Ill
NGHIEN CUU & UNG DUNGKHOA HOC SU PHAM VA T A M LY HOC S A N G TAD
D A U T H E KY XXI
ThS. Nguyin Thi Lien Vi^n Nghien ct/u Su phgm - Tru&ng DHSP Hd Npi 1. DSt van de dau tu phit trien ban bao gid hpi vio the ky XXI: tiin tdi Cudi thfi ky XX dau the ky het. KHSP g6m nhilu bO mdn, mgt xa hgi s^g tgo"^ Tuyen XXI khoa hgc su phgm (KHSP) trong dd cd bp mdn tam I^ hgc b6 neu rd: xa hOi tuong Iai la ndi chung, tam ly hpc sing tao (TLH). Trong ngu cinh ciia the mOt xa hOi rit Iinh boat, uyen (TLHST) ndi rieng cd budc ky mdi phan mdn TLH nang chuySn, ti6n pham vi toin the phit trien mdi ciing vdi nhung lyc trpng tam dang hudng tdi gidi qui trinh chuyen tu kinh dgc diem ciia thdi dai. Thdi dai phat trien nang lyc, tCr tiem t6 ndng nghi6p sang kinh te mdi li sin pham ciia dinh cao nang den NLST. Tren co sd dd, cdng nghidp, hau cdng nghipp, ning lyc sing tao (NLST) vi the gidi dang trong xu the xay thi trudng md ban vi hgi nhgp tao ra tien de d6 NLST nang dyng mOt xa hOi sing tao, xa toin ciu, ddng thdi ban sic van len tim cao mdi. hgi tri thiic. hoi cic din tdc dugc chu trong Sing tao la mgt dac trung Theo Nghj quySt Dgi bgi XI vi de cao ..., tir dd cd thS thdy ndi bat nhat cua tam ly ngudi. Ding CSVN (1-2011), nudc ta rang, mgt xa h^i mdi dua tren Su tien hoa cua loai ngudi la dang day mgnh cdng cupc phit mpt nen kinh te mdi la kinh te do chinh loai ngudi sang tao trien dat nudc, de den nam tri thiic, vi xa hpi dd se la xa nen: tir ngudi tien su den ngudi 2020 co ban se tid thinh mgt hpi tri thuc - xa hpi sing tao.
mdng mudi, ngudi van rninh nudc cdng nghiep theo hudng Nhu vay, co sd tao lap nen vdi thdi dai do di, do dong, hien dai va hpi nhap gudc te. nhiing die diem thdi dai ngay Mot trong 5 quan diem phit nay Ii xa hoi hpc tip, keo theo trien dat nudc la "...phat huy sy phat trien mdi cua KHSP tdi da nhan to con ngudi ...", vi TLH nang lyc, nhit Ii TLH neu bit gii tri con ngudi; va nang lyc sang tao, tiep tyc phat mdt tiong 3 khau dot phi tri^n triln co sd khoa hpc ye cac khai Chien lugc 2011 - 2020 la miic do sang tao, tir thip dk
"Phat trien nhanh nguon nhan lyc, nhat Ii ngudn nhin lyc cd chit lugng cao, tip tmng vio doi mdi can bail vi toin dipn nen giio dye qudc dan...", ddi hdi KHSP ndi chung, TLHST
tam Iy con ngudi, nhat Ii nang ndi rieng phai cd nhimg nd lyc ddng hgc My Droc-ca (Peter lyc thich nghi vi sang tao'. mdi, ti8n bg mdi, gdp phin xay Drucker)'' phd biln rpng rai tii Thai dai mdi dat ra nhilu dyng va phat huy "vdn ngudi" nam 1966. Kinh tl tri thiic tap van dl mdi khdng chi cho Ii nhin td quylt dinh nhit tiong trung vio sin xuit tri thiic va KHCN, mi ci KHXH - nhan npi lyc dan tpc^. quin tri tri thiic, cy thi hon, do van, nhit li KHSP. Vi tionjg 2. Xay dung mpt xa h^i Ii nin kinh tl chu ylu dya vao cac van dl mdi cua thdi dai ndi sing tao tri thiic: sii dung tri thiic - hieu bat nhit la vin dl con ngudi Thdi dai mdi ddi hdi phat bilt vl cdng nghe (know-how) va ngudn nhan lyc, keo theo huy nang lyc sang tgo ching vi trinh dp chuyen mdn co tinh li viec giio dye dio tao con nhiing cua tung ngudi, mi Ii sing tgo cao - li cdng cu chu ngudi vi dpi ngu lao ddng cd ciia ci xa hdi. Nam 1999 Td ylu ciia nin kmh tl niy, trong tay nghi cao. KHSP li co sd chiic Hgp tic^ va Phit tiiln sin phim cua nin kinh tl nay khoa hoc cua cdng viec niy kmh tl chau Au (OECD) da tri thiic chilm ty le cao (tii 70%
va tit ylu phii dugc quan tim ra TuySn bd "Chuyin dOng xa trd len).
Ngdy nh4n bdi 20/02/2013; Ngdy duy^t dang 25/3/2013 1 6 • TAP CHI THIET BI GIAO DUC-50 92-04/2013
do sat,.. .ca may trieu nam xay nen van minh ndng nghiep, van minh cdng nghiep, va gan day - van minh hiu cong nghiep vdi cdng nghe thdng tin (CNTT) - may tinh (ICT), va di lien vdi ICT la nhieu cdng nghe mdi ra ddi... Mot thdi dai mdi bit diu hinh thinh, gpi la thdi dai kinh te tri thiic, toan cau hoa, hpi nhap quoc te, keo theo su chuyen ddng, ddi thay dang ke
cao, va dilu kien phit huy kha nang sing tao con ngudi.
3. Kinh tl tri thiic Thuit ngii "Kinh tl tii ttiitc"
do nhi kinh tl hpc My Maclcfp (Fritz Maclup) vi nha lao
NGHIEN cull 8. U'NG DUNG Nhd ICT v i mang m i y
tinh (hi nam 1990) tgo n6n budc ngogt cich mang niy. Ti!r ICT tao nen bilt bao cdng nghe mdi, tii mang, nhat l i mgng toin cau - tdc dp v i muc lan t o i img dung cdng ngh$ tang rat nhanh. Trong tit c i c i c cdng dogn su dyng ICT, nhit la "diu ra" phy thupc rit nhieu v i o von tri thiic, trinh dg chuydn mdn v i NLST cua ngudi sir dyng.
Dac bi^t, ICT cdn cd "phan mSm" la phin sang tgo khdng ngiing, cic cdng ngh§ mdi luon ludn dugc cai tilu v i sang tgo mdi. Diy chinh l i co sd vgt chit ciia nen kinh te tri thiic.
Trong cic nhin td la co sd cua nen kinh t l mdi niy Ii giio dye v i khoa hoc, tiong do cd KHSP: van de con ngudi (nang lyc chuyen mdn, khi nang lao dgng sing tao . . . ) , van d l ngudi - miy, ngudi - ngudi ndi len hing diu. Nen ting khoa hpc ma nen Idnh te nay dya vao cd tinh chat lien nganh, chang nhiing cd khoa hpc kinh te, khoa hoc tu nhien, KHKT-CN, m i c i cic KHXH - nhin van, tiong do KHSP ndi chung v i TLH ndi rieng dugc quan tam hon bao gid bet. Ndi den tri thiic, tri tue la ndi den vai tid c i nhin con ngudi, v i nang lyc lao dpng ciia tiing ngudi, timg nhdm, nham giii quyet vin de n i y sinh trong cic khiu, tir sing tgo ra tri thiic, ra cdng nghp, den phd bien, van dyng. Trong qua trinh niy ludn ddi hdi NLST, d cic trinh dp va miic dq> khic nhau, tao ra cac sin phim cua nen kinh te tri thiic. Ndi each khac, co sd xa hgi ciia nin kinh t l tii thiic l i xa hdi tri thurc v i "vdn ngudi"
cd vai trd mdi tiong cic nguon von.
4. Xa h$i tri thuc va
"v6n nguM"
Trong xa hpi tri thiic cua m^t din tpc thdng thii "v6n ngudi" rat dugc coi tign^ tiong cic ngudn von phit triSn kinh te. Tir xua tdi nay, ndi den kinh te Ii ndi den yeu to con ngudi.
Nhung "yeu to" niy tid thinh mgt thii **v6n" quan tigng nhu tiong xa hpi tri thiic vdi nen kinh te tri thiic, ngay nay ggi l i "vdn ngudi". Lugn diem niy vdi thugt ngfi "von ngudi" do Becco (G. S. Berker, 1964)* d l xuat. Ngiy nay "von ngudi"
dugc xic dinh l i kho tri thiic^
trinh dp chuyen mdn, tay nghe v i dao diic xa hpi (nhin cich cic thinh vien) tao ra khi nang lao dpng lim ra gia tri kinh t l va cic gii tri khic b i o dim cupc song cua con ngudi va cpng ddng xa hdi. Vdn ngudi Ii mot nhin td quan tigng tiong "siic manh mem" tao ra khi nang canh tianh cua mgt cpng ddng hay mgt qudc gia. Ngudn tao ra vdn ngudi la giao due dio tao va kinh nghiem cua ngudi lao ddng. Vi the, chuin bi di vao the ky XXI nhieu nudc, nhit la cac nudc phat trien, dSu tien hinh doi mdi hay cii cich giao dye, tang cudng mgt each toan dien cho nen giao due quoc din. Ddi mdi hay cai each giio due bao gid ciing bit diu tii KHSP.
5. Khoa hpc su pham d ^ u t h l k y X X I
Di vio the ky mdi, vdi tit c i cic die diSm ciia thai dai mdi, vipc cii cich hay ddi mdi giao dye (gdm c i dao tao) l i tit y6u, tiong do mgt vjpc khdujg the thieu l i cai cich hay ddi mdi KHSP. KHSP cd nhilu bp mdn, d diy chi ndi qua mdt vai n6t chung v l phuang phip tilp can su phgm mdi. Ching hgn, triet ly giao dye cho the
ky XXI, theo UNESCO, Ii
"giio dye sudt ddi", "xiy dyng x i hOj hpc tgp" vdi 4 cgt trg:
hgc de biet, hgc de lam, hpc de chung sdng v i hgc de Idling dinh minh. Tren the gidi hau hit deu neu len tu tudng giio dye n h ^ van vdi tigng tam l i phit trien ngudi, tiep noi tir tu tudng gido dye thdi Cd dai, thdi Phuc hung, cap nhat vdi thdi dgi ngiy nay.
Mgt sd ly thuyet su pham mdi (phuong phip tilp can vdi boat dgng dgy v i hpc) theo hudng de cao ndi bat hudng vio su pham tich cyc: ngudi hgc phii chii ddng, linh boat, cd dpng CO diing, hiing thii hpc tip; dgy v i hpc phai lam cho ngudi hgc ty khim phi, hinh thanh dugc tu duy Iinh boat, phiic hgp, v i die biet, c6 ky nang van dung vao cupc ddi nhiing dilu da hpc, mdi ngudi hgc tii vdn tri thiic phii tao cho minh mgt vdn sdng (vdn tiii nghipm) - tiep tuc coi tigng PPDH ^ i i i quyet van de, va d diy mdi van de co cich giai quyet,_va vdi mdi trudng hgp vdi mdi ngudi ddi hdi cich xii ly tiiich hap, do do KHSP ngay nay cd the gpi l i KHSP sang tao, dya tien co sd TLHST^
6. Tam ly hpc sang tao dau t h i ky XXI
Tinh sing tgo l i bin tinh cua con ngudi va loii ngudi.
Nhung lich sii Iy thuyet TLHST duprc han mgt thi ky nay, bit diu tii Gantdng (F.
Galton, 1 8 2 2 - 1 9 n , A n h ) , v i budc ngoat ldn khing dinh vi tri cua TLHST ttr n h i tim Iy hpc My Ghinpho (J.PGiulford, 1897 - 1987)1 Sau nhilu thip ky cic nhi tim Iy hgc chi do chi so thdng minh IQ, mai gin diy mdi do chi so sing tgo CQj ciing vdi mpt sd chi sd khic, de
TAP CHI THIFT B| GIAO DUC-SO 92-04/2013 • 1 7
NGHIEN cuu & UNG DUNG xet k h i nang ciia con ngudi.
Vio the ky mdi, vdi cich mang miy tinh - thdng tin, kinh te tri thiic v i miy die diem ndi tien, ndi bit len vin d l con ngudi v i ngudn nhin Iuc cd trinh dp cao, tinh sing tao cua con ngudi dugc quan tim nghien ciiu, giio due hinh thanh va phit tiiln.
Cling vdi mpt so tiao luu tam ly tmyen thdng dugc tilp ndi, nhu TLH hoat ddng, TLH hanh vi, TLH nhin vin, v.v., c6 cac ddng TLH mdi dugc hinh thinh: TLH tich cyc, TLH gia tri, TLHST
Trudc day kha nang sing tao thudng cho la chi cd d cic nghe sT, cac nha bic hpc tai danh, cac nha lanh dao qudc gia loi lac, cac vi tudng Ilnh xuat chiing.
Ngay nay, tiong thdi dai thong tin, quan niem do da thay ddi, coi bin tinh sang tao bdc Ip d nhieu ngudi, tii tiem nang den sang tao d con ngudi cd nhieu dieu kien bdc Ip va dugc su dung: cac nha thiet ke, ky su, nhiing ngudi lam chuang trinh ICT, cac cdng nhan, v.v. Theo mgt dieu tra d My, trong giai cap cdng nhan c6 tdi 30% cd phat kien sang tao^.
Ngay cang cd nhieu cdng trinh nghien ciiu NLST. Co cdng trinh nghien ciiu nhiing cin trd khdng cho kha nang sang tao phat trien. Sau 2 nam nghien ciiu 7 cdng ty, ba Tereda Amabin (Teresa Amabile), giam doc Trudng hanh chinh Havat (My) cho thay co 6 dieu cin trd khong the hien dupe kha nang sang tao: (1) giao viec khdng diing ngudi co kha nang tuang iing, (2) han chi ty do, (3) ngudn luc - t h d i gian va tai chinh - han che, (4) khdng chu y tdi tinh da dang ciia cac nhdm, (5) khdng giam din thao, (6) khdng cd su iing hp.
Muon tir tiem nang thanh khi
ning sing tgo, can thio go cic r i o cin niy. De phit triSn k h i ning niy, cic n h i su pham, cic n h i TLH phii v i o cupc, trudc het Ii hudng dan hgc sinh tCr tri thiic hgc dupe di tdi k h i ning van dung, nhit Ii ning lyc vgn dyng sing tao. Cd cdng tiinh TLH sing tao d l xudt 7 ky nang sing tgo: (1) diing giii djnh kiln, (2) lay giii p h i p tuong tu vao giii quyet v i n de dang gap phii, (3) dua mgt vin de chuyen biet vao mdt nhdm phd bien, (4) phin loai pham tni vin de, (5) kien nhan, (6) dam me, (7j cd dau dc thuc te (tinh thyc tien). Tinh than chung l i tinh tich cyc v i tinh sing tao ciia chu the, nhu tien da ndi, tir do mpt hudng khi phd bien ngiy nay la phat trien KHSP tich cue va sang tao.
Trong KHSP hien dai TLHST dugc quan tam ban bao gid hit. TLHST Iiy cau ndi noi tieng ciia dai danh hoa Papld Picatxd (Pablo Picasso, 1881 1973, Tay ban nha);
' T i t c i cac tie em deu cd kha nang sang tao. Van de la Iam sao nudi dudng den tudi trudng thinh van cdn tinh than do"".
O Viet Nam tir cudi the ky trudc da co Trung tam sang tao KHKT huan luyen phat trien kha nang sing tao'^ Gin day cd mpt sd cdng trinh nghien ciiu, luin van thac sT, luan an tien sT ... da v i dang dugc khuyen khich, mong mudn cd nhiing ddng gdp, dii cdn nhd, vao budc phat tiien mdi ciia KHSP, phuc vu die lyc cdng cupc ddi mdi can ban va toin dien nen giao due nudc nhi.
Tai lif u t h a m khao 1. Alvin Toller. L i n sdng thii ba. NXB. Van hoa - thdng tin. H. 1992
2. Van kien Dgi hpi dgi bilu toan quoc DCSVN lin thu XI. NXB Chinh tii qudc gia.
H.20U
3. OECD. Ddng tiiii xa hoi thi kj- XXI; hudng tdi mot xa hgi sing tao. (tieng Anh).
Mang Google, 1/2012, 4. Peter Drucker (1966).
Hinh chinh hipu qua (tiing Anh). Mgng Google, 1/2012. "
5. Gary S. Becker (1993).
Vdn ngudi: phin tich Iy luan v i kinh nghipm trong moi lien quan d i e biet vdi giao due.
NXB. Dai hgc Chicago. Mang Google, 2/2012. (tiing Anh).
Summary This paper is entiteled "
Creativity Pedagogy Science
& Psychology at the beginning of XXI Century, composing of 6 parts: This composing of 6 parts: (1) Intioduction:
new development of creative pedagogy science (PS) &
psychology in new epoch, related to renovation of education system, to serve more effective trainmg the young teachers. (2) We need to develop the creativity of students, therefore Teacher tiaining Colleges to pay more attention to creativity psychology. (4) Therefore going into the new century every country is conducting the edecation reform with emphasiseing on the priority of the pedagogy science &
creativity psychology applied in tiaining the young teachers.
5) PS & creativity concentrate more in research & trainmg active roethodes, especialy tiie creativity capacities.
(6) Creativity is the human nature. So creative psychology must have the new policy for development
1 8 • TAP CHi THIET BIGlA0Di;C-s6 92-04/2013
