NGHllN Cini SO SnNH:
MO HlNH KINH TfTHJ TftlfdNG XA HOI CUA DO'C VA MO HlNH KINH TC'THJ TRUdNG TV DO
TS. Hoang Xuan Trung Vien Nghien ciru ChduAu
I. Gidi thifu tong quat ve nen kinh te Due
Sau Chiln tranh the gidi thii Hai, cac nha kinh tl hgc nhu Walter Eucken va Andreas Muler-Armack da phat frien md hinh Kinh fe fhi trudng xa hgi. Cd the ndi Ludwig Erhard (1949-1963: Bp frudng Bd Kinh tl; 1963-1969: Thii tudng Diie) la chinh trj gia cd anh hudng ldn nhat frong vipc hinh thanh Kinh te thi trudng xa hgi Diic va tgo ra s\r thin ky kinh tl tiong nhung nam 50 va 60. Trong thdi gian dd, md hinh nay dugc dua ra la su l\ra chgn thay thi cho md hinh chii nghia xa hgi ciia cac dang canh taDiic.
Kinh tl fhi trudng xa hdi Diie phat triln manh md fir sau Chiln tranh thi gidi thii Hai tir s^r tai trg bdi kl hogch Marshall. Den cudi nam 1950, nudc Diic trd thanh nudc diing thli hai vl phat tiiln kinh fl tren thi gidi.
Cac thanh t\m chinh ciia nin Kinh te thi trudng x5 hgi Diic da dgt dugc li: 6n dinh kinh tl vT md d cao; TSng trudng kinh te nhanh, Igm phdt thSp; Khdng cd cac cugc dinh cdng ldn ciia ngudi Iao dgng (cd thi so sinh vdi Phap); T\r do xa hgi; An sinh xa hgi
bao triim rdng rai va hoa nhgp xa hgi d cap do cao.
Tuy nhien, thdi ki phat frien hoang kim ciia Diic keo dai khdng lau. Nam 1990, Ddng Diic va Tay Diic dugc hgp nhat, Diic phai ddi mat vdi mgf Ddng Diic kem phaf trien ve tdf ca cac mat kinh tl, xa hgi. Nen kinh te Diic bat dau suy giam.
Hipn nay, Diic van la mdt trong nhflng nudc cdng nghipp phat trien nhat the gidi, diing thli ba the gidi sau My va Nhaf Ban ve GDP. Xudt khau ciia Diic chiem 9% tdng xuat khau ciia the gidi. Mac du Diic mat di vi tri sd mgt ve xuat khau vao nam 2009 (Trung Qudc ndi len la nudc xuat khau hang dau the gidi sau khi vugt qua Diic), nhung Diic van la nudc xuat khau hang ddu d chau Au. Xuat khau ciia Diic chiem 47,5% tdng GDP vao nam 2008'. Cac nganh cdng nghiep chu yeu la: che tao xe hoi; chd tao may mdc, thiet hi;
cdng nghiep hoa chat; cdng nghiep ky thugt
http://siteresources.worldbank.org/ECAEXT/Resourc es/258598-1284061150155/7383 639-
1323888814015/8319788- 13244 8594485 5/06_gennany.pdf
48 NGHIEN CCU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°8 (15S}.2013
dien va dipn tu. Tir 1975, Diic la thanh vien cua G.8.
S. Kinh te thj trirdng xa hgi, co phai su- dipu 1^ kinh te ?
Tir sau Chien tranh the gidi thii Hai, Diic thuc hidn dudng ldi "Kinh te fhi frudng xa hdi" vdi phuong cham "it nha nudc nhu cd the, nhilu nha nudc nhu can thiet". Nha nudc khdng can thiep vao viee hinh thanh gia ca va luang bdng ma chi tao dieu kien khung cho cac qua trinh kinh te phat trien sao cho cd hieu qua cao va dam bao cdng bang, dn dinh xa hdi.
Cai each ndi bat nhaf la cai each tien td, ddng Reichsmark dugc thay the bdi ddng Deutsche Mark vao ngay 21/6/1948. Ke hogch cai each fien te chu yeu do My quan ly, cd su tham gia ciia cac chuyen gia. Cai each do giiip cung cd nen kinh fe va hdi nhap vao ERP (khdi phuc kinh te chau Au), dugc biet dudi cai fen Ke hoach Marshall. Moi cdng dan Diic nhgn dugc mdt sd fien ban dau la 50DM, rdi 1 DM ddi l4y 10 Reichsmark va 93% sd lugng tien luu hanh bi huy vao nam 1948. Vao nam 1949, Ludwig Erhard trd thanh Bd trudng Kinh te va sang lap ra khai niem Kinh te thj frudng xa hdi.
Kinh te thi trudng xa hgi la y tudng chinh tri cua Cgng hda Lien bang Dire, ban ddu chi la mdt y tudng thudng, mdt khai niem dugc chuyen ddi vao nen kinh tl Diic vdi su pha trdn ciia 2 he thdng (he thdng kinh te ke hoaeh hoa va kinh te fu do). Nd tac dgng tdi thi trudng kinh te ty do va hgn
chl sy can thiep cua nha nudc vao kinh tl.
Khdi niem kinh tl thi trudng xa hdi co nguyen tac tu do trong thi trudng va bii trir xa hgi, khi lgi thd ciia kinh tl thi trudng dugc vi nhu pin kinh te ty do va phaf triln cdng nghp. Nguge lai, ciing cd nhieu bat Icri ciia 2 nin kinh tl, do la sy lgi dyng thi trudng ty do. Nha nudc can phai cd cho dung viing chic dd dua ra quyet dinh lien quan ddn lgi ich chung cho chinh saeh kinh te va xa hgi.
Khdi dau cua che do la nguyen tdc phli hgp va canh tranh; hgn che dgc quyen; tu tudng Kinh te thi trudng xa hgi la con nguoi;
mdi ngudi deu chiu trdch nhipm ve nhirng gi minh lam va cua ngudi khac.
Sir phdt trien cua mo hinh nhd nudc phuc lgi
Tnrdc Chidn tranh the gidi thii Hai, mpt sd nudc, dau tidn la Ddc, thyc hien cac chuong trinh phiic lgi xa hdi dya tien rao hinh bao hidm xd hdi. Tuy nhien, sau Chien tranh The gidi thii Hai, cdc chuong trinh phiic lgi xa hgi da dugc thuc hien mdt each toan dipn ban, dam bao cho ngudi lao dpng mdt miic sdng ca bdn va la mgf frong nhui^
md hinh giiip cho Diic cd sy phdt triln thdn ki trong thdi gian do. Vgy md hinh nha nuoc phiic lgi la gi? Va nd hogt dgng ra sao?
Khai niem ve md hinh kinh tl thj frudng ciia Diic hay cdn ggi la nha nudc phiic lpi hipn nay vdn cdn gay tranh cai, vd cugc U-anh cai van cdn tiep tuc vl trdch nhiem cua cWnh phii ddi vdi phiic lgi cua ngudi dan. Md hinh
Qtghiht edit iO- tAnh... 49
nay de cap den vide cung cap cdc dich vy cdng cua chinh phu cho ngudi ddn nhu y fe, giao due vd an sinh xa hdi, cho tat ca ngudi dan bat kl dia vi hay sy ngheo khd ciia bdn thdn ngudi do. Md hinh nay cflng de cap den vipc ho trg cua chinh phu cho nhiing ngudi dan khdng thi ty lo cho bdn than do cdc vdn de ve siic khoe, thdf nghipp, bpnh tat, hoac cdc tham hga thien nhien.
Theo hgc thuyet cua Keynes, viee gia fang ehi tieu ciia chinh phu se kich thich tdng cdu, dieu ndy ciing cd nghia rang vipc day manh chi tieu xd hdi cho cdc muc fieu phiic lgi xa hdi se lam giam su bdt dn vd giao ddng cua chu ky kinh te. Tuy nhien, cugc khiing hoang ndng lugng vdo giira nhung ndm 1970 va su fri tre ciia nen kinh te da dua ra moi nghi ngd ve hgc thuyet ciia Keynes, vipc fhu hpp nhd nudc phiic lgi dd bdt dau xdy ra (Myles 1984). Mgt sd nha kinh te chi trich md hinh nha nudc phiic lgi da eho rdng viec md rpng chuong trinh chi tieu cho phiic lgi xa hgi mgt cdch qua miie ldm nay sinh khiing hoang kinh tl. Lap ludn chinh eiia hg Id nhd nudc phiic Igi lam gidm lgi nhudn ciia nhd fu ban thdng qua viec khdng khuyin khich ldm viec va ddu tu (Bosworth 1980, Fiedler 1975, Haveman 1978). Nhiing ngudi chi trich kit ludn rdng, chinh vipc kiem sodt kinh tl vT md vd phiic lgi xa hgi dd cdn trd fdng trudng kinh tl do ldm suy yeu kinh te thj trudng. Cac chinh phii da ngdy edng chap nhgn ly thuyit kinh tl theo trudng phai tiln
tp va bat ddu cat giam chi tieu cdng, dac biet ehi tieu cho phiic lgi xa hdi.
Khi khiing hoang kinh te lam gidm di niim tin ve tdng trudng kinh te ben vflng va Idu dai ed the dat dugc khdng qua viec md rdng cac chuang trinh phiic lgi xa hdi, cac nha xd hdi hgc da khdng chap nhdn viec md rdng phiic lgi xd hgi nhu Id mdt phuang fien khdng the thieu dugc ddn den phdt trien kinh tl hoac nhu la mdt gidi phdp my man de dn dinh kinh te.
Mdt sd ngudi ehi trich md hinh nhd nudc phiic Igi vd cho rang md hinh ndy se lam cho ngudi dan phu thudc vao nha nudc vd it cd ddng lye de lam viee. Dieu nay cd nghia rdng, do trg cdp cua nhd nudc cho ngudi dan nhieu hon so vdi nhihig nudc theo duoi md hinh kinh te thi trudng tu do, se dan den tdng trudng kinh te chgm lgi. Tuy nhien, nghien cun thyc te lgi chi ra rang khdng cd mdi quan he gifla ket qua kinh te va chi tieu cho phiic lgi xd hgi eua chinh phii d eae nudc phdt trien (Atkinson, A. B, 1995). Nhu vay, fdng chi tieu cua chinh phu cho cac muc tieu phiic lgi xa hdi nhu gido due, y te va an sinh xd hdi, chua chac da anh hudng den cdc chi
Trong de tai nghien cuu cap Vi?n nSm 2007 co chii At "Mo hmh kinh te thi truong tu do dudi th&i Thatcher", tac gia da chi ra rSng, truoc khi Thatcher len cam quyen, hoc thuyit ciia Keynes dupc sir dyng thinh hanh, lu'c la chinh phii day manh chi tieu cong, nhim thiic day tong cau, qua d6 s8 chong du^c suy thoai kinh te. Tuy nhien, chinh nhihig chinh sach nay d3 dan den tinh trang lam phat cao a Anh, kinh te bdt diu suy thoai vao nhihig nam 1970. Sau khi Thatcher len cam quyen, ba da thuc hi^n chinh sach theo truJmg phai tiln t^, tuc la thdt ch$t chi lieu cong, ting lai su^t. Dieu nay da giiip nen kinh te ciia Anh ting trudng va l^m phat giam.
50 NGHIEN CCfU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°8 (155U0H
sd kinh tl. Ddng thdi cung khdng cd bdng Mdt cau hdi dugc dgt ra d ddy Id lieii chiing nao chi ra rdng md hinh Kinh fe thj tdng chi tieu cho phiic lgi xd hgi cd ldm tanj trudng xa hdi se can frd sy phaf trien xd hdi.
Nghien ciiu cua R. E. Goodin vd ddng nghiep (1999) cho thdy: My Id nudc theo md hinh kinh fl thi trudng fy do, cd mdt sd ehi sd kinh tl vd xa hgi tdi te hon so vdi Netherland, Id nudc cung cap dich vy phiie lgi cao cho cdng dan. Tuy nhien. My lai Id nudc dan dau cdc nudc theo md hinh nha nudc phiic lgi vl mdt sd chi tieu kinh te nhu:
GDP binh quan dau ngudi, tdc dp tang trudng kinh fl cao. My ciing la nudc cd ti Id that nghipp thap.
cdc chi sd phdt trien con ngudi. Chi sd pha triin con ngu&i (Human Development Index - HDI) la chi sd bao gdm cac tieu chi: tu6i thg binh qudn, ti le sd ngudi ldn bilt chfl va ti Id nhap hgc cac cdp giao due (tiiu hpc, trung hgc, dgi hgc), thu nhgp binh quan dau ngudi. Sir dung sd lieu cua cdc qudc gia OECD dl xem xdt mdi tuang quan gitra chi sd phat triln con ngudi vdi ti le phan tram cua chi tieu phiic lgi so vdi GDP, cho thay (Xem Hinh 1)
Hinh 1: Moi quan hp giura ti If phdn tram cua chi tieu phiic Ipri so \&i GDPva chi so phat trien con ngirdi
HLghien edii t& sanh... 51
Dd thi tren cho thay ti Id chi fieu phiic lgi so vdi GDP cang tdng thi chi sd phat trien con ngudi cang cao.
De xem xef md hinh nao tdt hon gifla hai md hinh nhd nudc phiic lgi vd kinh te thi trudng ty do md My va Anh hien nay vdn theo dudi, phdn sau sS ddnh gid cdc chi sd xa hdi cua cac nudc Diic, My va Anh.
Bat binh dang ve thu nhgp Hinh 2:
He sd Gini la thudc do phd bien nhdt ve bat binh ddng fhu nhdp, dugc sii dung frong bdi viet ndy dd so sdnh giiia cdc qudc gia. He sd Gini biln ddi tii 0 d i n 1. Khi he sd Gini bdng 0 nghia la phan phdi thu nhgp Id hoan toan binh ddng; Bang 1 nghia la tdt cd thu nhap trong xd hdi deu tap frung vao mdt nhdm ngudi. N h u vay, he sd Gini cdng thap cang the hidn do binh ddng trong phan phdi thu nhdp.
He so Gini
0.35 0.3 0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 0
DO'C Anh Wy
Source: Sineeding (2004).
Hinh tren cho thdy Anh vd My la hai ludc fheo md hinh kinh te thi trudng tu do :d hp s6 bdt binh ddng ve fhu nhap cao hon
^io vdi nudc Diic, nudc theo md hinh Kinh te hj trudng xd hgi hay cdn ggi la md hinh nha ludc phiic lgi.
Ngheo doi
Bdt binh dang ve thu nhgp Id nguyen nhdn cua cac van de xd hdi, nhung ngheo ddi eiing dugc coi la van de can phai gidi quyet trong bat ky xa hgi nao. Chi sd ngheo ddi d day d u g c dieu chinh theo siic mua tuong duong.
52
NGHIEN CCrU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°8 |15S).2013Ngheo doi tuyet doi
10
"
_
11,8
l ? r
—
Nguon: Scruggs and Allan (2005),
Hinh tren cho thdy My la nudc cd GDP binh quan dau ngudi cao nhat nhung ti Id ngudi ngheo ddi ehiem 8,7% trong xd hdi, ti le nay cua Anh Id 11,8%, trong khi do Diic lai cd ti lp ngudi ngheo thap nhat, chiem 7%.
Yti
Sd Heu ve chi fieu y te cho thdy Diie la nudc cd ti le chi tieu cua nhd nudc cho y tl so vdi GDP ehiem ti le cao nhat so vdi My vd Anh. Ti le nay cua Diic, Anh vd My tuong ung la 8,7%, 6,4% vd 6,7%. Tuy nhien, neu dem ti lp ehi tieu cua tu nhan cho y te so vdi GDP thi My lgi la nudc chilm ti le cao nhat, 8,3%. Neu xet tdng chi tieu cho y fe ciia cdc khu vyc nhd nudc vd tu nhdn thi My van Id nudc cd ti le chi cho y tl so vdi GDP la cao nhdt.
Xem xet chi tieu cho y te binh qudn ddu ngudi cho thdy My la nudc cd miic chi tieu cua chinh phii cho y te binh qudn ddu nguoi van chiem ti le cao nhat 2.502 USD, tilp din Id Diic 2.343 USD, thdp nhdt Id Anh 1.861.
Chi tieu cua khu vyc tu nhan cho y tl binh qudn ddu ngudi d My chilm ti le cao nhdt va ldn ban rat nhieu so vdi cdc nudc Diic va Anh. Nhu vdy mdc dii dugc coi Id nudc theo md hinh kinh te thi trudng tu do nhung My igi la nudc cd chi tieu ciia chinh phu cho y te binh quan ddu ngudi vdn cao hon so vol Diic. Dieu ndy cd thi do My cd tdc dg tdng trudng kinh td cao ban so vdi Diic nen tdng thu ngan sdeh ldn hon so vdi nudc nay. Tuy nhien, Anh cung la nudc theo md hinh kinh te thi trudng ty do lai cd chi ti6u chinh phu cho y tl binh quS.n dau ngudi thdp hon so vdi Diic.
Qlghlen edJu ijO- ianh... 53
Bang 1:
Diic Anh My
Ti le chi tieu clio y te so vol GDP
Nha nu&c 8,7 6,4 6,7
Tir nhan 2,4 1,1 8,3
Ting 11,1
7,7 15
Clii tieu cho y te binh quSo dau ngiroi quy doi theo sue
mua tuong duong (Dm vi: USD) Nha nu&c
2.343 1.861 2.502
Ttf nhan 653 370 3.133
Tong 2.996 2.231 5.635 Ngudn: Sd lieu ve y te cua cdc nu&c OECD ndm 2005.
Mac dii My la nudc cd chi tieu y te cua chinh phii binh qudn dau ngudi cao nhdt, nhung dieu nay chua the phdn anh dugc hieu qua cua chdm sdc y te. Bang chiing chi ra
Bdng 2:
rdng, nam 2003, 15,6% ddn sd My (khodng 45 trieu ngudi) khdng cd bdt cii hinh thiic bao hiem y te nao (Carmen vd eac cdng su, 2004, trang 14).
Dire Anh Mp
Tuoi th9 binh quan 78.4 78.5 77.2
Ti 1^ chet ciia tre s o sinh (so vai 1.000 Ire sinh ra)
4.2 5.3 7
Bang tren cho thay tudi thg binh qudn cua Dire vd Anh cao hon so vdi My. Tuy nhien, ti lp chet cua tre so sinh so vdi 1.000 tre sinh d Diic Id thdp nhat. My cd ti le cao nhat. Dieu nay the hipn chi tieu cho y te cua My chua hipu qud so vdi chi tieu cua Diic tiong khi MJ lgi Id nudc cd chi tieu cho y te binh qudn dau ngudi cao ban Diic.
Ngudn: s6 li$u ve y ti cua OECD. 2005.
Tgi phgm
Mdt thudc do khac cung rat cdn dugc xem xet khi so sdnh md hinh nhd nudc phiic lgi vdi md hinh kinh tl thi tnrdng ty do Id tdi pham. Nhiing ngudi theo md hinh nha nudc phiic lgi cho rdng, do sir dung manh cdng cy nhd nude frong vipc phdn phdi lgi cua cdi nen bat binh ddng frong xa hgi thap. Dieu
54 NGHtEN CCru CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW t*°a ^^55).2013
nay ddn din fi Id tdi phgm d nhung nudc vdi nhiing nudc fheo md hinh kinh te thj fheo md hinh nhd nudc phiie lgi thap ban so frudng tu do.
Bdng 3:
Dilc Anh My
Ti ie toi pham giet ngiroi tren ' 100.000 ngiroi dan
1,2 1,6 5,6
TI le dan so b| tii tren 100.000 nguoi
97 144 724
Source: International Centre for Prison Studies (2006).
Bang fren cho thdy ti le tdi phgm giet ngudi tren 100.000 ngudi d My la cao nhdt, gap gdn 6 ldn so vdi Diic. Tuy nhien ti lp ndy ddi vdi Anh lgi khdng cao so vdi Diic. Ti le dan sd bi tii tren 100.000 ngudi cho thdy My van la nudc ehiem ti Id cao nhat, gdp gdn 6 lan so vdi Anh vd gap hon 7 lan so vdi Bite.
Nhu vdy cd the thay rang hai nudc My va Anh theo md hinh kinh te thi trudng ty do ed ti le tdi phgm cao hon so vdi Diic, Id nudc theo md hinh nhd nudc phiic lgi.
3. Kit Iuan
Nudc Diic sau nhiing nam phat triln mgnh me da suy gidm sau khi thdng nhdt lai, cd sy doan ket giiia cac gidi chii, thudng fir nhiing doanh nghiep cd quy md nhd, thi trudng lao ddng vd gido due hudng theo sy ddo tgo chuyen mdn va ky thuat. Ndn kinh tl Diic dang phdi chiu dung hai ganh ndng: dan sd gan nhu gia nhdt chdu Au vd xay dyng lai vung dat phia Ddng.
Vdi ndn kinh te thinh vugng vd manh vl ky thuat, nhung nudc Diic lai la mgt trong nhung ndn kinh te phat trien chdm chap nhSt trong toan bd Khu vyc sii dung ddng Euro.
Dan sd dang gid hda, ty l^ that nghiep cao dl day chi phi cho an sinh xa hdi len din miic vugt qud ca ddng gdp cua nhiing ngudi lao ddng (Vmcenzo Galasso, 2008). Co ciu frong thi trudng lao dgng rdt ngdt ngheo vdi cdc quy dinh qud nghiem khdc trong viec sa thai nhdn vien vd xdc dinh miic Iuang tien ca sd todn qudc da khiln cho hipn tugng th3t nghiep trd thanh mgt vdn nan. Chinh vi nhiing van de ndy ma trong nhiing nam 1990, mdt sd cdc giai phap chinh sdeh nham giai quyit van dd nay dd dugc dua ra, fuy nhien ket qua van cdn chua dugc thda man.
Nhiing dieu chinh ndy chi thudn tiiy giai quydt trieu chiing, chii chua giai quyit tan gdc van de, do dd ty I? phdt nghipp cua Ditc van d miic cao nhdt chau Au.
Mac du Diic dd chi mgt lodn rit hio phdng vl trg cdp xd hgi vd dieu ay dd giiq)
Otghien eihi uy tanh... 55
han che bdt binh ddng ve thu nhgp va tien cdng, nhung nhQng ket qua ndy phdi trd gid cho sy phdn mdnh cua thi trudng lao ddng va mgf lugng ldn ngudi that nghiep ddi ban (Eichhorst et al., 2008). Nhd nudc phiic lgi Diic dung trudc nii ro ve sy mat tinh dn dinh Idu ddi, vd fdng them gdnh ndng ve chi phi lao ddng, giam khd ndng canh tranh qudc te cua nen kinh te Diic.
Chinh vi vgy, hdng logt cdi cdch v l thi trudng lao dpng dd dugc dua ra. Cude cdi cdch ndy dd gidi quyet thanh cdng van d l thi trudng lao dgng eiia Diic. Trong nhiing gidi phdp dd cd gidi phdp khuyen khich nhung ngudi gid trd lgi lao dOng. CuOc cdi each ciing logi bd di cdc chuang frinh tgo vipc lam khdng hipu qud, tdi co cau lai bao hiem that nghiep ddi ban. Ket qud Id, thi trudng lao dgng ciia Due da phat trien ngpan muc. Vi du, ty lp tham gia lye lugng lao dgng cua ngudi gia cd dp tudi tir 55-64 tdng gan 20%
k l fir ndm 2003 vd 62,5% tiong nam 2010 (Rinne and Zimmermann, 2012). Dieu nay Id do CO che nghi huu sdm dd bi logi bd.
Tai lipu tham khao
1. Bosworthe, B. 1980, Re-establishing an economic consensus: An impossible agenda, Daedalus 109:59-70.
2. Caimen DeNavas-Wait, Bemadetfe D.
Proctor, and Robert J. Mills, Income. Poverty,
and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2003, Washmgton, DC: U.S.
Census Bureau (August 2004), p. 14.
3. Eichhorst W, Grienberger-Zmgerle M, Konle-Seidl R (2008), Activation Policies in Germany: From Status Protection to Basic Income Support. In: Eichhorst W, Kaufinaim O, Konle-Seidl R (eds) Bringing the Jobless into Work? Springer, Berlin.
4. Fiedler, E. 1975. Economic policies to control stagflation. In Inflation: Long- term Problems: Proc. Academy of Politics Science. Ed, C. Hariss, 31: 169-78.
5. Haveman, R. 1978, Unemployment in Western Europe and the United States: A problem of demand, structure, or measurement, American Economic Review, 68:44-50.
6. Myles, J. 1984. State structures and the structure of the welfare state: Comment on Skocpol. Presented at the Conference of Political Economics, Deptment of Political Science, University, Minneapolis.
7. Rinne and Zimmermann, 2012, Another economic miracle? The German labor market and the Great Recession, IZA Joumal of Labor Policy.
8. Vincenzo Galasso, 2008, The Political Future Of Social Security In Aging Societies, MIT Press.
