Sarah Hall School of Geography, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK Ingmar Hammer Department of Geography, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany. Jones Department of Management and Strategy, Kellogg School of Management, Northwestern University, Evanston/Chicago, IL, USA.
Exploring the Interaction of Space
An Introduction
A Conversation Between Spatial and Network Perspectives of Knowledge
At this point, relational infrastructures such as social status and social niches come into play. The existence and quality of relationships and specific structural characteristics of locations have been theorized to help or hinder social outcomes such as economic performance or innovation.
Beyond Disciplinary Silos: The Uncharted Interrelation of Learning, Knowledge, Relations, and Space
Another example of how networks mediate the relationship between space and knowledge is given in the context of information retrieval. Multilevel interactions between individuals and organizations, and the reliance on collective learning embedded in such multilevel interactions, are essential in organizational society.
Structure of the Book
In the introductory chapter, "Reversing the Instrumentality of the Social for the Economic: A Critical Agenda for 21st-century Knowledge Networks". In Chapter Fourteen, Stefano Breschi and Camilla Lenzi offer an investigative perspective on the importance of gatekeepers to the expansion and renewal of the knowledge base in the U.S.
Conclusion
The authors find that municipalities learn from their nearest neighbors, especially those in the same country. Instead, the authors find that collaboration is favored by similarity (overlap) between the firms' knowledge bases, an imbalance in the mutual potential for knowledge exchange, the common experience the partners have with collaboration, and similarity in the degree of popularity of collaboration partners .
A core/periphery perspective on individual creative performance: Social networks and film performances in the Hollywood film industry. Being there”: Proximity, organization and culture in the development and adoption of advanced manufacturing technologies.
Knowledge About Networks
Reversing the Instrumentality of the Social for the Economic: A Critical Agenda
Divergent Trends in the New Millennium: Setting an Agenda
The vision here derives analytically from a critique of the existing system and a problematization of those new features of the production apparatus that require reconfiguration to achieve social and economic goals. The innovation of the agenda I develop, then, lies in the inclusion of components between discrete projects in a holistic approach to achieving social and economic change.
The Nature of Economic Networks in Relation to Social Issues
A Critical Juncture in the Global Economy: Open Innovation and Networks
6 Intel's activity in the 1990s is an instructive example of inter-firm activity and new strategies for coordinating innovation (see discussion in Gawer & Cusumano, 2002. Most of these firms gradually diversified internally and developed a range of complementary activities and services.
Problematizing the Social: Conceptualizing Exclusion in Relation to Social Knowledges
I pursue new types of knowledge networks as a possible context for social change in connection with the emergence of open innovation. The identification of social knowledge in knowledge typologies suggests important implications for adapting knowledge generation theory regarding competitiveness to the field of social relations while recognizing the benefits for economic performance.
Adapting Theories of (Economic) Knowledge Networks to Social Relations: Generating and Sharing Knowledges,
In contrast, topologically oriented research, which has focused on spatial communities of practice, directs attention not to what knowledge is generated by a particular spatial configuration of activity, but rather what practices in the everyday economy do or do not require face-to-face interaction (Amin & Roberts, 2008; with research advocating starting project work with focus groups and brainstorming sessions, focusing on other types of communication later in the evolution of a project (Kraut et al., 1999.
The Difference that Difference Makes
20 Based on what we know about path dependence and the value of respect for the work of others for future interaction, sharing knowledge about people as well as project work positions future social relations constructively. Pragmatically, the agenda produces logistical problems as well as the costs of securing participants' travel to a central location for the part of the project work that requires physical face-to-face interaction (see Feller, Finnegan, Hayes, & . O'Reilly, 2012, regarding the critical role of stability for open innovation).
Envisioning Socially Responsive, Collaborative Knowledge Networks in the New Economy
Here I am concerned about paid and permanent employment in mediated mass project work in the context of open innovation and related knowledge. In the scenario presented in this chapter, crowdsourcing targets networks of diverse solvers (people) who would earn a living wage by collaborating to solve problems and develop innovations requested by searchers (private and public organizations).
Conclusion: A Matter of Values
The "war for talent": The gatekeeper role of executive search firms in elite labor markets. More than 'managing across borders?' The complex role of face-to-face interaction in globalizing law firms.
Interpersonal Networks in Foreign
Assignments and Intercultural Learning Processes
Globalization and Foreign Assignment
Social support can act as a buffer against the stress that usually occurs when the transferee tries to adjust to the new environment. In the following, I present Kurt Lewin's field theory as a theoretical framework for my discussion of networks, social support in various application domains, and personal initiative, and for my examination of the relationship between social support and work adjustment.
Theoretical Framework
Lewin's field theory provides a suitable framework, metaphor and model for the process-based development of psycho-economic theme fields. The inclusion of the assumptions of actors – their economic, social and cultural capital – in Lewin's field theory provides a more accurate and differentiated picture.
The Role of Networks
During the stay, the network expands to include contacts with host country nationals, other expatriates and the organizations that provide support to the expatriates – contacts which can then continue to exist as part of the network after returning home. Family and friends are part of the private network, whereas colleagues, superiors and the organization itself are part of the professional network.
Many studies (reviewed in Cohen & Wills, 1985) have shown a positive influence of social support at work on the well-being of those who receive it. A study published in "Social Support on International Assignments: The Relevance of Socioemotional Support From Locals" (Podsiadlowski, Vauclair, Spieß, & Stroppa, 2013) identified the importance of support from host country nationals.
Findings (Podsiadlowski et al., 2013) highlighted the importance of receiving substantial socio-emotional support from host country nationals for a successful international assignment.
Consequences for the Intercultural Learning Process
Denial of cultural difference is the state in which one's own culture is experienced as the only right one. In connection with foreign assignments, the support of superiors and colleagues and especially host country nationals (Podsiadlowski et al., 2013) has proven to be very important.
Family Networks for Learning and Knowledge Creation in Developing Regions
Social Learning Processes in Developing and Developed Contexts
Exploring family networks in developing regions can promote the sharing of knowledge in space in three ways. Third, I shed light on the role that family structure plays in developing regions and argue that family ties as strong bridges can accelerate technology diffusion in local communities rather than hinder economic development.
Family Ties and Economic Development
In general, these arguments contextualize family ties in the neoclassical framework of economic development and have not focused much attention on the role of family structure in knowledge sharing and learning. In an exploration of high-tech industries in the Research Triangle region of North Carolina (near Durham, Raleigh, and Chapel Hill), Renzulli, Aldrich, and Moody (2000) suggested that family ties may aid the diffusion of homogeneous information but are of little help to technological entrepreneurship.
Strong Family Ties as Knowledge Bridges in Local Communities
2 Concretely, figure 4.1 shows a biological structure of family networks (a map of the biological relationships between family members) and their social structure (a pattern of interaction and communication). In developing regions, family networks are mostly social structures that existed before local industrial development.
From Families to Friends: Building Knowledge-Creating Economies in Developing Contexts
Because family ties are strong, such processes of knowledge diffusion can be rapid; because family networks are stable, the diversity of knowledge in local communities can shrink rapidly. The bonding role of marriage means that strong family ties can be bridges, which differ from weak friendship bridges such as.
Studying Networks Geographically: World Political Regionalization in the United Nations
Because network analysis techniques are rarely used in geopolitical studies today, the strengths and importance of political geography will be highlighted. The last section presents the main results obtained and underlines the importance of network analysis for the investigation of political regionalization issues.
Network Studies in (Political) Geography: A Quick Refresher
Based on the valued flows (goods, communication, migration), the developed techniques did not include any dialogue with social network analysis. This is not to say that network analysis is the only way to study conflicts or patterns of relationships between actors, regardless of the level of analysis.
A Relational Approach to the United Nations General Assembly
First, the positions of actors in the UN system depend on the relative positions of other actors. The group's inertia is also related to the structure of the resolution voted at the UN.
Speech Dynamics in the UNGA: A Network Approach
Although EU member states often supported EU statements, most links in the component shown on the left reflected ideological considerations (level equal to 6 for NAM, level equal to 9 for G77 and China). Nevertheless, there is a noticeable increase in the number of regional groups in the narrower sense (Latin America and the Caribbean, the Rio Group and the Organization of African Unity), and some Member States have chosen to support one group or another depending on the topic under discussion.
Concluding Remarks
The third graph reflects a situation in which member states, depending on the topic, choose to support one group or another, which happens with increasing frequency in the UNGA in the case of South American and Pacific island states. The importance of the world system approach in the field of globalization of economic flows and networks.
Post)graduate Education Markets
My approach advances the understanding of the spatial (or otherwise) mobility of financial elites. I then present the various elements of the postgraduate landscape as they pertain to the financial elites working in investment banking in the City of London.
Financial Elites, Education, and Socioeconomic Practice in the City
Such caution is particularly important given the marked changes in the nature of elite financial labor markets and work in the City of London that have occurred since much of the literature on "gentlemanly capitalism" was written in the 1980s and 1990s. In other words, in this chapter I seek to address how education is used to inculcate these elites in the situated nature of legitimate socio-economic activity in London's financial district.
Education and the Process of Learning the Legitimate Socioeconomic Practice of a City Financial Elite
These include informal knowledge and experience of acceptable workplace behavior and common interpretations of the regulatory norms of the London Financial District. The importance of this aspect. In doing so, postgraduate education goes significantly beyond simply circulating and enabling the reproduction of technical knowledge and experience within wholesale financial workplaces in London's financial district, and includes a range of embodied and sociocultural forms of knowledge.
Societally and Territorially Embedding Early-Career Financial Elites Through Education
In what follows, I draw attention to two ways in which postgraduate education serves to introduce early career financial elites to the UK. Taken together, this suggests that postgraduate education plays an important role in introducing early career financial elites to the topological networks and more topographical demands of work in London's international district.
Conclusions
The information content of financial products and the spatial structure of the global finance industry. On the Social and Cultural Determinants of International Financial Centres: The Case of the City of London.
Network Evolution and Social Outcomes
Organized Mobility and Relational Turnover as Context for Social Mechanisms: A Dynamic
Sharing epistemic status (a form of delegation) increases the number of advisors and reduces network centralization. The existence of this fluctuation in the centralization of the advisory network was discovered through dynamic analyzes of network development (see Table 7.1).
OMRT and Catch-up Dynamics at Superimposed Levels of Agency
This development will be the focus of future research in the social sciences. In a multi-level system, actors try to take advantage of spatial and temporal gaps between different levels of activity.
Endogenizing Systems of Places: OMRT Research Agenda for Sociology and Geography
In organized society, individuals are part of organizational systems and organizations are part of inter-organizational systems. Geographers become crucial in describing and modeling OMRT dynamics of all kinds, because the social reality that such researchers perceive is spatial, organizational, relational, multilevel, and dynamic.
Trajectory Types Across Network Positions
Jazz Evolution from 1930 to 1969
If a field migrates from a normative logic to a competitive one, what happens to the members of the established elite. I begin by examining the structural changes in the jazz field during those nearly four decades.
Normative and Competitive Field Structures
In the normative phase of the jazz field, bandleaders are usually hired under long-term contracts by record companies. In the competitive phase of the jazz field, on the other hand, musicians do not have long-term contracts with record companies (Perrow, 1986).
Networked Trajectories
Concretely speaking, the new elite would have a strong presence in the core of the field and would also show a long period in the field, just like the previous elite. As a result, musicians with a history of presence in the core of the field may also represent a shorter persistence in a dominant position.
Data Collection
However, many of the titles available are collections and compilations that may prevent accurate interpretation. In addition, Crazy Jazz's commercial classification of what constitutes jazz may differ significantly from the views of other members of the jazz community.
Analytical Strategy Classifying Trajectories
I included them in groups 7 and 8 respectively (see table 8.2 for the number of musicians in each group). It indicates a group of musicians who can sustain themselves in the network, but have limited engagement both with the core and with other musicians.
Results: The History of Jazz from a Structural Perspective The Pre-swing Era: 1930 to 1934
In the preceding period, Shooting Star musicians were at the center of the interactions (Fig. 8.2b, c), but Elite and Ivory Tower musicians dominated the most prominent blocks (Fig. 8.1b, c). However, now Elite musicians were both central to the interactions (Fig. 8.2d-f) and dominant in the Core blocks (Fig. 8.2d-f).
Discussion
It is obvious that Shooting-Star musicians were visible in the grid (Fig. 8.2b, c) at the dawn of the transition of the field of jazz from normative to competitive. In the period 1945–1949, elite musicians achieved this central role. When market information forms fields: Sensemaking of markets in the commercial music industry [Special issue].
Topology and Evolution of Collaboration Networks: The Case of a Policy-Anchored
According to Powell et al., (1996), the broader the industrial knowledge base, the more collaborative networks become essential for exploiting and exploring a firm's capabilities. Available theories on the configuration and evolution of clusters are reviewed in the first section, with particular attention to the core-periphery model.
Cluster Topologies in the Literature: Generative Processes and Configurations
At the core of the knowledge network sat the companies with the strongest knowledge base. Glückler (2007) identifies three types of variation with potential structural impact: (a) ties that establish global bridges between the local cluster and distant changes (e.g. pipelines theorized by Bathelt et al., 2004); (b) ties that establish local bridges by connecting groups that are nearby but separated (eg, due to gaps in knowledge bases); and (c) actors who are part of different groups and act as mediators.
The Case Study: The Experience of Italian Technological Districts
More formally, let N be the set of n TD's members (associate members and external partners) and P be the set of the p R&D projects observed for the n members over time. However, the number of external partners involved in the European R&D project since 2008 is much larger (50 organizations) and has been shrunk to only one representative node to simplify the analysis.5.
Capturing Cluster’s Topology with Prespecified Block-Modeling
The rows and columns of the matrix in Panel A represent groups of organizations, while the cells of the matrix show how these groups are related to each other (ie, the role they play in the system). The topological hypothesis posited by this block model is that there are several cores of fully connected actors in the observed network.
Blockmodeling Results
In other words, in 2006 the network actually took a classic core-periphery structure with a broker (block (1;1)) and a disconnected periphery (block (5;5)). This transition process from a classic core-periphery model culminated in 2011, when the periphery suddenly disappeared.
Inconsistency Analysis and Structural Variations
In 2007 all cores were exclusively connected to the bridging core (block (4;4)), in 2013 a large group of local organizations sat in the middle of the graph (red nodes in figure 9.5, diagonal block 3;3 in figure 9.4) and was linked to a number of other cores. The bridging core (pink node in Figure 9-5, block 5;5 in Figure 9-4) instead consisted only of the national public research institution.
Platforming for Path-Breaking?
The Case of Regional Electromobility Initiatives in Germany
Electromobility Ante Portas?
Our empirical insights lead us to the preliminary conclusion that platforming can contribute to road formation, but not necessarily to road opening at the regional level. Our study contributes to the growing discourse on the possibilities and limitations of platforming as a potential "post-cluster" (Cooke, 2011, p. 307) regional policy approach with a particular focus on breaking or forming technological, institutional and/or organizational paths in regions.
The Theory of Path Dependence and Path-Breaking and the Role of Platforming
Finally, the theory of organizational path dependence, like the original conception of David and Arthur, emphasizes the lack of realistic alternatives in the lock-in phase. More significantly, however, the theory of organizational path dependence is consistent with recent developments in the theory of regional path dependence (within the fields of economic geography and regional studies, see especially Henning et al., 2013; Martin & Sunley, 2006).