NGHIEN CUU & UNG DUNG
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LOI THE SU DUNG THANH NGU TUG NGU DAY HOC
KIEN T H O C SO S A N H TRONG CHUONG T R I N H TIENG VIET TIEU HOC
ThS. Huynh Kim TUdng VI Trudng DH Bong Thdp SUMMARY
Idioms and Proverbs are the words that the most concentrated Vietnamese's images utilization. Image systems are used copiously along the human's livelihood, and all of them are originatedf'om realistic livelihood of Vietnam coimtry. Comparative idioms and proverbs not only present vivid lively talk, presentation ways naturally and easily to understand but also rich of imagery, rich of comparative and very rhythmic of the workers. Because of that comparative functions of idioms and proverbs are ideal data sources for languages materials or developing exercise systems of comparative knowledge in primary school Vietnamese programs.
Keywords: Advantage, idioms and proverbs, comparative, Vietnamese, primary.
Ngdy nhfut bdi: 15/7/2014; Ngify duyp Mng: 30/7/2014.
Thanh ngft tyc ngft CTNTN) chfta rit nhilu hifn a. Hmh ddng: HIU nhu cdc phuong difn ngogi tupng ngdn ngft md chuong trinh dgy hpc Tilng Vift hinh cfta con ngudi diu cd trong TNTN so sdnh. Vi ndi chung, phdn mdn Luyfn tft vd cdu ndi rigng d tilu dy: beo {beo nhu chim ra rdng, beo trdn nhu cdi xay), hpc phdi cung d p cho hpe sinh. TNTN cd chiia tft gly (gdy nhu con mam, gdy nhu cdi huang...), cao dong nghia, tft trdi ngMa, tft dong am, tft Idy, phep In {cao nhu sdo dimg, cao nhu hgc thd...), thdp {thdp dy, hodn dy, nhan hod... Dde bift cd rit nhilu TNTN nhu vit) hode Iftn {lim nhu cdy nam rg), leo kheo nhu chura hifn tupng so sdnh. TNTN so sdnh Id noi tgp cd huang, ldi thdi nhucd trdi sd rugt,...
trung cao nhit each sft dyng hmh dnh cfta ngudi Vift *. Phdm chdt: Trong cupc song cd bao nhieu Hf tiling hmh dnh khd phong phft da dgng tiieo cdc hgng ngudi, moi hgng ngudi cd nhung phim chit nao phuang difn cfta ddi sdng. Tit cd diu xuit phat tft hifn co ban, tit cd diu di vdo TNSS, do cd thi Id net ddng tiiyc ddi sdng cfta dit nude Vift Nam. TNTN so sdnh yeu ddng quy nhu: hiin nhu cyc dot, lanh nhu cu cdn till hifn sinh dfng each ndi mfc mge de hiiu giau Idtoai, khdn nhu mgi.... Tuy nhien, nhflng dii.c dilm hinh dnh, gidu vi von vd rit nhip nhdng cua ngudi lao khdng tich eyre dupe dl cgp din nhilu hon. Vi dy: de dpng. Chinh vi till cac hmh dnh so sdnh trong TNTN nhu cd sdu vung Gdm, dc nhu him, bgc nhu rgn, dir la nguon tu lifu ly tudng dl dftng lam ngft lifu hay xay nhu cgp, lgt lgng nhu trd bdn tay, da nghi nhu Too dyng hf tiiong bdi tgp dgy vl kiln tiiftc so sdnh trong Thdo, ddt nhu bd. ngu nhu bd vyc khdng thdnh, lam chuang trinh Tilng Vift d Tilu hpc. cdm nhu xdm di dudng cong,... Vd hai phdm chit
Sy phong phft cua hinh dnh trong TNTN cd co bdn nhat Id d?p vd xiu dupe chft y, nhin mgnh chfta hifn tupng so sdnh: d?p nhu Hdng Ngg d^p nhu tiin, d?p nhucd tip kho 1. TNTN so sdnh mieu ta nhihig d0c diem tuang, d^p nhu tranh, xau nhu cu, xdu nhu khi, xau tinh chit cua con ngudi "^"" ^^ ^^ ^^ '"^ ^^'"' ^"^''''"' ^^'""'' ^^" ^^
Hf thing cdc tinh chit dupe gpi tfn trong tiianh ma nhd, xdu nhu Thi Nd.
ngft khd diy dft va phong phft tft hinh dang (H bdng c Cam gide thf gide: Han bit cu gidc quan ndo, con kiin, gk. nhu cd rd dye...) din mau sdc {den con mdt binh tiiudng cfta moi cd nhan tilp xuc tryc nhu cu sung, trdng nhu ngd...), tft phim chit cy till tilp vdi till ^ d i tiiudng xuyen, lien tyc, de dang md {bgc nhu rgn, Idnh nhu cu khoai...) dkn phim chit khdng d n dilu kifn gi, ngogi trft dnh sang. Chinh vj khdi quat {ds^ nhu tranh td nir. xdu nhu ma chdn ma lg dd, TNTN so sdnh dgng riay kha phong phu. Cd till yj^j- \ la tic dp nhanh nhu tin bdn hode chgm nhu sen, cd
Tren dgi thi, cd thi thiy thdnh ngft so sanh ±k la. m^dQ chgt nhu nim, ddy nhu nem cdi, san sdt (TNSS) migu td nhflng dde dilm tinh chit cfta con nhu bdt iip, chdng chft nhu mgng nhfn, cd till la dp ngudi nhu: kit tinh ddng nhu tiit, ndt nhu cdm, hode la bl mdt
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NGHIEN CUU & LTNG DUNGnhdn nhu mgt hdphii hay thdng nhu ke chi, cd thi Id kich thudc ddy nhu mo nang hode mdng nhu Id lua, cd thi la dp sgeh bin khde nhau: sgeh nhu lau nhu li, bdn nhu trdu ddm, Idm nhu trdu vui,... Ben cgnh dd Cling cd rit nhilu TNTN chi mdu sdc xanh nhu tdu Id, tdi xanh nhu chdm do,...
d. Cdm gidc vi gidc: cay han dn dt, cay nhu dt, ddng nhu nggm boMn, ddng nhu mgt cd me, chua nhu gidm, chua nhu gidm thanh, chua nhu me, chua nhu cirt meo, cimg nhu dd, cung nhu sdt, cung nhu thep, dai nhu bd ddi, dai nhu chdo, dai nhu dia, dai nhu dia ddi, nggt nhu dudng, nggt nhu dudng phen, nggt nhu mia lui, nggt nhu nude dudng, nhgt nhu cdn ndu suong, nhgt nhu nude ao beo, nhgt nhu nude miing, nhgt nhu nude 6c,...
e. Cdm gidc xdc gide: Hifn tupng lly cdm gide xfte giac lam cdi dupe §o sdnh khd phi biln. Vi dy:
dinh nhu keo, lip nhu trdu, mdt nhu ru, bdy nhdy nhu thit bung, nhiin nhu con chi chi, em nhu nhung, em nhu ru, rdnh rdnh nhu canh ndu h?, rdnh rdnh nhu hdnh ndu thit, oai odi nhu phu khda xin cam, do do nhu ao ldng Vgng, ld xd nhu ngd vd tdu, phi phd nhu keo bi, lgp bgp nhu gd md mo,...
2. TNTN so sanh mieu ta hogt dfng cua con ngudi
a. Ndi nang: Ndi ndng Id hogt dfng dde trung ehi cd d con ngudi, vi dy: ndi nhu bdc bdnh, ndi nhu chd cdn ma, ndi nhu se cira xe nhd, ndi nhu tdt nude be,...
b. Di chuyin: Trong TNTN so sanh cd cdc dgng di chuyin khde nhau, vi dy: ngdi im nhu tugng phong, ngdi ngdy nhu thgn, ngdi nhu La Hdn, dimg im nhu phdng, dung ngdy nhu phdng dye, loanh quanh nhu
chd ndm chdi, loanh quanh nhu thdy mil dgn cudi, di nhu nude chdy, di nhu di chg, chgy nhanh nhu ngya trgm,...
c Cur chi va thdi dg: Ddnh nhu dgp ddt, ddnh nhu ddn thit, ddnh nhu tdo do mgt mam, ngoe ngudy nhu cua gay cdng, ngoe ngudy nhu d hdng tdm, gidy len nhu phdi td kiin, gidy lin nhu bi ong chdm, khde nhu mua nhu gid, khde nhu cha chit, cuoi nhu bd ddi tdm tdn, cudi nhu dudi uai giir dng, cudi nhugdu say mgt ong, cudi nhu khi duge mua ngd,...
Cd nhdm cdc TNTN mieu td thdi df vd each nhin cfta con ngudi vdi chinh eon ngudi nhu: coi miing dn nhu cdi tdn cdi tdn, coi ngudi nhu ram nhu rac, coi ngudi bdng nira con mdt, coi ngudi
nhu me, coi vdng bgc nhu ddt biin, coi vg gid nhu chd ndm nhd gde,...
d. Hogt dgng tri de: cd logi 2 hogt dfng nhd vd thuge. Cd hai dpng tft diu Id tft da nghia, nhung trong TNTN so sdnh, nhd khdng phdi Id trgng thdi bilu hifn tinh cam, nd chi cd nghia Id khd ndng ghi nhd vd cd thi tdi hifn {nhd nhu in, nhd nhu chdn vdo rugt), cdn thuge vfta cd nghia Id ghi nhd trong dc c6 thi nhdc lgi de ddng {thuge nhu chdo chdy, thuge nhu vdn sdch, thuge nhu chdo) vfta cd nghia la hiiu, biet tudng tgn {thuge nhu thd cdng thuge bip, thuge nhu long bdn tay).
3. TNTN so sdnh mieu td nhirng trgng thdi cua con ngudi
Trgng thdi cfta con ngudi: dau nhu dao cua, dau han hogn, dau nhu ddn, nhdo nhdc nhu gd lgc m^, nhdo nhdc nhu gd phdi cdo, xoi xdi nhu thdy boi dam hdnh, xoi xdi nhu thdy bdi muc canh, len let nhu chugt ngdy, len let nhu rdn mirng nam, dau nhu cdt, dau nhuxe, lung tung nhu cd vdo rg, lung timg nhu ich vdo rgp xiic, lgt dgt nhu xa vgt dng vdi, lgt dgt nhu ma vgt dng vdi, lgt dgt nhu ma vgt bd bdng, bd ngd nhu rg vi ddng bdng, dung dimg nhu bdnh chung ngdy tit, co ro nhu cd thdng tdm, co ro nhu mo phdi ndng, dung dinh nhu chinh trdi song, lao xao
\ 9 9
nhu bd chao be 6,...
4. TNSS mieu ta con ngudi - bf phgn cua ccr thi ngudi
a. Khudn m$t
+ Dudng net khudn mdt: mdt ben b^t nhu bdnh ddy, mgt chodt nhu hai ngdn toy bdt cheo, mgt rd nhu td ong bau,...
+ Thdi df khd chiu, bye dpc thi hifn trfn guang mdt: mgt nhdn nhu khi dn rude, mgt ngng nhu dd deo,...
+ Sy dd din ngdy ngd: mgt ngay nhu cdn thudng, mgt ngdy nhu ngdng ia,...
+ Thai dp sp sft: mgt tdi nhu gd mdi chd doi, mgt vdng nhu nghf, mgt xanh nhu dit nhdi....
+ Khudn mdt khd tgo thifn cdm: mgt tra nhu mgt thdt, mgt rdn nhu sdnh,...
b. Cae bg ph^n khde eua ea thi ngudi: byng a nhu ruang lgc chia, byng trdn nhu vgi nhiit, chdn nhu dng ddng, chdn nhu dng sgy, cd mdt nhu khdng, con nhu ngd nhu khoai, cd ngdng nhu cd cd, ddu nhu coi chdy mdy, ddu nhue nhu biia bd, ddu to han gidnh, long dau nhu dao cdt, lung ddi nhu chd liim cdi,...
TAP CHf T H I ^ B| GlAO DMC- Sd 108 ^ 8/2014
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5. TNTN so sdnh nuiu ta s^ v^ hign tugng Cdc sy vgt: chir nhu gd bdi, thuyin nhu Id tre, muoi nhu trdu trdt, dm nhu chdi tiia, dai nhu chao, ddy nhu nem cdi, dinh nhu keo, dau nhu dao eug ddu nhu cdi chdy mdy, ddu to han gidnh, ddu nhirc nhu bda bd, den nhu bd hdng. den kit nhu dit noi, den nhu egt nhd chdy,...
Cdc hifn tupng ty nhien: mua nhu cdmvd md trdt. mua nhu chan nhu tnit. mua nhu do nude, mua nhu triit nicdc, ndng nhu do lug ndng nhu thieu, ndng nhu thiiu nhu dot, chgy nhanh nhu gid, chi nhu san. tiin nhu phong, coi vdng bgc nhu ddt bim, eiia nhu nude, cimg nhu dd, cimg nhu sdt, cung nhu thep, ddi nhu song, ddng lin nhu nude thuy triiu, ddng lin nhu vii bao, ddy len nhu vU bao,...
6. TNTN so sdnh chua cdc hinh anh lien quan khde
Trong TNTN so sdnh, cdch hinh dnh dupe so sanh cung rit phong phft, nhu:
Hmh dnh cdc con vgt: dc nhu beo, dc nhu ed sdu Viing Gdm, do do nhu ong vd td, dn nhu meo, dn nhu bd ngdn cd, dn nhu rdng cudn, be bdng con kiin, beo nhu trdu truang. byng nhu byng cd ede. budn nhu chdu edn, eao nhu siu, edm nhu hin, chgy nhu chugt.
chgy nhu vit, cdng nhu edng da trdng. cim nhu bd ddi tdm tdn. dai nhu dig ddt nhu bd. dir nhu beo, dir nhu cgp, den nhu qug gan nhu cdc tia, gay nhu cd rd dye, hdi nhu cd, im nhu hin,...
Hinh dnh cdc dd vgt quen thupc: be bdng cdi kim. beo nhu bd sdt cgp, beo trdn nhu cdi xay, cdng nhu mgt trdng, chgy nhu den eii, chgt nhu nem cdi, chdng chdnh nhu ndn khdng quai. dau nhu dao cira, den nhu long chdo, khd nhu ngdi, la nga ldo ngdo nhu gdo muc ddu, mgt ngay nhu cdn thudng, mdng nhu td gidy, ngng nhu ciim, nhanh nhu tin bdn,...
Hinh dnh lien quan den cac lodi thyc vgt: bdn nhu vai trdu. budn nhu hoa bi budi chiiu, cay nku at. cdm nhu thdc, ehay rgn nhu sung chit nhu rg ehuyfn gidn nhu bdp rang, eon nhu ngd nhu khom, dgc nhu bi, do nhu hoa vdng, gdy nhu edi que, hiin nhu cii khoai, im nhu thdc, lanh nhu cii khoai, mgt nhan nhu qud tdo tdu, mdng nhu Id lua, nhimg nhdng nhu cua ram, rdch nhuxa mudp, rdch nhu tdu chuoi khd, re nhu beo,...
Huih dnh lidn quan din ddi song tam linh tm ngudng: dn khoe nhu thdn triing, dn nhu Thuy Ti ddnh vyc, bo bo nhu than giii: ciia, eao nhu hgc tha.
chgy nhu ma duoi, chdp chdi nhu thdy bdi ciing thdnh, d^p nhu tiin, duoi nhu duoi td, dimg nhu but mge, khu Idtu nhu dng tir giir odn, lam ram nhu thcfy bdi nhdm que, lir dir nhu dng tir vdo din. mdt nhu mdt th^ bdi....
* Ngodi ra, cdn cd rit nhieu TNTN so sdnh dgng khdng cd vg so sdnh, nhir nhu bdc vdi ddu, nhu budm duge gid, nhu ed cdn cdu, nhu cd gap nude, nhu cd nam trin thdi, nhu cd vdi nude, nhu cdt sdng Hdng, nhu cgp chim non, nhu cdy ben re, nhu cdy liin cdnh, nhu chdn vdi toy, nhu chim liin cdnh, nhu chim sd ldng, nhu chim san eg nhu chd thdng bdy, nhu chd vdi meo, nhu chudi chin cdy, nhu con thiiu than, nhu con bd gdy ggp bdi cd non. nhu cd dugc gid. nhu cd long edng, nlur cam bira. nhu dao dm cdt thit byng nhu ddm phdi lira, nhu diiu dugc gid, nhu dgi gdo nude Ignh, nhu ddm bi bdng, nhu ddi diia lfch, nhu doa cd ddi, nhu gd mdt m^, nhu guam treo sgi tdc, nhu hgn mong mug nhu hinh vdi bdng, nhu keo vdi son, nhu lain dot dit, nhu khi mge do ti, nhu mgt trdng mgt trdi, nhu mudi bd bi, nhu ndng ddu m? chdng, nhu ndng hgn g^ mua rao, nhu nghin cdn treo sgi tdc,...
1. Kit lugn
TNTN sft dyng hmh anh so sdnh hit sire phong phft. Nhflng hinh dnh dd viia gin gui quen thupc vfta dpc ddo hip dan vd mang mdu sdc dan tfc dgm da. Vl thi, khi sft dyng TNTN so sdnh vdo dgy Tilng Vift d Tilu hpc, ngodi vifc cung d p tri thftc vl phep so sanh cdn giup HS phat hifn dupe nhilu dilu li thft vl ddt nude vd eon ngudi Vift Nam. Cd thi ndi TNTN Id mpt ngft lifu hit sftc ly tudng dk dgy hpc Tilng Vift ndi chung, dgy hpc tri thuc vl so sdnh ndi rieng d Tilu hpc.
Tai lifu tham khao
1. Chu Thi Thfty An (chu bien), Chu Thi Ha Thanh (2009). Dgy hge luyfn tit vd edu a Tiiu hgc.
NXB Giao dye Vift Nam.
2. NgiQ^en Lan (2014). Tir diin thdnh ngir vd tyc ngir Vift Nam. NXB Vdn hpc. Ha Npi.
3. Do Thi Kim Lien (2006). Tyc ngir Vift Nam dudi gde nhin ngir nghta - ngir dyng. NXB DH Qudc giaHdNpL
4. Le Phuong Nga (chu bien) (2012). Phuang phdp dgy hge Tiing Vift a Tiiu hge (tgp 1, 2). NXB
Dgi hpc su phgm Ha Npi.
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