VAN HIEN UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF SQENCE VOLUMES NUMBER 1
CAC KHUYNH HlTdNG KICH BAN HAT BOI
6 THANH PHO HO CHI MINH (NHIN TlT THlTC TIEN NHA HAT NGHE THUAT HAT BOI THANH PHO HO CHI MINH)
Vinmg Hoai Lam Nha xuat ban Van hoa - Van nghe TP.HCM
vuonghoailam] 12@gmail. com
Ngay nhan bai: 06/11/2015; Ngay duyet dang: 23/03/2016
TOM TAT
Hat boi (tuong) la mot trong nhung logi hinh kich hat truyen thong ciia Viet Nam. c6 be day lich su phat trim Idu dot, co tarn anh huong rong khap ba mien dat nuac. ONam bo, nghe thuat hat boi co nhOng dgc tnmg rieng tmngphong each bieu hien vd thiphdp sang tdc. Nam 1977. Doan Nghe thuat hat boi Thanh pho Ho Chi Minh (nay Id Nhd hat Nghe thuat hat boi TP.HCM) duac thanh lap, tap hap mot doi ngii nghe sT, nghe nhan hat boi chuyen nghiep gop phdn xdy dimg mot dien mgo nghe thuat hat boi rieng biet, dgi dien cho nghe thuat hat boi TP.HCM not rieng vd Nam bo noi chung. Trong tien trinh phat trien cua minh, nhin tir binh dien kich ban, nghe thuat hat boi TP.HCM da ke thira truyen thong hat boiphuang Nam tir nhimg ngay ddu, dong thai cung da co nhung dong thai tiem can den tinh Men dgi ciia van hoc kich dwcmg dgi. Bdi viet nay phdc hoa cac khuynh hu&ng noi dung kich ban hat boi a TP.HCM (nhin tit thuc tien Nha hat Nghe thuat hat boi TP.HCM) trong suot 40 nam hinh thanh vd phat trien.
Tu khoa: kich ban hat boi, Nhd hat Nghe thuat hat boi TP.HCM.
ABSTRACT
Tendencies of hat boi script in Ho Chi Minh City (View from Ho Chi Minh City's Hat bgi Art Theatre)
Hat boi (tuong) is a dramatic form of Vietnamese traditional theatrics. It has a long development in history, a wide influence throughout three regions of our country. In the South, hat boi has its own char- acteristics in expressing style and creative poetics. In 1977. the Ho Chi Minh City's Hat boi Art Troupe (the Ho Chi Minh City's Hat boi Art Theatre now) was established. It has been gathering a lot of hat boi artists, who have contributed to make an identity in hat boi art, and represented hat boi art of Ho Chi Minh City in particular and the one of South in general. Hat boi's scripts of Ho Chi Minh City have inherited the traditional hat boi art in South. They have also accepted modem factors in contemporary dramatic literature. This article outlines tendencies of hat boi script in Ho Chi Minh City (Vtewfi-om Ho Chi Minh City's Hat boi Art Theatre) during 40 years of creation and development.
Keywords: hal boi script. Ho Chi Minh City's Hat boi Art Theatre
1. Dat vin de vai lich sii mo mang bcr coi trong hanh trinh Nam Hat boi (con ggi la tuong, hat bg) la mot trong tien. Nhin ve hat boi a TP.HCM c6 the nhan thSy nhrnig loai hinh san khau truySn thong ciia Viet day la mot loai hinh co nguon goc lau doi, khi Nam, thupc vao loai xuat hien som nhat, nhi "luii tni" vao viing dat Nam bo da kip dinh hinh trong lich sir san khau dan tpc (co the la sau cheo va khong to ra non kem trong hk day phat Xnkn.
• Vucmg Hoai Lam). Trong boi canh duong dai, Tir nhOng ban hat dugc Le Van Duyet dSu tir dao nghe thuat hal boi da pho bien khap ba mien dat luyen. trai qua nhieu bien dong thang tram da ma niroc. Sinh thanh tir cac hinh thuc sinh boat ca - rong ra dan gian thanh cac ban hat tu nhan, r6i vu - nhac dan gian, som co su giao Ima tiep biln nhimg hoi doan tri thirc nhir Ban Van Hac, Hoi vai vai cac loai hinh san khau a khu vuc Dong Khuyen le co ca v.v.. cho d^n cuoi ciing la don Bac A, va Nam A, san khau hat boi - dira con vi ke thira ngay nay: Nha hat Nghe thuat hat boi thien di ciia vung van boa Bac Bo - dS chung doi TP.HCM. Khong nhung vay, hat boi - dua con
TAP CHI KHOA HOC OAI HOC VAN HIEN luru lac cua nghe thuat san khau mien Bac khi den vung dat phuong Nam nang dong, coi mo vira ke thira von truyen thong cua ong cha vua tiep thu nhftng loai hinh nghe thuat khac de dap ung cac chan troi don dgi mdi ciia cu dan noi day. Kich ban hat boi 6 TP.HCM noi rieng, tuy khong the phat huy the manh nam bat, phan anh hoi tha cua thai dai nhu nguoi anh em kjch noi va cai luang, nhimg no ciing da co nhiing dgng thai tich cue du it hay nhiSu, dii nhgt nhat hay sang ro cho thay tinh than cau thi, nhiet tinh hoi nhap vol cugc song mod. Nhin chung, dien mao kich ban hat boi TPHCM trong 40 nam qua (1977 - 2017)' biau hien thanh bon khuynh huong chinh: kich ban tuong truyen; kich ban tuong do; kich ban tuong lich su Viet Nam; tu6ng hai - thieu nhi va kich ban tuong the nghiem.
2. Khuynh hu-ong kich ban tuong truyen Thuat ngO "tuong truyen" a day dugc hieu theo nghia pho bien la cac kich ban hat bgi dugc chuyen the tir nhung bg tieu thuyet co dien Trung Quoc (tir thong dung la truyen Tau) nhu Phung Nghi dinh, Nguai dep dat Giang Dong (tire Liru Bi cau hon Giang Td), Tu chien Phdn thanh (tiic Quan Cong dap dap bat Bang Diec) (tir Tam quoc chi dien nghia); Phdn Le Hue pha Hong thuy tran, Phdn Le Hue phd Ngii long trgn, Tiet Dinh San cau Phdn Le Hue, Than Nir dang Ngii linh ky (tir cac bg TietNhcm Quy chinh dong, Tiit Dinh San chinh tdy); Tram Trinh An, Lmi Kim
Dinh gidi gid Tho Chdu {tit cdc bp Phi long diin nghia, Tam hg Nam Duong); Bich Van cung ky an (tire Bao Cong tra an Qudch Hoe) (tu Van Hue Idu dien nghia); Bach Hgc quan (tuc Thogi Ba gidi vdy Bach Hgc), Xu an Bdng Quy phi (tir Nga ho binh tdy); Dai yen Doan HongNgoc (tir Ngii ho binh nam); Sd Vdn cuu gid (tir Anh hiing ndo Tam mongiaiy, v.v..
Kich ban tuong truyen la khuynh huong kjch ban CO tinh chat truyen thong cua vSn hpc hat bgi noi chung. Truac nhat, hat bpi Viet Nam va ti^u thuyet CO dien Trung Quoc von co cimg mot yeu to sinh thanh la hy khuc Trung Quoc. Can cii vao
"su kien Ly Nguyen Cat" trong cac thu tich co, cac cong trinh lich su san khau noi chung, cho thay hy khiic Trung Quoc la mot trong nhung tac nhan (chiing toi nhan manh) tham du vao di6n trinh phat sinh va phat tri6n nghe thuat hat b6i Viet Nam. Tai sao hat bgi Viet Nam khong co
"hinh tuong" tuong tu kjch hat An 06, Nhat Ban, Han Quoc ma giong hy khiic Trung Quoc den muc nguai khac co the lam lan?^ Do do, khong the choi bo vai tro anh huong ciia hy khiic Trung Quoc doi voi hat bgi Viet Nam, ca hai ton tai trong mot he hinh nghe thuat san khau chung.
() Trung Quoc, hy khiic la loai hinh phat trien manh then Nguyen, la ti^n dk cho thS loai ph^t tnen troi trong giai doan Minh - Thanh sau do la tieu thuyet co di^n. Khong kho de thay viec bien soan cac bg truang thien tieu thuyet thcri Minh - Thanh co can cu vao cac san pham trinh Nha hat Ngh? thuat hat boi TP.HCM duac thanh lap ngay 31/5/1977 voi ten ggi Doan Nghe thual hat bgi TP HCM, va duac nang cap thanh Nha hat vao ngay 03/9/2002.
^ Ten cac kich ban dugc li?t ke do chung toi long hap tir tai li?u Nhin ve' san khau hat boi Nam bp cua Dmh Bang Phi;
tap Ky y^u 30 nSm - mot chang ducrng (1977 - 2007) cua Nha hat Nghe thu|t hat bgi TP.HCM, co cap nhat nhimg kieh ban ban mai gan day.
•' Bai Viet "Anh huong ciia van chirong Trung Qu6c d6i voi Campuchia thS ky X!X va XX" (trong tai heu Claudine Salmon (2004); Tieu thuyet truyen thong Trung Qudc a chdu A (tii the ky XVII - den thS kyXX); NXB Khoa hpc xa hgi;
Ha Ngi) ciia hai tac gia Nepote va Khmg Hoc Dy co ghi chep ve tac dgng ciia van hoa Trung Quoc d6n Campuchia qua hinh thuc dien xuong. Theo do, hai tac gia cho rSng vao gifta the ky XVtl cac ganh hat Trung Qu6c da b i k diln ph6 bi^n trong dan gian Ian dai s6ng cung dinh quy tgc o Oudong (kinh do cu ciia Vuong qu6c Campuchia vao the ky XVII - XiX).
Khong nhijng v^y, hai tac gia con danh gia tinh hinh diln ra tuong tir tai Xiem va Viet Nam. Rieng chi tiet tinh tnrong Gia Dinh mai sir bg Myanmar xem mgt vd diSn san khau co ten la Ou Leva - dich theo tiing Vi?t 1^ Phan Le Hoa (Phan Le HuS) duoc chu thich, chiing toi dong y voi giai thich ciia tac gia Nguyin To Lan (trong Khdo lugn ve tudng Qukn phuong tap khanh) chinh la vi?c Tong trSn Gia Dinh Le VSn Duyet biSu diln Ihiet dai thu(;mg khach. Va kich myc Trung Quoc ma Nepote va Khing Hoc Dy nhac d^n kha dT chinh la ha( bgi Viet Nam, do hat bgi Viet Nam va kich hat Trung Qu6c (hy khiic) ciing mot he hinh san khiu nen cac tac gia nude ngoai dl nham \h.
VAN HIEN UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF SQENCE VOLUME 5 NUMBER 1
dien trong dan gian (Tam quoc chi dim nghia la mot vi du). D6ng thoi, co the phong doan rang nhimg nguyen ly "that th\rc tam hu", "nhat khan nhat tung" trong thi phap tieu thuyet co dien co lien he mo ho nao do vai dac thii bieu trung, la hoa cao cua hy khiic Trung Quoc. Tat nhien day khong phai la khang djnh hoan toan, vi do la dac trung triet - my trong van hoa Trung Quoc chi phoi hau het mgi binh dien van hoa tinh than Trung Hoa, song cung khong the phu nhan tinh ke thira ciia the loai sau doi vai the loai truoc trong ti6n trinh van hgc. Tir nhimg lien he do, ta CO the nhan thay, tii rat som, kich ban hat bpi da nhin tieu thuyet co dien Trung Quoc nhu mot
"ket cau vay ggi" tiem nang.
Cuoi the ky XDC, dau the ky XX, lan song dich thuat tac pham nuac ngoai no rp a Viet Nam. Trong do, nhieu bg tieu thuyet co dien Trung Qu6c da dugc dich ra chir Quoc ngu va tro liianh mot hien tuong van hgc dai chung. Khong dimg lai viec anh huong trong van xuoi, tieu thuyet CO dien Trung Quoc con di vao trong cac loai hinh san khau Viet Nam, dac biet la san khau hatbgioNamBg va mo rong ra toan bg doi song van hoa ciia con nguoi phuong Nam. "i)d« Nam ky luc tinh vi me truyen Tdu ma bi nhiem nhan sinh quan ciia nguai Tdu rdl dam, nhimg anh irgo phu. nhimg anh tuong cudp ciing muon co tdc phong cua Don Hung Tin, cua Quan Cong, trong khi a dat Bac chi co cac nha Nho mai bi dnh huong nay ma thSr [8], nhan dinh cua nha van Binh Nguyen Lgc trong Thai vdng son cua nghe xuat ban lai Sai Gon da cho thay tam anh huong va muc do tham than ciia tieu thuyet co dien Trung Quoc trong khong gian Nam Bg noi chung va kich ban hat bgi noi rieng. Chinh vi tieu thuyet co dien Trung Quoc co miic do xuyen tham vao doi song, tam tu tinh cam cua nguoi dan Nam Bp nen no nhanh chong tra thanh mot hien tugng cua van hoa quang dai quan chimg.
Khong gian van hoa, tin nguong, le hoi dan gian tro thanh moi sinh mau ma cho nhung san pham ciia no nhu cac tac pham dich, dien Nom, cac kich ban hat bgi tuong truyen ton tai. Cho den
hien nay, kich ban tuong truyen van con mot doi s6ng CO dinh trong cac nghi le thuong nien tai cac dinh mieu, chiia chien.
Su truygn din tilu thuySt co dien Trung Quoc vao kich ban hat bpi con la bieu hien cua mgt su truySn din van hoa dai chung. Thoi nha Nguyen (Trung Qu6c) tinh trang cgng cu ciia hai dan tpc chii tha la Han - Mong C6 da thiic dly su hinh thanh Ion manh cua cac do thi. Keo theo do la sir nay sinh cua thi dan va nhimg bieu hien van hoa dai chiing ma tieu thuyet co dien la dai dien cu the. Tro lai diem nhin tir hat bgi, viec chuyen the tir hmh thai tu su van hpc (tieu thuyet co dien) sang kich van hgc thuong diln ra tren diem nhin nhan thiic ciia nguoi binh dan o do thi. Kich ban dupe sang tac dua tren nhung phien doan dugc chgn lgc. CJ do co qua trinh "ha be" em ai nhimg chuan muc khe khat cua quan niem Tong nho (van hoa tinh hoa), thira nhan va de cao nhimg dieu bi xem la nhirng cai tam thuong: nguoi phu nu xau xi co kha nSng lam viec lan (Chung V6 Diem), phu nu tu do tim kiem tinh yeu (Lira Kim Dinh, Than Nir...), v.v.. Pham chat dai chimg con bieu Men ro trong each gpi ten tac pham:
Chung V6 Diem dgi hoi ky bdn, Chung Vd Diem tam hy Ld Lam, Thdn NO- ddng Ngii Hnh ky, Xu an Bdng Quy phi... Nhan de cac kich ban thuong la mgt ket cau sang ro, trong do thuong dien giai thong tm (thir ma thi dan quan tam) khong co tinh ma due, ham siic nhu Linh Nam chlch qudi, Thien uyen tap anh v.v.. trong van chuang tinh hoa xu Bac Ha"".
Hien nay, van de xac dinh men dai kich ban hat bpi ia mot thuc te nan giai doi voi cac nha nghien ciiu. Do quan niera xem thuong boat dgng xuong ca, do nhimg bien dgng lich su v.v.
dong thai cung do dac thii loai hinh trinh dien ma kich ban truyen lai ngay nay thuong khong xac dinh dugc nien dai, cac van ban ton tai ngay nay thuong la ban sao luu, sira tam, hieu dinh, ghi chep lai qua truyen khau... (viec nghien ciJru kich ban tuong truyen trong pham vi Nha hat Nghe thuat hal bgi TP.HCM ciia chung toi day ciing la tiep can nhimg kich ban da qua chinh
•• Trong nhiing nam gan day, do cac tac gia hat bgi muon thay doi tmh binh dan ciia kich ban nen khi hieu dinh. chinh ly kich ban de dan dung lai da dat ten kich ban theo chieu huong "van hpc hoa" nhu Tir chien Phan thanh. Bich Vdn cung h
TAP CHt KHOA HOC DAI HQC VAN HI^N IAP b bU 1 ly, phuc vu dan dung, va ca nhihig van ban dac
biet - nhimg ban ghi hinh vd diln). Do do, vi8c xac dmh kich ban thugc khuynh huong nao co truoc Cling rSt kho khan. Nhung trong sir tac dgng qua lai giira kich ban tuong truy8n va kjch ban tuong do co ton tai hien tupiig tuong do lay tu6ng truyen lam nguyen mlu sang tac Ngay ca kich ban tuong vao loai bac thay nhu San Hau, thi cung thay co moi Hen he nao do voi motif dia danh thanh San Hdu ma gia dinh hg Duong tran thu trong 7am hg Nam Duong (?). Dieu do cho thay khuynh huong kjch ban tuong truyen co gia tri kh6ng nho trong viec tim hieu bucrc dau nghe thuat bien kich kich ban hat bpi.
3. Khuynh huong kich ban tu6ng do Cimg vod kich ban tuong truyen, kich ban tuong do ciing la khuynh huong kich ban c6 truyan thdng lau dai trong loai hinh hat bpi.
Theo each phan loai ciia Ton That Binh [1], tac gia tai lieu Tuong Hue, tuong (hat bgi) dugc chia lam hai the loai chinh la tuong do va tuong pho.
Tuong pho dupe ong ly giai la tuong dua theo tich truyen ciia Trung Quoc. Cach hieu nay cho thay tu6ng pho chinh la khuynh huong tu6ng truyen ma chiing toi da neu o tren. Trong khi do, kich ban tuong d6 co nhieu each hieu, va khong nhat quan trong hgc giai. 0 day chiing toi ghi nhan net nghTa xem tuong do la khuynh huong kich ban khong sang tac dua tren truyen va Hch sii Trung Quoc. Dieu do hien nhien thira nhan ca nhimg tac pham co tinh chk hai, trao phiing^
Theo khuynh huong kich ban tuong d6 co cac kich ban sau: San Hdu. Tran trd hon, Ngu sdc Chdu. Dieu Hue Nir ha san, Ngoc Ky Ldn xudt the. Md Phiing Xudn hoi tam the, Ngii biin bdo phu cint. Bgch Vien - Ton Cdc, Song nic loan vien mon, Gia hinh logn tuong (tire Xu ba dao Tii- Hdi Tho), Tiet Giao trd ngoc, Thdt hien quyen (tuc Vu on Huynh Thd Gang), H6n Truang Ba - da Do Nhuc, v v.. Dac diem chung cua kliuynh
huong kjch ban nay la xay dung mot c6t truyen mdri dita tren nhung mo thiic tuong thay, tuong truyen, muon nhung b6i canh tuong tucmg cua cac trieu dai Trung Qu6c (nuac T6, nha Han, nha T6ng...) de khac hoa nhan vat va ca tinh, de cao pham chat trung - hieu - tiet - nghia ma cu dan Nam Bg von xem trong.
Trong tai lieu Noi dung xd hgi vd my hgc tuong do, tac gia Le Nggc CSu va Phan Nggc CO su phan loai hat b6i thanh hai nhom tu6ng thay va tuong do. Hai tac gia quan ni?m: '•'tudng thdy day noi dung cua va ve qua khu, sang mgl nude xa Ig, tuong do keo ngi dung ciia va ve thuc te truoc mat, cua cong xd Viet Nam" [2, tr. 44].
Do vay, theo hai ong tu6ng thay bao gom tu6ng truyen va tuong mo phong boi canh xa hgi Trung Quoc, con tuong do la chuyen tai ngi dung xa hoi Viet Nam. Tuy nhien, o day chiing loi khu biet tuong do dua tren phuong thuc bien kich. Diem gap go chung ciia nhung kich ban nhu San Hgu, Trdn trd hon... va nhirng kich ban nhu Ngheu So Oc Hen, Hon Truong Ba - da Do Nhuc... la mo phong mpt doi tuong co truoc nhu tuong tmyen, boi canh Trung Quoc hay nhung sang tac dan gian, truyen tha khuyet danh v.v.. Dii ly giai theo nghia Han - Viet hay nghia Nom di nu'a, thi thuft ngir "do" van thoa dang doi voi ca hai nhom kich ban vua noi tren.
Trong nghe thuat bien kich kich ban hat bpi, khuynh huong kich ban tu6ng d6 phat trien song hanh cimg voi khuynh huong tuong truyen trong sir nhan thirc ro rang ve dac sac rieng cua loai hinh hat bgi. Neu nhu kich ban tuong truyen voi phuong thiic xay dung chinh la chuyen the, muon nhung tac nhan nghe thuat tir tiSu thuylt CO dien Trung Quoc d& tai du tnic thanh kich ban, thi kich ban tuong do mac dii vai ten gpi bi xem la kliong chinh th6ng^ nhung da thi hien y huong tu lam chu loai hinh cua minh, tach minh ra khoi su tac dong tuong tro ciia hinh ttiai nghS thuat khac. Dii chi mang chirc nang kl mgt c3u
- Nhicu lai heu nghien cmi hat boi vin quan niem tu6ng d6 la khuynh huong kich ban mang ngi dung hai, tr&o pining
^Theo Tudng Hul chir "Ah" vira la mpt tit Han Viet, vua la mgt tir Nom. Trong nghia Han Viet, "d6" co nghTa la duong sa, am chi loai kich ban "ngoai dirong", nom na, khong quy cu. Trong nghTa Nom, "d6" la ^nghe ai not mac lai. dd theo.
bdt Chirac, chir khong phdi tir minh no, ra nhimg d,4u mdl thdy lai nghe" (Ton That Binh (2006); Tudng Hu4: NXB Tre;
TPHCM; lr.l33)
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VAN HIEN UNIVERSrrV JOURNAL OF SCIENCE VOLUMES NUMBER 1
chuyen minh hoa cho nguyen mlu, nhxmg hinh thuc kich ban ciia tuong do ve co ban tuong doi khep kin, khong con mo hmh phi6n doan nhu khuynh huong tuong truyen, phuong thuc cau tii g§n voi mgt kich muc theo quan niem hien dai.
Trong boi canh Viet Nam chua co su tiep nhan kich noi phuong Tay, cung nhu chua tiep can cac the he Stanislavsky, phuongphdp son khau tusu Bertolt Brecht thi tinh chdt chat che, tuong doi toan ven cua khuynh huong tuong do la buoc tien Ion trong nghe thuat bien kich san khau \^iet Nam noi chimg.
Ben canh do, nhin rieng tu hat bpi o TP.HCM, kich ban tuong do con the hien the manh van hgc ciia minh trong viec phat Men nhiing ban tinh nguoi phiic tap, va su danh gia lai nhiing he gia tri bi CO ket boi tieu thuyet co dien Trung Quoc.
Tuy bi xep vao vai phan dien, nhung nhan vat Tir Hai Thp trong Gia hinh logn tuong bpc 16 nhimg "khoang trong tiep nhan" can luu y. Su phan biet nhan vat theo hinh tuyen doi sanh von la dac trung ciia van hgc dan gian, cua khuynh huong tuong truyen. Theo do, nhan vat bi "dong gong" trong ca tinh "chirc nSng" ciia minh, va ca tinh do la bat di bat djch. Viec day mgt nhan vat thugc vai "ac", loan than len vi tri nhan vat tnmg tam the hien tinh "co van de" cua luc lugng ma y lat do, dong thoi ciing la mgt co che phan bien ngam an, noi luc phan khang manh liet. Tinh "co van de" co liic bj lam nhat hoa, nhung ciing co luc dupe to dam nhu truong hop Tilt Giao trong Ho Nguyet Co hoa cao. Mac du dung ve phia lap truang chinh dien nhung ga lai bgc 16 ban chat v6 si ciia mpt ten so khanh. Tir Ho Nguyet Co hoa cao den Tiet Giao trd ngoc la nhiing trai nghiem moi cua nguoi viet, nguoi dien va nguoi xem ve mpt quan niem nhan van kh6ng bi thien kiln vi he tu tuong nao.
Nhu vay tir mpt hinh thirc kich ban tuong doi hoan chinh, khuynh huong mong do con buoc mpt buoc dai trong nhan thiic luan. Do do, neu nhu khuynh huong tuong truyen chi ton tai trong nghi le dan gian ngay nay la chinh thi khuynh huong tuong do, cimg voi cac khuynh huong khac, trong thoi gian sau doi moi, nhat la buoc vao the ky XXI la khuynh huong dugc chu trgng trong san khau hat bpi chuyen nghiep.
4. Khuynh hirdng kich ban tuong lich su Vi§t Nam, tuong hai - thila nhi
Neu nhu a khuynh huong kich ban tu6ng do, su phan irng lai khuynh hucmg tu6ng truyen bieu hien 6 binh dien y thiic dgc lap ve hinh thai nghe thuat thi den khuynh huong tuong lich sir Viet Nam, sir phan ung da dien ra theo khia canh ngi dung. Nhu da trinh bay o tren, trong boi canh cu6i the ky XIX, dlu thi ky XX, hien tuong dich tieu thuyet co dien Trung Quoc no rp, anh huong sau sac den noi dung kich ban hat bpi.
Nguoi sang tie thuong muon nhiing cau chuyen nguoi Trung Hoa de ngam the hien tam tinh va bau nhiet huyet cua minh truoc thoi the. Nguoi thuong thiic thi v6 tu, coi mo, don nhan va xem no nhu nhixng canh huong truyen thong ciia dan tgc. Boi vi truoc mat hg, trong dieu kien khong gian va thai gian liic bay gio, do la mpt hinh thai van hoa gan gui, de tham hern so voi van hoa Tay phuong moi. Tuy nhien, trong thai gian 30 nam tro lai day, kich ban hat bpi chuyen manh tir khuynh huong tuong truyen, tuong do sang khuynh huong lich sii Viet Nam. Cu the nhu cac kich ban: Sat Thdt, Trdn Quoc Tudn, Trdn Hung Dao, Bong hong nui Nua, Chat nggc khong tan.
Dao mai tuong ngo, Trdn Cao Vdn - nguai mang hon nude. Dung khi Dgng Dgi Do, Dao Duy Tie.
Tie hinh khong dn trgng, Tieng hdt nang Huyen Co. Thdt Son tinh su. Tiet phu kha gia, Thogi Nggc hdu, Trgng Trinh Nguyen Binh Khiem v.v,, Tieu thuyet co dien Trung Quoc c6 nhimg gia tri tham my - van hpc nhat dinh. ca che chgn lgc nguyen mau va nhirng phien doan de chuyen the ciia kich ban hat boi tuong truyen ciing co cac nguyen tac rieng dung tir lap truong dan tgc. Tuy nhien, dang sau nhirag lac pham truong thien Trung Quoc van ngam an tinh than dgc ton Trung Hoa, xem cac lan bang !a man, di, nhung, dich. Khong nhirng vay, cac cugc chinh phat Lieu, Phien trong tieu thuyet con co xiiy cho tinh than banh truong lanb tho ciia dan tpc dai Han.
Y thiic tu chii dan tpc, nhin nghe thuat hat bpi tir diem nhin cua nguai cong dan de cao linh than doc lap tu chii, khuynh huong kich ban lich su dao sau nhimg he gia tri truyen thong cua dan tgc, xoa bo anh huong sau nang ciia mgt dan tpc tirag thong tri dat nuac ta trong suot mpt nghin nam va khong ngimg lam le ba coi nuoc ta qua
TAP CHt KHOA Hpc DAI HQC VAN HI^N nhieu giai doan lich sii.
Khuynh hu(^g kich ban lich su Viet Nam cua hat bpi or TP.HCM nhin chung thu6ng huong d^n phac hpa doi s6ng, tam tu cua con nguoi Nam bS v^ nhung danh nhan vSn h6a Hch sir gan li8n voi khu vyc Dang trong. Do la hanh trinh mo coi phuong Nam, ki^n tao nhung gid tri vSt chdt va tinh thSn thuan chSt Nam bp, la nhOng trang lich sir hao hiing cua 16p ngu^i binh dan, nghia khi, yeu dan tgc. Khong nhOng vay, mgt dac di6m riSng ciia kich ban hdt bpi lich sir Viet Nam la thuong xuyen xuat hi?n hinh tugng cua nhirng c6 ddo, anh kep cua san khau hat bgi. Co th6 ke nhu nhan vat Dao Duy Tir, tuong truyen mpt trong nhiing h^u To ciia nghe thuat hdt bgi (trong Ddo Duy Tic); la c6 Hai Lanh, Mai Hoa hai ca nhi bi hai Cai dgi cua chiia Nguyen biic bach, duac Dang Dai Dp ra tay ciiu giiip {trong Dung khi Dgng Dgi Do); Id Van Hoa hon the cua Tu Chai, mpt trong nhung con trai ciia Quan co Tran Van Thanh (trong Thdt Son tinh sir) v.v.. Nhiing nhan vat c6 dao, anh kep do xudt phdt diem la nhirng nguai dan luong thien, bi cuong quyen ap biic day den bi kjch. Hg nho be, yeu duoi nhung day khi tiet, kh6ng chiu ciii luon truoc nhirng dieu sai trdi. Va quan trgng hon ca hp la nhirng cd the tham gia tich cue vao nhiJug cupc khoi nghTa cua nhan dan chong lai ngoai xam, tay sai. Do chinh la nhirng loi giai bay, su nhan chan chinh dang ve gia tri va vj the ciia nghe hdt, nguoi nghe sT, nham xoa nhoa di dinh kien "xuong ca v6 loai"
trong tiem thirc quan chiing.
Voi vai tro xa hgi la the, hinh tugng "con hdt" c6n la cdch kich ban hat bpi doi ve tam thuc truyen thong. "To", "nghiep" va "con hat" la nhirng co mau thuong thay trong tam thiic sang tao ciia luc lugng sang tac kich ban san khau n6i chung, hal bgi noi rieng, San khau hal bgi hay san khau phuong D6ng noi chung thuong thien ve nhirng bieu hien van h6a am tinh, chu trgng mat ngi tai va gan bo mat thiet \6i le thirc dan gian, van hoa lam linh Doi song tam linh la dgng luc tich cue thiic day nguoi lam nghe thuat san khdu khong ngimg trau d6i pham chat nghe thual cho rieng minh, coi "To" va "nghiep" la nhiing dinh cao tinh hoa ma minh can vuon toi.
Nhin mgt each duy vat, day la su khac hga to chat nghe sT ciia nguoi lam san khau noi chung.
10
Trong bdi canh tir sau giai phong den nay, hat bgi con ddn tiem c^n den bg phan khan gia nho tuoi bang cac kich ban tuong hai - thieu nhi nhu:
An chimg vet son moi, Em be ngoan citdng, Diing Si Truang Sinh, Con tho nggc. Chiec hdi theo cdnh qua (tiic Tdm Cdm), Tinh thuong vd bdo vgt V.V.. Khuynh huong kich ban nay da pha va quan niem xem hdt bpi chi la the loai cua nguoi Ion, chuyen tai mau sac dao ly sau sac phiic tap ma chi c6 nhung khdn gia co tu6i moi hieu va cdm thu dupe. Huong d6n doi tuong khan gid tre em, kich ban hdi bgi da mo I6i di mai, vua giai phong tinh chat bao thii khep kin ciia minh, viia tao them mpt thi truong cong chiing nghe thuat moi. Cling nhu khoi gpi dugc su quan lam thich thii ciia the he tre d6i voi ndn nghf thuat truygn thong.
Nhu vay, khuynh huong kich bdn tuong lich sir Viet Nam va khuynh huong tuong hai - thi^u nhi la hai trong so nhiing bieu hi?n cho thay s\r buc pha cua nghS thudt bien kich hat bgi a TP.HCM. O day, chiing ta nhan thay qua trinh xoa bo dan su cau thuc cua mgt loai hinh, mgt nguyen mau khdc d6i voi kjch ban hat bOi.
Kich ban hat bgi trong cdc khuynh huong nay da mang ddng dap cua mgt kich muc doc lap ve nhan thiic luan. Kh6ng nhung vay, k^t cau phien doan, manh tro da dupe thay the bang mgt mo hinh tuyen hanh dgng - xung dot hoan chinh nhu kich noi hien dai. Tac gid D6 Huong [3] trong chuyen luan Ve nghe thuat dien xudt kich hdt truyen thong vd kjch not Viet Nam da tong ket mpl each luong doi hoan chinh su tuong tac giiia kich noi hien dai va kich hat truyen th6ng Vi?l Nam. Dii chi la tren binh dien nghe thuat dien xuat nhung cung dii cho thay su can du c6 y Ihirc hay vo thirc giua hai loai hinh kich voi nhau, la CO so hinh Ihanh mau sdc "hien dai" cho kich ban hat bpi.
5. Khuynh hu<hig kich ban tuong th^
nghiem
Trong lich su van hgc kjch Viet Nam, timg co giai doan lich sii, do nhung cue doan du tri trong quan niem thai dai, cdc loai hinh kjch hdt dan tpc nhu tuong (hat boi), cheo, cai luong bi chi trich va len an vi it nhieu noi dung tu tuong, hinh thdi tham my ciia no true tiep hay gian tiSp lien quan
VAIM HIEW u r n V H B I T Y JOURNAL OF SQENCE VOLUMES NUMBER 1
den y thiic he phong kien, tu san [9; tr. 562-590].
Nghe thuat hat bpi ve ban chat van la loai hinh san khau hoi c6, nhin ve nhflng thai gian lich sii da qua. Tuy nhien, duoi bau khi quyen doi moi, tac dong cua nhiing nen ly luan van nghe hiSn dai, cimg vai su mo rpng giao luu dnh huong ldn nhau da tao dieu kien cho san khau hat bpi CO mgt sinh khi mai md khuynh huong kjch ban tuong the nghiem (Nguai cdo, Sinh vi tuong tu vi thdn) la minh chiing lieu bieu.
Neu nhu truoc day cac khuynh huong kich ban du muon dii kh6ng van phdi lay cau chuyen trong qud khii de chuyen tai noi dung, thi den voi Nguai cdo kich ban hat bgi da cho thay tiem nang the hien doi s6ng duong dai ma chiing ta dang trai nghiem. Kjch bdn la su trien khai hoan chinh motif tim ve co mdu To nghiep ciia san khau hat bpi, Id mpt bdi hgc canh gioi danh cho nguoi boat dgng trong ITnh vuc san khau ve dao diic 1dm nguoi vd lam nghe. Tir mot kich ban kich noi (tac gia: Le Duy Hanh), tac pham da Ihuc hien cupc du hanh qua th6 loai cai luong, nhung dac biet dpng lai nhieu cam xiic qua ban
"hdt bgi hoa" cua Dinh Bang Phi. Nhan t6 xung dot be ngoai, ket hgp chat che vdi xung dot be sau, phuong thirc bieu hien ta thuc dan cai hai hoa vai thu phap uoc le. Con voi Sinh vi tuong tu vi thdn, hat bgi Viet Nam tim thay moi giao duyen tham kin voi san khau uoc le hien dai.
Khodng cdch cua ngon ngir bi xoa nhoa bang thii sieu ngon ngu ciia nghe thuat bieu dien.
Khuynh huong the nghiem kich ban nhu the vira tao dugc su chu y trong gioi nghe thuat lan khdn gia dai chiing vira cho thay tiem nang tiem can voi anh sang hien dai, Idng cuong yeu to tri tue cho kich ban hat bgi.
Doi voi Sinh vi tudng tievi thdn, nhan to kich ban can du vao thuc chat khong nhieu. Day la mpt kich ban khong co cot truyen va mang dam mau sac "bieu Men". Tinh chat the nghiem a day thien ve ky thuat bieu hien va nghe thuat dien xuat hon chii trgng kich ban van hgc. De thay dugc tinh chat the nghiem ciia kich ban hat boi o TP.HCM, c6 le vai Nguoi cdo la bieu hien ro ret nhat. San khau the nghiem Viet Nam trai qua ba ky hgi dien den nay, kich bdn hat bgi the nghiem de lai an tuong sau dam nhat (theo mgt so nhan djnh, ciing nhu quan diem cua chiing
toi) chinh la Nguai cdo. Tren thuc te, Nguai cdo nam trong quy dao chung ciia san khau the nghiem la nhiing sang tao kich ban nham chong lai I6i mon "ne thuc" cua he hinh kich Aristotle. Ban than kjch ban Nguai cdo v6n la mpt kjch ban kjch noi ton tai nhiing khoang trong tiep nhan thich ung cao vai loai hinh hat bpi. Truoc nhat, kich ban de cap den mpt dao ly truyen thong ve dao lam nguoi vd dao lam nghe trong xa hgi duong dai. Thii hai, Nguai cdo muon mot nguyen mau dupe nhan chan khong ngimg trong lich sir hat bgi Id tich "Ho Nguyet Co hoa cao" lam hinh tugng nghe thual bieu hien chu d6. Thii ba, nhiing nhan vat tnmg tam ciia kich bdn la nhiing nghe sT kjch hdt (hat bpi), van dung kha nhieu trinh Ihiic vii dao cua k5' Ihuat bieu hien trong hat bgi. Do la ly do, trong phien ban "cdi luong hoa", doan cao trdo ba Tu Ldnh tnit het siic tan, vugt len khuyet tat a doi chan, dien lai vai H6 Nguyet Co cho Thu Nguyet xem, phai van dung hdt bgi tir am nhac (nhac le), vii dao den cdc bdi ban (hat khach, hdt nam). Tinh chat the nghiem 6 day chinh la dem mpt noi dung kjch ban kich noi, vai kich ban khep kin ve tuyen xung dot - hanh dgng, de vao mgt hinh thiic hat bgi voi tinh chat uoc le, truu tupng cao.
6. Ket luan
Khoi di tir mgt nen tang truyen thong co tinh than cau thi cao, nhat la 6 khuynh huong tu6ng do, kich ban hat bgi noi chung va a TP.HCM noi rieng luon nhin ve phia hien dai bdng nhirng each tan. To chat hien dai trong kich ban hdi bgi a TP.HCM bieu hien ro ret trong nhung kich ban thugc khuynh huong tu6ng lich sir Viet Nam, tuong hai, tuong thieu nhi va dac biet la nhifng kich ban the nghiem. Chiing ta can xac nhan lai rang neu phan loai theo tieu chi neu tren (muc 1 va 2) thi khuynh huong mong lich sii Viet Nam, tuong hai, m6ng thieu nhi hay tu6ng the nghiem deu dugc xep vao khuynh huong tuong do. C5 day chiing loi khong co y dinh phan loai lai the loai hat bgi, ma xem xet nhiing nhom khu biet trong dong chay chung cua kich ban hat bgi o TP.HCM. Boi vi dii thupc khuynh huong nao di nira, khi chiing t6i neu ra a day cdc kjch ban nay van dang co mpt dod song sinh dpng, vin
TAP CHi KHOA HQC OAI HOC VAN HIEN
t6n tai hoa trpn nhir mot sinh th6 chung. vii loai hinh cua minh. Khong chi tian toi nhan Nhin nghieng tir giac do kich ban, dien mao td hien dai, Idch ban hat boi 6 TP.HCM con nhic hat bpi a TP.HCM trong suot b6n thap ley la mot nho khong ngimg vS can tinh truySn th6ng cua birc ttanh khong co nhiSu net moi, nhung m5i loai hinh. Do IJ ph4m chdt nhjt djnh phai CO d6i net moi la kft qua cua mgt quyet dinh "dung voi mpt loai hinh van hoa tinh thin nhu hat bpi cam" trong tu duy nghe thuat. Kich ban hat b6i trong bdi canh van hoa duong dai vita phai dap o TPHCM, trong diSu kien yim thi, nhung vEn img tinh than hipn dai hoa vira phai giai quySt phat huy het kha nSng cua viec di tim nhirng I6i yeu cJu gin gill ban sac dan tpc.
di khac, nhung khong phai la loi mon, phii hop
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
[1] Ton That Binh, 2006. Tudng Hue, NXB Tre. TPHCM.
[2] Le Ngoc cau, Phan Ngpc, 1984. Noi dung xa hoi va my hoc tudng dd, NXB Khoa hpc Xa hoi.
Ha Noi.
[3] Do Huong, 2005. Ve nghe thuat dien xudt liich hdt truyen thong vd kjch noi Viet Nam; NXB San khau. Ha Noi.
[4] Nguyin Anh Kiet chu bien, Dinh Bang Phi bien soan, 2007. Nhd hdt nghe thuat hdt boi Thanh pho Ho Chi Minh 30 nam - mot chang dutmg (1977 - 2007), NXB Van nghe, TPHCM.
[5] Nguyen To Lan, 2014. Khdo luan ve tuong Quan phuong tap khanh, NXB Th8 gioi. Ha Npi.
[6] Dinh Bang Phi, 2005. Nhin ve san khdu hdt boi Nam bo, NXB VSn nghe, TRHCM.
[7] Salmon C. bien soan, Tran Hai Y6n dich, 2004. Tteu thuyet ttiAyen thong Trung Quoc a chdu A f/il-r/ic iji X r a - iJ<!n rte'(yXV), NXB'Khoa hpc xa hoi. Ha Npi.
[8] Luu Hong Son, "Anh huong cua tieu thuyet Tam quoc dien nghia va sir tiep nhan tac pham nay 6 Nam bp ditu th6 ky XX", xem tai: http://khoavanhoc-ngonngu.edu.vn; ngay truy cap:
10/12/2015.
[9] Phan Trong Thuong, 2002. "T6ng quan tign trinh van hpc kich Viet Nam nira sau thg ky XX", hong Nhin lai vdn hoc Viet Nam thi ky XX; h. 562-590.
