MOT SO LVU y KHI KIEM SAT VIEC GUI QUYET CAC VU AN TRANH CHAP HOP DONG VAY TAI SAN
KHONG PHAI LA HOP DONG TIN DUNG
NGUYEN THI LINH TRANG
Trong t h y e te k i l m sat viec giai quySt cac vu ^n t r a n h chap h o p dhng vay tM san c6n co m$t so kh6 khan, vu'<hig m^c trong v i | c ^p d y n g p h a p lu^t, x^c dinh q u a n h^ t r a n h chap, ngirdi t h a m gia to tung va t i l n lai, Iai su^t... ma K i l m sat vi§n clin phai chirng minh, Iam r o . VI v^y, trong bai viet nay tac gia trao d6i m$t s6 luii y khi k i l m sat giai quyet vy an dan sy.
Tic khda: Hpp dong vay tdi sdn; lai, ldi sudt; Bp lugt Ddn su.
Nhdn bdi: 09/10/2019; biin tapxong: 21/10/2019; duyet bdi: 05/11/2019.
1. Xac dinh thdi hieu khdi kien Hgp ddng vay tai san thudng dugc thuc hipn trong thdi gian dai, cd nhieu thay ddi, bd sung nen Kiem sat vien (KSV) can ehii y xac dinh thdi hieu khdi kien, cu the:
Thir nhdt, doi vdi cdc tranh chdp phdt sinh trudc ngdy 01/01/2017 thi ap dung quy dinh ve thdi hieu tai Dieu 159 va diem h khoan 1 Dilu 192 cua Bd luat Td tung dan sir (BLTTDS) nam 2004 sira ddi, bo sung nam 2011 (Dieu 2 Nghi quyet 103/2015/QH13 eiia Qude hdi).
Thir hai, doi vdi cdc tranh chdp phdt sinh tir ngdy 01/01/2017 (khoan 2 Dilu
184 BLTTDS nam 2015 va khoan 2 D i l u 149 Bd luat dan su (BLDS) nam 2015, j Tap ehi
Kiem sat vien can nghien ciiu hd so vu viec dan su, kiem tra cd duong su nao yeu cau ap dung thdi hien khdi kien khdng? Trudng hop khdng cd duang su nao yeu cau ap dung thdi hieu thi Tda an khdng ap dung thdi hieu khdi kien.
Trudng hgp ed mdt ben hoae cac ben yeu eau ap dung thdi hieu (dugc dua ra trude khi Tda an cap so tham ra ban an) thi xac dinh nhu sau:
+ Ddi vdi tranh chap ddi lai tai san (tien ng gdc) thi khdng ap dung thdi hieu khdi Iden quy dinh tai khoan 2 Dieu 155 BLDS nam 2015.
Vien kiem sat nhin din thinh pho Vinh, tinh Nghe An.
CONG TAC KIEM SAT
+ Ddi vdi tranh chap phat sinh tir giao dich dan su (tien lai) thi ap dung thdi hi?u khdi kipn quy dinh quy dinh tai DiSu 429 BLDS nam 2015 (03 nam).
Vidu: Ngay 01/01/2008, A cho B vay 500.000.000 ddng, lai suit 9%/nam, thdi han vay 1 nam. Din ngay 01/01/2009, B khdng tra tien gdc va tien lai. Den ngay 01/02/2017, A khdi kien yeu cku B tra tiln gde va lai. B yeu eau Tda an sa tham ap dung thdi hieu khdi kien.
Trong trudng hpp nay, ddi vdi yeu cau thanh toan sd tiln no gdc 500.000.000 ddng thi thupc trudng hap khdng ap dung thdi hieu khdi kien quy dinh tai khoan 2 Dilu 155 BLDS nam 2015 nen Tda an thu ly, giai quyet theo thu tuc ehung. Ddi vdi yeu cau thanh toan tien lai do ben vay yeu cau ap dung thdi hieu (duge dua ra trude khi Tda an cap sa tham ra ban an) nen Toa an xac dinh ddi vdi yeu cau tra lai da het thdi hieu khdi kien quy dinh tai Dilu 429 BLDS nam 2015 va nhan dinh, quyet dinh dinh chi ddi vdi yeu cau giai quyet ve tien lai trong ban an.
Thu ba, tir choi dp dung thdi hiiu: Theo quy dinh khoan 2 Dilu 149 BLDS nam 2015 "Ngudi dugc hudng lpi tir viec ap dung thdi hieu cd quyen tir choi ap dung thdi hieu, trir trudng hprp viec tir ehdi dd nhim muc dich trdn tranh thuc hien nghia vu". Trudng hop "ngudi duac hudng lpi"
tu viee ap dung thdi hieu tir ehdi ap dung thdi hieu thi KSV phai xem ly do cua viec tir ehdi cd nh^m muc dich trdn tranh thuc hiSn nghTa vu khdng?
Khi kiem sat ve viee giai quyet yeu eau ap dung thdi hieu khdi kien, KSV can kilm tra can eii chdp nhan hay khdng
chap nhan yeu eau ap dung thdi hieu cua Tda an da diing chua; trudng hop Tda an ap dung thdi hieu khdi kien thi ban an, quyet dinh eua Tda an cd nhan dinh, quydt dinh dinh ehi giai quyet ddi vdi yeu eau do ciia nguyen don hay khdng. Van de vudng mac trong thue tien dd la phan ldn cac duang su khdng nam dugc quy dinh ve thdi hieu va quyen ydu cau ap dung thdi hieu duong sy phai "dua ra trude khi Tda an cap so tham ra ban an" va BLTTDS Cling khdng quy dinh Tda an phai giai thich ndi dung nay eho duang sir, nSn mdt sd vu an khi giai quyet theo trinh tu phuc tham duong su mdi yeu cau, do vay, khdng duge Tda an chap nhan.
2. Mot so van de can chirng minh khi kiem sat viec giai quyet cac vu an tranh ch4p hyp d6ng vay tai san khdng phai la hyp dong tin dyng
Theo quy dinh tai Dieu 5 BLTTDS nam 2015, Tda an ehi giai quyet khi cd yeu cau ciia duang su va chi giai quyet trong pham vi yeu cau ciia duong su. Trudng hpp giai quyet khdng day dii cae yeu eau ciia duong su hoae giai quyet vupt qua yeu cau ciia duong su la vi pham quy dinh phap luat. Vi vay, KSV phai nghien ciiu ndi dung yeu cau eua nguyen don de xac dinh nguyen don khdi kien yeu cau Tda an giai quyet nhiing npi dung gi, cu the:
Xac dinh nguyen don yeu cau ea nhan, td ehiic nao tra ng, gdm ng gdc bao nhieu, lai va lai suat bao nhieu; ngudi vay cd chuyen giao nghia vu tra ng cho ngudi khac khdng? Cd bien phap nao bao dam thuc hien nghTa vu ddi vdi khoan vay khdng? Co ai yeu eau thye hien nghTa vu bao dam khdng?
Tap chi _KIEMSAT I 9
Tvr viee xac dinh nhiing n^i dung duang su yeu c l u Tda an giai quylt thi KSV mdi k i l m sat dugc Tda an da xac dinh dung va day du mdi quan hp tranh ch&p va dua day du nhiing ngudi cd quyen lgi, nghia vu lien quan vao tham gia td tung hay chua; cd bd sdt hoae giii quylt vugt qua pham vi yeu cau giai quylt ciia duong sy hay khdng.
2,1. Xdc djnh quan hf tranh chdp vd ngircfi tham gia to tung
Trong thuc te mgt sd vu an Tda an xac dinh ehua dung hoae ehua d i y du mdi quan hp tranh ch4p; khdng dua dSy du nhung ngudi ed quyen lgi, nghia vu lien quan v i o tham gia td tung. Vi dy: NguySn dem ong A khdi kien dng B va ba C ng dng A 200.000.000 ddng va lai theo hgp ddng vay tai san ma cac ben da ky ket, sau khi vay dng B da chet nen dng A yeu cau ba C v i nhung thira kS cua dng B tra ng.
Tda an xac dinh day la vu an tranh chap hgp ddng vay tai san la xac dinh chua day dii radi quan he tranh chap va khdng dua nhiing ngudi dugc thira ke tai san cua dng B vao tham gia td tung la khdng diing quy dinh D i l u 68 BLTTDS nam 2015; Dilu 651 BLDS nam 2015. Trong vy an nay, dang le Tda an phai xac dinh mdi quan he tranh chdp la "Tranh chap hgp ddng vay tai san va yeu eau thye hipn nghia vy tai san ngudi ehet de lai" va lam ro nhiing ngudi thupc hang thira kd dugc thua hudng tai san cua dng B gdro nhiing ai de dua hp vao tham gia td tyng vdi tu each la ngudi cd quyen lgi, nghia vy lien quan;
xac dinh di san cua ngudi chet de lai; cac nghTa vu ngudi chet de lai phai thanh toan, thii tu thanh toan...
Trudng hgp Tda an x i c dinh khdng dimg tu each ngudi tham gia td tyng. Vi dy: Trong vy i n tranh chap hdn nhan gia dmh ed yeu clu giai quydt ve ng. V g chdng yeu elu Xdm A tra tiln mua vat lieu va van chuyin vat lieu iam dudng cho xdm. Theo quy dinh cua BLDS nam 2015 thi "Xdm"
khdng phai l i phap nhan nhung Tda an van xac dinh Xdm A la ngudi cd quyen lgi, nghTa vy lien quan va bupe Xdm A phii tra ng cho vg chdng va chiu i n phi dan su so t h i m la khdng diing quy dinh phap luat.
Trong trudng hgp nay, dang le Tda i n phii yeu cau nguyen dan ghi ro nhiing ea nhan nao trong xdm ng vg chdng, hp trye tiep mua v^t lieu, thud van ehuyin v^t lipu hay uy quyln cho ca nhan khac thye hien giao dich dan su de dua nhiing ngudi dd vao tham gia td tyng va cd can cii de giai quylt vy an.
2.2. Xdc dinh so tien npt gdc vd nghia v{/ ehung minh
Khi kiem sat viee giai quyet e i c vy an tranh chap hgp ddng vay tai s i n khdng phii la hgp ddng tm dung, KSV phii nghien eiiu day dii eac tai lieu, chiing eii;
phan tich, tong hgp, dinh gia ehiing cii mdt each khach quan, toan dien, tu do xac dinh nguyen dem yeu eau bi don t r i sd tien ng gde v i tien lai bao nhieu, cd can cii hay khdng. De thye hien tdt viec kiem sat cae vu an tranh chap ddng vay tai sin, KSV luu y mpt sd npi dung sau:
Thu nhat, e i c vy i n tranh chap hpp ddng vay tii s i n duong sy it ed tranh chap ve sd tien ng gdc vi phan ldn khi vay hai ben cd thiet lap hgp ddng. Tuy vay, mdt sd vy an bi don cho rang chii ky, ehii viet trong hgp ddng vay khdng phai eua minh;
; Tap chi
CONG TAC KIEM SAT
chii sd trong hgp ddng vay do ben nguyen don viet them sd hoae sua chiia nen sd tien vay khdng dung. Ddi vdi nhiing trudng hgp nay, Kiem sat vien can can cii vao ket qua giam dinh chii ky, chu viet, ehii sd trong hgp ddng de lam can cir giii quyet vu an. Trong thye te cdn gap mgt sd vi pham nhu ket qua giam dinh cung mgt ndi dung nhung hai ca quan giam dinh khac nhau cd ket qua khae nhau nhung Tda in khdng de nghi Chanh an Tda an nhan dan tdi cao hoae Vien trudng Vien kiem sat nhan dan tdi cao ra quyet dinh tnmg cau giam dinh theo Dieu 30 Luat giam dinh tu phip de lim can cii giii quyet vy an, dan den vy an giii quyet khdng khach quan, bi Tda an cap tren huy va sira nhieu lan. (Vi dy: Vu tranh chap hgp ddng vay tai san giua nguyen dem Bui Duy N va bi don Ngd Quang S, bi don eho rang chii sd tren tai lieu viet tay do nguyen don eung cap de khdi kien ddi bi don tra sd tiln 4.965.000.000 ddng cd cum sd "000" d cudi day sd
"4.965.000.000" khdng phii do bi don viet. Qua trinh giai quyet vy an, eic duong sy yeu eau tnmg cau giam dinh eic chu sd trong day sd 4.965.000.000 cd phai do mdt ngudi viet ra hay khdng. Phdng giam dinh tu phip thude Vien khoa hgc hinh sy - Tdng eye Canh sat phdng chdng tdi pham Bd Cdng an ket luan: "Cac chii sd trong sd "4.965.000.000" tren tai lieu can giam dinh ky hieu A2 la do cimg mot ngudi vilt ra". Phdng giam dinh ky thuat hinh sy - Bd Qude phdng ket luan "cum sd "000" d cudi day sd "4.965.000.000"
dudi ddng chu "Son ng chii Nam qua dao han..." tren gily viet tay dS ngay "20/8"
ky hieu A2 vdi cac con sd cdn lai tren ciing tai lieu la khdng do cimg mdt ngudi viet ra).
Thu hai, viec xae dinh chinh xae sd tiln ng gdc rat quan trgng, la co sd eho viec chap nhan hay khdng chap nhan yeu clu ciia nguyen don ve tra ng gde, ddng thdi, edn la ca sd de xic dinh ehinh xac tien lai.
Vi vay, trong eic vu an, bi don eho rang giay nhan ng do nguyen don xuat trinh khdng phai la hgp ddng vay ban dau ma la giay chdt ng, trong do bao gdm tien gdc va tien lai chua tra nhap vao khi chdt ng (thye te thudng la nhiing vu an cho vay n ^ g lai), trong trudng hgp nay, KSV can nghien ciiu tai lieu, chimg cii lam ro cac ndi dung nhu cac khoin vay dugc tdng hgp trong giay chdt ng gdm nhiing khoan vay nao, thdi gian vay, vay cd ky ban hay khdng cd ky han; sd tien ng gde, sd tien lai hai ben tinh toan khi chdt ng cu the ddi vdi timg khoan vay nhu thi nao, trong do lai tren ng gdc trong han la bao nhieu de xae dinh sd tien ng goe, tien lai tren ng gde trong ban vi tien lai tren ng gdc qua ban.
Thir ba, KSV phai chii y nghTa vy ehiing minh thude ben dua ra sy kien. Vi du, A ddi ng B thi A phai chiing minh cd viec eho B vay. Neu B khai rang B da tra ng cho A thi nghia vy chiing minh viec da tra ng la nghTa vu ciia B. Cic tai lieu cd gia trj chiing minh thudng duge thu thap la: Gily bien nhan vay tien; gily xac nhan ng (sau khi vay tien mdi viet nhung cd ndi dung xac nhan vay tien); sd ghi ng cd but tich cua ben vay the hien hp biet ndi dung ghi trong sd... Do dd, ddi vdi nhiing vy an nguyen don khdi kien yeu cau bi don tra ng va xult trinh hgp ddng vay Tap chi _KIEMSAT 1 11
tien, ed ehii ky hoae chii viet tai myc ngudi vay nhung hgp ddng khdng ed ngudi lam chiing, khdng cd cdng chiing, chiing thye; bi don khdng cd mat tai dia phuang. Trong trudng hgp niy, ngudi khdi kien phai chiing minh chii ky, chu viet trong hgp ddng dudi muc ngudi vay la chir ky eiia bi don thi mdi cd co sd budc bi don tra ng. Trong thye t l , cd mdt sd vu i n Tda an chi can cii vao giay vay do nguyen don xuat trinh de budc bi don tra ng la chua cd can cii.
Trudng hgp bi don thira nhan ed vay sd tien nhu nguyen don khdi kien nhung cho rang bi don vay tien cho ngudi khic v i nhijng ngudi dd da tra tien day du cho nguyen don nhung nguyen don khdng thira nhan thi bi don phai cd tai lieu, chiing eii chiing minh nhiing ngudi dd da tra tien cho nguydn don mdi cd co sd chap nhan.
Ddi vdi trudng hgp viee vay tien khdng ed giay bien nhan tien va khdng ed tai lieu, chiing cir n i o chiing minh bi don cd vay tien eua nguyen don; qua trinh giai quyet vy an bi don thiia nhan cdn ng nguyen dan sd tien cy the nhung it hem sd tien nguyen don khdi kien yeu cau bi don tra thi KSV can cir khoin 2 Dilu 92 BLTTDS nam 2015 quy dinh ve nhiing tinh tiet su kien khdng phai ehiing minh la sy thira nhan cua bi don d l lim can cii giai quyet vu an budc bi don tra ng cho nguyen don theo sd tiln bi don thira nhan.
Ngoii ra, KSV can luu y khi giai quyet vy i n tranh chip hgp ddng vay tai san cd thda thuan v l lai suat, lai tren ng gde qua han, lai tren ng lai qua ban "cao hon quy dinh BLDS va da tra sd tien lai vugt qua dd"
thi tai Dilu 9 Nghi quylt sd 01/2019/NQ-
HDTP ngay 11/01/2019 eua Hpi ddng Tham phan Tda i n nhan dan tdi cao (viet t i t la Nghi quylt sd 01/2019) quy dinh miic lai suat, lai tren ng gdc qua ban, lai tren ng lai qua han "vugt qua" khdng cd hieu lyc va "sd tien lai da tra vugt qua quy dinh p h i p luat duge trir vao sd tien ng gde tai thdi diem tra lai, neu trir het ng gdc ma van edn thi phii tra lai cho ben vay". Do dd, ddi vdi nhiing trudng hgp nay de xae dinh dugc chinh xac sd tien gdc ben vay edn ng, KSV phai x i c dinh sd tien lai da tra vugt qui, thdi diem thanh toan lai de trir v i o sd tien ng gdc tai thdi diem thanh toan.
3 . Cach xac dinh lai, Iai suat De x i c dinh diing lai, lai suat, khi nghien ciiu hd so vu an, KSV phii xae dinh eic ndi dung sau:
Khi nghien ciiu vu an tranh chap hgp ddng vay tai san, KSV phai xac dinh quan he vay cd ky han hay khdng cd ky ban, ed lai hay khdng cd lai, tren co sd dd xac dinh pham vi thu thap chiing cii va dieu luat ap dung phu hgp. Hgp ddng vay tai sin thudng dugc thye hien trong thdi gian dai, nhieu hgp ddng dugc xic lap trudc ngiy 01/01/2017 (ngiy bit dlu BLDS nam 2015 cd hieu luc) nen khi giii quyet viec xae dinh lai, lai suat, nhieu vy an phii ap dyng ddng thdi quy dinh ciia BLDS nam 1995, BLDS nam 2005, BLDS nam 2015, nen trong thuc te Tda an thudng vi pham trong viec i p dyng khdng diing, khdng day dii quy dinh phap luat trong viee xac dinh lai, lai suat.
3. 1. Xdc dinh cdn cuphdp lugt Thu nhdt, xac dinh hgp ddng vay tai sin khdng phai la hgp ddng tin dyng ed lai, lai I Tap chi
suat phu hgp hay khdng phu hgp vdi quy dinh BLDS nam 2015.
De xae dinh hgp ddng lai va lai suat cd phu hgp vdi quy dinh BLDS nam 2015 hay khdng phai can cii theo quy dinh tai khoin 3 Dilu 2 Nghi quylt sd 01/2019 ndi tren eua Hdi ddng Tham phan Tda an nhan dan tdi cao. Theo dd, thupe mpt trong eac trudng hgp sau thi duge eoi la lai, lai suat phli hgp vdi BLDS nam 2015:
- Miic lai suit thda thuan khdng vugt q u i lai suat gidi han quy dinh tai Dieu 468 BLDS nam 2015 (khdng vugt qua 20%/nam).
- Lai, lai suat thda thuan dugc BLDS nam 2015 quy dinh nhung khdng dugc phap luat trude ngay BLDS nam 2015 ed hieu thi hanh quy dinh.
- Lai, lai suat, dugc BLDS nam 2015 quy dinh nhung p h i p luat trudc ngay BLDS nam 2015 ed hieu luc thi hanh quy dinh khac.
Thu hai, xac dinh thdi diem xac lap hgp ddng trude ngay 01/01/2017 (ngiy bat dau BLDS nam 2015 cd hieu lyc) hay dugc xae lap k l tir ngay 01/01/2017.
a) Ddi vdi hgp ddng vay tai san khdng phii la hgp ddng tin dung duge xae lap ke tir ngay 01/01/2017 thi ap dung quy dinh v l lai, lai suat cua BLDS nam 2015 va van ban quy pham phap luat quy dinh chi tiet, hudng d i n ap dyng BLDS nam 2015 de giii quyet.
b) Ddi vdi hgp ddng vay tai san khdng phai la hgp ddng tin dyng dugc xae lap trudc ngay 01/01/2017 thi viec ap dung phap luat v l lai, lai suat xac dinh nhu sau:
Hap dong duac thuc hien xong trudc ngay 01/01/2017 ma ed tranh chip thi ap
dyng BLDS nam 2005, Nghi quylt sd 45/2005/QHll ngay 14/6/2005 ciia Qude hdi de giai quyet.
Hpp dong chua duac thuc hiin duac xdc dinh nhu sau:
+ Trudng hgp lai, lai suat khdng phii hgp vdi quy dinh cua BLDS nam 2015 thi ap dung quy dinh cua BLDS nam 2005, Nghi q u y l t sd 45/2005/QH11 ngay
14/6/2005 cua Quoc hdi ve viec thi hinh BLDS va van b i n quy pham p h i p luat quy dinh ehi tiet, hudng dan ap dyng BLDS nam 2005 de giai quyet.
+ Trudng hgp lai, lai suat phu hgp vdi quy dinh cua BLDS nam 2015 hoae khdng phu hgp vdi quy dinh cua BLDS nam 2015 nhung eac ben ed thda thuan ve viec sua ddi, bd sung ve lai, lai suat phii hgp vdi BLDS nam 2015 thi ap dung quy dinh ciia BLDS nam 2015 va van ban quy pham phap luat quy dinh chi tiet, hudng dan ap dyng BLDS nam 2015 de giai quyet.
Hpp ddng dang dupe thtre hiin duac xdc dinh nhu sau:
+ Trudng hgp lai, lai suit khdng phii hgp vdi quy dinh cua BLDS nam 2015 thi ap dung quy dinh cua BLDS nam 2005, Nghi q u y l t sd 4 5 / 2 0 0 5 / Q H l l ngay 14/6/2005 eiia Qude hdi ve viec thi hanh BLDS va van ban quy pham phap luat quy dinh ehi tiet, hudng dan ap dung BLDS nam 2005 de giai quyet.
+ Trudng hgp lai, lai suit phii hgp vdi quy dinh eua BLDS nam 2015 thi viec xac dinh lai, Iai suat duge xae dinh theo tung khoing thdi gian tuong irng vdi thdi gian ed hieu lyc cua BLDS nam 1995, BLDS nam 2005 va BLDS nam 2015. Cy thi:
Trude 01/01/2006 ap dung BLDS nam
soosnm
Tap chi _KI£MSAT I 1 3
1995; tir 01/01/2006 din 01/01/2017 ap dung BLDS nam 2005; tir 01/01/2017 din thdi diem xet xu ip dung BLDS nam 2015.
3.2. Cdch xdc dinh lai, lai sudt vd thdi gian ch(u ldi chgm trd
Viee xic dinh lai, lai suat thdng thudng dugc phan ra tren ea sd hai dang hgp ddng vay khdng cd lai va hgp ddng vay cd lai.
3.2.1. Hpp dong vay khong cd lai Doi vdi loai hgp ddng nay, ben vay khdng phai tra lai tren ng gdc trong ban.
Con lai tren ng gdc qua han duge xae dinh nhu sau:
* Trudng hgp cac ben khdng thda thuan ve viec tra lai ddi vdi ng gdc qui ban tbi giai quyet nhu sau:
+ Ddi vdi khoing thdi gian trude 01/01/2017 ngudi vay khdng phai tra lai ddi vdi ng gdc qua ban (theo quy dinh khoan 4 Dilu 471 BLDS nam 1995; khoan 4 Dilu 474 BLDS nam 2005; khoan 1 Dilu 3 vi khoan 1 Dieu 4 Nghi quyet sd 01/2019 cua Hdi ddng Tham phan Tda an nhan dan tdi cao).
Quy dinh nay rat khae vdi quy dinh ehung ve cham thuc hien nghTa vu tra tien vi Dilu 305 BLDS nam 2005 quy dinh theo hudng lai phat sinh tir viec cham tra tien ma khdng can cac ben phai cd thda thuan ve viec tri lai. Nhu vay, ed su khac biet giira hgp ddng vay (yeu cau cd thda thuan) va cae nghia vu thanh toan khac (khdng yeu cau c6 thda thuan). Day la dilu bat hgp ly ma BLDS nam 2015 da sua ddi.
+ Ddi vdi khoang thdi gian tir 01/01/2017, ngudi vay phai tri lai ddi vdi ng gde qua han theo lai suit quy dinh tai khoan 2 Dilu 468 BLDS nam 2015
(10%/nam) va dugc tinh theo cdng thiic:
Tien lai tren ng gde qui ban ehua tri = (ng gdc qua ban chua tra) x lai suit quy dinh khoin 2 Dilu 468 BLDS nam 2015 x (thdi gian cham tra ng gdc).
* Trudng hgp cac ben cd thda thuan ve viee tra lai ddi vdi ng gdc qua ban thi tiiy theo timg trudng hgp cu the de xae dinh lai, lai suat nhu sau:
+ Khoang thdi gian trudc 01/01/2006 theo quy dinh khoan 4 Dilu 471 BLDS 1995.
Tien lai tren ng gde qua ban ehua tra ^ (ng gdc qua ban chua tri) x (lai suat tiet kiem cd ky han do ngan hang nhi nude quy dinh tai thdi diem tri ng) x (thdi gian chim tra ng gde).
+ Khoang thdi gian 01/01/2006 din 01/01/2017 theo quy dinh khoan 4 Dilu 474 BLDS nam 2005.
Tien lai tren ng gdc qua han ehua tra ^ (ng gde qua ban chua tra) x (lai suat co bin do Ngan hang nha nude cdng bd tai thdi diem tra ng) x (thdi gian cham tra no gdc).
+ Khoang thdi gian tir 01/01/2017 theo quy dinh khoan 4 Dilu 476 BLDS nam 2015.
Tien lai tren ng gde qua ban chua tra ^ (ng gdc qui ban chua tra) x (lai suat theo quy dinh tai khoin 2 Dilu 468 cua BLDS nam 2015 tai thdi diem tri ng) x (thdi gian cham tra ng gdc);
Nhu vay, khi kiem sat viec giai quyet cac vu an tranh chap hgp ddng vay khdng cd lai thi dieu quan trpng la KSV phai xac dinh diing "thdi gian cham tra ng gdc".
Ddi vdi hop ddng vay cd ky ban, khdng cd lai thi viec xae dinh "thdi gian cham tra ng gdc" la ngay tiep theo lien kl eua ngay het ban nen viee xic dinh thdi gian Tap chi
cham tra don gian. Ri6ng doi vdi hgp ddng vay khdng ky ban, khdng ed lai thi thdi gian cham tra ng gde bat dau ke tir ngay tiep theo lien ke cua ngay " h i t thdi gian hgp ly" d i n n g i y xet xu so t h l m . Vi vay, trong trudng hgp nay phai xac dinh
"thdi gian hgp ly". Theo quy dinh D i l u 474 BLDS nam 1995, D i l u 477 BLDS nam 2005, D i l u 469 BLDS nam 2015 chi quy dinh: Ddi vdi hgp ddng vay khdng ky ban va khdng cd lai thi ben eho vay cd quyen ddi lai tai sin... v i o bat eu luc nao, nhimg p h i i bao trudc cho ben vay mdt thdi gian hgp ly, tru trudng hgp ed thda thuan khae, ma khdng quy dinh "thdi gian hgp ly" la bao nhieu nen de d i n d i n tiiy nghi trong xet xii.
Diem a k h o i n 3 Dieu 6 Nghj quyet sd 01/2019 quy dinh: "Thdi gian hgp ly... do Tda an can cii vao timg trudng hgp cu the de xem xet, quyet dinh nhung khdng q u i 03 thing ke tir ngay thdng bao". Vi vay, khi giai quyet vy an, KSV phai can cii vao tai lieu, chiing cii va ldi khai cua eae duong sy de xac dinh thdi diem ben cho vay thdng bao cho ben vay ve viec t r i ng;
khi thdng b i o hai ben cd thda thuan thdi gian nao p h i i t r i ng khdng? Neu hai ben cd thda thuan ve thdi gian tra ng thi khoang thdi gian dd dugc xem la thdi gian hgp ly (vi dy: N g i y 01/02/2019 thdng bao cho B ve viec B phai tra ng cho A va hai ben thda thuan sau 01 thing ke tir thdi d i l m thdng b i o B se t r i ng cho A. Trudng hgp nay, thdi gian hgp ly dugc x i c dinh l i 01 thing k l tir ngay 01/02/2019 d i n n g i y 01/3/2019 v i k l ngay 02/3/2019 dugc xac djnh la ngay cham t r i ng gdc). Cdn ddi vdi trudng hgp hai ben khdng thda thuan
gi thi tuy trudng hgp khi phat bieu quan diem giai quyet vy an, KSV d l xult thdi gian hgp ly nhimg khdng dugc q u i 03 thing theo quy dinh vien d i n tren.
3.2.2. Hpp ddng vc^ cd ldi
Hgp ddng vay cd lai la hgp ddng ed thda thu^n ve t r i lai. Lai bao gdm lai tren ng gdc trong han chua tri, lai tren ng gdc q u i h^n ehua t r i v i lai tren ng lai. Tuy nhien, tuy vao ndi dung tung vy i n cu th6, tren c a sd ndi dung yeu cau ciia nguyen don; thdi diem ky ket hgp ddng; ndi dung cac ben thda thuan ve Iai, lai suit de ap dyng eac quy dinh cua BLDS nam 1995, BLDS nam 2005, BLDS nam 2015 va Nghi quyet sd 01/2009 xac dinh lai, lai suat, cu the nhu sau:
* Trudng hgp i p dung BLDS nam 1995:
- Lai tren ng gde trong ban chua tra theo lai suat thda thuan nhung khdng dugc vugt q u i 50% cua lai suit cao nhat do Ngan hang nha nude quy dinh ddi vdi loai eho vay tuong ung tai thdi diem xae Igp hgp ddng tuong iing vdi thdi gian vay chua tra lai. Trudng hgp eic ben khdng x i c dinh ro lai suit thi ap dyng lai suit tiet kiem cd ky ban do Ngan hang nha nude quy dinh tai thdi diem tra ng.
Tien lai tren ng gdc trong ban chua tra - (ng gdc chua tri) x (lai suat theo thda thuan) hoae (lai suit tiet kiem ed ky ban do Ngan hang nha nude quy dinh tai thdi diem t r i ng) x (thdi gian vay chua t r i lai).
- Lai tren ng gdc qua ban chua t r i theo lai suat tiet kiem ed ky ban do Ngan hang nha nude quy dinh tai thdi diem tra ng tuong ling vdi thdi gian cham tra.
Tien lai tren ng gde q u i ban chua tra = (ng gdc qua han chua tra) x (lai suit tiet
So 05/2020
Tap chi .KIEM SAT I 1 5
kiem cd ky ban do Ngin hang nha nude quy dinh tai thdi diem tri ng) x (thdi gian ehim tra ng gde).
* Trudng hgp ip dung BLDS nam 2005:
- Lai tren ng gde trong ban chua tri theo lai suit thda thuan nhung khdng vugt qua 150% lai suit ea bin do Ngan hang nha nude cdng bd tai thdi dilm xic lap hgp ddng tuong iing vdi thdi gian vay chua tri lai. Trudng hgp cae ben khdng xae dinh ro lai suat thi ap dung lai suit co ban do Ngin hang nha nude cdng bd tai thdi didm tra ng.
Tien lai tren ng gdc trong ban chua tra
= (ng gde ehua tri) x (lai suit theo thda thuan hoae Iai suat eo bin do Ngan hang nhi nude cdng bd tai thdi diem xac lap hgp ddng) x (thdi gian vay chua tra lai tren ng gde).
- Lai tren ng gde qua ban chua tri theo lai suit CO ban do Ngin hang nha nude cdng bd tai thdi diem tri ng tuong img vdi thdi gian cham tra.
Tien lai tren ng gdc qua han chua tra
= (ng gdc qua han chua tra) x (lai suat CO ban do Ngan hing nha nude cdng bd tai thdi dilm tra ng) x (thdi gian cham tra ng gdc).
* Trudng hgp ap dyng BLDS nam 2015:
- Lai tren ng gdc trong han chua tra theo Iai suit thda thuan nhung khdng vugt qua miic lai suat quy dinh tai khoan 1 Dilu 468 ciia BLDS nam 2015 tuong iing vdi thdi han vay ehua tra lai tren ng gdc tai thdi diem xac lap hgp ddng. Trudng hgp cae ben ed thda thuan ve viec tri lai nhung khdng xic dinh ro lai suat vi cd tranh chip thi lai suit dugc xac dinh bang 50% mirc Iai suit gidi han quy dinh tai
khoan 1 Dilu 468 cua BLDS nam 2015 tai thdi dilm tra ng.
Tien lai tren ng gde trong ban chua tra
= (ng gdc chua tra) x (lai suit theo thda thuan hoae 50% miic lai suit gidi ban quy dinh tai khoin 1 Dieu 468 cua BLDS nam 2015 tai thdi dilm tri ng) x (thdi gian vay chua tra lai tren ng gde).
- Trudng hgp cham tri lai tren ng gdc trong ban thi cdn phai tra lai tren ng lai theo miic lai suat quy dinh tai khoin 2 Dieu 468 eua BLDS nam 2015 tai thdi diem tri ng tuong iing vdi thdi gian cham tra tiln lai tren ng gdc, tru trudng hgp cd thda thuan khac.
Tiln Iai tren ng Iai ehua tra ^ (ng Iai chua tra) x (Iai suat quy dinh tai khoan 2 Dilu 468 cua BLDS nam 2015 tai thdi diem tra ng) x (thdi gian cham tra tien Iai tren ng gdc).
- Lai tren ng gde qua han chua tra bang 150% miic lai suat vay do cac ben thda thuan trong hgp ddng tuong iing vdi thdi gian cham tra, trir trudng hgp ed thda thuan khac. Miic lai suat tren ng gdc qua ban do cac ben thda thuan khdng dugc vugt qua 150% miie Iai suat quy dinh tai khoan 1 Dilu 468 BLDS nam 2015.
Tien lai tren ng gdc qua han chua tra = (ng gdc qui ban chua tra) x (lai suat do cac ben thda thuan hoae 150% lai suat vay do cae ben thda thuan) x (thdi gian cham tri ng gdc).
* Mot so ndi dung Kiim sdt vien cdn luu y:
Theo quy dinh cua BLDS thi lai, Iai suit cac ben thda thuan khdng dugc vugt qui muc lai suit gidi ban ma BLDS quy dinh (BLDS nam 1995 quy dinh khdng I Tap chi
CONC TAC KIEM SAT duge vugt qua 50%) lai suit cao nhlt do
Ngin hang nha nude quy dinh ddi vdi loai cho vay tuong iing tai thdi dilm xac lap hgp ddng; BLDS nam 2005 quy dinh khdng dugc vugt qui 150%. lai suit ea bin do Ngan hing nha nude edng bd tai thdi diem xae lip hop ddng; BLDS nam 2015 quy dinh khdng dugc vugt qua 20%/nam va lai tren ng gdc qua ban khdng dugc vugt qua 30%./nam). Trudng hgp cac ben thda thuan lai suit, lai tren ng gdc qua h ^ , lai tren ng lai qua han "vugt qui" lai suit gidi ban theo quy dinh BLDS nam 2015 thi miic lai suit vugt qua khdng cd hieu lue nen trong trudng hgp nay chi dugc chap nhin miic lai suit eao nhlt BLDS nam 2015 eho phep (quy dinh Dilu 9 Nghi quylt sd 01/2019).
Vi du: Hai ben ky ket hgp ddng vay ngiy 01/01/2018, thda thuan lai suit trong han va lai suit qua han 36%/nam. Theo quy dinh ciia BLDS nam 2015 thi Iai suat trong han chi dugc chip nhan 20%/nam;
lai qua ban chi dugc chip nhin theo lai suat 30%/nam.
- Trudng hgp cac ben ed thda thuan ve viec tri lai, nhung khdng xac dinh ro lai suit hoae cd tranh chap ve lai suit thi ap dyng lai suit theo quy dinh BLDS (BLDS nam 1995 quy dinh ip dyng lai suat tiet kiem cd ky han do Ngin hang nha nude quy dinh tai thdi diem tra ng, BLDS nam 2005 quy dinh ap dyng lai suit eo ban Ngan hing nha nude tai thdi diem tra ng, BLDS nam 2015 quy dinh 10%/nam).
- Theo quy dinh cua BLDS nam 1995, BLDS nam 2005 va khoin 3 Dilu 3, khoan 3 Dilu 4 Nghi quylt sd 01/2019 ndi tren thi ehi duge tinh "lai tren ng gdc
cham tra", khdng dugc tinh "lai tren ng lai chua tra" (lai chdng lai), cdn BLDS nam 2015 (diem a khoan 5 Dilu 466) quy dinh neu ngudi vay chgm tra "lai tren ng gdc trong hgn" thi phai tra lai tren ng lai. Do do, de xae dinh tien lai, KSV phai xic dinh chinh xac sd tien ng gdc; sd tien ng lai (trong dd tien lai tren ng gdc trong ban bao nhieu; lai tren ng gde qui han bao nhieu).
- Quyen tu dinh doat cua ngudi cd quyen: Hgp ddng vay tai sin, hai ben cd thda thugn ve lai, lai suit hoae hai ben khdng thda thuan nhung ben eho vay cd quyen yeu eiu tra lai (ddi vdi lai tren ng gde qua han theo quy dinh khoan 4 Dieu 466 BLDS nam 2015). Qua ttinh giai quylt nguyen don (ngudi cd quyen) yeu eau miie eao hon lai, lai suit da thda thuin hoae phap luat quy dinh thi khdng chap nhan;
neu ben cd quyen yeu eau miic Iai, lai suit thap hon mire da thda thuin hoae quy dinh cua phap luat thi day la tdn ttgng quyen dinh doat cua ngudi c6 quyen va cd lgi eho ben cd nghTa vy nen yeu eiu nay dugc chap nhan.
- Ddi vdi nhiing hgp ddng vay tai san, ngudi vay chet nhung chua thye hien day du nghia vy theo hgp ddng thi ngudi cho vay cd quyen khdi kien yeu eiu ngudi thira ke thye hien nghTa vu cua ngudi chet de lai nhung trong trudng hgp nay neu ed yeu eiu thanh toan tien lai thi ehi dugc tinh Iai den thdi diem ngudi vay chet chii khdng phai tinh den thdi diem xet xu vi theo khoan 3 Dieu 422 BLDS nam 2015 quy dinh " Hgp ddng cham diit trong trudng hgp ca nhan giao ket hgp ddng chef'.n
Tap chi
^KIEMSAT I 1 7
