No cong c u e Hy Lap va bai hpc cho Viet Nam TRl/ONG QUOC Cl/CfNG
iet Nam la. mot qudc gia dang phdt trien, vi vdy, viec huy dong cdc ngudn vd'n trong vd ngodi nUdc dephdt trien ddt niidc la rdt quan trgng. Tuy nhiin, trong nhihig ndm gdn ddy, cugc khung hodng nd cong Chdu Au, md tdm diem Id tgi Hy Lgp, dd ddt ra nhieu vdn di cdn phdi cdn nhac, gidi quyet khi tiep can vd sd dung ngudn vay ndy. Bdi viet ndy phdn tich nguyen nhdn ddn den cugc khung hodng nd cdng tgi Hy Lgp, td dd diia ra nhitng bdi hgc cdn thiet cho Viet Nam trong viec sddung ngudn ndcdng mdt cdch hieu qud.
B i t k;^ mpt quoic gia nao tren the gi6i deu sd dung np cong de dap dng cho cac chi tieu thudng xuyen va bat thudng cua bp may chuih phu. Np cong neu dupe sd dpng mpt each bieu qua, the hien qua cac khia canh khai thac, huy dpng, phan phoi cac nguon tai chinh vd kiim tra, giam sat dl dam bao cac nguon tai cbinb nay dupe sd dpng mpt each tilt kiem, ddng mpc dich, qua do giup quo'c gia dat dupe nhdng mpc tieu kinh tl dl ra, giup duy tri sp ton tai cua bp may nha nUdc.
Ben cpnh dd, cbinb phu cung cd thd dung cac khoan tiln cd dUdc td nd cdng de on dinh kinh tl vi md thdng qua viec tao ra cdng an viec lam cho ngUdi dan, kiim soat lam phat d mdc hdp 1^, tao l&p quy binh on gia nham dng phd vdi thien tai hay bien ddng cua thi trUdng.
Tuy nhien, neu nd cdng khdng dUdc quan ly va sd dpng mpt each minh bach va hieu qua thi rd't cd the quoc gia dd se dd'i mat vdi tinh trang tham nhiing cao, diu tU cdng thieu hieu qua, ddn de'n sU spp dd cua ca he thd'ng tdi chinh qudc gia va se mat long tin cua ngudi dan. Cupc khiing hoang nd cdng tai Hy Lap gdn day la minh chdng rd rdng nhd't ve mdt qudc gia ma md binb tang trudng qua php thudc vao cac ngudn vd'n vay. Theo nghien ciiu cua Agarkova Yuhya 1. Nguyen nhan np cong tai Hy Lap (Agarkova Yuhya, 2011), Hy Lap da phai ddi mdt vdi vdn dl nd cdng trong mdt thdi gian ddi ngay td nhiing ngay ddu thanh ldp (ndm 1883). Viec Hy Lap da trai qua nhieu ndm
chien tranh (td ndm 1912 de'n ndm 1922) da lam cho qudc gia nay gdp nhiiu khd khan ve ngdn sach va bupc phai thpc hidn nhiiu giai phap dl dn dinh tinh hinh. Nam 1922, Bd trudng Bp Tdi chinh Hy Lap thdng bao mgt giai phap chUa timg cd, dUdc gpi la giai phap phan ddi dong drama (dichtomization of the drama). Kl td thdi dilm dd, mdi ddng drama dupe cit ra lam ddi, mpt nda cua ddng drama dupe giu bdi ngUdi chu sd hdu, mdt nda se dupe trao ddi vdi Chinh phu thdnh khoan vay 20 nam vdi lai suat la 6,5%. Sau thdi gian ndy, Hy Lap da gap nhieu khd khdn trong vide tra nd vi anh hudng cua cupc Chid'n tranh the gidi lln thU 2 va trai qua nhiing ndm thang lam phat phi ma. Nam 1943, gia ca d Hy Lap da tang 34.864% so vdi ndm 1940;
nam 1944, mde nay Id 163.910.000.000%, cao hdn ndm 1940'. Day la mdc lam phat tdi t^
thd nam trdn the gidi. Tuy nhidn, nhidu chuydn gia kinh td cho ring, ngay ea khi Hy Lap khdng phai trai qua cac cupc chien tranh nhieu nhU vdy thi ngUdi dan Hy Lap eiing kho ed thi nhdn dUde lai tien td cac khoan cho vay cua minh. Do dd, Chinh phu Hy Lap cd mpt;
khoan doanh thu khdng Id. Su phdn ddi tiln td nay da gay ra giam phat vd ddng thdi giam- ca lai suat, lam cho dan chung ngdng tm tudng -
• Tmong Qudc Cuimg, TS., Hoc vidn Ngan hdng. the Greek world". Cd thd tham khao tai:^ http://cn.wikipedia.OTg/wiki/Economic_history_of_GTeec e_and_die_Greck_wOTld 1. Wikipedia. Bdi bao "Economic history of Greece and ; 70
N0 Gdng cua Hy Lap . vko Chlnh phu va moi ngUdi bit diu tich trii cac hing boa thay vi tfch trii tien. Cbinb vi v^y, diu tu khu vUc tu nhan bi giam di dang kl Su ting trudng ciia kinh te Hy Lap bit diu muon vko nhflng nam 1960, khi ma ddt nudc nay co dUdc sU tdng trudng kinh te cao nhd vko mot lUdng von ldn diu tu tfl nUdc ngolii. Tuy nbidn, den gifla nhflng nam 1970 thi ty Id tang trUdng GDP cua Hy Lap da bit diu giam xud'ng do cac chfnh sach kinh td' cua Chfnh phu td ra lac hau. Do do, gia lao ddng va gia diu bit diu tang.
Trudc khi gia nhap Lien minh Chau Au (EU), nganh cdng nghidp cua Hy Lap bit diu c6 da'u hidu suy giam nhe. Khi Hy Lap gia nhap cdng dong Chau Au vdo nam 1981, cac rao can bao vd nen kinh td' da dUdc dd bd.
Cbfnh phu Hy Lap da dat dUdc nhflng kd't qua tai chfnh td't, nhd vao cac chinh sach kmh td' quyd't lidt. Tuy nhien, cac chinh sach nay da din dd'n lam phat cao va gay ra nhidu va'n dd ve nd. Mdc dfl la thanh vien cua EU, Hy Lap vin trai qua mdt man trinh diin kinh te vi md nghdo nan do cac chinh sach tiln td md rdng da lam tang gap 3 lan ty Id nd cdng, ma ban dau la 34,5% GDP vao nam 1981, len dd'n hdn 100% GDP trUdc nhflng nam 1990.
Khi Hidp udc Maastrict dUdc ky vao nam 1991, Hy Lap cdn thid'u rat nhieu didu kidn dl dap iing dUdc cac chi tidu gia nhap can thidt. Hidp Udc Maastrict cd 4 chi tidu chinh bat budc cho cac qud'c gia thanh vien: (1) ty Id 1pm phat cua cac qud'c gia thanh vidn khdng dupe cao hdn 1,5% so vdi mUc lam phat trung binh cua ba qudc gia td't nhdt (ba quoc gia cd mflc lam phat thap nhat) la thanh vien cua EU; (2) tham hut ngan sach chinh phu hang nam khdng dUde vUdt qua 3% va nd chinh phu khdng dUdc vUdt qua 60% GDP; (3) cdc qudc gia mud'n lam thanh vidn phai gia nhap hd thdng ty gia hdi doai theo He thd'ng tiln td Chdu Au (EMS) trong 2 nam hdn tid'p va khdng ndn pha gia ddng tien cua quoc gia dd trong thdi gian nay; (4) lai sudt danh nghia
dai ban cua cac qud'c gia thanh vidn khdng dUdc vUdt qua 2% so vdi mUc thdp nhdt cua ba qud'c gia thanh vidn khac. Tuy nhidn, vao nam 1991, Hy Lap cdn thid'u nhiiu dieu kidn dl gia nhdp EU. Vi du, lam phat cua Hy Lap la 19,8% vd tham hut ngan sach chinh phu la 11,5% GDP, gap 4 lln gidi ban cho pbdp. SU gia tang tham hut ngan sach da khid'n Cbinb phu Hy Lap phai vay mUdn tfl cac quy nhiiu hdn. vao nhiing nam cud'i cua thap nidn 1980 va 1990, Chinh phu Hy Lap quyd't dinh tU nhan hda va giam cac cdng ty nbd nUdc nhim cd gIng vUc dat nUdc day tfl cude khung hoang. Mac du Chinh phu Hy Lap da nbdn dUdc 1,7 ty USD tU EU vao nam 1985, vide phai tra qud nhidu nd va vide tu nhan hda chdm la nhflng ly do ehinh gdy ra sU tdng trudng kinb td cham vao nhiing nam 1990. Su khdng hidu qua trong linh vUe diu tu cdng va tidu dung cbinb phii qud mflc lam eho Chinh phu Hy Lap phai vay mUdn nhiiu hdn nfla.
Hy Lap la mdt trong nhflng nin kinh te phat triln nhanh nhdt trong khu vfle Chau Au trong nhflng nam 2000. Hinh 1 chi ra rang, trong nhflng nam diu cua thap nien 2000, Hy Lap tang trUdng trung binh la 4,2%/nam, cao hdn nhiiu so vdi mflc trung binh eua khu vUe Chau Au (khoang 1,9%/nam). SU tang trUdng tuyet vdi nay phan ldn la do Hy Lap da chi tieu nhiiu de xay dUng cd sd ha ting phuc vu cho The vdn hdi Olympic Athens ndm 2004. Dae bidt, Hy Lap chi rat nhieu eho an ninh vi lo ngai xay ra khiing bd' tUdng tu cude khung bd' ngay 11 thang 9 d My, nhUng day la linh vUe khdng dem lai ngudn thu dl tra nd ndn khdng thi giup Hy Lap phat triln dUdc that sU viing bin trong tUdng lai. Vi vay, mUc tdng trudng GDP cua Hy Lap da nhanh chdng giam xud'ng 1% vao ndm 2008 va lien tuc am trong nhiing nam tid'p theo, la kdt qua cua cuoc khung hoang tai chinh va cac dieu kidn tfn dung bi gidi ban. Den nam 2011, nin kinh td' Hy Lap da tang trudng am 5,5%. Trong khi dd, GDP cac nUdc khac tai NghWn cihi Kinh ti s6416- Thing 1/2013 71
N0 Gdng Gua Hy Lap . Chau Au sau khi cham day vao nam 2009 deu CO xu hudng hoi phuc. Ben canh mUc sut giam GDP, Hy Lap con dang trai qua mUc gia tang nhanh chong np cong. Hinh 2 chi ra mUc gia tdng dot bidn nd cdng cua Hy Lap trong nhUng nam gin day. Ngay tU nam
2001 va hen tuc cac nam tiep theo, nd cdng cua Hy Lap ddu tren 100% GDP va gia tSing nhanh chdng ke tU nam 2007, khi cac didu kidn tin dung bi thit chat vk Hy Lap rit khd de cd the tra dUdc nd cu, trong khi tidp tuc cd' gdng vay thdm nd mdi.
HINH 1: Tang trUofng GDP of Hy Lap va mot vai nUdrc Chau Au khac
sJChu vuc Qidu Au
lyLap NguSn: Eurostat
HINH 2: Phan tram ncf so vdri GDP cua Hy Lap va mot vai niidc Chau Au khac (%)
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 NguSn: Eurostat
Hy Lap gia nhdp Khu vUc dong tien chung Chau Au vao ngay 1-1-2001. Vao nhflng nam cuoi ciia thdp nidn 1990, Chinh phu Hy Lap da cai each cac chinh sach kinh td' va da thanh cdng trong vide giam tham hut ngan sach, dieu chinh lam phat phu hdp de gia nhdp Khu vUc
ddng tien chung Chau Au. Tuy nhidn, mdt cupc Idem tra tinh hinh tai cbinb Cbinb phu Hy Lap, dupe thuc hidn bdi Eurostar vao nam 2004, da cho thay cac con sd vd ngan sach ma Cbinb phu Hy Lap sfl dpng dd gia nhdp Khu vuc ddng tidn chung Chau Au da dupe bao cao khdng du.
72 NghiSn ciiv Kinh tS s6416- Thing 1/2013
N0 Cdng cua Hy Lap Cuoc khung hoang tM chmh toan ciu nam 2008 da ldm ndi len nhidu kho khan cho nen kinh te vk tinh thanh khoan cho nhieu quoc gia d khu vUc Trung vk Dong Au. Chinh phu Hy Lap ban ddu thich dng vdi cuoc khung hoang kha tdt, thdm chi con tiep tuc vay tidn tai cac thi trUdng tien t# qud'c te. Tuy nhien, cu^c khung hoang da khidn tham hut ngan each cua Cbinb phu Hy Lap tang len do tbu ngdn sach giam trong khi tieu dung tdng. Sau 15 ndm lien tidp tdng trudng kinh te, Hy Lap da ldm vao khung hoang ndm 2009. TrUdc khi kdt thuc ndm 2009, ndn kinh td Hy Lap ddi mdt vdi su tham hut ngan sach ldn nhd't, 29,6% GDP, va ty le nd tren GDP ldn nhd't
trong EU, ldm xdi mdn long tin ciia cac nha ddu tu va tang chi phi vay mUdn, ddn ddn cude khung hoang kinh te tram trong hdn. Su mat long tui cua ngUdi dan vdo Chinh phu Hy Lap dUdc thd hien qua sU tang len nhanh chdng cua lai sud't trai phieu Hy Lap dao ban 10 nam (hinh 4). Trong khi mUc lai sud't cua trai phieu nay dUdc gid dn dinh d mdc 5% cho tdi thang 11-2009, tbi td thang 1-2010, mdc lai sud't ndy da ddn tdng len vd dat dinh vdo thang 2-2012 vdi mdc lai sua't la 29,25%. Hy Lap bi budc tdi Id cd' gdng che giau khoan tham hut ngdn sach ldn- mdt trong nhdng nguydn nhan cua cude khiing hoang tdi cbinb toan cdu.
HINH 3: Thu - chi cua Chinh phu so vdi GDP cua Hy Lap (%)
NguSn: Eurostat
HINH 4: Lai suat trai phieu dao han 10 nam cua Hy Lap va mot vai nvfdc Chau Au khac (%)
[yLap
NguSn: ECB
NghiSn aiu Kinh t4s6416- Thing 1/2013 73
Ng cdng cua Hy Lap ..
Trong nghien edu ve eac nguyen nhan gay ra cuoc khiing hoang cua Hy Lap, Georgios P. Koiiretas va Prodromes Vlamis (Kouretas vk Vlamis, 2010) da de cap den 2 nhdm nguyen nhan: nhdm nguyen nhan xuat phat tCt noi tai vk nhdm nguyen nhan xuat phat td ben ngoai. Trong nhdm nguyen nhan ndi tai cd 2 y cbinb: thd nhdt. viec Hy Lap lien tuc trai qua tham hut ngan sach chinh phu vd sU giam tinh canh tranh so vdi cac qudc gia khac ddng vai trd quyet dinh trong viec ldm suy giam vi thd' kinh td' cua Hy Lap. Ndm 2009, Cbinb phu Hy Lap thdng bdo rdng mdc tham hut ngan sach Id 6,7% GDP. Tuy nhidn, sau dd con sd ndy da dUdc didu chinh thdnh 12,7% GDP vd cudi cdng dUdc Em:t)stat (mdt td chdc chuydn cung cd'p sdlieu cho cac qud'c gia d Chau Au) Udc tinh Id vdo khoang 15,7%
GDP. Vide Hy Lap hdn tuc gia tdng ddu tU, ddc bidt Id dau tU cho The vdn hdi Olympic Athens 2004, da ddn dd'n sU gia tdng nhanh cua lai sud't, khid'n nd cdng cua Hy Lap ludn d mdc cao. Thd hai, vide Hy Lap hdn tuc dua ra nhdng con sd' thd'ng kd tai chinh thieu ehinh xdc ddn dd'n sU suy giam long tin cua cac nha ddu tU va ngUdi dan, gdp phan day Hy Lap ldn sdu vdo khung hoang. Su suy giam tinh canh tranh td khi gia nhdp Khu vUc ddng tien chimg Chau Au da ddn dd'n sU tham hut lidn tuc trong tdi khoan vang lai cua Hy Lpp, ddng thdi ldm cho Hy Lap hi
"tham hut kep"^. "Tham hut kdp" ngay cang ldn, ciing vdi vide thid'u eai each trong cd che chinh sach lidn quan dd'n tbi trUdng lao ddng, an ninh xa hdi va canh tranh trong thi trUdng, da budc Hy Lap phai phat hdnh trai phid'u mdi vdi thdi gian dao ban ngdn vd lai sud't cao so vdi "cai md neo" eua Chau Au (nudc Ddc). Kha ndng Cbinb phu Hy Lap dao nd vd kha ndng Chinh phu Hy Lap hi vd nd dUde dua ra. Do dd, cac nha ddu tU ngay cang ydu cdu lai sud't cao hdn khi cho Hy Lap vay. Kouretas va Vlamis ciing dUa ra nhdm nguydn nhan ngoai canh giai thich cude khung hoang tai Hy Lap. Theo ho, EU da dUa ra cac tin hidu khdng rd rdng ve vide ho
cd sin sang ciiu trd Hy Lap hay khdng. Phia phan ddi, trong dd cd Ddc, dd cdp ring mot sU cUu trd tai chinh trong trUdng hdp nay la trai phdp ludt vd mdt phin hdn quan ddn chinh tri. Tuy nhidn, Hidp dinh Maastricht khdng quy dinh gi ve vide mdt qud'c gia dang trong hodn canh tai chinh khd khdn khdng dUdc nhdn sU trd giup td mdt thanh vidn hay td't ea cac thanh vidn cua EU, hay Id td cac td chdc qudc te nhU IMF, EIB, WB. Cu the, Muc 100, Dieu 2 cua Hidp dinh Maastricht cd ghi"
"Khi ma mdt thdnh vidn dang gdp khd khdn bode bi de dpa nghidm trpng bdi nhiing khd khdn bit ngudn td thidn tai bode cac sU kidn ddc bidt ndm ngodi tim kidm soat" tbi "trong nhiing dieu kidn nhd't dinh, uy ban cd the ddnh sU hd trd tai chinh cho thdnh vidn dd".
TrUdng hp cUu trd Hy Lpp cho thd'y sU thid'u thd'ng nhd't gida cac thdnh vidn cua EU, mpi ngudi cho ring sU dam bao eac khoan np cho Hy Lap cua EU Id khdng chdc chin. Trong khi eac nha lam chinh sach eua EU dang ban cai ve tinh phdp ly ve cae khoan nd cua Hy Lap thi ciing thdi diem dd, sU md hd trong eac tidu chi chd'p nhdn hay td chd'i trai phidu eua Hy Lap vdi tU each dUpe diing ldm the chd'p cua ECB da khid'n cdc to chUe tdi cbinb khdng mudn nim gid eac trdi phid'u cua Hy Lap. Chinh dieu ndy da ldm cho cac nhd diu tu md't long tin vdo Hy Lap vd cude khung hoang xay ra la dieu khdng the trdnh khdi.
Ngodi cac nguydn nhan ndu tren, cdn mpt nguydn nhan nda din dd'n cude khung hoang tdi chinh cua Hy Lap: do chinh Id vi Hy Lap da gia nhdp EU vd td chdc hen minh tien td td qua sdm, ngay ca khi chUa dap iing dupe cac yeu eau cua cdc to chdc nay. Chinh vi thd.
2. Chung tac6 Y = C + I + G + NXvdY = C + S + T.
Uong do Y la t6ng san phim qudc ndi, CII ti«u diing, 111 diu nr, G la chi tiftu chlnh phii, NX la xuit khiu rdng, S Ih tidt kiem vl T 11 tiiu riit tiiud cua mdt qudc gia. Tit hai phuong uinh ntn chdng ta suy ra: (S — I) + (T — G) = NX. Do dd, ndu ngdn sich bj tiidm hut (nic 11 T < G) vl tidt kiem S khdng ddi, tiii didu niy se din dfn 11 diu MI phai gidm xudng hodc xuit khiu rdng gidm xudng (tdc Id thdm hut tii khoan vang lai). Ddy chinh Id hien tupng
"tiidm hut kep".
74 Nghiin aiu Kinh t6s6416- Thing 1/2013
Na cang cua Hy Lap Hy Lap da khdng thi canh tranh dUdc vdi cac qudc gia khac, vk dkc bidt, vi Hy Lap sxi dung dong tiln chvmg Chau Au (Eiu*o) nen da khdng thi pha gia dUdc dong tiln nay dl ddy manh xiidt khdu vk giam tham but ngan sach.
Nhu vdy, nhUng nguydn nhdn chinh gay ra cude khimg hoang nd cdng tai Hy Lap la:
- Do cac yeu to' kinh te vi md ngheo ndn nhU tdng trudng GDP dm, tham hut ngan sach.
- Do bd may chinh phu cdng kinh vd quan hdu.
- Do tinh canh tranh cua Hy Lap bi giam, ciing vdi vide sxi dtfng ngudn vd'n khdng hidu qua.
- Do Hy Lap khdng thi sxi dung dUdc chinh sach tiln td linh hopt khi khdng tbi phd gia ddng Emo.
- Do sU thid'u minh bach cua cdc td chUc thd'ng kd ciia Hy Lap.
- Do cac yd'u to'khac tU bdn ngoai.
2. Np cdng tai Viet Nam va cac bai hoc riit ra tU cuoc khiing hoang ciia Hy Lap
2.1. Na cong tai Viet Nam
Ciing gid'ng nhu Hy Lap, Vidt Nam cd mdt md binb tang trudng dpa nhieu vdo cbi tidu cua Chinh phii va ngudn nd vay cua nUdc ngodi. Ben canh dd, GDP cua Vidt Nam da tdng trudng kha cao, trung binh 8,19%/ndm trudc khi bUdc vdo cude khung hoang tdi ehinh thd gidi ndm 2008 va mde du ehUa bi am nhU Hy Lap, nhxmg dang ed chieu hUdng tdng trudng chdm lai (binh 5). Ngoai ra, chi sd' ICOR cua Vidt Nam kha cao so vdi khuyd'n cao eua WB. Theo khuyd'n cao nay, doi vdi mdt nudc dang phat trien, hd so'ICOR td't nhdt Id d mUe 3, tUc Id ddu tU cd hidu qua vd nen kinh td cd tbi coi Id phat triln ben viing. Tuy nhidn, he sd ICOR ciia Vidt Nam dang cd chiiu hudng tdng rdt nhanh (hinh 6), dat dinh la 8,1 vdo ndm 2009 (eiing cbinb Id nam cd mUc dp tdng trudng GDP tha'p nhd't trong nhieu ndm trd lai day vdi mUc tdng 5,32%), gan gdp ddi so vdi ndm 2005 Id 4,3. Dieu nay thi hidn hidu qua ddu tu tai Vidt Nam Id chUa cao vd nang lpc canh tranh ciia Vidt Nam cdn thd'p.
lOOOTb HINH 5: Tang tnidng GDP ctia Viet Nam giai doan 2004-2011 lOOOTb
8 409 b * - • 9.0WG
SOCWb l.OOU 6.00,V 5 00,0 3.00««. - 3.00««. -
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Ngudn: T6ng cue Thdng ke.
HINH 6: He so ICOR ciia Viet Nam giai doan 2005-2011
20O6 2007 2008 2009 201
Ngudn: T6ng cue TW&ig ke vk U'nh todn ciia tic gia.
Nphign aiu Kinh tdsd416 • Thing 1/2013 75
N0 cfing cfia Hy Lap ..
Hinh 7 chi ra ring tham hut ngan sach cua Viet Nam trong giai doan 2005- 2011 ludn cl mdc cao vl keo dai, xIp xi 5%. Dl tdi trp cho lUdng tham hut nay, Chinh phu Viet Nam phai vay nd ngay cdng nhiiu len thdng qua cac khoan vay thUdng mai, ODA hay Id phat hdnh trai philu chinh phu qudc td, khidn nd nUdc ngoai so vdi GDP vd nd nUdc
ngodi cua khu vUc cdng so vdi GDP ngdy cang tang ldn trong nhdng ndm gin ddy.
Mdc dd hien tai cac ty Id nay vdn 5 mdc chd'p nhdn dUdc (dUdi 50%), nhUng vide cac ty Id nay dang tdng nhanh va tid'p cdn mdc gidi han an toan 50% la mdt vd'n dl Vidt Nam phai tinh ddn trong vide quan 1^ np cdng cua minh.
HINH 7: Tham hut ngan sdch Viet Nam giai doan 2005-2011
• Tham hut ngan sach (ty dong) NguSn: B6 Tdi chi'nh.
HINH 8: Cac chi tieu vl npr nrfdc ngoai
2.2. Bdi hpc cho Viet Nam
Thii nhat, Vidt Nam cdn phai rd soat lpi bp may nhd nUde, cit giam nhdng bp phdn khdng cin thid't, nhim cit giam nhiing khoan chi td tdi chinh cdng. Chinh phu vd Qudc hpi thdng qua Ban chi dao trung Udng
ve phdng, chdng tham nhung, cin phai manh tay chdng cac hanh vi tidu cUc nhu bdi Id, tham nhiing, ldm giam hidu qua vd tdng chi phi cua cac khoan diu tU.
Tha hai, Vidt Nam cdn vdn dung chinh sach tdi khda vd chinh sach tiln td mdt each
76 Nghiin ciJli Kinh t6s6416 - Thing 1/2013
No Cdng cua Hy Lap ...
linh hoat vk chat chg dl co thi on dinh kinh td vi md cung nhU giam thdm hut ngan sdch va giam tham hut can can vang lai. Ben canh dd, cin cd nhflng ho trp cu thi cho cac doanh nghicp tu nhdn, cac doanh nghidp hoat ddng trong linh vUc cdng nghidp phu trd va cac doanh nghidp hopt ddng trong Knh vUc ndng nghicp nhim giam bdt phu thudc vao nguon cung san phim tfl ngoai, gdp phin giam bdt nhdp khiu, gia tang xudt khiu va giup ddt nUdc cd thi phat triln dUpc bin vflng. Qua dd, chung ta sd dat dfldc nhflng con sd phat triln tich cUc nhu gia tang GDP In dinb, kiim che dUpc lam phat, tao dUpc cdng an vide lam, lam cho nhan dan tin tudng hdn vao Chinh phu.
Thd ba, Chinh phu cin phai cd nhflng chinh sach khuydn khich doanh ngbidp phat triln, nang cao kha nang canh tranh cua doanh nghidp nhu hd trp doanh nghidp dao tpo nhan sp chu chdt, cd cac phdng chuydn ngdnh tU vdn hopt ddng cho doanh nghidp...
Dpc bipt, cin phai nang cao dUdc kha ndng dp bao dl chung ta cd thi dap Ung dUdc nhiing nhu clu trong tUdng lai.
Thd tu, Chinh phu cin minh bach, cdng khai cdc sd hdu ve nd cdng. Vi dp, IMF dd cd mpt bp nguydn tic vl Ung xfl hfldng tdi minh bpch tai khda, nhim giup ngUdi dan cd thi tha'y ro dupe cd cdu, thpc trang va qua dd cd thi danh gia dupe tinh hinh nd cdng cua qudic gia dd. Bo quy tic iing xfl nay bao gdm bdn nguydn tic chinh: (i) cin phai xac dinh dUdc vai trd vd trach nhidm, tflc la cin cd mdt sfl phdn bidt ro gifla cac boat ddng cua Chinh phu va cac boat ddng thfldng mai, ndn cd mdt khung pbdp 1;^ didu chinh mdi quan he ciia cdc hopt ddng tdi khda vdi cac boat ddng ciia khu vpc tfl nhdn; (u) cdn cdng khai trong qua trinh sut dpng ngan sach. Cdc thdng tin vl
ngan sach chinh phu cin phai dfldc dl cdp den muc tidu, cac gia dinh vl tinh binb kinh te vi md cd thi anh hudng den vide sfl dung ngan sach, va cac yd'u to rui ro hdn quan dd'n nd; (hi) ngUdi dan cdn phai dUde tid'p cdn vdi cac thdng tin vl tai chinh cdng trong qud khU, hidn tai va ca cac ke hoach trong tUdng lai; (iv) cdn dam bao dUdc tinh thd'ng nhd't cua sdhdu.
Thii nam, Vidt Nam cdn cd nhiing bUdc di thdn trong trong qud trinh hdi nhap vdi nin kinh te the gidi; cdn chuan hi ky cdng vl vl ky thuat va con ngUdi dl cd dUdc nhiing lpi thd nhd't dinh khi budn bdn, giao dich vdi cac qud'c gia khdc. Chung ta cdn thay doi md hinh tdng trudng thanh dpa chu ydu tfl ndi lpc, phat triln tbi trUdng trong nUde hdn Id dUa vao cdc ngudn lUc va thi trUdng bdn ngoai trong hoan canh hidn tai./.
TAI LI$U THAM KHAO
1. B6 111 chinh (2011), Ban tin No nudc ngodi, sd 07.
2. Agarkova YuUya (2011), Public debt analysis in selected counuies: Greece, Spain and Portugal, working paper, Unicom College.
3. Georgios P. Kouretas, Prodromes Vlamis (2010), The Greek Crisis: Causes and Implications, Panoeconomicus, 4, pp 391-404.
4. Mai Thu Hidn va Nguydn Thi Nhu Nguyfit (2011), Tbih hinh ng cdng vd quan 1^ no cdng d Vifet Nam, tdi lieu nghien cdu, Tnrdng dai hgc Ngoai thuong.
5. Nguydn Xudn Tmdng, 2012, "Kinh nghiem quan ly ng cdng uen thd gidi — Bdi hoc cho Viet Nam", Tap chf Ngdn hdng, sd 15, tr 52-57.
6. Pham Nhdn, 2012, "Minh bach dd hieu qua", Hd so Su kien, sd 228, tr 32-33.
7. Hiam Thi Vdn Anh, 2012, "NhQng "cam bdy" ddi vdi ndn tai chfnh cdng", Hd so Su kien, Sd 228, u 18-19.
8. Thdnh Nam, Minh Thu, Khanh Duong, Tung Ldm, Hd Phuong, 2012, ""Hd chfnh cdng", Hd so Su kien, Sd 228, d-3-14.
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