Ky nang tiep nhan va ky nang xif ly thong tin trong qua trinh hoc tap
PGS. T S . D a n g T h a n h H i f n g Trudng Ogi hoe sUphgm Hd Ngi 2
Tom tat
Tiep nhan va xd ly t h d n g tin hpc tap la nhdng ky nang hoc tap ed ban dddc nhac nhieu t r o n g cac nghien cdu t d quan diem t h d n g tin hpc. Nhdng chung chda thdc sd ddpc mp ta khoa hpc rd rang t d gdc dp ly luan day hpc. Bai nay gdp phan lam sang t d ban chat va eau true cua hai ky nang do.
TCf khoa: Ky ndng, kyndng tiep nhgn, ky ndng xd l-y thong tin
Abstract
Receiving and processing information are basic academic skills p r o m p t e d many in the researches of information science. But they have not really been clearly described in term of learning theory. This article contributes to clarify the nature and structure of the t w o skills.
Keyword: Skiiis, information receiving and processing skills.
Dat van de
Kynang tiep n h a n t h d n g tin hpe tap va kynang x d l y thdng tin hpc tap la mot trong so nhdng ky nang nhan thdc hpe tap, ed vai trd hang dau trong toan bd nhdng ky nang hpc tap co ban ngay nay (2004)"'. Nhdng ky nang nay tieh hpp cac thao tae quan ly t h d n g tin vdi nhdng hanh vi nhan thdc phu hdp n h d quan sat ( c d s d la tri giac cd chu dinh), nhan dien, ghi nhd, to ehdc, bien doi va ap dung thdng tin de hpe tap va giai quyet van de nhan thdc trong hpe tap. Tren phdong dien thdng tin hpc nhieu nghien cdu da phan tich qua trinh t h d n g tin vdi md hinh he thong hoac mo hinh hop den '".
Nhung ve phuong dien giao due thi nhdng ky nang ndi tren chda ddpc md ta rd rang.
1 . Vai tro ciia ky nang tiep nhan va ky nang xii ly thong tin hoc tap
TrUdc het can hieu m p t each t h o n g nhat ky nang la gl. Bai nay de cap khai niem ky nang theo quan diem thdc te da dupc Oang Thanh Hdng m d t5 nam 2010'"'.
Do ia mgt dgng hanh dgng tugidc, dda tren cdc dieu kien sinh hgc, tdm l-y va xd hgi d cdnhan, duac thuc hien co ky thugt vd CO su kie'm sodt thudng true cua y thdc, dgt ket qua thoa mdn nhdng yeu cdu hay chudn nhdt dinh trong nhdng dieu kien nhdt dinh. Ky nang khdng phai la kha nang hanh dpng, ma la chinh hanh dpng (ke ea hanh dpng tri tue lan hanh dpng vat chat). Kha nang khai
quat hda thi chda phai hanh d d n g khai quat hda, kha nang lai xe thi chua phai ky nang lai xe.
Thong tin va t h d n g tin hpc tap cung la van de can dugc hieu va giai thich p h u hop, bdi vi d khdng it noi chung chua dddc giai thich rd rang •",'". Vi du gpi feedback la t h d n g tin thi khdng chinh xac, vi nd la tin hieu phan hoi. Thong tin (information) dUdchieuld thugc tinh von cd cua sU vdt hay cua ngUdi dgc trUng cho do Sn dinh (hay ndi ngUgc igi Id do bdt dinh) ciia no hay cua ngudi khi thugc tinh do dugc phdt ra vd tdc dgng den con ngudi hogc ngUdi khde. Su vat hay ngddi eang bat djnh thi Idong t h d n g tin phat ra cang nhieu, ngdde lai cang tlnh lang thi luong t h o n g tin phat ra cang it. Trudc mpt ngudi tram tlnh, kin mieng hay im lim, ta se thu dddc rat it t h d n g tin. Chinh vi the t r o n g khoa hpc quan ly, khoa hpc tam ly, xa hpi hpe, sinh hpc... ngay cang s d d u n g nhieu cac p h d d n g phap va ky thuat cua khoa hpc hanh vi de nghien edu hanh ddng cua eon ngddi va sUvat'".
Gida d d lieu, t h d n g tin va tri thde ed nhdng quan he cu the va ed eung ban chat. Khi nd mdi me thi dd la t h d n g tin, khi biet rdi thi nd la tri thdc, va ca hai t h d khi dinh den sd can thiep chu quan cua con ngddi (thu thap, x d ly, ap d u n g , phan phdi, Idu gid...) thi ed the gpi chung la d d lieu. Vi vgy, thong tin hgc tap la dgng thong tin true tiep idm nguon goc cua tri thiic ma ngUdI hgc dang cdn thu thdp vd tap hgp, can xd ly de trd thanh
[18] KHOAHOCDAYNGHE So 36 thang 9/2016
npi dung hge tap hay hoc vdn cua cd nhdn, tdc id tri thdc, ky ndng, gid tri cua rieng minh.
Ky nang tiep nhan va ky nang xd ly thdng tin hoc tap la nhdng ky nang theo nghia hanh ddng thuc te nen chung t d o n g tac true tiep vdi t h d n g tin, chd khdng phai loai ky nang suy nghi d trong dau. Chung cd vai trd hang dau trong qua trinh hpc tap. IVlpi ky nang hpc tap khac, n h d giao tiep, quan ly thdi gian, quan ly nguon Idc, tao dung eae quan he hpe tap, danh gia, hieu, thao luan, tranh luan, s d d u n g hpc lieu v.v... deu phai dda vao tiep nhan va xd ly t h d n g tin hpc tap. Khdng cd t h d n g tin hoac cd nhdng thdng tin vd nghia (khong dupc x d ly) thi ngddi hpe khdng the lam gi duoc tiep sau.
Hai ky nang nay giup ngddi hpc dinh hUPng viec hoc, dieu ehinh hanh vi hoc tap, lap t u lieu lam viec va thieh ung vdi mdi trudng hpe tap. Chung giup ngudi hpc sp bp biet each tiep nhan cai gi va khdng can tiep nhan cai gl trong mdi trudng cd rat nhieu loai thdng tin khae nhau va phdc tap, tiep nhan n h u t h e nao va sau dd xd ly nhung gi da tiep nhan ra sao de giup ich cho muc dich hpc tap. (Viae dii la hai ky nang khae nhau va ed vai trd khae nhau nhung tren thue te khdng the tach rdi viee tiep nhan t h d n g tin va viec x d ly thdng tin. Nhdng viec nay ludn di lien vdi nhau [2].Tiep nhan roi xdly, xd ly roi lai tiep nhan, ed n h u vay dd la mpt loat hanh dpng lien tue.
2. Ban chat va cau true cua ky nang tiep nhan thong tin hoc tap
Ban chat tam ly eua ky nang tiep nhan thong tin ehinh la su ket hpp hanh ddng tri giae thong tin cd ehu dinh cung vdi sd dung tri n h d va t d duy de dinh hudng ban dau trong mdi trudng thdng tin, tde la cd can cd de ehu y den thdng tin, xem xet nd theo muc dich cua minh. Oua trinh nay thye chat la quan sat tryc tiep (Direct Observation) cac nguon thdng tin n h u van ban dang in, dang so hda, dang audio hay multimedia hoac cae dang vat ly khae n h y anh sang, rung lae, mau sSc, kich thudc, khdi luong, va ndi chung ke ca hanh vi cua sUvat
K
Cdu true Ky ndng tiep nhgn TTHT
Khdi niem: Ky n a n g t i e p n h a n t h o n g t i n hoc t a p la ky n a n g hoc t a p c h o p h e p n g U o i hpc t h u t h a p duge t h o n g t i n can t h i e t va c h o n loc, Idu giCf
n o d d d i d a n g dCl lieu co cau triJc n h a t d i n h p h u h o p v 6 i d i e u k i e n xU ly t i e p t h e o , v d i m u c d i c h va y e u cau h g c t a p cua m i n h , d a t t d i ke't q u a cu t h e la n g u d i h o c co d d g c t r i t h d c so b g va c a m t i n h ve s U v a t .
Ky nang tiep nhan t h d n g tin gan lien vdi eac phudng phap nghien cdu dinh Iddng p h d bien cua khoa hpe.
Mpi p h d o n g phap nghien cdu dinh Idong deu phai can den tiep nhan t h d n g t i n : quan sat (Observation), phdng van (Interview), tpa dam (Talking), thyc nghiem (Experiment), khao sat (Survey), dieu tra (Investigation/
Inquiry). Nghia la t r o n g eae p h u a n g phap nay deu c d s d dung ky nang tiep nhan t h d n g t i n . Ngupc lai ky nang tiep nhan thdng tin chi ed nghia khi ddoc thuc hien trong quan sat, trong luc phdng van, trong qua trinh thye nghiem, trong nghien cdu khao sat va dieu tra [1]. Khdng the tiep nhan t h d n g tin vu vo ngoai nhdng phuong phap dinh ldpng. Trddng hop tlnh c d t h u ddoc thdng tin vu vo ma khdng cd chu dinh va khdng sd dung no vao mue dieh nhat djnh, thi hanh vi t h u nhan thdng tin dd khdng phai la ky nang hpe tap hay nghien edu thyc sd.
Xet t d quan diem t h d n g t i n , ky nang tiep nhan t h d n g tin hpc tap cau thanh t d 3 khau hay 3 giai doan, hoac cd the xem ehung n h d la 3 ky nang thanh phan, hay la 3 thao tae ehii yeu neu nhan manh cau true ky thuat cua ky nang. Ky nang nhan dien t h d n g tin ehu yeu dya vao tri n h d y nghia, phan biet t h d n g tin nay va thdng tin kia, nhan ra cai nao minh can trong nhieu ngudn khac nhau. Od Id qud trinh nhgn ra, nhd lgi, so sdnh thong tin vdi kinh nghiem, dinh hudng chu y vdo thong tin cu the, xep cac nguon vdo cung mpt logi theo nhu cau thu thap vd tap hgp cua minh.
Ky nang phdn logi thong tin id hdnh dpng tien xd ly, tlie id Xil ly sd bp, co sU khdi qudt hoa de phdn nhdm, chia thong tin thdnh nhdng phgm trii chung, vi du mpt sd ngudn thupc loai t d lieu lieh sd, mpt sd nguon khac thupe loai nghien edu ly thuyet, mpt so loai khae nda thude loai sd lieu thuc n g h i e m . . . theo hddng nghien cdu cy the. Trong phan loai thi qua trinh hieu (Comprehention) la chu chot, bao g d m dpc hieu, nghe hieu, nhin hieu, sd hieu v.v... vdi su tupng tae gida ngudi hpc va cae t h d n g diep an trong thdng tin. Khdng hieu duoc t h d n g tin thi khdng the phan loai ddpc. De hieu thong tin thi khdng ehi dpc van ban ma con ed nhieu kenh khae, v i d u nghe, nhin, suy ngam va dae biet la bdng hieu (Insight).
Ky ndng iuu gid thong tin id hanh dpng bao todn nguyen trgng thong tin da tap hop dUgc dddi cac dang khae nhau: hinh anh hay m d hinh tam ly (tri nhd, t u d u y .
So 36 thang 9/2016 KHO A HOC D A Y N G H E [19]
tddng tddng, quan niem), co sd dOf lieu dang in hoac dang sd hda, m d hinh, sa ban hoae eac cong eu logic khac n h d bleu t h d n g ke, so 36, do thi, cdng thdc, ham so, bleu thdc, hinh ve, anh chup v.v... Ldu g i d t h d n g tin thupe pham tru quan ly tri thdc hien dai va viec nay dddc giai quyet bang rat nhieu giai phap cdng nghe sd hda. Vf du cac mang giao due va mang xa hdi n h d Switer, Face Book, Sky, Wikipedia v.v... la nhdng cong cu quart ly thdng tin hay quan ly tri thdc so hda. Ngudi hpc ndi chung t h u d n g luu g i u t h d n g tin bang each ghi chep, sao chup, t d m tat lai trong cae van ban viet, cac bang ghi am hpac video, hoac trong cac files de 6 may tinh ca nhan, dien thoai di ddng da tdong tae n h d Ipad, Iphone.
Tdm lai, nhdng hanh dpng nhan dien, phan loai va ldu gid thdng tin hpc tap dddc thdc hien lien tyc, cd he thdng, ed tinh ky thuat va flat dddc ket qua eu the dap dng mue dich hpc tap nhat djnh tao thanh ky nang tiep nhan thdng tin hpc tap - mpt ky nang hpe tap cd thanh phan phdc hap. Nhung khi xet ve nhiem vy hpe tap thdc te thi ky nang tiep nhan t h d n g tin hpc tap lai gdm 6 thanh phan do Dang Thanh Hung md ta ((2004)[3]). Nhung 6 ky nang nay ve ban chat van la Nhan dien, Phan loai va Ldu g i d thdng tin hpe tap.3. Ban chat va eau true cua ky nang x d ly t h d n g tin hpc tap.
3. Ban chat va cau true cua ky nang xur ly thong tin hoc tap
cdu true Ky ndng xCtl-y thong tin hgc tap
Kynang xdly thong tin hgc tap id mpt kynang hoc tap cho phep ngudi hoc bien doi, to chirc, bd' sung thong tin thanh nhdng cdu true hay mo hinh nhdt dinh de'dp dung vao viec giai quyet nhiem vu hay vdn dehgc tap cua minh.
Ket qud eu the eua ky ndng xit l-y thong tin id ra quyet dinh vd gidi phdp cho van dehoc tap.
Ban chat tam ly cua ky nang xd ly t h d n g tin hpc tap chinh la qua trinh hang dpng phdc hpp dda vao eae hanh dpng hay thao tae t d duy logic n h d qui nap, dien djch, phan tich, tong hop, he thdng hda, khai quat hda... ma ket qua la thu dupe d d lieu phan anh quan niem, nguyen tae, khai niem, phuong phap, djnh ly, md hinh v v . . . cd the ap dung de giai quyet van de hpc tap.
Cae hanh d p n g t d d u y chi la cho dda tam ly, con ky nang x d ly t h d n g tin hpc tap phai la hanh d p n g vat chat. Tdc la phai viet t d n g quan, phai t r i n h bay, mo ta, glal thieh bang ngon n g d ndi hoac n g d n n g d viet, phai phan tich Ipgic cac sd kien va b^ng c h d n g da t h u thap bSng cac cpng cu ky thuat, v.v... de tien t d i ket qua cu the la Unh hpi noi d u n g hoc tap dddi dang khai quat hda.
Ky nang nay bao g o m m p t so hanh dpng co ban n h d t d ehdc t h d n g t i n , ap d u n g t h d n g tin, bo sung hay bien ddi t h d n g t i n , va g i i i quyet van de hpc tap. To chite thdng tin nghia id dinh dgng vd tgo cho nd mpt cdu true hay hinh thdc nhdt dinh theo y dinh cua minh khi hgc tap.
Ch5ng han t d ehdc mpi n g u o n t h d n g tin t h u ddpc ve qua trinh hpc thanh m p t ly thuyet hpc tap, thanh cac nguyen tac hpc tap, thanh m o t m d h i n h hpe tap... theo mot triet ly hay t d t d d n g nao d d . Vi du mpi sy kien da ed trong hpc tap se cho phep t d ehdc chung thanh ly thuyet ve cac p h d o n g thde hpc tap cd ban: hpc bang bat chyde, hpc bang lam viee, hpc bang trai nghiem va hpc bang t d d u y ly luan.
Hdnh dpng dp dung thong tin hgc tap ehinh la icy ndng phdt trien hgc vdn vd gid tri 3d iinh hpi dendng cao, idm sdu sac han npi dung hgetap vd hudng tdi gidi quyet vdn devdhinh thdnh Ay ndng. Thong t h u d n g hanh dpng ap d u n g khong bao g i d dien ra m d t lan la ke't thuc, bdi vi d d la qua trinh hinh t h a n h k y n a n g chuyen biet. Trong ap d y n g ngddi hpc phai danh gia, so sanh thyc te vdi ly thuyet, dieu chinh qua trinh hanh dpng va bd sung t h d n g tin. Tren cd sd do ap d u n g lai nhieu lan va trong nhieu hoan canh khac nhau de hinh thanh ky nang tdPng dng. Trong qua trinh ap d u n g , thdng tin va tri thde trai qua nhieu bie'n doi de dat tdi cap do hpc van edng cu, tde la ky nang, nang lyc va gia tri.
Hdnh dong gidi quyet vdn de la ky ndng hgc tap cho phep ehuyen todn bp ede qud trinh tiep nhgn, xCtly thong tin trudc do thdnh giai phdp eho vdn de hge tap. Ky nang giai quyet van de ndi chung bat dau tdtie'p nhan thdng tin, nhdng eac giai doan trddc chi la dieu kien. Sau khi ap d u n g t h d n g tin ed t o chde, ngudi hpc mdi thyc sU cd edng eu de giai quyet van de. D d la mpt chudi cae thao tac n h u nhan dien van de, giai thich van de, lap gia thiet, t i m tdi giai phap, dieu chinh gia thie't hoac dd lieu dya vao phan hdi, danh gia va ra quyet djnh ve giai phap, giai quyet van de bang giai phap da hinh thanh.
Cd rat nhieu m d hinh giai quyet van de. Trong hpc tap thi do la giai quyet van de hpe tap. Chi xet thep khia eanh t h d n g tin thi giai quyet van de la giai doan ket thde cua qua trinh tiep nhan va x d ly thdng tin hpc
[20] KHOAHOCDAYNGHE So 36 thang 9/2016
tap, la hanh dpng ap dung tat ca nhdng gl da tiep nhan va x d ly de hinh thanh giai phap va sd dung giai phap dd de giai quyet van de hpc tap, dat ket qua hpc tap.
Neu xet theo nhiem vu hpe tap thdc te thi ky nang x d ly thdng tin hpc tap lai gom 6 thanh phan da ddoc Oang Thanh Hdng m d ta ((2004)t3]).Nhdng ndi dung ciia 6 ky nang nay ndi chung van la Td chde, Ap dung, Bien dpi (hay Phat trien va Bo sung) t h d n g tin va Giai quyet van d e h o c tap •
Ke't luan
Kynang tiep nhan va k y n a n g x d i y t h d n g tin hpetap la nhdng ky nang hpc tap cp ban, thudc nhdm nhdng ky nang nhan thdc. Tuy nghe d o n gian nhdng viec md ta khoa hpc cac ky nang nay khdng he de dang. Vai trd dae biet quan trpng cua chung trong hpc tap ngay cang dupe khang dinh, vl vay khpa hpe giao due cang can quan tam nghien edu sau sac nhdng ky nang nay de tao dieu kien thuan ioi eho viec giao dye ky nang hpc tap trong nha trddng. Tat ea nhdng ky nang hpc tap khac deu phai bat dau t d ky nang tiep nhan va ky nang x d ly thong tin hpc tap. Va mpi ky nang trong ddi ma eon ngudi cd ddpe deu phai bat dau tdeae k y n a n g hpetap.
Tai lieu tham khao
1. Anthony Ralston, (2000), Encyclopedia of computer science, Nature Pub. Group. ISBN 978-1-56159-248-7.
2. Le Thj Duy Hpa, (2002), Thdng tin vd vdn de tiep nhgn, xir ly thong tin ciia tu duy ngudi Viet Nam, Luan an tien sl Triet hpc, Hpc vien Chinh trj qude gia Ho Chi Minh, Ha Npi, tr 196.
3. Oang Thanh Hung, (2004), "He t h o n g ky nang hpc tap hien dai", Tgp chi Gido due, sd 78/2004, tr 25-27.
4. Oang Thanh Hdng, (2010), "Nhan dien va danh gia ky nang", Tgp chl Khoa hgc Gido due, so 62 thang l l / 2 0 1 0 , t r . 25-28.
5. Oang Thanh Hdng, (2015), "Ban chat cua giao tiep va ky nang giao tiep" Tgp chl Qudn ly gido due, sd 78 thang 11/2015, tr 45-49.
6. Lutz, S., & Huitt, W„ (2003),"lnformation processing and memory: Theory and applications". Educational Psychology Interactive. Valdosta, GA: Valdosta State University, 17 pages.
7. Nguyen Quang Tuan, (2012), Nghien cdu nang cao chat tuong xirly tin hieu trong cdc he thong thong tin da nguai dung, Luan an tie'n sl Ky thuat, Hpc vien ky thuat quansU, tr 121.
8. Pham Oinh Van, (2012), Cdc bien phdp thu nhgn vd sirdung thong tin phdn hoi ve ket qud hgc tap ciia sinh vien de ndng cao chdt lugng dgy hgc mon Phuong phdp dgy hge d trudng dgi hgc suphgm, Luan an tien sl Giao dye hpc, Dai hpc sU pham Ha Npi, tr 155.
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