Kinh nghiem phat trien hg?p tac xa
tai bang Quebec, Canada
PGS, TS. NGUYEN MINH TO Vy tri/dng Vu H0p tac xa. Bo Ke hogch va Dau tU VO THI KIM SA - Dieu phoi vien Chffclng trinh Socodevi
Thang 12 nam 2011, theo Idi mdi ciia Socodevi, dai dipn Vu Htjfp tac xa, Bp Ke hoach va D^u trf cung cac dai hidu cua Lidn minh Hpfp tac xa (HTX) Vipt Nam va Uy ban Kinh td Qud'c hpi cd chuydn tham quan, tim hieu ve phong trao HTX tai Quebec, Canada. Qua didn dan Tap chi Kinh td va Drf bao, chung tdi xin drfpic chia se kdt qua cupc vidng thdm nay cung quy ddc gia.
Vai net ve vai trd, vi tri cua hdp tac xa tai bang Quebec
Theo ffdc tinh cua Lien minh HTX qud'c td, 40% dan so' Canada diam gia HTX. Nam 2010, dan sd cua Canada la 34,3 trieu ngffdi vd cd hdn 18 trieu xa vien (mdt ngffdi cd the tham gia nhieu HTX). Hien Canada cd khodng 9.000 HTX va td chffc hdp tdc, tao 165.000 viec 1dm va tdng tdi sdn khodng 252 ty
$ (CAD). Nam 2010, tdng doanh thu cua cdc HTX dat khoang 27 ty
$ (CAD). Canada cd hai td chffc thdnh vien cua Lien minh HTX qudc td ICA (ICA dffdc thanh lap nam 1895, hien cd 241 td chffc thanh vien cua 90 nffdc) Id Lien minh HTX Canada (Canadian Cooperative Association) dai dien cho cdc HTX stf dung Anh ngff vd Hpi ddng Canada ve hdp tdc vd tffdng ho (Conseil canadien de la cooperation et de la mutualite) dai dien cho cpng ddng Phdp ngff.
Quebec la bang Idn nha't cua Canada vdi dien tich gan 1,5 trieu km^, rpng hdn 5 lan lanh thd Viet Nam. Dan so' bang Quebec khoang 7,8 trieu ngffdi, trong do 80% tap trung d cdc trung tam do thf nam dpc theo sdng Saint- Laurc't. O Quebec hien cd 3.300
HTX vd cdng ty bdo hiem tffdng hd, chidm khoang 40% tdng sd' HTX d Canada. Ve sd Iffdng xa vien, cdc HTX d Quebec thu hut khodng 8,8 trieu xa vien so vdi tdng so' 18 trieu xa vien cua Canada. 8,8 trieu xa vien trong 7,8 trieu dan ddng nghia la mpt ngffdi dan cd the tham gia nhieu HTX. Khu vffc HTX tao viec lam cho 92.000 ngan lao dpng, cd tdng
tai san 173 ty $ (CAD) vd ndm 2010 tao dffdc 25,6 ty $ (CAD) doanh thu.
O Canada, nhffng HTX dau tien dffdi hinh thffc td chffc bao hiem tffdng hd dffdc thanh lap vdo giffa the ky XIX. HTX tin dung va tidt kiem dau tien tai Quebec dffdc Cha Desjardins thdnh lap vdo ndm 1900. Tidp dd nhieu loai hinh HTX khdc lan
C aonse/7 canadien
^ de la cooperation et de la mutualite
! 53
NHiN RA THE QICJl
Iffdt dffdc ra ddi, nhff HTX ndng nghiep (1910), HTX thffc pha'm (1930)...
HTX hdp thanh mdt khu vffe kinh le (thanh phiin kinh le) nit quan trpng cua Canada ben canh khu vffc tff nhan vii khu \ ffc edng (nha nffdc). Ba khu \ ii'e niiy giin kel chiil che \di nhau. Khu vii'e kinh le edng lao ra hang hda. dich vu cdng edng quan Irong li;io dam
"cupe sdng eting nhau" eiia nhiin dan. eiii thien dieu kien sdng cho mpi ngffdi dan. Khu vffc kinh id Iff nhan tao ra hang hda. dich vu vdi muc dich tdi da hoa ldi ich ea nhan. tdi da hda ldi nhuan iff vdn tff ban tai chinh. Khu vffc kinh le HTX lao ra hiing hda, dich vu chung \di mue dich tao phuc Idi cho eae thanh vien ciia minh.
phil bdp \di muc lieu chung ciia td chffc HTX. Nhff vay. khu vffc HTX Id mdt the chd cung ddng banh \di kinh id thi trffdng vd kinh td nhd nffdc, la khu vffc thff 3 khdng the thidu. nham bdo ddm xa hdi phdt trien hdi hda, ben vffng ca ve kinh td, xa hdi, van hda va chinh trj.
Npi dung cd't Idi cua Ludt Hdp tac xd Quebec
Canada cdng nhan vd de cao 7 nguyen tac HTX do Lien minh HTX qudc td khuyen nghj, qudn triet day dii vd chuyen tdi chung vdo Luat HTX vd cudc sd'ng. Luat HTX khdc biet bin vdi Ludt cdng ty, Luat ve Hpi, tao mdi trffdng phdp ly phu hdp de phat trien HTX dich thffc, khdng phdt trien HTX mang tinh hinh thffc, mdu me, gid tao. Cd qud'c gia cd tdi 35.000 HTX, chi cd khoang 5.000 HTX dich thffc.
Luat HTX ludn dffdc xem xet vd dieu chinh de tao hdnh lang phdp ly thuan ldi cho sff ra ddi vd phdt trien ciia HTX. Luat cd nhffng quy djnh chung, ddng thdi cd nhffng quy djnh rieng cho tffng loai hinh HTX nhff: HTX cua ngffdi san xua't, HTX cua ngffdi tieu dung, HTX cua ngffdi lao dpng... Luat HTX xdc dinh rd chffc nang dja vi phdp ly, quyen va nghia vu cua HTX, ciia lien
doan HTX, ctia xa vien, thdnh vien, bdo ddm khung phdp luat eho xa vien, chff khdng phdi cho ngifdi him luiit hay cdc id chffc khiic; Uuiii thu ddn gidn hda thii luc hanh chinh.
Vdv HTX Id gi? Theo tff tffdng HTX va Iheo Luiil HTX eua Bang, ihi HTX la id chffc cua nhieu ca nhan (iff hai ngffdi trd len, trong khi edng ly ed the eh? can 01 ngffdi) thiinh hip nt'-n nham ddp ffng nhu eau chung ve kinh td, van hda, xa bdi eiia minh. De dap ffng nhu e;iu chung dd, HTX buy ddng vdn gdp cua xa vien vii lien banh hoat ddng kinh doanh. Nhff Viiy, ddi viii HTX. nhu eau chung eua xa vien vd mue lieu ddp ffng nhu eiiu chung la cai ed trffdc, vd vice huy ddng vdn (tffc tdi chinh) Id eai ed sau, la phffdng tien de HTX dat muc lieu. Vdi tdn ch?
ddp ffng nhu eiiu chung cua xa vien chff khdng phdi kinh doanh vdn, HTX Id td chffc ddi nhan, chff khdng phdi dd'i vdn.
Nhffng ngffdi .soan thdo Luat HTX nhan manh, can phai hie'u rd ban chat ciia td chffc HTX, sff khdc biet cua nd vdi cdng ty de chuyen tdi vdo cdc dieu khodn cua Luat HTX. HTX dffdc thdnh lap de ddp ffng nhu cau cua xa vien, nen chac chan xa vien can phai sff dung djch vu ciia HTX. Giffa xa vien vdi HTX cd mdi quan he rat diic biet: xa vien vffa Id ngffdi chu vffa Id ngffdi sff dung djch vu ciia HTX. Xa vien sii dung djch vu ciia HTX Id ydu id quan trpng nhal de HTX tdn lai vd phdt trien:
HTX xuat phdt iff nhu eau chung ve dich vu va suf dung djch vu ciia xd vien, hinh thdnh boat ddng kinh doanh de dap ffng nhu cau chung ndy, tao ra thang dff de duy tri vd md rdng dich vu nham ddp ffng td't hdn nhu cau ciia xd vien hien tai vd tffdng lai.
La td chffc dd'i nhan, HTX qudn ly theo nguyen tac dan chu, mdi xd vien cd mpt phidu bau nhff nhau vd mffc gdp vd'n bang nhau. Xa vien cd nghia vu vd cd quyen tham gia quydt djnh ta't ca cdc van de lien quan ddn van menh cua HTX thdng qua hinh thffc bieu quydt, tham gia hpp, dff
dai hdi, kiem sodt boat ddng, tai chinh cua HTX.
Do dp dung nguyen tac md ddi vdi viec kdt nap xa vien, hdng nam hoac sau mdt sd nam, HTX cd the djnh gid lai cd phan thdnh vicn (vd'n gdp khi tham gia HTX).
De bao dam sff phdt trien dn djnh va lau ddi, Luat HTX quy djnh cac HTX phdi Idp quy dff trff chung vdi mffc ldi thieu bang 20% thdng dff hang nam. Quy dff trff chung mang tinh khdng chia, nhdm muc dich tdi dau tff, md rdng djch vu cho xa vien vd la di sdn ddnh tang cho cdc the be tffdng lai.
Thdng dff cua HTX dffdc hinh thdnh tff chinh viec xa vien suf dung djch vu, nen HTX phan phdi thang dff cho xd vien tren cd sd mffc dp sff dung djch vu. Ddi vdi viec phan phdi thdng dff theo mffc dp sff dung stf dung djch vu, HTX cd the phan chia trffc tidp vdo gid sdn pham, djch vu giao djch vdi xa vien. Thdng dff hang nam, sau khi trich lap tdi thieu 20% vdo quy dff trff chung, phan cdn lai dffdc phan phdi cho xd vien theo cdch thffc sau: chia 25'^r ngay cho xa vien, 75*^^ cdn lai cung thupc sd hffu ciia xa vien, nhffng de lai trong tai khoan cua xd vien tai HTX. HTX sff dung khoan tdi chinh nay cho boat dpng kinh doanh va xd vien se rut ra sau 10 nam. HTX cung cd quyen de lai 100% thdng dff, md khdng chia cho thanh vien (do dai hdi xa vien quydt djnh). Day la hinh thffc huy ddng vdn dau tff phdt trien cua HTX tff chinh ndi Iffc cua cac xa vien vd lam ldi trd lai cho chinh xa vien.
HTX la td chffc tff chu, dpc lap va quan tam phdt trien cdng ddng.
Gido due, hua'n luyen vd thdng tin cho xa vien va cdng ddng Id dieu kien ddm bao HTX phdt trien ben vffng. Chinh phu ludn keu gpi tinh than hdp tdc, khuydn khich cac HTX lien kdt vdi nhau thdnh lap lien dodn hay lien hiep HTX.
Luat HTX Canada phan chia HTX thanh 5 loai hinh:
(1) HTX cua ngffdi tieu dung, tffc HTX cung ffng cdc san pha'm djch vu cho xa vien, vi du, HTX bdn hang tieu dung, HTX trffdng hpc;
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(2) HTX ciia ngffdi san xua't.
tffc Id HTX tieu thu sdn pham ciia xa vien, tidn hdnh chd bidn. tieu thu ra thj trffdng, phdt trien chu ydu trong linh vffc ndng nghiep;
Xa vien Id ngffdi san xua't, sff dung dich vu cua HTX de phuc vu cho boat dpng san xua't, kinh doanh cua minh;
(3) HTX cua ngffdi lao ddng, tffc la xa vien ddng thdi la ngffdi lao dpng trong HTX, vi du HTX trong linh vffc lam nghiep;
(4) HTX cua ngffdi lao ddng Id cd ddng, tffc Id HTX cua nhffng ngffdi lam thue trong cdng ty, lap HTX de mua cd phan cua chinh cdng ty dd; hien cd khoang 60 HTX loai nay tai Quebec;
(5) HTX dodn kdt, tffc la HTX cung ffng da djch vu phuc vu xa vien, vi du, HTX cham sdc sffc khde, HTX chdm sdc ngffdi cao tudi.
Hai loai hinh HTX (4) va (5) mdi dffdc phdt trien trong nhffng nam gan day.
Quan ly nha nrfdc va chinh sach h6 trpf hdp tac xa
Cue HTX thupc Bp Phdt trien kinh td, Doi mdi va Xua't nhap khau bang Quebec la cd quan tfid'ng nha't duy nha't qudn ly ta't cd HTX phi tdi chinh trong Bang. Chffc nang cu the cua Cue HTX la:
- Co trach nhiem qudn ly hdnh chinh dd'i vdi Luat HTX, ra soat.
sffa ddi Lual HTX trinh Chinh phii de kien nghi Qudc hdi Bang sffa ddi, bd sung nham muc dich tao dieu kien thuan ldi cho HTX phdt trien Idnh manh.
Ban banh cdc vdn bdn hffdng dan lien quan, phdi bdp vdi cdc bd khdc bao dam Luat HTX khdng mau thuan vdi cdc luat khdc va tao dieu kien de mpi ngffdi deu cd the hieu dffdc ban chat td chffc HTX. Mac du khdng cd chffc ndng quan ly nha nffdc ve HTX, nhffng chinh quyen dia phffdng chdm lo chung mdi trffdng phdt trien doanh nghiep ndi chung, ddng thdi tao dieu kien thuan ldi cho HTX phdt trien.
Thffc hien dang ki trffc tidp thdnh lap HTX, tie'p nhan bdo cdo hdng ndm va theo ddi boat ddng cua cdc HTX da ddng ki; xay dffng vd qudn ly cd sd dff lieu ve HTX, vffa phuc vu cdng tdc qudn ly nhd nffdc, nha't Id ddi mdi chinh sdch ddi vdi HTX, vffa cung cap thdng tin trd lai cho HTX, cho cdng tdc giang day, nghien cffu d cdc trffdng dai hpc, vien nghien cffu.
Nghien cffu vd td chffc thffc hien chinh sdch hd trd phdt trien HTX trong sff phdi hdp vdi cdc chffdng trinh, chinh sdch hd trd cd hen quan. Chu trpng tuyen truyen qudng bd ve van hda HTX, cam ke't stf dung mpi ngudn Iffc hd trd phdt trien HTX. Chinh sdch bd trd HTX cd ddc diem Id: hd tra trite tiep; difa vdo ket qud vd dUcfc
tien hdnh bdi cdc to chdc chuyen nghiep.
Td chffc dao tao, thdng tin ve Luat HTX, qudn ly HTX, hiep hdi HTX; bdo dam ta't ca mpi ngffdi, mpi td chffc hie'u rd va thffc thi thd'ng nha't Luat HTX.
La dau md'i lien kdt vdi cdc cd quan, td chffc cd lien quan ve HTX, bao dam thdng tin hai chieu trdi chdy, hieu vd hdnh ddng thdng nha't, phdt trien quan he ddi tdc (partnership), phdt trien quan he qud'c td ve HTX.
Cue HTX tham gia vao nhieu to chffc nhff Uy ban phdt trien ben vffng HTX, Uy ban phdt trien doanh nghiep Quebec, nhffng td chffc tff van cho Chinh phii Quebec ve chinh sdch, phffdng hffdng phdt trien HTX.
Bang Quebec cd dao luat rieng ve hd trd HTX va cdc td chffc phi ldi nhuan, bao gdm nhffng trd giup tai chinh sau day: bao lanh chi tra mdt phan hoac todn bd cdc cam kdt tdi chinh; bdo lanh todn bd hodc mua lai mdt phan cd phan ffu dai; cho vay cd hodc khdng cd lai sua't; miln mdt phan chi trd khodn vay... Cdc ffu dai, hd trd nay dffdc Chinh phu thffc hien trffc tidp dd'i vdi HTX.
To chrfc hpi cua hdp tac xa
Dffdc thdnh lap nam 1940, Hdi ddng Quebec ve hdp tdc vd tffdng trd (CQCM) la td chffc tff nguyen
Economy and Foreca.st Review
NHlN RA TH^ Gl(3l
Ciia ta't ca HTX, lien hiep HTX, lien minh HTX vung, licMi minh HTX Bang. Hpi ddng ed vai lid thuc day phat trien kinh le vii x;i hdi eua Bang thdng qua vice khai thdc tiem nang ciia phong Inio HTX va Id chffc tffdng hd theo eae nguyen trie va gia Iri HTX do 1 .ien minh HTX Qude le de xffdng. Sff menh ciia I Idi ddng la thiet lap vii duy Iri mdi quan be hdp Uic giffa HTX \di cdc ddi uic, dai dien v;i bao ve ve iiuit long the quyen ldi ciia phong Irao HTX va id chffc tffdng hd lai Quebec va thue day phat trien HTX nham muc lieu da dang hda eae uic ddng ve mat Idi ich ciia \ Iec hdp liie ddi viii e;ic thanh \ien cua minh \a ddi vdi edng chdng.
CQCM dat ra hai nhiem vu ddi ndi trpng lam la phai liep luc duy tri, lam rd ban sfie td chffc HTX vd gfin kdt ndi bd HTX chiit che hdn nffa.
CQCM de ra nhiem vu chu ydu thuc day phdt trien phong trao HTX nham ddp ffng 3 vd'n de xd hdi mang tinh cap bdch hien tai la: (i) ddp ffng nhffng thay ddi ve dan sd hpc do dan so cua Quebec dang gid di khd nhanh;
(ii) phdt trien ben vffng; (iii) phan bd lai dan cff bdp Iy bdn, phdt trien ndng thdn.
Dan sd gid di keo theo he qua so ngffdi trong dp tudi lao ddng se giam xud'ng, nhu cau chdm sdc sffc khde tang Ien. Vi vdy, phong trdo HTX can thu hut sff quan tdm vd gido due Idp tre quan tam giup dd ngffdi gia va thuc day phdt trien HTX trong ITnh vffc y td, chdm sdc sffc khde, bdo hiem tffdng hd.
Phdt trien ben vffng ddt ra yeu cau phdt trien ben vffng cho HTX, ddng thdi djnh hffdng HTX boat dpng tich cffc trong cdc ITnh vffc lien quan phdt trien ben vffng, nhff san xua't vd stf dung nang Itfdng xanh, ndng Itfdng sinh hpc, ndng Iffdng tdi sinh...
Cung vdi qua trinh phdt trien, dan so cd xu hffdng rdi bd ndng thdn vao thanh thj. Do vay, HTX phai hffdng phdt trien manh ve ndng thdn, md rdng boat dpng d ndng thdn, gdp phan duy tri phan bd'dan cff hdp ly.
Ben canh CQCM, cdn cd Hdi ddng Canada ve hdp Uic va Iffdng hd (CCCM). Dffdc thdnh lap nam l<)46, CCCM la cd quan phap ngdn vd dai dien chinh thffc cho die HTX khdi Phdp ngff lai Canada, hi ihiinh vien eiia ICA.
Dinh hffdng trong Iffdng lai Id sap nh;ip hai ld chffc niiy de gia tang them sde manh hdp lac.
Mdt sd td chrfc hd tr<; phat tridn hdp lac xa
Socodevi
Nam 1985, eae HTX v;i td chffc tffdng hd tai bang Quebec da thanh hip Socodevi. mot td chffc phi chinh phii. phi Idi nhuan nhdm bd lid phong trao IITX qudc te.
Hien ed 23 HTX va td chffc tffdng bd la id chffc thanh vicn cua Socodevi vdi doanh thu 16 ty $ (CAD) vd 31.000 lao ddng.
Socodevi xay dffng cho minh sff menh Id tuyen truyen, tff van, chuyen giao cdng nghe lien quan tdi thuc day phdt trien HTX tren thd gidi, nham tao ra cdc HTX dich thffc, ben vffng thdng qua cung cap cdc dich vu hd trd thdnh lap, cung cd, phdt trien HTX va td chffc tffdng hd. Tdn ch? cua Socodevi la tao lap mang Iffdi HTX vd td chffc tffdng hd de cCing hdp tdc, thjnh vffdng vd chia se\
vi hdp tdc chinh Id ddn bay phdt trien kinh t d - xd hpi.
Trong 25 ndm (1985 - 2010) ddng hanh cung 634 td chffc ddi uic tai chau My. chau A. chau Phi, chau Au, Socodevi da thffc hien 378 chffdng trinh, dff dn vdi tdng kinh phi hdn 200 trieu
$ (CAD), tffdng dffdng 78 ndm Idm viec tinh nguyen. Kinh phi boat ddng hd trd qudc td. ngodi ddng gdp cua cdc thdnh vien, Socodevi cdn dffdc Chinh phii Canada hd trd thdng qua CIDA.
Socodevi da nhieu ndm hd trd vd cam kdt tidp tuc hd trd phdt trien phong trao HTX Viet Nam trong thdi gian tdi. Muc dich tdi thffdng cua Socodevi la cai thien dieu kien sd'ng, tao lap, duy tri sff thjnh vffdng ve vat chat vd tinh than cho nhffng cpng ddng ma Socodevi hd trd.
Vi^n nghien cdu h(fp tdc xa vd to chdc Mdng ho (IRCUS)
IRCUS dffdc thdnh lap ndm 1967 dffdi hinh thffc bp mdn, sau dd dffdc thdnh lap chinh thffc vdo ndm 1976, cd sff menh hien thffc hda vd Idm rd bdn sac HTX ve cac mat qudn Iy vd phdt trien cdc td chffc ndy thdng qua ddo tao vd nghien cffu ve HTX vd td chffc tffdng hd. Cd sd vat chat, chi phi boat dpng, ddo tao do Chinh phii tdi trd. Hien Vien cd 15 nhan sff, ddo tao thac sT mdi ndm mpt Idp cho khoang 25 sinh vien. Ngodi ra, Vien dffdc hd trd tff phong trao HTX de tidn hdnh nghien cffu ve HTX; md cac Idp dao tao thac sT tai chffc cho eae thdnh vien HTX, cac Idp ddo tao, budn luyen ngan ban ve quan ly HTX tren cd sd thu phi. Vien da phdt trien boat ddng hd trd phong trao hdp tdc qude td thdng qua ddo tao, nghien cffu ve HTX chu ydu d khdi ndi tidng Phap d chau Au va chau My La tinh.
Ly giai thanh cdng cua phong trao HTX tai Quebec, chung tdi thay rang, cdc HTX phdt trien d day phdt trien manh me, dn djnh va ben vffng nhd vao sff hd trd thidt thffc tff hai phia: Nhd nffdc va phong trao HTX. Nhd nffdc Canada ndi chung va bang Quebec ndi rieng ludn tao dieu kien tdt nha't de cac HTX phat trien bang each xay dffng khudn khd phdp ly phu hdp vd chinh sach phdt trien HTX hieu qua. Ca Nhd nffdc, td chffc dai dien lan HTX deu thdng nhat tdn trpng, duy tri bdn chat dich thffc va cdc nguyen tac HTX do Lien minh HTX qudc td cdng bd, ddng thdi cd nhffng boat dpng thidt thffc de chuyen tai gid tri hdp tdc vdo khudn khd phdp luat va cupc sdng.
Nhffng bai hpc rut ra tff thanh cdng cua cdc hdp tdc xa tai Quebec da gdi md mpt niem tin rang, HTX la loai hinh lien ket hieu qud, ndu chung ta am hieu tffdng tan, tdn trpng ban sac cua HTX, bidt each stf dung va khai thdc hinh thffc td chffc tap the dpc ddo nay.B
56 Kinh te va DiT bSo
