KINHTE
KINH NGHIEM QUOC TE VE PHAT TRIEN NEN KINH TE SO VA HAM Y CHINH SACH CHO VIET NAM
• NGUYEN VAN THANH
TOM TAT:
Phat trien kinh te s6 Ik s& dung c6ng nghe so, dff lieu de tao ra mo hinh kinh doanh m6\.
Trong nen kinh te' so, c5c doanh nghi6p se ddi mdi quy trinh san xua't, kinh doanh truyin thdng sang m6 hinh boat d6ng theo h$ sinh thai. Hen ket tii khau sdn xuat, thUdng mai, suf dyng, di hu'dng den muc ti6u tSng trifdng doanh nghiep, nang cao nSng suat lao d6ng. u nhi^u quo'c gia tren the gidi, viec tich hdp cong nghe so trong nen kinh t^ da gop ph£n dip iJng nhanh chdng, thuSn ti6n, hi6u qui hdn ni?a cdc nhu clu cua ngUdi dSn. Do vSy, viec tham khao kinh nghiSm phat trien kinh td' s6 d cdc qu6'c gia phat trien co y nghTa quan trpng dd'i vdi Viet Nam trong qua trinh xay diTng chinh sdch phdt trien nen kinh te so' trong b6^i cdnh hoi nhSp. Bai viet phdn tich kinh nghiem phdt tridn kinh td sd d mot sd qudc gia trdn thd gidi va ham y chinh sdch phat tridn nen kinh te sd^ cho Viet Nam.
Tuf khda: Kinh td sd, kinh nghiem qudc te, bai hpc, phdt tridn kinh te, kinh doanh.
1. Kinh nghiem phat tridn kinh te'sdd mOt sd qudc gia tren thd gidi
1.1. Kinh nghidm cua Trung Quoc Trung Qudc hi6n chiem khoang 1/5 dan sdtoan clu, va da thu'c su* chuyen ddi trd thanh mot cUdng qud'c vd san xua't vd cong nghe, la nen kinh te Idn thiJ hai the gidi, sau My. Co diTdc nhiJng thanh tifu dd khong thd khong ke den nhiTng chinh sach du tidn cho phdt tridn nen kinh te sd cua nu'dc nay.
Theo Bao cdo cua Vidn Nghidn cdti toan cau McKinsey (MGI, 2017), giao djch thi/dng mai dien tiJ' cua Trung Qudc hidn Idn hdn con sd cong gdp cua nam nen kinh td hang dau the gidi gdm Phap, Ddc, Nhat Ban, Anh va My.
Trung Quoc cung la ndi quy tu cua rat nhieu hoat ddng dau tu mao hidm trong nhiJng ITnh vuc nhif thUc te ao, d td tif lai, in 3D, robot, thie't bi bay khdng ngifdi ldi va AI. Trong do, 1/3 trong so' 262
"unicorn" (Cdc cdng ty khdi nghiep dUpc dinh gid trdn 1 ty USD) tren thd' gidi hien nay la cua Trung Qudc. chid'm 43% tdng gid tri cua cdc "unicorn"
trdn toan cau.
Co dUdc si^ phat tridn vUdt bdc cua Trung Qud'c trong ITnh vUc cong nghe sd^ la do Trung Qud'c sd hiJu thj tnfdng khdng id va tre trung, giup thifdng mai hda nhanh chong cac mo hinh kinh doanh sd;
dong thdi sd hifu he sinh thdi so'phong phii dang md rdng. Dac biet. Chinh phu nifdc nay cung tao dieu
So 16-Thdng 7/2020 91
TAPCHlCONGTHIfOlNIi
kien va khdng gian de cdc doanh nghidp sd thuf nghiem, d6ng thdi vifa la nha dau tif, vijfa la ngifdi tieu diing cac cdng nghe sd.
Bdo cdo cua MGI dU bao cong nghe sd cd the thay ddi va lao ra khoang tiJ 10% dd'n 45% doanh thu cong nghiep ciia Trung Qudc vao nam 2030.
MGI cung cho rang, Internet cd tiem nang ddng gdp 1 didm phan tram bd sung vao tdc dp tang trudng GDP cua Trung Qudc tif nam 2013 dd'n nam 2025, ddn den gia tang 22% GDP trong giai doan nay, tifdng difdng vdi 14.000 ti RMB,
Nen kinh te' sd hda ciia Trung Qud'c dac tning bdi sU phdt trien manh me ciia truyen thong sd' va thudng mai didn tuf vdi sU hidn dien cua ba nha cung u'ng ndi dia khdng lo bao gdm Alibaba (thUdng mai dien tiJf), Tencent (game tnfc tuye'n va mang xa hdi), va Baidu (cong cu tim kiem). Mdi nam. Tap doan thifdng mai didn tuf Alibaba xH li sd giao dich mua bdn nhieu hdn ca Ebay va Amazon cdng lai.
Trong khi do, vdi the' manh ve game trifc tuyd'n va mang xa hdi, Tencent hien la cdng ty cd gid tri Idn thiJ 10 toan clu (khoang 275 ti USD). Con Baidu la cong ty thd'ng tri mang cdng cu tira kie'm tai thi trifdng ndi dia sau khi Google phai rut khoi thi tru'dng do bi kidm duydt.
Ba nen tdng cong nghd hang dau nay ciia Trung Qud'c da phai trien de'n tnnh dp cd the canh tranh vdi cdc dng Idn ve cdng nghd d My la Amazon, Apple, Facebook, Google va Netflix.
Ke luf nam 2015, Trung Qud'c da vUdn len ddn dau thifdng mai dien tu* tren toan the gidi, vdi viec mua sam trUc tuye'n chiem \S9c tdng doanh sd'ban le, so vdi chi 8% d My.
Trung Qudc hien cung dang phat trien kinh te' sd hda trong cac nganh nhif ngan hang vd dich vu tai chinh, dich vu hanh chinh cdng. dich vu y te' va cdc dich vu giao due. Trung Qudc cung khuye'n khich phat tridn kinh td' so' hda va cot day nhU mot giai phdp giiip tai can bdng cho nen kinh le. tranh sU phu thupc qud nhieu vao xay difng cd sd ha tang va thuc day tidu dung ndi dia.
Thanh toan di ddng hidn cung la diem ndi bat cua cudc each mang ky thuat sd ciJa Trung Qud'c.
Ndm 2016. cd den 790 ii USD khoan thanh todn ciia
bdn thu: ba dUdc thifc hidn qua gia -h di ddng, cao hdn My den 11 lln va dang cd *- hoi Idn vrfpt mat nhidu cifdng qud'c, trd thdnh ndn kinh te'khong diing tien mat dIu tien trdn thd gidi trong tifdng lai khdng xa.
SLT tang tnfdng vifdt bac ve cdng nghd di ddng, thanh todn va miJc dp chap nhan chung irong cac giao dich tien te dang giup Trung Qudc nhanh chdng ihu hep khoang cdch vdi cdc cUdng qud'c kinh td nhif My, Anh, Phdp. Nghien cihi cua to chiJc Forex Bonuses dau nam 2017, ty le ngufdi dan nhan thu'c difdc cac dich vu thanh todn di ddng tai Trung Qudc hien len tdi 77%, vUdt xa nhieu nen kinh te khac trong danh sdch nhUUc, Dd'c, Nhat Ban va Nga.
Thdnh tuu nay cd dUdc phan Idn nhd sif biing nd cua smartphone tai thi tnfdng ddng ddn nhd't thd gidi. Di k^m vdi do la sif nhay bdn ciia nhieu nh^
dieu hanh dich vu ban le va tai chinh khi nhanh chdng cha'p nhan cdc hinh thu'c thanh todn di ddng.
Trung Qudc la thi tnfdng Internet va smartphone Idn nha't the gidi. Tuf vide mua sam, an udng tdi di taxi hay chdi game, ta't ca ddu di kem tuy chon thanh loan irUc tuyd'n va di ddng. Nhd do, ngifdi dCing khdng cIn phai quan tam tdi viec mang tidn mat theo mdi khi di ra du'dng.
Trung Qudc hien difdc coi la mdt trong nhiJng Ihj tnfdng thanh todn di ddng tidn tie'n nha't thd gidi vdi sif phu sdng rpng khdp cua WeChat Pay va Alipay, giiip ngifdi dung cd thd thanh loan gin nhif mpi dich vu, nhu clu thie't ye'u trong cupc sdng ma khdng can tdi tien mat.
1.2. Kinh nghiem ciia Hdn Quoc
Han Qud'c difdc biet de'n la qudc gia cd nen kinh te phat u-ien. mot trong nhiJng thanh vidn dan dau ciia nhdm 20 nen kinh td Idn nhat thd gidi (G-20).
Sau Chien ffanh Trieu Tidn, kinh te Han Qud'c da phat U-ien nhanh chdng, trd ihanh mpi trong nhffng nifdc giau nha't tren thd gidi. Gdp phIn lam nen nhSng thanh tifu dd, nhan td khong the phu nhan dd la qud'c gia nay da cd nhifng chinh sach phdt tridn kinh te ifu viet. trong do phai kd de'n chinh sdch ifu tidn phdt tridn nen kinh te sd.
De phdt trien nen kinh te sd. tnfdc het. Han Qudc da chu dpng ihifc hien chinh sach phd c: ^ Iniemet
92 So 16-Thar^g 7/2020
KINHTE
cho ngUdi ddn. Ty le sd hd gia dinh Han Qudc ke't ndi mang internet dat 99,2%, diJng dIu trong sd 175 qudc gia thupc Lidn minh vidn thong qudc te (ITU).
Theo to chffc nghidn ciiu Internet Akamai, Han Qudc hien la qudc gia cd td'c dd kd't nd'i internet nhanh nhd't thd gidi, vUdt trdn cd Nhat Bdn va My.
Cd du'dc thanh cdng trong viec phd cap Internet td'c dp cao d Han Qudc tru*dc hd't la nhd Chinh phu nffdc nay da kip thdi va tridn khai manh me cdc sdng kid'n ve gido due va ha tang cdng nghe thdng tin nen da tao dffde mdt khdi dIu hoan hao va cac chinh sach nay dang tiep tuc dffde thffe hidn hieu qud.
Ciing vdi dd, Chinh phu cung duy tri dffde mdi trffdng canh tranh lanh manh, khuyd'n khich ddi mdi sdng tao cua khu vffc tff nhdn thdng qua cdc chinh sdch dieu tid't nhd't qudn. Cdc chinh sdch nay dam bao vide gidm cdc trd ngai dd'i vdi cdc nha cung cap dich vu Internet (ISP) mdi, thiic day mot mdi trffdng canh tranh. Dac biet, Chinh phu nffdc nay cung khuyen khich xdy dffng md'i quan he hdp tac gan kd'tgiCfakhu vffc tff nhan dffde Chinh phu hau thuan vdi khu vffc cdng trong xay dffng ha ting mang Internet. Ngoai ra, cung phai ndi them rdng, Han Qud'ccdmatdodansd'do thi cao (tdi 83% tap trung ddng d cdc chung cff dd thi). Do dd, viec xay dung ha ting edp quang bang thdng rpng trd ndn dd dang va tie't gidm chi phi ddng ke, dong thdi td'i giam dffde tdn hao hieu sua't dffdng truyen Internet.
Nhd chinh sach pho cap Internet thanh cdng da giiip cho thffdng mai didn tii' cua Han Qud'c cung phdt trien bung nd. Dac bidt, Chinh phii Han Qud'c da quy dmh cho phep sff dung chiJ ky trffc tuye'n hong thffdng mai dien tu'vdi dly du tff cdch phdp ly nhff chff ky tffdi tren van ban gia'y td. Ngay tff nam 1999, quy dinh nay da dffde ban hanh va cho phep chff ky didn tff dffde siJ dung lam bang ehffng trong cdc van d l phdp ly. Dd tang cffdng an ninh trong thffdng mai dien tff, Chinh phu ciing da phat tridn cdc quy dinh lien quan de'n bao ve thong tm cd nhdn vd hffdng ddn khu vffc tff nhan sff dung cong nghe ma hda. Dd'n nam 2000, khoang 15 id chffc lien quan dd'n thffdng mai dien tff da dffa vao van hanh Didn dan Thffdng mai Dien iff Tich hdp nhdm thiic day tidu chuin hoa trong nffdc va qud'c te cdc nen tang thffdng mai didn iff.
Ngdn hdng dien tff (E-banking) cung da dffde gidi ihidu lai Han Qud'c tff nam 1999. Hlu hd't cdc ngan hang tang them 0,1-0,5 didm phan tram ldi suat huy dong cho khdch hang dang ky Iniemet banking, vd cho hp 0,5 diem phan tram chie'l kha'u trdn ldi sud't cho vay. Ddn nam 2010, 42,3% ngffdi dung Internet d dp tudi 12 trd len da sff dung dich vu ngan hang dien iff. Mffc dp sff dung binh quan eho ngan hang Internet la 4,9 lan mdi didng. Hau hd't ngffdi dung Internet banking thdng qua may tinh (96,2%), trong khi 9,2% sff dung dien thoai di dpng.
Nam 2015, thffdng mai dien iff da chiem tren 40% ta't ca cac giao dieh thifdng mai, trong do, giao dieh B2B chie'm hdn 90% va giao dich B2G chiem gan 6%.
Ben canh chinh sach phd edp Internet vd chinh sach phat tridn thffdng mai dien tff, Han Qud'c cung chu trong xay dffng chinh phu didn tff (E- governmenl) nham thuc day qud trinh chuyen doi ndn kinh td' sd' hoa. Nhffng nd life dau tien trong viec xay dffng chinh phu dien iff dffde lien hanh vao cud'i nhffng nam 1980 bdng vide Ihffc hien dff dn He thdng thdng lin cd ban qud'c gia (NBIS), trong do tap trung vao vide tridn khai cdc ffng dung CNTT trdn loan qudc.
Cdc sdng kidn chinh phu didn tff cua Han Qudc tap trung vao 3 mang dich vu chinh, bao gdm: (I) Chmh phu vi Cdng ddn (G4C); (2) Chinh phii vdi Doanh nghiep (G2B); va (3) Chinh phu vdi Chinh phu (Dich vu lien chinh phu - G2G). Hang ngan cdc dich vu cong da cd san tren mang thdng qua cae bieu mau dien iff tren khap cae trang web chinh phu trung ffdng, khu vffc va dia phffdng. Chinh phu Han Qudc hien dang cung cd' cdc chffdng tnnh dang irien khai dd hffdng ddn cdng chung ndm bdt va dp dung mang Internet va cdng nghe thdng tin vao cudc sdng hang ngay vdi muc dich lam cho cdc dich vu cdng cd sdn qua hinh thffe dien tff mpi ndi mpi luc. Thdng qua ehinh sdch ve edng nghe va gido due, chinh phu Han Qud'c dam bao rang td't ca cdc trffdng tidu hpc va trung hpc trdn todn qud'c dffde kd't ndi vdi internet.
Nhd nhffng nd lffc khdng ngffng nghi, Han Qudc ludn nam trong nhdm cdc nffdc ddn dIu ve Chi so'
So 16^ Thdng 7/2020 93
TAP CHl CONG THIfOlNG
sdn sang ve Chinh phu didn tff do Lidn hdp qudc xay dffng, Chinh phu dien tff theo md hinh cua Han Qud'c de cap den mdt he thdng dien tff dffde thid't ke dd nang cao hieu qua cua chinh phii va kha nang canh tranh thdng qua mdt mang Iffdi he thdng hanh chinh cdng. Hd thdng chinh phu didn hJ ffu viet cua Han Qud'c ddng vai tro nhff mdt mlu hinh cho nhieu qudc gia khdc tham khao va hpc tdp. Ngay tff nam 2010, Han Qudc da ky hdp dong tri gid ldi 73 hieu USD vdi Indonesia, Sri Lanka vd mdt sd nffdc dang phdt trien khac nham xua't khau bi quye't va edng nghe de xay dffng he thdng chinh phu dien tff.
Ngoai ra, gidi tri didn tff cung la npi dung quan trpng gdp phIn thiie day chinh sach phdt trien nen kinh te sd cua Han Qudc. Thi tnfdng game online tai Han Qudc cd hdn 15 trieu ngffdi ddng ky chdi.
Mot sd Iffdng Idn cac trd chdi dffde thid't ke' trong thd' gidi tffdng nrdng vdi nhieu ngffdi chdi trffc tuye'n. Sff phd bid'n cua cdc cong chdi game nhff Neunarble, Hangame va Pmang mang vd doanh thu Idn va ffdc tinh ed khodng 10 trieu ngffdi trffdng thanh ciia Han Qudc chdi game qua cac cong nay mdi thdng. PhIn Idn eac tro chdi trffc tuye'n cho phdp chdi mien phi va ldi nhuan lao ra thdng qua vide ban cdc mat hang do. Cdc cdng ty game trffc tuye'n hang dau la NHN, Nexon, NCsoft, Neowiz va CJ Internet. Vdo dIu nam 2010, Toa dn Td'i cao Han Qud'e da phdn quyel rang eac loai lien ao co the dffde trao doi cho tien that va cac giao dich sff dung 'tien ao' se hi danh ihud'.
1.3. Kinh nghidm cua Malaysia
Malaysia la qudc gia quan chu lap hid'n lien bang nam lai phia Nam ciia khu vffe Ddng Nam A.
Qud'c gia nay bao gom 13 bang vd ba Idnh thd lien bang vdi tdng dien tich dd't la 330,803 kml Nen kinh Id' nffdc nay la nen kinh te' thi trffdng dinh hffdng nha nffdc lifdng dd'i md vd cdng nghiep hoa mdi. Malaysia dffde danh gid la sd hffu mot trong nhffng hd sd kinh te' td't nha't tai chau A, vdi vi tri ndn kinh te Idn thff tu trong ASEAN, Idn thff 14 chau A vd Idn thff 38 tren thd'gidi'.
Malaysia cd cd sd ha ting ky thuat sd' iffdng dd'i td't. Nam 2016. dp bao phu sdng mang di dpng eiia Malaysia la ^)5.4^(- tdng dan so', bang Ihdng mang
Internet qud'c te la 27.2 Kbps trdi ^S^^' ^*^"g va td'c do kdt ndi mang 4G dat kii '•= 20 Mbps-.
Vdi nhiem vu phdt tridn 5G. Uy ban ruydn thdng Da phffdng tidn Malaysia (MCMC - Malaysia Communications and Multimedia Commission) da thanh lap dff dn 5G Task Force vdi muc tieu nghien cffu va de xual cho chinh phii mdt chie'n Iffdc trien khai 5G loan didn, bao gom nhiJng phffdng dn ve:
(1) cd sd ha ting, (2) phan bd va qudn ly phd, (3) xay dffng hd thdng quy dinh phap 1^; (4) bao vg ngffdi lidu diing^ Ciing vdi do, ehinh phu Malaysia cung cam ket se cung cd'p mang Iffdi mang ky thujit sd' td'c dp, cha't Iffdng cao phu sdng tren toan dat nffdc vd hang chuc tridu USD dd tie'p tuc cdc dff dn thff nghiem dd'i vdi cdng nghd SG''.
Ben canh chinh sdch phdt trien cd sd ha ting ky thuat so, Malaysia con tdp trung tridn khai cdc chid'n dieh dinh hffdng, dao lao, cung ca'p eho ngffdi dan nhdn thffe ve tiem ndng ed hdi, kien thffe cd ban trong ndn kinh te so'. Trong dd, ndi bat Id chffdng trinh ddo lao mang ten "eUsahawan", dffde trien khai vdi muc dich truyen tai nhiJng gid hi vd kie'n thffe vd kinh doanh ky thuat sd dd'n nhiJng ngffdi kinh doanh tre d khu vffc ndng thdn nhlm giup hp bd sung, ffng dung eac ky ndng ve Iruy^n thdng, quang eao, tang doanh so' bdn hang vd cSi thien thu nhdp. Ddng thdi, vdi ndn tang "eRezeki", chinh phff Malaysia ciing tao nhieu cd hdi vide 1dm cho ta't ca ngffdi dan Malaysia, tff nhffng ngffdi thd sijfa dng nffdc dd'n nhiJng ngffdi phu nff ndi trd.
Thong qua day, hp cd thd ddng ky dd trd thanh nhffng cong nhan ky thuat sd, Idm nhffng nhidm vu difa tren cdc ky ndng ky thuai sd ddn gian vd kidm them thu nhap rad khdng can phai ra khdi nha.
Vdi muc lieu dffa nen kinh sd'qud'c gia phdt tridn len nhiJng tim cao mdi, tff nam 1996, Chinh phii Malaysia edn dffa ra chffdng trinh "MSC Malaysia"
(MSC), nham nudi dffdng sff phat tridn cua cdc cdng ly cong nghe dia phffdng, ddng thdi thu hiil vdn dau t\i irffc tid'p tff ca trong nudt . a nffdc ngoai.
De'n nay, chffdng trinh ndy da dat ct nhffng thanh qua dang kd gop phan thiic day r , nh te sd ciia Malaysia. Chffdng trinh n&\ cur,, ip ^^p^ ^^^^
hut dffde 2.954 thanh vien la c y ^^ jjj,g„
phdt uidn trong ITnh vffc khoa ht > , ^^^ ^^^
9 4 So 16-Thano 7.2a:^C
KINH TE
phan tich diJ lieu Idn (EDA - Big Data Analytics), tri tue nhdn tao (AI), Internet van vat (loT), ehudi khdi (Blockchain), robot, in 3D, cdng nghe lai chinh (Fintech),.., tai Malaysia; ddng thdi tao ra khoang 114 ty USD doanh thu vd 182.538 viec lam^
Dieu dac bidt eua chffdng trinh ndy la hd trd cdc thanh vien, cac doanh nghidp tham gia dffde hffdng nhffng ffu ddi vd thud', cu thd: 70% -100% thud thu nhdp cua doanh nghidp se dffde eat giam trong vong 5 - 1 0 ndm ndu tudn thu day du nhffng didu kien ma chffdng tnnh dffa ra**. Ngodi ra, MSC edn thiic dly sff phat tridn nen kinh le sd thdng qua nhffng tidn ich ma cdc dff dn nhff: The Orbit, Cybercily, Trung lam Ky thuat so", hay Trung tam Npi dung sang lao va Hoat hinh cua MSC Malaysia (MACS The MSC Malaysia Animation and Creative Content Centre) nham hoi Iu khong chi cdc doanh nghidp md ci nhffng sinh vien, hpc vien, vd cdc chuydn gia Irong ITnh vffc Ihdnh nhffng khdi gan vdi muc tidu khuyd'n khich sff chia s6 ngudn lffc, hdp tdc vd lid'p cdn cde phffdng phdp hidu qud.
Bdn canh dd, Malaysia cdn xdy dffng "Chffdng tdnh Doanh nhdn Cong nghd Malaysia" (MTEP - Malaysia Tech Entrepreneur Programme) nham thu hdt ngudn vdn dIu Iff trffc tie'p tff nffdc ngoai. MTEP cd thd hao cd hdi eho nhffng doanh nhan mong mudn xay dffng cdc dff an kinh doanh trong ITnh vffe cong nghe bang cdch cap Ihi thffe 1 nam ddi vdi ngffdi chffa cd kinh nghiem dieu hanh doanh nghidp va 5 nam eho nhffng ngffdi da ed kinh nghiem.
2. Ham y chinh sach phat tridn nen kinh te sd cho Vidt Nam
Nam 2018, qui md thi trffdng kinh te sdkhu vffc Ddng Nam A dat gid tn 72 ti USD, va Viet Nam xep vi tri thff 6 sau Indonesia, Malaysia, Phihppines, Singapore, Thdi Lan vd Viet Nam chi chiem 1/8 tdng gid tri tffdng ffng khoang 11%. Theo mdt nghien cffti ciia Trung tdm Kinh doanh loan clu Ihude Dai hoc Tufts (My), Viet Nam dffng d vj dl' 48/60 qudc gia cd idc dp chuyen ddi kinh td sd nhanh trdn the gidi, vd dffng d v| tri thff 22 ve tdc dd sdhda'. Sff dich chuydn va thay ddi iheo hffdng sd hda ngdy cdng nhanh se giiip Viet Nam bffdc vao nen kinh te sd ngdy cang manh me hdn, vdi nhidu
doanh nghiep kinh td sd ra ddi tff cac dff an khdi nghiep trdn nen tang ffng dung cdng nghe tao ra cac mo hinh kinh doanh mdi.
Tuy nhidn, neu Nghi quyet sd 52-NQ/TW dat muc tieu den nam 2025 nen kinh td'sd Viet Nam se dat 20% GDP, phat tridn dffde mdt cdng dong doanh nghiep edng nghd sd Viel Nam Idn manh thi hanh trinh chuydn dich sang nen kinh td' sd cdn ca mpi quang dffdng ddi, trong khi Vidt Nam con nhieu han ehe' thach thffe ca vd ngudn nhan lffc, cd sd ha tang va ca nhan thffe eua cong dong xd hdi.
Do vdy, Viet Nam can thie't phai tham khao cd chon Ipe cdc bdi hpc kinh nghiem quy tff qudc id de nit ngan khoang each va phat trien kinh te sd Viet Nam, bat kip vdi xu the ciia khu vffc va thd gidi.
Theo do, eac bai hoe kinh nghiem can riit ra dd Id:
Thd nhd't, mydn truydn ndng cao nhan thffe loan xd hpi v^ n^n kinh te so'. Kinh nghidm nay dffde nhidu qud'e gia quan lam tridn khai bang nham lao bidn phap long lffc thuc day qua tnnh phat tridn nen kinh te' sd, Theo do, Chinh phii can co chinh sach lang cffdng nhdn thffe ciia ngffdi dan va doanh nghiep ve kinh te' so', cdc ldi ich va thach thffe di kem, vdi cac ndi dung cu thd theo tffng ngdnh, ITnh vffc, dac biet thdng qua cac ed quan, doanh nghidp vd trffdng hoc. Dong thdi, cdc cd quan bao chi, truyen Ihdng cIn dinh hudng dff ludn, giup eho cac doanh nghidp, ngu'di dan vd loan xa hdi ed nhdn thffe diing vd nen kinh td' sd', qua dd cd sff chuan bi td'i nha't cho thich ffng xu hffdng phat tnen nay. Bidn phap ndy cung ddng thdi giup tang cffdng trdch nhiem cua Chinh phii, doanh nghiep va ngffdi ddn trong xay dffng nen kinh te' so.
Vide ndm bat ihdng tm dung dan, nhanh nhay ve ban chat, xu hifdng phdt trien nen kinh td' sd giiip eac doanh nghiep lich cffc nam bat cdc cd hdi cung nhff bao dam tinh canh tranh qudc le irong ndn kinh td' so toan cau va sdn sang ddng hanh ciing Chinh phu hpi nhap nen kinh le sd cua the' gidi. Ddi vdi mdi cd nhan, vide Iff trang bi vd nang cao ky ndng sff dung cdng nghd ky thuat sd se giup phuc vu eho eac cdng vide trong iffdng lai va tff bidt bao ve trffdc cdc nguy cd bi de dpa hay lay cap thdng lin ca nhan trffc tuye'n.
So 16-Thdng 7/2020 95
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Thi^ hai, Chinh phu cIn tao khdng gian thff nghidm di ddi vdi khuyd'n khich doanh nghidp tdn dung id'i da sffc manh eua cdng nghd sd. Tai nhieu qud'c gia tren the' gidi da ehffng kie'n nhieu doanh nghidp cdng nghe lien phong di dau va tao dffde thffdng hieu cung nhff tim anh hffdng rpng Idn trdn thj trffdng trong nffdc ciing nhff qud'c te'. Cd dffde nhffng thdnh tffu do, cdc thffdng hieu nay luon cd dUde sff hdu thuan manh me iff phia Chinh phu vdi tff duy quan li thdng Ihodng, tao cd chd' ffu tidn cho sdng tao, dac biet la hd trd cac doanh nghiep nhd vd vffa. Cae sang kidn dang ngay cdng dffa vdo cdng nghd sd'vd cd thd mang lai nhieu ldi ich vd kinh te' - xa hdi ne'u dffde tridn khai rapt cdch hdp li. Rd rang la tiem ndng ddng gdp cua ede edng nghd so' eho nen kinh td la ra't Idn, ddc bidt dd'i vdi Vidl Nam vdi sd Iffdng ngffdi dung Internet va sff dung didn ihoai thong minh ddng ddo va dam rad cdng nghe. u khia canh nay tang cffdng nhdn thffe ciia ngffdi dan vd doanh nghiep ve kinh td sd', cde ldi ich va thach thffe di kera, vdi cac ndi dung cu thd theo tffng nganh, ITnh vffc ciing rat can dUdc quan tdm, ddc bidt thdng qua cdc cd quan, xi nghiep vd trffdng hpe.
Ngffdc lai, ne'u chinh sdch quan ly khdng cdi md, thieu linh hoal se 1dm cho ca doanh nghiep trong nffdc va ndn kinh te' ciia qud'e gia bi ye'u the' trong cudc canh tranh vdi doanh nghidp nffdc ngoai va eac ndn kinh te' tren the' gidi. Viet Nam hien dang thid'u mdt ke' hoach qudc gia vd chuydn doi so nham tao sff thuan ldi cho sff phdi iridn eiia nen kinh td'sd', hinh ihanh ddng bd ha tang sd qud'e gia.
Do dd. can xay dffng va cdng bd' quy hoach ngdnh ve ffng dung cdng nghd thdng tin dd 1dm cd sd ban hdnh cdc chuan trao ddi thdng tin giffa cdc cd quan.
ddn vi, qua do tao sff Udn ke'l, ddng bd trong qua trinh dau tff va phat tnen ha lang dffa vao ffng dung cdng nghe thdng lin,
Ciing vdi dd, Chinh phii can xay dffng nen tang, thd chd' eho eac md hinh kinh doanh kinh te' sd.
trong dd sffa ddi, bd sung quy dinh phap luat cho eac ngdnh dang ed nhieu md hinh kinh doanh mdi nhff ihffdng mai dien tff. tai chinh so, ngan hang so .. Cai each the chd' dd Ihu hiil dau tff cho cdc cdng nghe sd trong cdc ITnh vffc dIu tff mao hiem.
dau tff thien than theo hffdng lao thuan ldi tdi da cho
cac boat dpng gdp vdn, mua cd ph -'^ ^^" sdp nhap doanh nghiep cdng nghe sd',...
Thdba, dau iff ndng ca'p ha ting k; siudt so'cung nhff cdc giai phdp cdng nghd sd hidn dai dd trien khai cdc ffng dung so' ke't no'i thdng minh, dly nhanh cae ffng dung thanh todn khong d&ng lien mat, hieu qua hoa chinh phu didn tff,... Cdng viec nay doi hdi d cd phia Chinh phu cung nhff cac doanh nghidp tff nhan. Day la nen tang quan Irpng can tridn khai dd tao dieu kien cho cac hoat dpng trffc tuyd'n, Trdn cd sd ndn tang vien thdng manh, Viet Nam can i$p irung xay dffng cac cd sd diJ lieu qudc gia va cdc cd sd dff lieu khde, song song vdi phdt tridn cac cdng nghd ye'u to dam bao an loan an ninh thdng tin trdn khdng gian mang.
Ve nang ed^p ha ting sd, Chinh phii vd ede doanh nghiep cIn khan hifdng thu'c hidn cdc phffdng an tridn khai dich vu 5G dd theo kip xu hffdng thd gidi.
Cdng nghe 5G se tao cd sd ha tang td't cho vi?c kdt nd'i theo xu hffdng Internet ke't nd'i van vdt, rad ra nhidu cd hdi kinh doanh ra't Idn cho cdc doanh nghidp Vidt Nam. Bdn canh chu h-png nang ed'p ha tang ky thuat sd. ngudn nhdn lffc edng nghe thong tin cung dong vai iro hd't sffc quan trpng. Chffdng trinh dao tao nhdn life CNTT can hffdng ddn dly nhanh xa hpi hoa giao due cdng nghd thong tin, ddc biet Id cap nhat gido trinh dao lao CNTT gdn vdi cae xu the cdng nghe mdi nhff Internet kdt ndi van vdt (Intemet of Things - loT), AJ, cdng nghe robot, lao didu kien cho hpc smh, sinh vidn hep cdn linh vffc nay cang sdm cang tdi, day manh lidn ket dao tao vd thue hdnh giffa cac uifdng va khu vffc doanh nghi?p trong ffng dung CNTT.
Thd tu. chii trpng dao tao ngudn nhdn lffc dd hinh thanh dpi ngu chuyen nganh thffdng mai didn tff, an ninh mang, edng nghe thdng tin, truyen Ihdng... nhkm ehuin bi cho qua trinh chuydn ddi san xuat vd viec lam ff-en moi tnfdng Internet. Day ciing la yd'u td then chd't quye't dmh sff thdnh cdng cua nen kinh td sd. Theo Hiep hdi PhIn mdm vd Dieh vu Cong nghe thdng tin Viel Nam, trong ITnh Vffc cdng nghe thdng tm - iruydn thdng. Viet Nam hidn cd gdn 900.000 lao ddng. trong dd cd mdt sd Iffdng Idn ky sff vd AI (tri tue nhan tao) loT (Intemet ke ndi van vat) khoa hoc dff lieu, sd ngffdi dffde cap ehffng chi Idn. Tu\ nh len, th(.M danh gia 96 So 16-Thdng 7/2020
KINH TE
cua Didn dan Kinh id The gidi (WEF) nhffng nam gin day, du cd nhffng cai thien nhffng ngudn nhan lffc eiia Vidt Nam vdn xep hang tha'p den trung binh kha vd chd't Iffdng, nhd't la lao dpng chuydn mdn cao va nang life sdng tao trong ndn kinh id sd'khi so sanh vdi the' gidi, T^ Id lao ddng qua dao tao tay nghe chi dat 60%, vdn cdn ed khoang each xa so vdi yeu clu cua each mang cdng nghiep 4,0 vd chuyen ddi sd'^, Sff thid'u hut nguon nhan lffc edng nghe thdng tin vi ca sd Iffdng va chd't Iffdng dffde xem la mot trong nhffng mdi thdch thffe Idn dd'i vdi sff phat tridn cua ndn kinh td' sd ciia Viet Nam.
Trong khi dd, nhieu nghien cffu gin ddy ciing cho thd'y, gin 1/3 sd nghe mdi Men nay khong ton tai cdeh day 1/4 Ihe'ky, va sau 1/4 thd'ky nffa se cd 60% sd' nghd chffa xuat hien bay gid. Vi vdy, ciing vdi vide ihay ddi chffdng trinh ddo tao theo
kip ede xu the' cdng nghe mdi, day nhanh viec xa hdi hda gido due cdng nghe thdng tin bang vide tao dieu kien eho hpc sinh, sinh vien sdm tidp cdn ITnh vffc nay thi cung ra't can thay ddi gido due theo hffdng tang linh tff hpe, tff cap nhat vd hpc sud't ddi^ Do vay, Viet Nam cIn day manh dao tao ngudn nhan lffc dd chuan bi vd kip thdi thich ffng vdi qua irlnh chuydn doi nen kinh te' sd'. Theo dd, chffdng trinh ddo tao nhan lffc CNTT can hffdng den day nhanh xd hpi hda giao due cdng nghe thdng lin, dac bidt Id cap nhdt gido tnnh ddo tao CNTT gan vdi cac xu thd cdng nghd mdi nhu Intemet kd't ndi van vat (loT), AI, edng nghe robot, tao dieu kidn cho hpc sinh, sinh vien tie'p can ITnh vffc nay cdng sdm cdng td't, day manh lien ket dao tao va ihue hanh giffa cac tru'dng va khu vffc doanh nghiep trong ffng dung CNTT •
TAI LIEU TRICH DAN:
^y[3.\iiy^\d. <https://viwikipedia.org/wiki/MalaysiaMKinhj%E1%BA%BF>
'-TheWoT\dEconormcFoTum{20l6),TheGlobalInformationTechnologyReport 2016,Tr. 134,
3.5 Nguyin Huy Hoang (2020), Kinh nghidm mdt sd nUdc ASEAN ve phdi uidn kinh te sd va tham khdo cho Vi6t Nam, <http://hdll.vn/vi/thong-tin-ly-luan/kinh-nghiem-mot-so-nuoc-asean-ve-phal-trien-kinh-te-so-va-tham-khao- cho-viet-nam.html#_ftnl2>
""Alita Sharon (2020), Malaysia Government Committed to Embrace Digital Tech, <https://www opengovasia.com/malaysian-government-committed-to-embrace-digital-tech/. 16/2/2020>
^MSC Malaysia (1/1/2019), Guidelines on MSC Malaysia Financial Incentives (Senices Incentive - Income Tax Exemption), Malaysia Digital Economy Coorporation.
'Thd Lam (2020), Vidt Nam dang d dau trong xu thd kinh td so?, <https://laodong.viiAao-dong-cuoi-tuan/viet-nam- dang-o-dau-trong-xu-the-kinh-te-so-776086 ldo>, ngdy 05/01/2020.
^Nguyen Dffc (2019). Lo ngai nhdn lUc doanh nghiep Vidt 'duoi' trong nen kinh le sd, <https://thegioitieplhi.vn/lo- ngai-nhan-iuc-doanh-nghiep-viet-duoi-trong-nen-kinh-te-so-l 66323.html>
'Pham Viet Dung (2020). Kinh id s d - Cd hdi "bffl pha"cho Viet Nam, <http://hdn.vn/vi/nghien-cuu—trao- doi/kinh-te-so—co-hoi-bul-phacho-viet-nam.hrml>
TAX Ll|:U THAM KHAO:
1. Tran Thi Hang, Nguydn Thi Minh H i l n (2019), Qudn Iy nha mfdc ffong nen kinh le sd, <htip://
tapchitaichinh.vn/nghien-cuu-trao-doi/quan-ly-nha-nuoc-trong-nen-kinh-te-so-314825.html>, ngay 05n\/20\9.
2. Vd Van Ldi (2019), Phat tridn ngu6n nhan lffc Viet Nam dap ffng yeu c l u cua each mang cong nghiep 4,0,
<http://tapchitaichinh.vn/nghien-cuu-trao-doi/phat-trien-nguon-nhan-luc-viet-nain-dap-ung-yeu-cau-cua-cach- mang~cong-nghiep-40-302127.html>, ngay 09/02/2019.
So 16-Thdng 7/2020 97
TAP CHJ CONG THIJdNG
3. Vidn Nghien cffu quan ly kinh td Trung ifdng (2018), Phat tridn nen kinh td so nhln ti^ kinh ngh, "' ^6 nifdc chau A vd ham y ddi vdi VietNam. Cong thong tin kinh td Viet Nam - VNEP (https://Vnep.org.vn}. - - ^^' 4. BiJi Thanh TuS'n (2020), M6l sd kho khan, thdch thffe trong phdt tridn nen kinh tg" s6' o Viet Nam,
< http://lyluanchinhtri.vn/home/index.php/thuc-tien/item/3100-mot-so-kho-khan-thach-thuc-trong-phat-trien-nen- kinh-te-so-o-viet-nam.html>, ngay 18/4/2020,
5. Hai Lmh (2019), Nhieu thach Ihffc trong quan ly hoat dong thifdng mai dien tff, <http://thoibaotaichinh vietnam.vn/pages/nhip-song-tai-chinh/2019-09-19/nhieu-ihach-thuc-trong-quan-ly-hoat-dong-thuong-mai-dien-tu- 76565.aspx>, ngay 19/9/2019.
Ngay nhan bai: 9/6/2020
Ngay phan bien danh gia va suTa chSa: 19/6/2020 Ngay chd'p nh^n dang bai: 29/6/2020
Thong tin tdc gid:
PGS. TS. N G U Y I N V A N THANH Thu'trffarngBdCdngan
INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCES IN DEVELOPING THE DIGITAL ECONOMY AND SOME POLITICAL
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR VIETNAM
• Assoc. Prof. Ph.D NGUYEN VAN THANH Deputy Minister Ministry of Public Security
ABSTRACT:
Digital economic development is the use of digital technology and data to create new business models. In the digital economy, businesses innovate and develop their traditional production and business processes in an ecosystem-based operating models that link production, distribution and consumption in order to promote the business growth and increase the productivity. In many countries, the integration of digital technology in the economy has created quick and more effective responses to the needs of the people.
Experience of developed countries in developingg digital economies would help Vietnam establish appropriate policies on developing the digital economy in the context of the country's integration process. This paper analyzes experiences of some counries in developing digital economices and presents some political recommendations on d-^- doping the digital economy in Viemam.
Keywords: Digital economy, international experience, economic developmen
