: Khoa hgc Ty nhien, Cdng nghe vd Mdi trudng: 33 (2014): 75-82
^ NI/5 ffl./Q I 5 2^3/5 i , ' ^ ' ^ . 3 / 5
Alt = (-v^) \— |( ) (1-^)
(3)
Cdng thfte tuih module dan hdi E (ehi sd san Dd kidm chung su tuong quan gifta E (ehi sd ch5c): sin chic) vd gia tdc. Chen vd eft; (1996) dua ra mo
hinh thi nghifm do san chac cua trii (Hinh 4).
E^
3 / ' ( l - / ) V j ^
0.5(MPa) (4) Electromagnet
Accelerometer, Impacting head
Fruit
Hinh 4: Md hinh thi nghiem va dap khdi lupng thip (Chen vd ctv.., 1996)
Chen vd ctv. (2000) thinh mdt hf thdng phin loai ttdi dgt 88% vi duac diing dd thuong m^. Ngodi ra, phuang phap niy cdn dugrc sft dyng phan loai tio (Salvadores vd ctv., 2000), Chen vd Ruiz- Ahisent (1996) da phdt tridn mdi "lateral impact sensor".
Qua thi nghifm nay cua Chen ket luin rang dp sin chac E cd mdi quan hf ldn ddn chi sd gia tdc A.
Qua thi n^ifm each tinh chi sd sin chic, thay vi phdi ap dung cdng thfte (4) dd tinh dp sap chac,' ta cd the diing cdng thfte (3^ de xic dinh dp'sah chac cua ttdi thdng qua gia tdc. Vifc do dgc gia tri sin chic cua trdi se dan gian ban khi ta chi edn dung cdm bien gia tdc de thyc hifn cdng vifc ndy.
Vide chpn klidi luong va d|p cang nhd se giup cho vifc do dac hifu qua hon vd it tdm hu hai den ttdi (Chen vdcfv.,i 996).
Dya tren co sd ly thuyet tren, Chen vd ctv (2000) phat tridn thinh mpt thidt bi cim tay dl dinh gid dp san chic cua trdi khi ngay trii cdn tten ciy. Sau do, Garcia Ramos vd ctv. (2003) da phit ttien he thdng va dip canh ben dya tten thiet hi cua
2.1.3 Phucmg pimp vaddp theo mo hinh con lac dan
Phuang phdp va dip theo md hinh con lie don dupe dua ra dau tien bdi Mohsenin (1970) (Hinh 5). Theo Mohsenin, dp sin chac ciia trdi tuang quan den hf sd phin bdi dupe U'nh theo cdng thfte:
sin(Q; / 2)
sin(^ / 2) (5)
Trong dd, a li gdc sau khi va dip, p li gdc trudc khi va dip.
^?P chi Khoa hgc Trudng Dgi hgc Cdn Tha PhSn A: Khoa hgc Tu nhien, Cong nghi vd Mdt trudng: 33 (2014): 75-82
Scal9 calibrated
!" steel ball
"*• ADDle held bv cfamD
Hinh 5 : Md hinh va d^p con lie doTa cua Mohsenin
duac khuech dai vd sd hod bdi card thu thip dft lifu NI DAp 6024E truoc khi dupe ttuyin vd may U'nh. Chi sd dp cung cua trii dupe tinh toin dua ttdn cdng thfte: Cpwi.2 = (Fpi-Fp2)/(tpi,iw) (Hinh 3).
2.2 Birdc dau thir nghifm phuong phap tha roi va d i p len cam bien lure
2.2.1 Xdy dyng md hinh thuc nghiim vd mo td thi nghiem
Thi nghifm dupe xiy dyng dya ttdn dii nghifm cua Lien vd ctv ndm 2013 tren trdi di, kdt qud phin logi dat 84,21 %. Phuang pliap thi rai va dgp len cim bidn lyc: Md hinh (Hinh 6) gdm mft co cdu CO khi gift qui dupe dieu khiln thdng qua miy tinh, mpt loadeell, mdt card thu thip NI DAp 6024E vi mdt mdy b'nh. Trai dupe ^iu nhd ca eiu ca khi va duoc thi ra de roi ty do xudng loadeell tft mft dp cao rit nhd (vii mm) dupe dinh sin.
Loadeell sd tao ra tin hifu tuong ty, tin hidu ndy
Hmh 6: Md hinh th\rc nghifm 2.2.2 Bd tri thi nghiim Tien hanh thi nghifm:
Xoai dupe mua tgi chp, dupe dinh sd tft I din 30, phin lam hai mit. Mgt xoai dung dl lam thi nghifm va dip dupe ddnh diu chft A. Mat con lai dung dd thi nghifm ndn phi hfty. Logt 30 trii xoai dupe thyc hifn 3 lan thi nghifm va dip ddi vdi mdi trai. Ngay thft nhit thyc hidn liy kit qud ed 30 ttii xoii chia 5 nhdm (Hinh 7) dya tten thdng sd Cpwu.
Chi s6 Cpw1,2 cua loat 30 trai xoai
Hinh 7: Bieu dh sip xip 30 trii theo thi^ tur tang dan cua thong so Cpwu Sau dd, tft 5 nhom^ d i chia chpn ra 3 nhdm cd
gia tri cdch nhau nhidu nhit dl tilp tyc lam thi nghifm cho cac ngdy tiep theo (vifc Idy ra 3 nhdm dau, gifta, vi cudi hodn toan bing chft quan nhSm
tao sy khdc bift rd net ma khdng anh hudng gi den qui trinh nghien cftu). Ngdy thft hai, tiep tyc liy kdt qui vdi 3 nhdm da lpc ra de xem ftng vdi moi nhdm cd mau trdi nao thay doi nhieu tbi loai bd, sd miu dupe chpn ttong 3 nhom do phii co it nhit hai
Tgp chi Khoa hgc Trudng Dgi hgc Cdn Tho Phdn A: Khoa hgc Ty nhien, Congnghivdh^itrudng: 33 (2014): 75-82 miu. Ngiy thft ba, sft dung mdt miu dem thi
nghifm va dap miu cdn lai cua nhom dem kidm tta bang phuang p h ^ phi buy, dl kilm tra khi ning phan loai cua phuang phip va dip. Thyc hifn tuong ty vdi hai nhdm con lai.
3 KET QUA VA THAO LUAN Ngiy thft nhit thyc hifn liy kit qua ca 30 trdi xo^ thu dupe 5 nhom dya tten thdng sd Cpwi^
Bing 1. Tft 5 nhdm da chia, chpn 3 nhdm c6 gii tti cich nhau nhieu nhdt nhdm 1 gdm cic miu 5, 6, 16, 27 CO gii tti tft 5,9 din 6,2, nhom 2 gdm cac mlu 8, 28, 9, 4 cd gia tti tft 6,6 ddn 7,01, nhdm 3 gdm eic miu 10, 3, 21, 19 cd gid tri tu 7,53 ttd len.
Ngiy thft hai, tidp tuc liy ket qua vdi 3 nhdm tren dl xem ftng vdi mdi nhdm cd miu trii nao thay ddi nhilu thi loai bd. Kdt qui nhin duac nhu sau: nhdm 1 gdm mlu 5 vi mlu 6, nhom 2 gdm miu 8 va miu 28, nhdm 3 gdm miu 10 va mlu 21 Bang 2.
Bang 1: Chia 5 nhdm theo thong sd Cpwu Nhom S6lirffng Thdng so Cpwu
1 2 3 4 5
2 4 8 7 9
5,63-5,91 6,06-6,34 6,6-7,01 7,2-7,45 7,53-8,7 Bang 2: Kit qua phin lo^i ra 3 nhdm d^ thi
nghifm ndn phi hiiy 5,6 8,28 10,21
T h d n g s6 Cp»i.i 5,9-6,23 6,96-7,01 7,53-7.56 Sau 2 ngiy tidn hinh tren 30 trii xoai, ta thu dupe 3 nhdm nhu Bing 2. Qua ddnh gii cam quan nhan thiy rang nhdm 1 li nhdm xoai s d i ^ nhdm 2, 3 li nhdm xoai chin. Dip ftng lyc cua ba nhdm tren duoc md ti d Hinh 8.
5 4 •
33
2 1
-t.yL
yyA ^
\ •; , I '
• • • ' . . , / \ •
3 0.5
^
1 1.5 T h o i g i a n (s)
2 2 5
Nh6m 1 Nh6m 2 Nh6m 3
Hinh 8: Bi£u d^ d i p ijng luc cua ba nhom xoii d i phSn loai
m
^ 5
CM
1:.
0
i * ^ '
C H s6 Cpwl ,2 cua 3 nhom
- ^ 5 " f e - ^ . s ^ . gssa^.jCle4'-.gtf, ^ = a ' '
m
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<W
- " j - J B ^
k?
#
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-
Trai S Trai 2 8
Ten ttai
Trai 10 Trai 21
Hinh 9: Bieu dd so sanh thdng so dp cbin cua ba nhdm
^dp chiKhoa hgc Trudng DgihgcCanTha Ba nhdm trdn duac chpn ra dd kidm tra bing phuong p h ^ nen phi hiiy dk kidm chung khi ning phan loai ciia phuong phip va dap. Nen phd huy Ding miy nen don tryc, tdc dp nen la 6 mm/phut.
Dyng cu dd liy miu xoai l i mdt thanh mox binh try rdng cd dudng kmh l i 1,4 cm, dp cao cua mlu dupe cbpn la 1 em. Dp chin cua trii dupe xic dinh
PhSn A: Khoa hgc Tu nhiin, Cdng nghi vd Mdi trudng: 33 (2014): '5-82 qua
sau:
E
chi sd san chac E duac tinh bang cdng
4
D'-5 [ « I . ^r
thfte
(6)
10 8 z 6 - 1 4 -
2 - 0
IS" ,„- "VWMr-'^
i y ^
/
J ^^—' ^
li'
- - X — - 0.05 0.1
•^'
0.15 0 2 0.25 Bi§n d^ng (mm)
0.3 036 0.4 0. 45 Nh6m 1 NhiSm2 Nh6m3
Hinh 10: Bieu do the hien dp san 4 KET LUAN
Sau khi phin logi bang phuang phip thi nghifm va dgp vi Iddm chftng bing phuang phdp nen phi buy, nhdm I li nhdm xoii song nhdm 2, 3 li nhdm xoai chin. Qua do kdt luan rang ket qui tft thdng sd Cp„i2 cho thiy khi nang phin logi cua phuong phdp thd roi va dap vdi rad hinh thi nghiem Hinh 6, cd thd phan logi xoii tiianh hai nhdm la nhdm xodi song va nhdm xoii chin, thong sd Cpwi2 cua nlidm xodi sdng tft 5,9 den 6,23, nhdm xoii chm tft 6,96 din 7,56^ .. . . —
Phuang phdp va dip nhe chi ra dupe sy khae bidt gifta xoai sdng v i chin. De phin loai nhieu mftc dp ban edn phdi nghidn eftu nhieu thdng sd khac nhu dp cao tha rai va dap, vi tri va dgp cua trii ldn bd mit cim biln, phuang thuc gift trii v i thi rai. Nhung vifc niy sd dupe thyc hien tiep trong cic nghien eftu tidp theo eua nhdm.
TAI Llt-U THAM KHAO
1, Delwiche, M.J., McDonald, T., Bowers, S.V., 1987. Determination of peach firmness by analysis of impact forces.
Transaction of the ASAE 30,249-254.
2. Lien, C.-C; Ay, C. & Ting, C.-H. Non- destructive impact test for assessment of
chic cua trii baug nen pha buy tomato maturity Joumai of Food Engineering, Elsevier, 2009, 91,402-407.
3. Ragni L, Berardinelli A, Guamieri A (2010) Impact device for measurmg the flesh firmness of kiwifraits. J Food Eng 96:591-597.
4. Lien, C.-C. & Ting, C.-H. Slight free falling impact test for assessing guava maturi^ 2013.
5. Chen, P., and M. Ruiz-Altisent. 1996. A low-mass impact sensor for high-speed firmness sensmg of fruits. Intemational Conference on Agricultural Engineering.
Paper N" 96F-003, AgEng ")(>. Madrid, Spmn. European Society of Agricultural Engineermg, Silsoe, Bedford, UK.
6. De Ketelaere, B., Howarth, M.S., Crezee, L., Lammer^n, J., Viaene, K., Bulens, I., De Baerdemaeker, J., 2006. Postharvest firmness changes as measured by acoustic and low-mass unpact devices: a comparison of techniques. Postharvest Biology and Technology 41,275-284.
7. Hahn, F., 2004, Mango fmimess sorter.
Biosysteras Engineering 89, 309-319.Jaren, C , Garczia-Pardo, E., 2002. Using non- destmcUve impact testing for sorting fruits.
Joumai of Food Engineering 53, 89-95.
Tgp chiKhoa hgc TrudngDgi hgc Cdn Tha Phan A: Khoa hgc Tif nhiin, Cong ngh? va Moi trudng: 33 (2014): 75-82 8. Tunoshenko, S.P., and J. Goodier. 1951.
Theory of elasticity. 2nd ed. McGraw-Hill, New York, USA.
9. Chen, P., Y. Sarig, and J.F. Thompson.
2000. A hand-held impact sensor for firmness sensing of fruits. Proceeding Postharvest Congress, Jerusalem, Israel. 26- 31 March.
10. Gareia-Ramos, F.J., J. Ortiz-Caiiavate, M.
Ruiz-Altisent, J. Diez., L. Flores, LHomer, and J.M. Chivez. 2003. Development and
implementation of an on-lme impact sensor for finnness sensing of fruit. J. Food Eng.
58:53-57.
1 l.Garcia-Ramos, F. I ; Valero, C ; Homer, I.;
Ortiz-Caiiavate, J. & RuizAltisent. M.Non- destmctive fruit firmness sensors: a review Spanish journal of agricultural research, 2005,3,61-73.
12. Mohsenin N. 1970. Physical properties of plant and animal materials.Boca Raton, FL:
Gordon and Breach Sciences Publishers.
