CHINH PHU Nl/dC VIET NAM DAN CHU CONG HOA Vdl SU*NGHIEP VAN HOA, GIAO DUG THdl KY

CHINH PHU Nl/dC VIET NAM DAN CHU CONG HOA Vdl SU*NGHIEP VAN HOA, GIAO DUG THdl KY

KHANG CHIEN CHONG PHAP (1945 -1954)

(Tiep theo vd het)

HO KHANG*

II. GLAI DOAN 2

Sau ngfiy tofin qud'c khfing chie'n, mdt trpng tam cong tac cua Chinh phvt lfi tiep tuc chi dao viec xay dvtng, phfit trien nen vfin hoa, giao due ciia che dp mdi trong dieu kien chie'n tranh da lan nhanh ra ca nUdc.

Tai cupc hpp ngfiy 16-1-1947, Hdi ddng Chinh phu da gifinh thdi gian nghe cac bd trong Chinh phu bao cao, thao lufin vfi de ra cac chu trUdng, bien phap ve tan cU, ve chfim sdc thUdng binh, ve td chQc nen giao due trong thdi ky khfing chien...

Thdi ky nfiy, Bp QGGD cung ban hanh mdt so' hufi'n lenh, nghi dinh, thong tU n h i m chi dao cong tac to chQc nen giao due trong giai doan mdi.

Ngfiy 14-1-1947, Bd QGGD ra Hud'n linh Ifip cac khu giao due d Bic Bp, gdm khu Thai Nguyen, khu Hfi Dong, khu Bic Giang, khu Viet Tri, khu Kien An. Mdi khu do mpt dng trudng khu dam nhiem, Ifim nhiem vu trvfc tiep dUdi quyen dng Bp trudng Bp QGGD. TrUdng khu giao due cd trach nhiem dieu khien viec d khu minh;

thay mfit Bp trUdng Bd QGGD, Trudng khu cd tofin quyen lieu ly. Cac chQc trUdng ty

tieu hpc d cac tinh, nhQng vien chQc nay tdng svf tai cac ty Tieu hpc vfi cac giao hpc d cfic tinh thudc ve mdt khu nfio se do trUdng khu giao due khu dd thfiu dung de dieu khien viec hpc trong khu.

- Ngfiy 3-11-1947, Bd QGGD ban hfinh Nghi dinh dfit tai mdi khu trong tofin cdi Viet Nam 2 nhan vien cua nha hofic sd Binh dan hpc vu thay dng Tong Gifim dd'c sd Binh dan hpc vu ky, lam trUdng khu vfi phd trUdng khu de dieu khien cong cudc Binh dan hpc vu trong cac tinh thupc tQng khu.

Trong Hud'n thi ngfiy 3-1-1947, gQi cac trUdng khu giao due, Bd trUdng Bd QGGD chi ro: Svt giao due trong thdi ky khang chien cung nhU luc binh thUdng, rfi't quan he vdi tien dd qud'c gia. Vi thfinh nien lfi sQc manh hien tai vfi vd'n lieng tUdng lai nUdc nhfi. Theo chi thi cua Hd Chu tich, trong dip Te't Nguyen dan (1947), nhQng ndi chUa triic tiep vdi chien tranh, cac trUdng phai tiep tuc day, nhUng cin phai sQa sang npi dung gifio due cho sat vdi cong viec trUdng ky khang chie'n... Ngay bay gid, mdi t u i n , vfio chUdng trinh cong dan, can ' PGS.TS. Vien Licli sQ Quan sit Viet Nam

12 Rghien ciiu Lieh 5i3r. s6' 11.2010 giang cho hpc sinh bie't the nfio la trUdng

ky khang chie'n, muo'n trUdng ky khang chien phai lam the nfio, vi sao phai tang gia san xufi't, vi sao hpc trd phai giup vao viec dd va giiip bfing each nfio. Bd trUdng nha'n manh: "Viec hpc trong luc nfiy cin hdn luc nao het phai di ddi vdi hfinh dpng".

Theo Bp trudng, cd t h l bdt mpt sd' gid hpc xudiig mpt mQc td'i thilu dl gianh vfio budi giao vien va hpc sinh tham gia vfio cdng tac tuyen truyen vfi tfing gia san xua't, nha't la cfic ban trung hpc cin tham gia rpng rai vfio viec nfiy vfi hpc sinh ldn tudi cin hufi'n luyen gfi'p vfi can ket qua trdng thfi'y.

Ngay 6-2-1947, Bp trUdng Bd QGGD ra Thong tri de nghi cac trUdng khu giao due Thai Nguyen, Kien An, Viet Tri, Ha Dong, Bic Giang vfi Giam ddc trung hpc Trung Bp Ifip danh sach vfi gvfi len Bp nhQng ngUdi cd the dam nhiem cong tac soan cac sach giao khoa va viet bfii cho td Gido due tap san trung hgc vd tiiu hgc.

Mfic du nhQng thang dau ciia nfim 1947, cung tQc la thdi ky diu ciia giai doan toan qud^c khang chie'n, dien bien ciia tinh hinh ra't cfing thfing, phQc tap, nhUng theo svf chi dao ciia Chinh phu, viec giang day, hpc tfip vfin phai dUdc tiep tuc. Chinh phu, Bd QGGD da ban hfinh cac sic lenh, nghi dinh ve viec md cac ky thi d cac bac hpc tren tofin cdi Viet Nam, md them mpt so' trUdng, Idp d cac dia phUdng i^Nghi dinh sd 101, ngfiy 14-1-1947; Nghi dinh sd' 104, ngfiy 23- 4-1947; Nghi dinh so' 143, ngfiy 29-5-1947.

Sdc linh sd'56, ngfiy 27-6-1947...).

Cdng tac xoa nan mu chQ, phat trien phong trfio Binh dan hpc vu tiep tuc nhfin dUdc svf chi dao sau sat cua Chu tich Hd Chi Minh va Hpi ddng Chinh phu. Trong thu giii bd dpi Khu II vfi Khu III (ngfiy 24- 2-1948), Chu tich Hd Chi Minh mpt lan nQa khfing dinh: "Dot nat cung la ke dich".

NgUdi khen ngpi nhQng thanh tich ma bp dpi Khu II, Khu i n gifinh dUdc tren mfit tran "diet ddt", ddng thdi nhic nhd mpi ngUdi tiep tuc phfi'n da'u, phai nhd sii hpc la vo cung, phai ging sQc hpc tap mdt each tofin dien, tich cvfc tuyen truyen vfi vfin dpng ddng bfio trong cong viec binh dan hpc vu. GQi thu cho ong TrUdng Khu Binh dan hpc vu Khu III, NgUdi bilu dUdng viec Khu III dfit ra ke hoach xoa mu trong nfim 1948 va nhac nhd viec dpng vien cac cd quan, doan the vfi ddng bao phai cd' gfing thiic hien dung ke hoach. Trong bQc dien sd 12D/KTS gQi ddng bfio xa Gidi Xuan (Nam Bp) da thanh toan xong nan mu chQ, NgUdi khang dinh: "Diet gific dot cung quan trpng nhu diet gific ngoai xam". Nhan ky niem ngfiy Ddc lap (2-9-1948), NgUdi gQi thU tdi nam nQ chien si binh dan hpc vu, mong mud'n cac chie'n si tren mfit trfin nfiy tiep tuc day cho ddng bao kien thQc thudng thQc, khoa hpc, phep tinh, lich sii, dao dQc...

Liic nfiy, chie'n dich "diet ddt" lan rdng vfi phat trien k h i p ca nUdc; hinh thfinh nhQng hinh thQc td chQc cac Idp di ddng, tap trung.

Ngay 29-2-1948, Hpi ddng Chinh phii hpp quyet dinh chUdng trinh hoat ddng nfim 1948 cua Chinh phu. Ve giao due, Hdi ddng Chinh phu quyet nghi: Bp Gifio due phai tap trung xiy diing chUdng trinh vfi phUdng phfip giao due, nang cao trinh dp giao vien, td chQc he thd'ng trUdng hpc, chu y tim phUdng phap thich hdp dl phat trien svf nghiep giao due d vung ddng bfio cac dan tdc thieu sd. Trong phien hpp ngfiy 6-7- 1948 nhfim kilm dilm hoat dpng trong 1000 ngfiy khfing chien, Hdi ddng Chinh phu nhan dinh, ve mfit ddng vien nhan dan khang chie'n tren cac phUdng dien thi mfit trfin kinh te, vfin hoa, xa hpi chUa dUdc mpi ngUdi nhiet Het tham gia.

.ghinh phii nu6c Vie! Ram... 13 Thang 7-1948, Hpi nghi Giao due toan

quoc dupe trieu tap chinh tri vfi dao dQc cong dan vfio chUdng trinh cac Idp cudi bac trung hpc phd thong vfi trung hpc chuyen khoa; n i t bdt nhQng p h i n yfin svt ed kim Ddng, Tay can thie't de day them lich sQ each mang Viet Nam, vfin chUdng each mang vfi khang chie'n; gifinh mpt budi trong moi t u i n cho hpc sinh trung hpc tham gia lao dpng san xua't vfi hoat ddng xa hpi. Hdi nghi chu trUdng, bd ban Han tvf, giQ lai ban Toan-Ly vfi md them ban van hpc d bac Trung hpc chuyen khoa. Chu tich Hd Chi Minh gvfi thU tdi Hpi nghi vfi neu y kien cu the: phai cd nen gifio due khang chie'n vfi kien quo'c. Mudn the, phai sQa ddi chUdng trinh, cd sach cho cac trUdng, s^a ddi each day, phai dfio tao can bp mdi, giup dd can bd cu vfi phai tiep tuc nang cao trinh dp vfin hoa phd thdng cho ddng bfio ca nUdc.

Ve vfi'n de lien quan tdi dpi ngu can bd, gifio vien vfi nhan vien cong tac trong nganh giao due, ngay 19-7-1948, Bd QGGD ra cfic Nghi dinh tuyen bd cac hUdng sU vfi giang vien Binh dan hpc vu vfio ngach giao vien tieu hpc sd cfi'p sau khi to^t nghiep mpt ky thi sat hach; Nghi dinh ve viec cai bd cac giao vien tieu hpc sd ca'p vfio ngach giao vien tieu hpc cd ban sau khi da trung tuyIn qua mdt ky thi sat hach; Nghi dinh ve viec cai bd cac giao vien tieu hpc cd ban va giao sQ phu khuyet vfio ngach giao sU Trung hpc Phd thdng sau khi da trung tuyIn mpt ky thi cai ngach...

Ngfiy 20-8-1948, Chu tich Hd Chi Minh ra Sac linh md nhQng trUdng y si Viet Nam nhfim dfio tao dpi ngu can bp y te cho cac cd quan dan y vfi quan y.

Chieu theo Sic lenh tren day cua Chinh phu, Bd Y te da ra cac Nghi dinh ve viec thanh lap cac trUdng, cac cd sd dao tao can bp y te. Cung trong nfim 1948, nhieu

trUdng, Idp dao tao can bp, nhan vien nhfim phuc vu cho cac linh vUc khac nhU nong nghiep, lam nghiep, lufit phap, bUu dien...

dupe thfinh lap.

Bude sang nfim 1949, Bd QGGD tiep tuc nhQng no Ivtc nhfim phat trien he tho'ng vfi nang cao chfi't lUdng gifio due. Bp ban hfinh cac Nghi dinh md Idp hufi'n luyen chuyen mon cho cac giao sU Anh van; Nghi dinh dfit Nha Giam doc Giao due tai Nam Bd dl to chQc viec gifio due ndi day cac bac hpc Trung hpc, Tieu hpc, Binh dan hpc vu (ngfiy 6-1-1949); Nghi dinh lap Hpi ddng thanh tra cac trUdng Trung hpc tai Lien Khu Giao due IV (ngfiy 23-1-1949); Nghi dinh a'n dinh the le ve viec xin md Idp hay trUdng tU thue bac Tieu hpc vfi Trung hpc hay viec xin day tai cac trUdng tu thue cac bac hpc ndi tren (ngay 20-3-1949); Nghi dinh thiet Ifip mdt Hpi ddng giao sU tai mdi ban Su pham cac trUdng Dai hpc Vfin khoa vfi Khoa hpc, (ngay 9-4-1949); Thong tU ve viec bao ve cac trudng hpc (ngfiy 25-3-1949); Nghi dinh dfit mpt bac hpc "Bd tue binh dan" nhfim muc dich phd thdng nhQng kien thQc cin thie't cho dan chung (ngfiy 6-6-1949).

Ngay 25-7-1949, trong phien hpp thang 7, Hpi ddng Chinh phu da quye't dinh thfinh lap 2 ban chuyen de nghien cQu chinh sach, chUdng trinh, ke hoach ve giao due va y te trong giai doan mdi. Tiep do, trong phien hpp ngfiy 3-9-1949, sau khi nghe bao cao cua Bp QGGD, Hpi ddng Chinh phii quyet nghi viec phat trien trung hpc vfi cac ngfinh hpc chuyen nghiep, dai hpc, bd tue binh dan, dfio tao can bp giao due, chUdng trinh bfie hpc... D l phat triln nen giao due mdi, cin svf tham gia cua tofin dan. Vi vay, Hpi ddng Chinh phii quye't dinh lap Hpi ddng giao due Trung Udng va cac Hdi giup giao due tai cac tinh vfi xa, phat dpng phong trfio phat t r i l n giao due trong toan qud^c.

14 Rghien curu Lich sit. s611.2010 Ngfiy 4-9-1949, Chii tich Hd Chi Minh

ra Sac linh sd 102/SL thfinh lap Hdi ddng giao due Trung Udng. Hdi ddng cd nhiem vu giup Bp QGGD a'n dinh chinh sach vfi ke hoach giao due. Thfinh p h i n Hpi ddng bao gdm cac dng: Bd trUdng vfi ThQ trUdng Bd QGGD; Tdng giam dd'c Dai hpc vu; Giam ddc Trudng Cao dfing My thuat; dai bieu cac Bd; Td'ng doan trUdng Dofin thfinh nien Viet Nam. Chu tich Hpi ddng lfi Bp trUdng Bd QGGD. Ngoai ra, mdt sd'vi nhan si cung dUdc Hpi ddng lfi Bp QGGD. Ngofii ra, mdt sd^ vi nhan si cung dUdc Hpi ddng Chinh phu fi'n dinh tham gia vfio Hdi ddng trong thdi han 2 nfim, bao gdm: Ta Quang Bvtu, Trudng Chinh, T r i n Vfin Gifiu, Vu Dinh Hoe, Biiu Hpi, Bui Ky, Dfing Thai Mai, Hofing Xuan Nhi, T r i n Dai Nghia, Hofii Thanh, Tran DQc Thao, Ca Vfin Thinh, Dfing Phuc Thdng, Pham Huy Thdng, Le Thudc, Hofing Dao Thuy, Nguyen Hiin.

Ngfiy 12-9-1949, Bd QGGD dfi ban hfinh Nghi dinh sd 652/ND lap "Hdi giup Giao due" d cac tinh va cac xfi. Nhiem vu cua Hpi dupe quy dinh la giup dd cac cong viec giao due ve mpi mfit tai dia phUdng. Nghi dinh fi'n dinh thfinh p h i n cua Hpi ddng vfi chi ro:

cac hdi vien d ca'p xa se do quye't dinh cua Uy ban Khang chie'n hfinh chinh (UBKCHC) tinh sau khi da thoa hiep vdi Trudng ty Tilu hpc tinh; d cfi'p tinh se do quyet nghi cua UBKCHC lien khu cQ sau khi da thoa hiep vdi Giam do'c giao due lien khu, trong mdt thdi ban lfi 2 nfim.

Trong cac ngfiy 8, 9 vfi 10 thang 7-1950, Hdi ddng Chinh phu hpp danh gia cdng tac 6 thang d i u nfim vfi de ra nhiem vu cong tac 6 thang cuo'i nfim cdn lai. Hdi ddng da thdng qua de an cai each nen giao due vfi quyet dinh thiic hien viec cai each gifio due vao nien khoa 1950-1951, b i t dau tQ Lien khu Viet Bic vfi Thanh-Nghe-Tinh. Viec

xay diing nen giao due mdi diia tren 3 nguyen tic: Dan tpc, khoa hpc, dai chung, dfio tao nhQng cong nhan, lao ddng, hpc de hfinh, ly thuyet phai di doi vdi thilc tien;

bdi dudng tinh t h i n tfip t h l cho hpc sinh.

Ve cd ca'u: rut bdt nfim hpc phd thdng vfi dfit ra mdi lien he giQa eac ngfinh hpc thudc he giao due qud'c dan gin phd thdng, bd tuc vfin hoa, chuyen nghiep. Bdc hgc phd thong rut xud'ng cdn 9 nfim, chia Ifim 3 cfi'p (cfi'p 1 lfi 4 nfim, cfi'p 2 lfi 2 nfim, cfi'p 3 lfi 2 nfim. 0 bac hpc nfiy, se xoa bd cac ky thi cudi cfi'p 1,2; hpc sinh chi thi mdt ky thi td^t nghiep kiem tra, tong quat d cudi cfi'p 3.

Hi thd'ng gido due binh ddn se gdm:

- Sd cfi'p binh dan (4 thang);

- Dvt bi binh dan (4 thang);

- Bd tuc binh dan (8 thang);

- Trung ca'p binh dan (18 thfing).

Hi thd'ng gido due chuyen nghiep gdm:

- Chuyen nghiep sd cfi'p;

- Chuyen nghiep trung cfi'p.

Tai Thong tU sd 56/TT-P3 ngfiy 31-7- 1950 giii Tdng Giam dd'c cac Nha hpc vu va Chu tich UBKCHC cac Lien khu, Bp QGGD cho ring, thiic hien cai each giao due theo mdt he thd'ng hofin tofin mdi lfi vfi'n de quan trpng va khd khfin; ein cd ke hoach thfit sat mdi tranh dUde nhQng trd ngai ve phUdng dien tinh t h i n cung nhU phUdng tien vfit cha't. Vi vfiy, Bd QGGD chu trUdng chUa chinh quy hofi ngay he thdng vfi chUdng trinh mdi mfi phai cd mdt thdi ky chuyen tiep dl chuan bi diy du mpi dieu ki^n trUdc khi quy dinh bfing sic lenh vfi nghi dinh.

Trong thdi ky chuyen tiep nfiy, Bp de ra 3 nhiem vu cin kip.-1. Gidi thich ky cdng viic cdi cdch gido due de dong ddo cdc tdng Idp nhdn ddn hieu ro. 2. Chudn bi ddy du dieu kiin, nhdt Id sdch gido khoa vd dgi ngd gido vien 3. Ap dung chuang trinh gido due mdi.

Chinh phii nude VieJ Ram... 15 C h u i n bi cho viec tien hfinh cai cfich

giao due dvt dinh se b i t d i u tQ nien khoa 1950-1951, ngfiy 14-6-1950, Bp QGGD ban hfinh Nghi dinh sd 371/ND ve viec thie't lap cac hpi ddng vfi ban Tu thU, Hdi ddng duyet sach. Theo dd, se Ifip d Bp QGGD mpt Hdi ddng Tu thu Trung Udng; d mdi Nha hpc vu vfi Ban M i u giao mpt ban Tu thU; d mdi bfie hpc mpt Hpi ddng duyet sfich. Hdi ddng Tu thu Trung Udng cd nhiem vu vach ra dudng ldi soan sach dung trong cac trUdng hpc; tham dinh lai - ne'u thfi'y ein thie't, bfi't cQ quyen sfich nfio do cfic cd quan giao due xufi't ban; xufi't ban mdt hgc san giao due liy ten lfi "Gido due tap san" . Cfic Ban Tu thu cd nhiem vu thiic hien dQdng Id'i do Hpi ddng Tu thu Trung Udng chi ra; thvtc hien mpi ke hoach soan sach vfi xufi't ban cac sach eua mdi bac hpc; siia soan cong viec cua Hpi ddng duyet sach cua mdi bac hpc.

Hdi ddng duyet sach cd nhiem vu duyet cac sfich dem dung cho bfie hpc minh phu trach; xdt lai cfic sfich dfi xufi't ban trUdc khi dem vfio sQ dung.

Ben canh dd, Bp QGGD cung dfi ban hfinh Nghi dinh cho ph6p cac dofin the dUde dQng xin ph6p md Idp hay trQdng tU thue bfie tieu vfi trung hpc (Nghi dinh sd 203/ND, ngfiy 14-9-1950); Nghi dinh dfit trUdng m i u giao Am ThUdng trvfc thudc Ban Mfiu giao Trung Udng (Nghi dinh sd' 487/ND, ngfiy 21-8-1950); Nghi dinh thfinh Ifip Ban bd tuc vfin hoa dfit tai Nha Trung hpc (Nghi dinh sd 282/ND), ngfiy 22-9- 1950); Nghi dinh md cac trUdng sU pham sd cfi'p tai cac tinh mien nui {Nghi dinh sd' 507/ND ngfiy, ngfiy 9-10-1950); cac Nghi dinh Ifip trudng sU pham sd cfi'p, trung cfi'p di dfio tao mpt each thUdng xuyen giao vien cho cfi'p 1, cfi'p 2 trUdng phd thong [Nghi dinh sd 558, 509/ND, ngfiy 9-10-1950);

Nghi dinh ve viec md Idp hua'n luyen thudng xuyen cho cfic giao sU trung hpc phd

thong va gifio vien Tilu hpc trong tofin qud'c (Nghi dinh sd514/ND, ngfiy 16-10-1950)...

Trong giai doan nay, giao due man non b i t d i u dupe chu trpng. TrUdc Cach mang Thang Tfim, giao due tre em trUde tuoi di hpc khdng dUdc coi lfi trach nhiem cua Nhfi nUde bao hp. Tren thvtc te, thdi bfi'y gid, d Viet Nam chi cd mpt sd trai tre, Idp m i u giao gifinh rieng cho con nhfi gifiu, con em ngUdi Phap. Sau Cach mang, tai Nghi dinh sd 104, ngfiy 17-7-1948, Bd QGGD chinh thQc lap Phdng Gifio due a'u tri. Trai tre mfiu giao Am ThUdng dUde coi lfi cd sd dfio tao giao vien mfiu giao n g i n han. Bd QGGD vfi Hdi ddng cd vfi'n trong khi chi dao cdng tac cai each giao due, cung dfi xac dinh nhiem vu dd'i vdi cdng tfic giao due fi'u tri, cac nguyen tfic td chQc, md Idp hufi'n luyen giao vien m i u giao vfi dpi ngu can bp chuyen trach cdng tac trong linh vvtc nfiy.

Ngfiy 4-7-1950, Bd QGGD ra quye't dinh (sd 404-QD) thfinh lap Ban Mfiu giao Trung Udng. Thang 12-1951, Ban M i u gifio Trung Udng giai tan, Bd QGGD thfinh lap Phdng Mfiu gifio, dfit trong Nha Giao due pho thdng de phuc vu viec phat trien cac Idp vd long cho IQa tudi s i p bUdc vao Idp 1... Nhin chung, trong nhQng nfim 1950, 1951 trd di, gifio due vd long b i t d i u phat trien d cac vung tvf do.

Tren linh vvtc thdng tin, vfin hoa, ngfiy 3-2-1947, Chinh phii ban hfinh Sdc linh sd 12.SL fi'n dinh che dp kilm duyet, in, phat hanh bao chi vfi cfic fi'n loat pham. Theo dd, cac bao chi vfi sach chi dUdc in vfi phat hfinh sau khi Sd Kilm duyet ky cho phep.

Song, ddi vdi bao chi, Sd Kiem duyet se cQ d cac tinh ndi phat hfinh mpt sd^ nhan vien phu trach viec kiem duyet. Ngfiy 4-2-1947, Bp Npi vu ban hanh Thong tU (sd 45- NV/TT) ve che dp kiem duyet bao chi vfi an loat pham. Quan tam tdi hoat dpng cua gidi bao chi, ngfiy 5-8-1947, trong thU gQi tdi

15 Rghien cuu Lich siir. s611.2010 Dai hpi bao gidi, Chu tich Hd Chi Minh neu

rd 5 nhiem vu ciia bao chi luc nfiy la: Vach rd am mUu, chinh sach vfi nhQng hanh ddng tan bao cua dich; giai thich cho dan chung hieu rd vi sao phai trUdng ky khang chie'n; giai thich cac chinh sach cua Chinh phu; cd dpng, hufi'n luyen dan chung td chQc liic lUdng; keu gpi tofin dan dofin ket, hfing hai tham gia khang chie'n.

Bude sang t h i n g 2 nfim 1948, Hdi nghi Thong tin, Tuyen truyen vfi Bao chi dUpc trieu tap. Gvfi thU tdi Hdi nghi, Chii tich Hd Chi Minh da chi ra nhQng Uu diem vfi nhQng khuyet diem tren cac mfit cong tac nay trong hdn mpt nfim sau ngfiy Tofin qude khang chien vfi yeu ciu Hpi nghi phai dUa ra dupe mpt chUdng trinh thie't thvtc vfi diy du, sQa chQa khuyet diem vfi phat huy Uu diem; phai quan tam dfio tao, bdi dUdng dpi ngu can bp boat ddng trong linh viic nfiy.

Ngfiy 8-4-1948, Bp Npi vu ban hanh Nghi dinh sd 228 - NV/NgD ve sQa ddi vfi td chQc Nha Thdng tin. Theo dd, Nha Thong tin tuyen truyen d Trung Udng, nay dni To /v/ia Thong tin do mpt Td'ng giam ddc dieu khiln. Ngofii cac ban phu thudc cu nhu Dai Phat thanh Tieng ndi Viet Nam, Ban Bao chi. Ban Nhiep anh. Ban Dien anh, Sd Kiem duyet thU tin, nay tai Nha Thong tin Trung Udng lap them mpt Ban Tuyen truyen xung phong lUu ddng, mdt Ban Suu tam xufi't ban tai lieu, mpt Ban Kiem diem va phan pho'i khi cu, thong tin, a'n loat, mpt Ban Nhac kich. 0 ca'p ky, sd Thong tin tuyen truyen dUdc bai bd, thay vfio dd, dfit trong mdi khu mdt sd thdng tin do mpt giam do'c dieu khien; mdi tinh cd mdt ty thdng tin; mdi huyen cd phdng thdng tin; moi xa cd mdt ban thdng tin.

Ngfiy 7-5-1948, Bp Npi vu ban hfinh Nghi dinh cho phep "Hpi vfin nghe Viet

Nam" dupe thanh lap, tru sd dat tai Viet

Bic. Hoat dpng cua Hdi theo the le da fi'n dinh tai Sfic lenh sd 52, ngay 22-4-1946 vfi theo dieu le cua Hdi.

Thang 7-1948, Hdi nghi Vfin hda toan qud'c l i n thQ 2 dQdc trieu tfip. Gvfi thU cho Hpi nghi, Chu tich Hd Chi Minh chi ro: Vfin hoa cd vai trd quan trpng, vfi dfi cd thfinh tich trong khang chien, cin phai tiep tuc xay dfip nen vfin hoa khang chie'n kien qude ciia tofin dan. Muon dat ket qua, cfic nhfi vfin hoa c i n dUde td chQc chfit che, di sau vfio qufin chung. Nhiem vu cua vfin hoa lfi cd vu khang chie'n vfi neu ro thanh tich vi dai cua dan tdc trong khang chien, kien qud'c.

Ngfiy 24-12-1948, Bp Npi vu ra Thdng tU sd 147-NV/TT gQi UBKCHC cfic lien khu, mien Nam Trung Bp, Nam Bp, quy dinh the le xufi't ban vfi kiem duyet bfio chi cung cac fi'n pham khac. Theo dd, ve viic cho phep xudt bdn bdo chi, UBKCHC Lien khu

se nhfin hofic uy quyen cho UBKCHC tinh nhfin td khai ciia cac bfio chi xufi't ban trong lien khu vfi cfi'p gifi'y bien lai nhan thiic. 48 gid sau khi da nop du td khai, cfic bao chi se dUdc phep xufi't ban. Ve viec kiem duyet bfio ehi, UBKCHC Lien khu hofic uy quyen cho Sd thdng tin Lien khu nhan gifi'y khai va ban thao cac fi'n loat pham, phat bien lai nhfin thiic vfi kiem duyet... De nang cao trinh dp ciia nhQng ngudi lam bao, trong nfim 1949, Idp hpc viet bao mang ten Huynh Thue Khang dUdc td chQc. Chu tich Hd Chi Minh trong bQc thQ gvfi tdi Idp hpc thfing 6-1949 da gdi y ve nhiem vu, muc dich, tdn chi, ddi tUpng, ndi dung vfi hinh thQc cua td bao. NgUdi chi rd, bao chi cung phai thvtc hien khfiu hieu:

"Ta't ca d l chie'n thing". Tiep dd, trong thU thang 7-1949, NgUdi khuyen cac hpc vien phai thi dua hpc, hpc trong xa hpi, trong cong tac vfi trong quin chung.

Chinh phii nu6c Vief Ram.. 17 Dupe svf nhfi't tri cua Hpi ddng Chinh

phu, tai phien hpp thfing 2-1950 va thang 3-1950, Chu tich Hd Chi Minh ky Sac linh so 43/SL bd nhiem ong Tran Vfin Gifiu giQ chQc Tdng Giam ddc Nha Thong tin Viet Nam thay bac si Nguyin Tfi'n Ghi Trpng chuyen cdng tac khac.

Ngay 6-5-1950, Chinh phu ban hfinh Thong tu Hen bd Giao duc-Npi vu-Tu phap (sd 39), fi'n dinh viec thi hfinh lufit le lUu chieu vfin hda p h i m .

Ngfiy 14-6-1950, Bp QGGD vaNghi dinh (sd372) thiet Ifip cac Hdi ddng duyet sach.

Ngfiy 17-11-1950, Sac lenh sd 172/SL vfi sd 173/SL do Chu tich Hd Chi Minh ky, thanh Ifip trong Bd QGGD mdt Vu vfin hpc nghe thuat do ong Hofii Thanh Ifim Giam dd'c. Vu gdm cac ngfinh vfin hpc: Vfin chUdng, svt, dia, triet hpc, kinh te hpc, ngdn ngQ vfin svf; cac nganh nghe thuat: am nhac, ca kich, hdi hoa, kien true. Nhiem vu cua Vu vfin hpc nghe thuat dUdc quy dinh:

- Nghien cQu cac ngfinh vfin hpc nghe thuat vfi cung cfi'p tfii lieu eho ngfinh giao due;

- Md cac trudng vfi cfic Idp hufi'n luyen am nhac, ca kich, hpi hoa, kien true;

- Soan danh tQ cfic ngfinh vfin hpc vfi nghe thufit, dvt bi viec soan mdt bd tQ diln Viet Nam vfi dvt bi soan cac tQ diln ngoai qud'c ra tie'ng Viet vfi tieng Viet ra tie'ng ngoai qude;

- Dich cac tfii lieu b i n g tie'ng ngoai quoc thudc cac nganh vfin hpc nghe thufit cd ich cho cdng viec gifio due hofic cho svt nghiep vfin hoa chung cua nUdc nha;

- Bo tuc cho can bp giao due ve cac ngfinh vfin hpc nghe thuat.

Ngfiy 28-12-1950, Nghi dinh sd 604/ND vfi sd 605/ND cua Chinh phu do Bp trudng Bd QGGD Nguyin Vfin Huyen ky, quye't dinh ddi TrUdng Cao dfing My thufit thfinh TrUdng My thufit tQ Nha Dai Hpc sang Vu

Vfin hpc Nghe thufit. Nghi dinh quy dinh dieu kien de vfio hpc tai TrUdng nay phai lfi cong dan trdn 16 tud'i, cd bfing trung hpc phd thdng hofic sQc hpc tUdng dUdng, phai qua mdt ky thi sfit hach chuyen mon. Hpc sinh td't nghiep he 3 nfim se dUdc bd Ifim giao vien day ve d cac trUdng phd thdng cfi'p 1, cfi'p 2; he 5 nfim se dUdc bd lam gifio vien day ve d trUdng phd thong cfi'p 2, cfi'p 3.

Nhin chung lai, tQ sau ngfiy Tofin qud'c khang chie'n den het nfim 1950, tren mfit trfin vfin hoa, giao due, Chinh phu da cd nhQng nd liic d l chi dao, dieu hfinh viec xfiy diing va phfit trien nen vfin hoa, giao due mdi, mang dam tinh chfi't dan chu nhan dan, phuc vu cho svf nghiep khfing chidn kien quo'c. Nen giao due thdi ky nfiy tap trung vfio viec cung cd', kien tofin vfi md rdng he thd'ng dfio tao vfi he thd'ng trUdng Idp; tfing cudng ve so' lUdng vfi chfi't lUdng dpi ngu giao vien; siia ddi chUdng trinh, nang cao chfi't lUdng dao tao; chuan hi mpi dieu kien de tien hfinh cai each giao due.

Ben canh giao due phd thdng 3 ca'p, cdng tac xoa nan mu chQ, phat trien binh dan hpc vu tiep tuc lfi mdt trpng tam cua ngfinh giao due, mdt moi quan tam chi dao sau sat cua Hpi ddng Chinh phu vfi Chu tich Hd Chi Minh. Linh vvtc vfin hoa, bao chi, tuyen truyen thdi ky nfiy cung cd nhQng bQdc phat triln: Chinh phu tfing cUdng cdng tfic kiem sofit hoat dpng bfio ehi, xua't ban. Mdt sd' Idp hpc dupe td chQc nhfim nang cao trinh dp Ifim bao cua dpi ngu phdng vien.

Cd ca'u td chQc cua cfic ngfinh tQng bQdc dQpc kien toan. Dpi ngu can bd cdng tac tren linh vvtc nfiy ngfiy cang ldn manh vfi da cd nhQng ddng gdp quan trpng vfio svf nghiep khfing chien va kien qude.

III. GIAI DOAN 3

TQ sau Chien dich Bien Gidi, tinh hinh tren chie'n trQdng cd nhQng chuyin bien

18 Rghien cuu Lich sit. s611.2010 mdi. Thang 2-1951, Dai hpi l i n thQ II cua

Dang xac dinh nhiem vu chu yeu cua each mang Viet Nam luc nay la day manh khang chien de'n t h i n g ldi hoan tofin. Cfin cQ vfio Nghi quye't cua Dang, Chinh phu tiep tuc chi dao day manh svf nghiep xay dilng, cung cd^ vfi phat trien nen vfin hoa, giao due mdi, phuc vu cho cdng cudc khang chien vfi kien qude.

Ghi nhan thfinh tich tren mfit trfin "diet gific ddt", dau nfim 1951, Chinh phu quyet dinh thQdng Huan chUdng Khang chien cho Nha Binh dan Hpc vu. Ngfiy 24-1-1951, gvfi thu cho Nha Binh dfin hpc vu, Chu tich Hd Chi Minh nhfic nhd: "Phai Ifim the nfio cho trong mdt thdi gian gin day, tfi't ca ddng bfio Viet Nam tQ 8 tudi trd len deu biet dpc, biet viet. Ngfiy fi'y mdi la hofin tofin t h i n g ldi tren mfit trfin diet gific ddt" (7). Tren linh viic nay, ngfiy 10-10-1951, Bp trUdng Bd QGGD ra Nghi dinh sd 272/ND bai bd Ban Bo tuc vfin hoa trong Nha Trung hpc, giao cho Nha Binh dan hpc vu dam nhfin nhiem vu cua Ban Bd tuc vfin hoa. TrUdng phd thdng lao dpng md tai Viet Bic dfit dudi quyen dieu khien triic tiep cua Nha Binh dan hpc vu. Tiep theo Nghi dinh nfiy, ngfiy 20-8-1952, Bp ra Nghi dinh sd258/ND td chQc bfie gifio due Bd tuc vfin hofi trong ngfinh Binh dan hpc vu, nhfim "muc dich nang cao trinh dp vfin hoa vfi chinh tri cua nhan dan de phuc vu khang chien, phuc vu san xufi't die Ivtc hdn" (8). Nghi dinh quy dinh chUdng trinh hpc lfi mdt chUdng trinh cfin ban gdm nhQng kien thQc phd thdng, hien tai tQdng dUdng Idp 2 den Idp 7; hinh thQc td chQc la trUdng phd thdng lao ddng gifinh cho cfin bd chinh quyen hay dofin the, chien si thi dua va nhQng Idp bd tuc ngofii gid gianh cho can bd khong thoat ly hofic nhan dan...

Ve loai hinh thQ nhfi't ma Nghi dinh nfiy neu ra, trong thfing 7-1952, Bd QGGD ra

Nghi dinh sd 259/ND td chQc TrUdng phd thdng lao ddng, gin 4 chUdng, 15 dieu.

Theo dd, se thfinh lap d trung Udng, khu, tinh nhQng trUdng loai nay, triic thupc cfi'p Binh dan hpc vu tUdng dUdng, dfit dUdi quyen dieu khiln cua mpt Hieu trUdng; cd mdt Hpi ddng quan tri, mpt Hdi ddng gifio due vfi mpt sd^ nhan vien giup viec. ChUdng trinh hpc, day theo chUdng trinh giao due bd tuc cua Bp. Dieu kien vao hpc cfic trUdng nay phai lfi can bd chinh quyen hay dofin the dUdng chQc cd thanh tich, chie'n si thi dua cac cfi'p vfi phai ed trinh dp dpc thdng viet thao den Idp 6 phd thdng. Khi hpc xong, sd' hpc vien cd sinh hoat phi do Chinh phu dieu ddng; ngQdi do ed quan tra iQdng phai ve lai cd quan...

Sau mdt thdi gian tfip trung phat trien trUdng Idp bac hpc cd ban, chuin bi dpi ngu gifio vien, kien tofin bp may quan ly, ban hfinh he thd^ng vfin ban lien quan, tQ nien hpc 1950-1951, theo quye't dinh cua Chinh phu, chUdng trinh cai each gifio due b i t diu dupe thilc hien thodng nhfi't tvf do, tQ Lien khu V trd ra. He thd'ng giao due cu dQdc thay the bfing he thd'ng gifio due phd thdng 9 nfim. Nfim 1951, Nha Tilu hpc vfi Nha Trung hpc hdp nhfi't thfinh Nha Giao due phd thong, do ong Nguyen Vfin Hien Ifim Td'ng Gifim do'c.

Giao due phd thong, chuyen nghiep vfi dai hpc, thdi ky nfiy dQdc Chinh phu dfic biet chu trpng. Ngfiy 6-4-1951, Bd QGGD ra Nghi dinh 86/ND md trong nfim 1951 nhQng Idp sU pham sd cfi'p 3 thang, dfio tao giao vien Idp 1 vfi Idp 2 cac trudng phd thong cfi'p 1. Thfing 5-1951, Nghi dinh sd 139/ND ciia Chinh phu do Bp trudng Bd QGGD ky dUdc ban hfinh, quy dinh viec thfinh lap trUdng khoa hpc cd ban. Day la trUdng dfio tao can bd nhfim cung cfi'p cho cac trUdng ky thufit cac cfi'p. Dieu kien vfio hpc phai lfi nhQng hpc sinh cd bfing trung

Chinh phii nu6c Viet Ram.. ¹⁹ hpc chuyen khoa hpc toan phap cu, cd sQc

hpc tUdng dUdng vdi bac trung hpc hofic nhQng can bd thiic tiln cd kinh nghiem.

Thdi gian hpc 1 nfim, hudng che dp ndi tru vfi dfit dudi quyen chi dao trvfc tiep cua Nha Giao due.

Ngfiy 5-6-1951, Lien bp Ndi vu - Tai chinh - Giao due ra Thong tU sd 2/TT-LB- NV-GD quy dinh each phan dinh kinh phi chuyin sang hd trd xfi dfii thp d l trvfc tiep tra cho giao vien do UBKCHC cfi'p khu, tinh quye't dinh theo ngfin sach Nhfi nUdc.

Thang 7-1951, Dai hdi Giao due tofin qude dupe trieu tfip tai chien khu Viet Bic.

Dai hpi xac dinh phUOng chdm gido due lfi phuc vu khfing chien, chu yeu lfi tien tuyen; phuc vu nhan dfin, chu yeu la cong- nong-binh... GQi thU cho Dai hpi, Chu tich Hd Chi Minh nhfic nhd "nen kilm thao ky cdng tac "cai cfich" ve chUdng trinh, chu trUdng vfi each thi hfinh, de tim thfi'y nhQng khuyet diem mfi svta dd'i, nhQng Qu diem mfi phat triln them..., Ifim the nfio cho viec giao due Hen ket vdi ddi sd'ng ciia nhan dan, vdi cdng cudc khang chien vfi kien qud'c" (9).

Chfi'n chinh he tho'ng cac trUdng Su pham, qua dd, nang cao chfi't lUdng dao tao dpi ngu gifio vien, dap Qng yeu ciu cua svf nghiep cai each giao due, ngfiy 25-7-1951, Bp QGGD ra Nghi dinh sd 209/ND quy dinh td chQc cac trUdng chuyen nghiep.

Ngfiy 1-10-1951, Bp ra Nghi dinh sd 233/ND sap nhap TrUdng Su pham sd ca'p Viet Bic vao Trudng Su pham trung ca'p Trung Udng; Nghi dinh sd 234/ND thanh Ifip Khu hpc xa Trung Udng gdm 3 trUdng:

Trudng Khoa hpc cd ban, TrUdng Su pham cao cfi'p, TrUdng Su pham trung cfi'p Trung Udng. Khu hpc xa dfit dudi quyen dieu khien triic tiep ciia Bp. Tiep do, ngfiy 11- 10-1951, Bd QGGD ra cac Nghi dinh:

- Nghi dinh sd 276/ND bfii bd Ban SU pham Dai hpc khoa hpc vfi thfinh lap TrUdng Su pham cao cfi'p d l dfio tao giao vien cfi'p III cho cac trUdng phd thdng, gdm 3 ban lfi tofin, ly, hoa, van vat;

- Nghi dinh sd 277/ND, md nhQng Idp Du hi dai hpc mdt nfim vfio d i u nien hpc 1952 tai Lien khu 4, gdm 2 ban: Ban Khoa hpc xa hdi (cac mon hpc: Triet hpc va chinh tri, Vfin chUdng Viet Nam, sinh ngQ, lich sii vfin hpc the gidi, sii, dia, kinh te) vfi Ban khoa hpc tvf nhien (eac mdn: Toan, Vfit ly, hoa, van vat). Cac Idp Dii bi dai hpc td chQc nhu cfic trUdng phd thong, dfit dUdi quyen dieu khien trvfc tiep eua Bd, Nha Gifio due phd thdng phu trach viec td chQc;

- Nghi dinh sd 278/ND, thfinh lap Hpi ddng gifio due chuyen nghiep, Ifim nhiem vu tu vfi'n giup Bp thvtc hien viec td chQc cac trUdng chuyen nghiep mfi Nghi dinh 209/ND, ngay 25-7-1951 dfi de cap, vfi dfit ke hoach phfit trien cac trUdng nfiy.

Ngfiy 30-10-1951, cfic Thong tU sau day dUdc ban hfinh:

- Thong tu sd 48/TT-TKV, fi'n dinh so gid td^L da hfing t u i n cua giao vien cfi'p 1, 2, 3;

- Thong tu sd 49/TT-TKV, quy dinh td chQc trUdng phd thdng 9 nfim k l tQ mon hpc 1952. Theo dd, d trung Udng, cd quan lanh dao ngfinh phd thong trung hpc lfi Nha Giao due phd thdng; d lien khu lfi Khu giao due phd thdng, d tinh lfi ty giao due phd thong. Thdng tU cung quy dinh rd he thd'ng nhfi trUdng, td chQc viec hpc d he thd'ng nhfi trUdng 9 nfim.

Ngfiy 3-11-1951, Bd QGGD ra Nghi dinh bai bd cac Hpi giup viec giao due tinh vfi xa thfinh Ifip bdi Nghi dinh sd 657-ND ngfiy 12-9-1945, vfi td chQc tai mdi tinh mpt Tieu ban gifio due. Tham gia Tilu ban nay gdm:

dai bilu UBKCHC tinh, TrUdng Ty gifio due phd thong, TrUdng ty Bo tuc vfin hoa.

20 Rghien curu Lich sii. sd 11.2010 Nhiem vu cua Tieu ban lfi nghien cQu chu

trUdng, chinh sach giao due cua Chinh phu vfi tinh hinh giao due dia phUdng de dinh chUdng trinh, ke hoach giao due phu hdp vdi hofin canh thvfc te d dia phUdng...

Trong nhQng nfim sau dd, tiep tuc nd liic cung cd' vfi hofin thien tQng bQdc he thong giao due, Chinh phu vfi Bd QGGD ban hfinh cac Sdc linh, Nghi dinh, Thong tU lien quan tdi cfic mfit cdng tac nfiy. Ngfiy 5- 4-1952, Bp QGGD ra Nghi dinh sd 88/ND ve viec td chQc vfi che dp cac trQdng tU thue. Ngfiy 19-6-1952, Bd QGGD ra tiep Nghi dinh sd' 201/ND quy dinh td chQc vfi che dp cfic trUdng chuyen nghiep. To chQc trQdng phd thdng lao ddng (10), td chQc cfic trUdng Su pham Trung cfi'p (12), td chQc cac trQdng SQ pham Sd cfi'p (12), td chQc Ban Bien tfip tai Bp Giao due (13)... cung dUdc Bd QGGD quy dinh tai cac Nghi dinh ban hfinh trong 2 nfim 1952, 1953...

Ben canh viec chfi'n chinh he thd'ng trUdng phd thong va trUdng sU pham, nhQng nfim nfiy, che dp chinh sach ddi vdi dpi ngu can bp, giao vien, hpc vien trong linh vvtc giao due cung dUdc Chinh phu quan tam.

Dd la viec ban hfinh Nghi dinh sd 115/ND (ngfiy 9-6-1951) ve viec dinh sinh hoat phi - tinh theo gia gao, cho hpc sinh eac trUdng vfi Idp sU pham cfic cfi'p vfi cac trUdng phd thong lao dpng; Thong tU sd 18- TT-PT (ngfiy 22-5-1952) quy dinh chd dp nghi ciia gifio vien vfi hpc sinh; Nghi dinh sd 377-ND (ngfiy 27-11-1952) s^a ddi viec a'n dinh cfic phu cfi'p cho giao vien vfi hieu trUdng cac trUdng chuyen nghiep; Nghi dinh sd 80-ND-L3 (ngfiy 23-3-1953) cho cfic can bp chinh quyen vfi dofin t h l hpc trUdng Phd thdng lao dpng dUdc hudng lUdng bdng nhu khi tai chQc; Thong tU sd 19-PCB (ngfiy 18-6-1953) ve viec ap dung Nghi dinh

sd 320-ND ngfiy 10-10-1952 quy dinh viec tra phu cfi'p chQc vu Hieu trQdng va phu cfi'p day gid tai cfic trUdng phd thdng cfi'p 2,3; Nghi dinh sd 179/ND (ngfiy 6-8-1953) fin dinh sinh boat phi cho hpc sinh cac trUdng chuyen nghiep trong thdi gian thvfc tap; Nghi dinh sd 180-ND (ngfiy 6-8-1953) quy dinh che dp thu lao cho giang vien cac Idp hufi'n luyen n g i n han vfi cac Idp tu nghiep...

Tren linh vvtc thong tin, vfin hofi, tQ ngfiy 4 de'n ngfiy 6-6-1951. Hdi ddng Chinh phii hpp dudi sii chii toa cua Chii tich Hd Chi Minh da quyet dinh dfit Nha Thdng tin trvfc thupc Thu tUdng Chinh phu. Ngay 10- 7-1951, Chu tich Hd Chi Minh ky Sac linh so' 38-SL sap nhap Nha Thdng tin thupc Bp Ndi vu vfio Phu Thu tUdng vfi Sic Ipnh sd 39-SL bd nhiem dng Td' HQu giQ chQc Giam dd'c Nha Thdng tin thudc Phu Thu tUdng thay cho ong T r i n Vfin Gifiu di Ifim nhiem vu khfic.

Trong phien hpp cudi nfim 1951, ve cdng tac vfin hofi, vfin nghe, Hdi ddng Chinh phu quye't dinh kien tofin Ban vfin hoa xa hdi, lap Nha Vfin nghe, dfit Qude gia fi'n Cue vfio Ban Vfin xfi.

D i u nfim 1952, nhan dip trien Ifim hdi hoa tofin qud'c nfim 1951, Chu tich Hd Chi Minh gQi thu cho gidi hoa si. NgUdi khfing dinh: Vfin hoa vfin nghe cung lfi mdt mfit trfin, Anh chi em lfi chie'n si tren mfit trfin a'y.

Ngfiy 24-2-1952, Chu tich Hd Chi Minh ra sdc lenh sd 83-SL hdp nhfi't Nha Thdng tin vfi Vu Vfin hpc nghe thufit thudc Bd Gifio due thfinh Nha Tuyen truyen vfi Vfin Nghe thudc Phu Thu tudng. Dieu 2 Sfic lenh quy dinh: Ve mfit tuyen truyen, Nha Tuyen truyen vfi Vfin nghe cd nhiem vu dfit vfi thvfc hien ke hoach tuyen truyen cho chu trUdng, chinh sach, chUdng trinh cua

^hinh phii nu6c Viet Ram., 21 Chinh phu; phdi hdp vdi cac cd quan Quan,

Dan, Chinh de dam bao sU tuyen truyen dupe thdng nhfi't vfi sau rpng; phu trach viec thdng tin trong vfi ngofii nUdc; dfi'u tranh vdi dich ve mfit thong tin vfi tuyen truyen; gop p h i n gifio due chinh tri cho nhan dan. Ve mfit vfin nghe, td chQc vfi hQdng d i n sinh boat vfin nghe nhan dan;

hufi'n luyen can bd vfin nghe. Nha Tuyen truyen vfi Vfin nghe dfit tai TrQdng Trung hpc My thufit, gdm 1 giam do'c, 1 hofic 2 phd giam dd'c.

Chilu sdc linh sd' 38-SL ngfiy 10-7- 1951, Sdc linh sd 83-SL ngfiy 24-2-1952 vfi theo de nghi cua Gifim ddc Nha Tuyen truyen vfi Vfin nghp, ngfiy 20-4-1952, Phd Thu tudng Chinh phu Pham Vfin Ddng da ky Nghi dinh sd 163-TTG fi'n dinh he thd'ng to chQc Nha Tuyen truyen vfi Vfin nghe.

Theo dd, d Trung Udng, Nha Tuyen truyen vfi Vfin ngh$ cd cfic bp phfin: Vfin phdng, Viet Nam thdng tfi'n xfi, Dfii phat thanh

"Tieng ndi Viet Nam", nganh vfin nghe, Nhfi in vfi phat hfinh quo'c gia, Phdng dien anh, Phdng vd tuyen dien; d mdi Hen khu cd Khu Tuyen truyen vfi Vfin nghe; tai mdi tinh cd Ty Tuyen truyen vfi Vfin nghe; d moi huyen, moi xa cd mdt uy vien UBKCHC huyen, xa trvfc tiep phu trach cong tac tuyen truyen vfi theo doi hoat ddng vfin nghe cua nhan dfin.

Ngfiy 10-10-1952, Chu tich Hd Chi Minh ky sdc linh sd' 122-SL dfit bd phfin Nha in vfi Phat hfinh trong Nha Tuyen truyen vfi Vfin nghe thfinh mdt doanh nghiep qude gia, la'y ten lfi Nhd in Qud'c gia. Nhfi in Qud^c gia cd nhiem vu:

1. Thd'ng nhfi't td chQc va quan ly cac nhfi in cua Chinh phu;

2. Dieu chinh vfi dam bao viec in sach, bao, tfii lieu cua Chinh phu vfi cac doan the nhan dan;

3. Phd bien, lUu thdng cac sach bao, tai lieu trong nhan dan;

4. Giup dd vfi hudng d i n viec in vfi phat hfinh cua cac nhfi xufi't ban tU nhan.

Cud'i thang 12-1952, Hpi ddng Chinh phu hpp phien cudi nfim vfi de ra chUdng trinh cong tac cua Chinh phu trong nfim 1953.

Tren Hnh vvtc vfin hofi, xa hdi, Hdi ddng chinh phu quyet dinh: Ket hdp vdi phat dpng quan chung de dfiy manh tuyen truyen giao due chinh tri, bd tuc vfin hoa; tich cQc phfi am mUu dich pha hoai vfin hoa, xa hdi;

tfing cUdng tuyen truyen qud'c te; kien tofin td chQc tuyen truyen, vfin nghe...

Ngfiy 7-3-1953, Thu tQdng Chinh phu ban hfinh Nghi dinh sd 242-TTG ve viec td chQc doanh nghiep Nhfi in Qud'c gia. Theo dd, Nhfi in Qude gia gdm cd: Nhfi in Qude gia Trung Udng, cac chi nhanh cua Nhfi in Qude gia d eac lien khu, cac xUdng in, cac Hieu sfich Nhan dan va chi diem Hieu sach Nhan dan, cfic tram chuyin vfin.

Ngfiy 15-3-1953, Chu tich Hd Chi Minh ra Sdc linh sd 147-SL, dfit Phdng Dien anh Nha Tuyen truyen vfi Vfin nghe thanh Doanh nghiip qud'c gia Chii'u bdng vd Chup dnh Viet Nam. Sfic lenh quy dinh ro muc dich, boat dpng cua Doanh nghiep qud'c gia Chie'u bdng vfi Chup anh Viet Nam lfi;

1. Tuyen truyen chinh sach, chu trUdng eua Chinh phu;

2. Neu cao nhQng thfinh tich, nhQng gUdng dfi'u tranh anh dung cua quan dan Viet Nam;

3. Gidi thieu ddi song vfi thfinh tich dfi'u tranh, kien thiet cua nhan dan cac nUdc ban;

4. Giao due vfin hofi vfi chinh tri cho nhan dan.

Sau chie'n t h i n g lich sQ Dien Bien Phu va Hiep dinh Gidnevd dUpe ky ket, Hpi

22 Rghien cuu Lich sit. s611.2010 ddng Chinh phu trong phien hpp dau thang

11-1954 ban ve viec thvfc hien dinh chien, td chQc tiep quan Thu dd vfi giai quye't eac vfi'n de sau chie'n tranh. GiQa bdn be cdng viec, Chinh phii vfin quan tam tdi cac va'n de vfin hoa, giao due, chuan y viec khoi phuc lai chua Mdt cpt. Sau ngay Chinh phu ve Hfi Npi, Chu tich Hd Chi Minh gifinh thdi gian tdi thfim TrUdng Trung hpc Chu Vfin An, Nguyin Trai va TrUng VUdng. Ndi chuyen vdi can bd, giao vien vfi hpc sinh Nhfi trUdng, NgUdi phan tich vai trd quan trpng ciia thanh nien trong xa hpi, phan biet muc dich khac nhau giQa giao due thvfc dan vdi giao due mdi va cfin dfin nhiem vu cua hpc sinh lfi phai hpc tap td't de xQng dang la ngUdi chu cua nUdc nha; hpc de yeu To qude, yeu nhan dan, yeu lao dpng, yeu khoa hpc, yeu dao dQc; hpc dl phung svt Td qud'c, phung svf nhan dan, Ifim cho dan gifiu, nQdc manh; hpc phai di ddi vdi hfinh.

TQ ngfiy 23 den ngfiy 25-12-1954, Hdi ddng Chinh phu hpp, quye't dinh thfinh lap Vien bao tfing Cach mang Viet Nam, cQ Hieu trUdng, Hieu phd cac trUdng dai hpc Y khoa, Su pham vfin khoa, Svt pham khoa hpc vfi quy dinh nhQng ngfiy l l trong mdt nfim...

Nhin chung lai, trai qua chfing dudng dfii 9 nfim khang chien, trong nhQng dieu kien vo cung gian khd; thieu thd'n vfi chie'n tranh ac liet, svf nghiep xay diing nen vfin hoa vfi giao due mdi cua nhan dan ta da dat dupe nhQng ket qua vfi thfinh tvtu dang tvt hao. DQdi svf lanh dao cua Dang, chi dao vfi dieu hanh cua Chinh phu, chi sau hdn 1 nfim ke tQ khi tuyen bo' nen dpc Ifip, chien dich "diet gific dd't" do Chinh phu dQng d i u lfi Chii tich Hd Chi Minh chu trQdng da thanh toan nan mu chQ cho hdn 2 trieu ddng bao (14). Tiep dd, khi chien tranh lan rpng ra k h i p ndi, ca nUde bUde vfio cupc khang chien trUdng ky, svt nghiep giao due.

vfin hoa vfin tiep tuc phat triln. Luc nfiy, cdng tfic xoa nan mu chQ, phong trfio binh dan hpc vu, bac hpc bd tuc vfin hoa du gfip nhieu khd khfin nhQng Chinh phii va chinh quyen cac cfi'p vfin kien quye't thue diy bfing nhQng chinh sach vfi bien phap cd hieu qua. Ben canh dd, he thd'ng gifio due phd thong, giao due dai hpc vfi trung hpc cd nhQng bQdc phat trien vQng chic, kha toan dien vdi dpi ngu giao vien cd nfing Ivtc, chUdng trinh dUdc cai tien... TQ nfim 1951, Chinh phu chii trUdng tien hfinh cai each tofin bd nen giao due phd thong, thay the he thdng giao due cu bfing he thd'ng giao due phd thong 9 nfim. Ddng thdi, Chinh phu md them he phd thdng lao ddng de bd tuc vfin hoa chuyen tu cho chie'n si thi dua, can bp, cong nhfin xufi't sfic... nhfim dap Qng nhu ciu can bd cho cdng cudc khang chien, kien qud'c. Cung b i t d i u tQ thdi diem nfiy, nghia lfi sau khi bien gidi dQdc khai thong.

Dang, Chinh phu da cQ hang nghin cfin bd, hpc sinh dfi tot nghiep cfi'p III di hpc d nUdc ngofii, chu ddng chuin bi cho cdng cudc kien thie't sau chie'n tranh. Den cud'i nfim 1952, tai nhQng vung tvf do, vung du kich, da cd hdn 10 trieu ngUdi biet dpc, bie't vidt;

nfim 1954, da cd 3 trieu ngUdi hpc het chUdng trinh bd tuc vfin hoa. TrUdc Cach mang thang Tam, nfim hpc 1939-1940 dUdc xem lfi nfim "thinh vUdng" nhfi't cua nen giao due thupc Phap. Trong nfim hpc fi'y, sd hpc sinh cap I chi cd 542.227, cfi'p II cd

16.519, cap III ed 507. Den nfim hpc 1953- 1954, con sd tUdng Qng lfi: 1.068.000 em, 57.500 em, 4.482 em trong nhQng vung khang chie'n. Trong khi dd, giao due Dai hpc, Cao dfing va Trung hpc chuyen nghiep cung dat dQdc nhQng thfinh tiiu dang tvf hao: mpt sd trUdng do che dp cu dl lai dUdc khoi phuc, cac trUdng mdi dUdc thfinh Ifip theo phUdng hUdng phuc vu thiet thvfc cupc khfing chien - kien qude. Sd sinh vien tfing

Chinh phii nude Viet Ram... 22 theo tQng nfim. Trong gian khd, thie'u thdn

va kho khfin, da hinh thanh va phat trien mpt dpi ngu can bp Dai hpc, Trung hpc chuyen nghiep cd trinh dp chuyen mon, cd nfing luc hofin thfinh nhiem vu mfi Dang, Nhfi nude vfi nhan dan giao phd. Mdt thfinh cdng noi bat cua nen giao due mdi lfi svt dung tie'ng Viet de giang day, hpc tfip d cac bfie hpc. PhUdng cham giao due lfi thiet thvfc vfi kip thdi phuc vu khfing chien, phuc vu nhan dan, phuc vu san xufi't; lfi vQa hpc vQa Ifim, hpc di ddi vdi hfinh. Trong dieu kien chien tranh, nen giao due non tre cua che dp mdi vfin vUdn len, dap Qng ve cd ban nhu ciu ngfiy cang tfing ve can bd, nhan vien cho cdng cupc khfing chie'n kien qude, nang cao dan tri cho mpi ngUdi Viet Nam.

Tren mfit trfin vfin hoa, Chinh phu cung dfi ban hanh nhieu chu trUdng, chinh sach nhfim thvfc hien phUdng cham ldn "khang chien hda vfin hda, vfin hda hda khfing chien" mfi Chii tich Hd Chi Minh da de ra.

Cd t h l thfi'y, tQ sau ngfiy 2-9-1945 den khi cudc khang chie'n chd'ng Phfip ket thue thing ldi, Chinh phu dfi ban hfinh mdt he thd'ng vfin ban phap quy nhU Sfic lenh, Thdng tu, Nghi dinh...: dl chi dao svt nghiep xay dvtng nen vfin hoa mdi mang

tinh chfi't dan tdc, khoa hpc, dai chung. Qua that, dudng Id'i, chu trUdng, chinh sach cua Dang, I ^ a nUdc da thfi'm sau vao hien thiic s i n xufi't vfi chien dfi'u cua toan dan, tofin quan ta. Cac vfin nghe si vfi nhQng nhfi hoat ddng vfin hoa cung ra mfit trfin, di chien dich, de'n vdi cfic dofin dan cdng, tdi cac dia phUdng d l tham nhfip thvtc te dfing sang tao ra nhQng tac p h i m phuc vu kip thdi vfi die Ivtc cong cupc khang chie'n, kien qude. Hp thvtc svf lfi chien si tren mfit tran vfin hoa.

Ngofii ra. Dang, Nhfi nUde vfin quan tam thich dang den cac cong tac khac thupc linh vvtc vfin hda nhU ban hfinh eac quy dinh bao tdn, bao ve di tich vfin hoa va lich s^; bao quan vfi lUu giQ cac fi'n phim, tfii heu, sach bao; md cac trQdng, cac khoa dao tao can bd Ifim cdng tac vfin hoa, vfin nghe; giii mdt sd hpc sinh ra nQdc ngofii hpc tfip, tiep thu nhQng thfinh tilu vfin hoa, giao due tien tien... Dfit trong dieu kien dfi't nUde cd chien tranh, thi nhQng ket qua gifinh dUdc tren linh vvtc vfin hoa, giao due lfi rfi't quan trpng.

l ^ Q n g ket qua dd chfing nhQng phuc vu cho cudc khang chie'n chdng Phap mfi cdn dfit nen mdng vQng chfic cho svf nghiep xay dilng vfi phat triln nen vfin hoa, giao due d thdi ky khang chie'n chd'ng My, cQu nUdc.

CHU THICH

(7). Ho chi Minh: Todn tap, tfip 6, Nxb. Chinh tri Quoc gia, Uk Npi, 1995, tr. 147.

(8). Cong bao nU6c Vi?t Nam Dan chii Cong hoa, n&m thii VIII, so 10, ngfiy 31-12-1952.

(9). Ho Chi Minh: Todn tdp, tftp 6, sdd, tr. 266.

(10). Nghi dinh so 259/ND, ngfiy 20-8-1952.

(11). Nghi dinh so 366/ND, ngay 19-11-1952.

(12). Nghi dinh so 367/ND, ngfiy 19-11-1952.

(13). Nghi dinh so 171/ND, ngfiy 27-7-1953.

(14). 30 ndm phdt trien kinh te, vdn hod cua nUdc Viet Nam Ddn chu Cdng hba, Nxb. Su that, Hfi Noi. 1978, tr. 47.