KHUYNH HUaNG DONG Y THIJC

H^htihaai

KHUYNH HUaNG DONG Y THIJC

TRONG TIEU THUYET VIET NAM DUONG DAI

NGUYEN o u t TOAN

Vol tinh than dan chuinaitfime,v»lioc Viet niam A m a Sai la mot san Choi dan chii cho phep SIT hinh thanh, ton tai ciia nhigu loi wet moi duoc ra doi tir

nhu cau tir than cua vdn hpc va quan niem sang tac cua npoi nghe si. Khuynh huong ddng y thiic ban dau la mot hyduiat tieu Ihuyet ciia vdn hpc phuong Tay Men dai VPi uu the trong viec the hipn con nguoi ben bvng cpn nguoi cuiQ voi nhuQ the i ^ e m ngu phap moi la da nhanh chuig duoc cac iriia van tren the gioi tiep ttui va anh buom-

ff nuoc ta, trong xu huong hoi nhap va phat tpien, tieu thuyet da nang dpng tim den nhiing hinh thiic the hipn dpc dao. Uwng cay biit tieu thuyet tre da den voi ky thuat dong y Uuic mot cach tu nhien va mang lai nhing hieu ung nghe thuat nhat finh.

T

K XX bit dau vdi hing logt cude each mgng lam thay ddi sau sie ddi sdng tinh thin nhin loai, nghd thugt vi vay cung ddn dap bieu hidn nhung cam thitc mdi. Trong khdng khi tinh than ciia thdi hidn dai, lieu thuydt ndi ridng vi vin hpe ndi chung khdng the dung ngoii- Vdi mong mudn lam mdi minh vi cich tin the logi, tic gia lieu thuydt hidn dai tim kidm hidn thyc trong chidu siu tim hdn con ngudi. Cimg vdi sy thay ddi dd tii la sy ddi mdi biit phip nhim tai hign cai khdng thd nim bit, nd lye ke cai khdng the kd. Ngudi ta thudng nhic den sy the nghiem ky thugt ddng y thiic qua cie sang tac lieu bieu eua Marcel Proust, James Joyce, Virginia Woolf, William Faulkner... lao thanh mpt khuynh hudng sing tao trong ddng van hpc hidn dai. 0 dd, sing tic ciia nha vin khdng chi ti mpt thii nghidm thuin tuy hinh thirc ma da trd thanh mdt kinh nghiem tham my dugc rat nhidu the he sau hpe tgp.

Quan sal su van dpng ciia tidu thuyet Viet Nam duong dai, ngudi dpc nhin thay cd mpt khuynh hudng tieu thuyet ddng y thirc gin lidn vdi nhftng tie gii nhu: Bio Ninh, Nguydn Binh Phuong, Hd Anh Thai, Chau Dien, Nguydn Xuin Khanh, Mae Can, Nguyen Nggc

Tu... Hp da lim ddn vdi ky thuat ddng y thuc tir nhu eau ty than, ty giae, ciing cd the la anh hudng mgt cich thy ddng, tu nhien. Khuynh hudng tidu thuyet ddng y thitc co mdi lien he sau sic vdi nhung dac didm chu yeu cua qua trinh ddi moi vin hoc sau 1986.

1. K h a i luan v€ tieu thuylt dong y thirc

Ddng y thirc li thugt ngft d3 dugc William James dat ra trong cdng trinh Cff s& tdm ly hgc (1880) nhim chi mdt die didm tdn tgi ciia y thitc con ngudi. Theo dng, y thirc la mdt ddng chiy, mdt con sdng, 6 dd nhung tu tudng, cim xue, lien ludng bat chgt ludn lan il, dan b?n vio nhau mdt eich ky quae, phi logic. Y thirc con ngudi la do hing trim phuang thiie luan luu chiem ITnh. Cho ndn, ndi cho thgt chinh xic, hanh ddng tu duy la ddng tu tudng, ddng ddi sdng chii quan.

Quan nidm nay ciia dng d i phii djnh lai cai nhin duy ly quen thudc ve j thuc ciia con ngudi, ma theo no nhftng an tugng suy nghT xuit hign bao gid eung dugc dit trong sy ket bupe ciia mdi quan he nhin qui.

Tinh phiic hgp ciia nhiing trgng thii, linh ngiu nhidn, lien tuc khdng ngimg eua hinh anh vi ngdn tir nhu li nhung die didm ndi bat trong ddng y thiie.

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VAN H O C Sau dd, thugt ngft ddng y thirc dupc cac nha

phd binh vi nghien ciru van hgc sii dung de chi mgt khuynh hudng trong vin hpc hidn dai TK XX vi ddng thdi cung chi mdt thd nghidm ky thuat. Neu trftu xuit thuil ngft ddng y thiie ra khdi nhung bdi canh rdng chi phdi toin bd ddi sdng vin hpc thd gidi dau TK XX, thi cd thd nhin djnh, ddng y thirc chju inh hudng tryc tidp tu ba ngudn ca ban; nhung nghidn cuu lam ly hgc ciia William James, nhftng su tham dd tiem thuc eua Sigmund Freud, Cari Guslav Jung va thuydt iryc giae ciia Henri Bergson.

Le sdng ciia tieu thuyet, theo Milan Kundera li "chdng lai su lang quen eon ngudi", didu mi nen khoa hpc hien dai da ly han ehe minh khi

"quy ci the gidi tai chi cdn don gian la mdt doi tugng khio sit ky thuat vi loan hgc va logi bd khdi chin trdi cua nd cai thd gidi cu the ciia sy sdng". Vdi nhung thd nghidm nghe thuat mdi md, tidu thuyet ddng y thuc xual hien kieu thdi gian dung hgp, nhiing tinh tidt dan xen, nhay cdc tu do, sir dung nhidu ddc thoai ndi tam va bidn phap lupng trung ben canh su ky di ciia ngdn ngft va thd loai (\).0 Viet Nam, lieu thuyet ddng y thirc vita mang nhung dac trung ciia van xudi ddng y thirc phuang Tay, vua cd nhftng sing tao phii hpp vdi nhu ciu ciia ngudi cim biit.

2. Khuynh hudng dong y thiic trong van hgc Vi^t Nam duong dai

Tir nhftng nam 90 ciia TK XX va dac bidt trong nhung nim diu TK XXI, trdn vin din Viet Nam xuit hien khi nhieu tieu thuyet viet iheo ldi dien ti tam tu eiia eon ngudi trong mdi quan hg da chidu vdi cude sdng. Trio luu sang tie inh hudng tir die trung ky thuil ddng y thirc trong vin hpc phuong Tay dupc bidu hien trong cac tidu Ihuydl xual phat tir nhu ciu ddi mdi the loai.

Trong the gidi phing, sir tidp xiic tryc tiep vdi nhidu ludng tu tudng khac nhau, nhieu he gia tri khic nhau li co hdi de vin hgc duang dai Viet Nam timg budc hda nhap vio quy dgo nghe thugt thd gidi vdi nhftng hinh thiic the hien mdi.

Bdi thd, Nguyen Vin Dan di khing dinh. "Ky thugt ddng chiy y thirc diu cdn la ciia rieng Proust nfta mi nd da trd thinh tai sin chung eiia nhidu nhi vkn irdn the gidi va ehiing ta khong

togi irii ed the ed nhidu con dudng giin tiep dua nd den Vidt Nam" (2).

De tim thinh mdt khuynh hudng, phai trien nhu mdt dgng thiie mdi trong thdi hidn dai, tieu thuydt ddng y ihuc da tgo ra nhung bien ddi ben trong cita hinh thiic thd loai. Va dieu nay eo ca hdj ihinh hidn thuc vi dugc tiep sue bdi cdng cudc ddi mdi vin hpc sau 1986. Su ra ddi va phit trien ciia tieu thuydt ddng y thuc duong dai cdn dua trdn nhiing tidn de ly thuydt qua nhirng cong trinh dugc dich ra tidng Viet hoac cic cdng trinh ciia cic nha nghien ciru trong nudc.

Viec cd hay khdng mpt khuynh hudng dong y thirc trong lidu thuyet Viet Nam ducmg dai di dupe thyc tidn sing tic tra ldi. Hon nfta, sy ra ddi va phit tridn cua nd cung nam trong xu hudng mang tinh loin cau hda vdi nhung tic pham, lu tau da thu hiit dupc dpc gii nhu Ulysses ciia James Joyce, Bi dm th&i gian da mdt eua Marcel Proust, Am thanh vd cudng no eiia William Faulkner vi mdi sd nha van duong dai d chau A nhu H. Murakami, Vuong Mdng, Mac Ngdn,,. Tidu thuyet cd khuynh hudng ddng y thirc dang ngay cing chiem dugc sy quan tam ciia gidi nghien ciru ly luan phe binh bdi nhftng mdi lien he da chieu cua nd vdi cac nginh khac nhau nhu tam ty hpc, xa hpi hgc vi cic hudng nghien cim nhu phin tam hgc, hiu hien dai, ty thuyet chin thuong... Da den liie khuynh hudng tidu thuyet ddng y thirc trong tien trinh van hpc duong dai Viet Nam can dugc nhin nhin, khong phai nhu mpt ngiu hirng, cim tinh d mgt vai hidn tugng don le mi la cai nhin mang linh tdng quit de cac gia trj dugc phin anh mgt each toan dien, khich quan.

3. Ky thuat ddng y thuc trong tieu thuyet Viet Nam duong dai

Doi m&i ket cdu khong gian. th&i gian Nham dien dat cii phi logic ciia hien thyc tim hdn con ngudi, kieu thdi gian din gay lien tuc va thdi gian hoi cd ti hai dang thuc thdi gian kd xuit hien vdi tan sd cao trong tidu thuyet ddng y thuc. Mudn hieu dupc npi dung, ngudi doc phii dyng ten sa dd ciia hai Idp thai gian:

thdi gian ke va thdi gian ciia cii dugc ke. Nhin vit trong Tri nhd suy tdn ciia Nguyen Binh

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Phuong sdng trong mdt md bdng bong nhiing y nghT ngdn ngang vd hai ngudi tinh, mot hign tgi vi mpt ky lie. Trong tap ghi tri nhd ciia cd la mpt su vdi va nhftng manh vun qua khii, cho nen nd khdng cd md dau va dudng nhu chua cd kdt thiic. Vd khi tro bfti (Doan Minh Phugng)... cd mdt loai thdi gian cam nhip cho ciu chuyen, la sy ehau tuin cac sy kien dugc kd, dd cung li ky irc. Ndi budn chiin tranh (Bio Ninh) didn t i ddng thic bin logn rdi bdi, ehay trin tren trang giay day bidn ddng trong thd gidi ndi tim nhan vit Kien. Neu d Thien sir, Phgm Thi Hoai d i thidt lap nhan vgt theo mgt khdi lip the, chap ndi nhung mku tu tudng, nhung minh guong vo eupc ddi thi Bio Ninh Igi chgn cich lap ghep nhihig manh tam hdn, nhiing minh ddi khdng hoin thidn trong biic tranh nhip nhda. "Vdi cich vidt nay, nhiJng vCing md ciia vd thitc, tiem thiJrc dupc khai Id trudc mil ngudi dpc..., ky thuat ddng y thiic dugc van dung mpt eich triet dd, trd thinh nguyen tic nghd thugt chi phdi each td chirc kdt ciu ctia tac pham... Bdi thd, khi tidp xiic vdi Noi budn chiin tranh ta nhu nhap vio ddng y thiic cua nhin vat, "xem trdm nhimg bi mgt eiia anh ta" (3).

Khdng - thdi gian trong cic lidu thuydt ddng y thire md ra chdng chat, da chidu. Chi din dy trudng hgp Nguyen Binh Phuong d Thoat ky thdy, ta khd tim dugc mdt tpa dp khdng - thdi gian chuan xic gifta hon ddn cac giic mo, hoii niem, suy tu dupc sip dat ngeu hiing. Trong Ngoi, eac tdeu khdng - thdi gian hidn ldn chdng chit: khdi thiiy, hidn thuc, hdi uc, giic mo ciia nhan vat. O Ngudi di vdng ed sy hien hiru da ehieu khdng - thdi gian: bai tha ma, dd lao Thai Nguyen, tudi tho... Tuong tu, hai khdng gian:

cdi trin, eoi am trong NhUng dua tre chit gid long ghep nhau. Su chuydn cinh hoin toin ngiu nhidn gidng nhu chide thudc gip, nhung chide thudc gip thi van ed lien tue nhftng didm ndi gifta cic doan thing, cdn ddng lam tu thi ludn cd diem diit rdi, khdng lien mgch, thudng xuydn nhiy cdc. Nhin vat song hanh ciing nhiing am inh, vi ngupc lgi, am inh chi phdi siu sic tdi mpi suy nghT, hanh dpng ciia nhan vat. Ky ftc sang tao ra ddng y thirc trong tim ly nhin vgt.

tgo nen sy chiem nghigm ddi sdng trong toin bp tinh sinh dpng va phue tap cua nd, tgo ra hinh thiic nhin vat di tim thdi gian da mat.

Su sdng tgo mo hinh cdt truyin vdnhdn vgt Trong tidu thuydt ddng y thiic, thd gidi bdn trong con ngudi da dupc bidu hign thinh cdng qua nghg thuat dpc thogi ndi tam. Sy xao trgn chdng mil cic tinh tidt trong mach chuydn theo kieu ddng y thiic da khidn cho ky ire bj ehia nho thanh nhCmg manh vun ciia su kien vi cam giic, dd tim ra con ngudi in nau ben trong. Trao ngoi but cho nhan vat, dd nhan vat ty viet iiy gigng dieu ridng cua minh, nhi van de nhan vgt phoi tran cim xiic, tam trgng mdt each ty nhien va khach quan. Ben canh do, dpc thoai npi tim to ra thich iing va phit higu umg trong kidu cot truydn phin minh mang hoi hudng ciia tu duy hpi hpa lap thd. Cac nha tidu thuyet thdi ky doi mdi rat cd y thiic trong viee su dyng toai cdt truydn nay dd tang sue bieu dat cho tie phim.

Hdi lie ciia Kidn (Ndi budn chiin tranh) bj dgng li, nhde md, ehdng cheo. De nim bit cdt truygn, ngudi doc phii t\r minh lim cdng viec thong kd sy kign va tu lidn kdt chiing lgi trong mdt rimg rim ky lie tren cai ndn diit giy tim trang eiia nhan vat. T&m vdn phdng dao (Mac Can) v i Ngu&i song Me (Chau Didn) ciing thd hidn sir dan Iron hdi tic vd hiin tgi ben trong nhan vat. Ddng tam tu ciia anh Ba, cic nhan vgt song ddi trong cdi md... dan xen nhidu minh giae mo da khidn ciu chuydn trd ndn hu thyc, diy im inh. Nhan vat Cam My cua Khai huyen mugn (Nguydn Viet Ha) luon bj chay trin vao hdi tudng cua qua khu:. Cau ehuyen dupc kd bdi hdi iitc, dudng nhu mpi su vit tuy d thi hoan thanh, nhung ludn trong tam thd dd dang. Nhin vat tdi trong Bi tim nh&n v^t (Tg Duy Anh) song trong trang thai tinh thin phi trpng lupng, phi thdi gian, phi ky ire. Qua tieu thuyet ddng y thiic, cupc sdng tam linh eua eon ngudi di trcr thanh mpt uu the mdi trong vide phan inh hi§n thuc cua tidu thuyet hign dai. Nhung sy ki|n, bien cd quan trpng trong tidu thuyet dugc trinh biy mpt eich ngiu nhidn theo ddng y thiic. No nhu nhung dpt sdng hdi hoin Udn tidp, chiy tr^

bit djnh theo nhihig suy tu, chiem nghigm ciia

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V A N H O C nhan vat.

Sy xuat hign eua kidu cdt truydn phan minh trong ndu thuyet Viet Nam thdi ky ddi mdi, mot hidn thuc rdi rac, dd vd, rgn nirt, mdt cude sdng dang tan ri dan dan, khdng de tim mdi tuong giao, lidn kdt, cho thiy thd gidi la tip hgp ciia nhurng minh vun hign thyc, mdi manh vun la mgt tim didm, nd cd gia trj ty thin cua nd. Nha tieu thuyet viet theo ddng y thiic da eoi diy la lpi thd biit phip dd tgo ndn hip luc vi sue sdng ridng cho tic phim.

No lire phd vd cdu true ngir phdp truyin thong

Dpc tidu thuyet ddng y thiic, ta cd cim giae nhu dang tham dy mdt trd chai ldng eiia ngdn lu chay dai khdng ngimg. Tinh nang ddng ctia tu tudng cung ddng thdi keo theo sy ning dpng eiia ngdn ngft. Ngdn ngft trd ndn linh hoat, khdng bj gd bd va mang dim tinh ci thd. Khi nhan vat sdng trong ddng y thuc, nhftng phit ngdn ddc thoai ndi tim khdng cd bit cir rio cin nio, con ngudi khdng bj cinh gidi bdi bit cir didu gi. Ngdn ngft mang tinh tryc tiep, gian dj, ty nhidn. Thim ehi cd do venh trong phat ngdn ciia nhan vat, hidn tugng ciu vin phi ngu phap, vd nghTa ly, nhftng ddi thogi mang dang dap kjch phi ly... Nd khdng nhim thdng bao sy kien mi chii ydu didn ta y nghT, cam giic, nhftng bien dpng trong thd gidi ndi tim nhan vat ndn inh hudng tdi ciu triic ciu vin: "Da dat ldi mdt cich vidt ngay mang tinh chit dign lin, ngat quing;

sy dirt doan cua ddng chiy ngdn lu, nhftng gian dogn thudng xuydn am ehi linh trang thidu vang ldi dap lai" (4).

Tir ydu ciu ciia bin than the loai vi nhu cau phin inh tim ly thdi dai, tidu thuydt ddng y thuc dam chil tha. CJ cip dp hinh thuc cau tnic tic phim, ngudi cim biit di cd y thirc tgo nhjp didu ngdn tft va hinh tupng, nhftng lien ludng tgl ngang mang die trung tu duy tho. Nhftng dung cdng nghd thuit iy di dua tidu thuydt ducmg dai vugt xa khung khd truydn thdng, mang den kha nang ddi thoai vdi dpc gii.

Xdl ve vai trd cung nhu higu irng thim my, trudc hdt, ta nhgn thay tieu ihuydt ddng y thirc li tam guong phan chidu ljch sir tim hdn ciia

nhin vat thdng qua mdt ihii ngdn ngir va kidu kdt ciu die thii. Qua ddng tam tu nhin vit, nha vin khdng chi tai hidn thd gidi mi cdn bidu hidn ehan dung tinh than ciia con ngudi thdi hidn dgi.

The gidi ndi tam trd thanh net ve chii dgo ei thd hda nhin vil khi cic thdng tin hign thyc khac cua nhin vat bj md di. Chinh ddng y thuc gan vdi mpt chu the & day - bdy gi& da hidn tai hda thdi gian truydn kd, lim thdi qui khu mat di chirc ning vdn cd ciia minh. Bdi viy, tieu thuydt mdi dupc khang djnh li thd loai chua hoin kdt, ludn d thi hidn tai tidp didn, ludn dit ngudi dpc vao tinh thd ddng thdi vdi hidn tupng dang didn ra de khai ggi khi ning ddng sing tgo.

Viet bang ky thuat ddng y thuc, nhi van mong mudn lim mdi minh trong bau khi quydn din ehil thdi hien dai. Ddng y thuc khdng chi la mdt ddi tugng trgng tam de khic hga nhan vat tieu thuydt hign dai mi cdn la mdt ky thuit tu sy, khdng ehi la ddi lugng trin thuit mi cdn Ii cich thirc de Iran ihuat. Neu coi tidu thuyet li mdt cudc choi thi dd li mdt cudc choi lim cdng phu vi cin nhieu tri tue. Tieu thuyet Viet Nam duong dai van dang la mgt cudc thir sue in tugng cua nhftng ngudi cim biit. Thu nghidm budc dau trong ky thugt tu sy ddng y thirc di nhin dugc thanh qua tdt dep. Tir trudng hgp nhung tie pham nay, chiing ta hoin loin ed the tin ludng ve sue sdng ciia mdt the loai khi nhi van biel no luc each tin, y thirc hudng ngoi but ve phia cudc sdng con ngudi J

N.D.T

1. Phuang LLTU, Ly lupn phe bmh van lipcphuang Tdy TKXX, Nxb Van hpc - Trung tam Van hoa - Ngon ng&

Dong Tay, Ha Not. 2001, Ir.199-204

2 Nguyen VSn Dan, Dau an phirvng Tdy Irong van hpc Vift Nam hi$n dgi - Vdi nhgn xet Idng quan. Tap chi Van hpc so 2-1997, tr.38-45.

3. Nguyin Dang Di?p, Ky thugi dongy thde qua Ndi budn chien tranh cda Bdo Ninh. irong Tu su hpc - Mpi sd vdn dS ly liipn ^d lich sif.Nxb Dpi hpc Su phpm. Ha Npi, 2007.

4 D^ng Anh Dao, Ddi mdi nghf thugt lieu thuyet phirang Tdy hifn dgi. Nxb Dpi hpc Quae gia. Ha NQ\.

2001.

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