PHAT TRifiN CAC KY NANG DOI VOfI NGlTCfl LAO DONG TRONG BOl CANH CUOC CACH MANG CONG NGHIEP LAN THlT TlT
Do Thi Hoa Li£n Tom tat: Bdi viet phdn tich tdc dong cua cuoc cdch m(ing cong nghiep lan thir tu t&i nguai lao dong duoi goc dp true tiep vd gian dip. Ngudi lao dong dung trudc ca hgi viec Idm mai, ndng sudt tdng, ky ndng cdi thien nho img dung liin bo, thdnh tuu khoa hoc vd cong nghe cua cugc cdch mang cong nghi$p. Tuy nhien, cugc cdch mang ndy cUng dat ra yeu cdu ngudi lao dgng phdi thay doi vd bo sung cdc ky ndng de thuc hien cong viec. Tren ca sa do bdi viet de xuat mgt so gidi phdp tii goc do cua nguai lao dgng, doanh nghiep. co sa dao tao vd Nhd nu&c nhdm phdt trien cdc ky ndng cho ngudi lao dgng trong boi canh cuoc cdch mang cong nghiep lan thir tu.
TU khoa: Phdt trien cdc ky nang; cdch mang cong nghiep lan thir tu; ky ndng trong boi cdnh cong nghiep 4 0 Mddau
Tinh trang thieu ngudn nhan luc cd ky nang da ngay cang tram trgng hon trong giai doan 20 nam qua (tir 31% nam 1998 len 77% nam 2017). Ngudn cung nhan lire cd ky nang la mdi quan tam ciia hon 3/4 cac nha lanh dao doanh nghiep (77%) va ty le nay cao hon ca tai chau Phi (80%)) va chau A - Thai Binh Duong (82%j)'. Ky nang cd vai tro quan trgng ddi voi mdi ngudi lao ddng, do do, can giam thieu cac ky nang khdng phii hgp va bd sung cac ky nang thieu hut. Boi vi, ddi vai ca nhan, ky nang khdng phu hgp co tac ddng tidu cue ddn sir hai long cdng viec va tidn luong. Ddi voi cac cdng ty, no lam giam nang suat, va tang chi phi thud ngoai va can trd viec ap dung cac cong nghe moi. d cip do kinh te vT mo, sir khdng phu hgp lam tang tinh tr^ng that nghiep, giam nang su4t lao ddng va din den tang trudng GDP giam. Hon niia, nghien ciiu gan day da chi ra rang, lao ddng d cac qude gia cd ky nang tot thi bat binh dang ve luong thkp hon (OECD, 2015e). Do do, trong ky nguyen thong tin va tri thiic hien nay, nguoi lao ddng can buoc len nhung ky nang cao hon va sd hihi nhimg ky nang phii hgp de tang cuong nang lire thich ling vdi nhu cau cua thi truong lao ddng moi la vd cung quan trgng. Dieu dd, doi hdi mdi ngudi lao dgng trong xa hdi phai tu hgc sudt doi, trau ddi kha nang tu
duy ddc lap va thich ling nhanh vdi nhiing bidn ddng thudng xuyen, da dang, phiic tap ciia xa hgi.
1. Cach mang cong nghiep ISn thir tir va nhirng tac dong den nguxri lao dong
1.1. Cdc giai doan cm cuoc cdch mang cong nghi^
Cach mang cdng nghiep (CMCN) ISn thu hr la xu hudng hien tai ciia tir ddng hda va trao ddi dir lieu trong cdng nghe san xuat. No bao gom cac h?
thdng mang vat ly, mang Internet ket ndi van vat va dien toan dam may, va ban chat la dua tren n6n tang cong nghe sd va tich hgp tat ca cac cdng nghe thdng minh de tdi uu hoa quy trinh, phuang thiic san xuat.
Nhu vay, CMCN lan thii nhat sir dung nang lugng hoi nude dd co gidi hoa san xudt.CMCN liin thii hai su dung nang lugng dien dd tao ra san xuat hang loat. CMCN ISn thii ba sir dung dien hi va cdng nghe thong tin dd tir dgng hoa san xuk CMCN 4.0 dua tren ba ITnh vuc chinh: (i) Ky thuat so, bao gdm dir lieu 1cm (Big Data), internet kdt ndi van vat (loT), tri tue nhan tao (AT); (ii) Cdng nghe sinh hoc, bao gdm cac ung dung trong nong nghiep, thiiy san, y dugc, chd bidn thuc phSm, bao ve mdi trudng, nang lugng tai tao, hda hgc va v^t lieu; va (iii) Lmh vuc vat ly nhu robot the he mdi, xe tu lai, cac vat lieu moi, cdng nghe nano^
https.//www pwc com/vn/vn/media/assets/pwc-20th-ceo-
survey-press-release-vn.pdf •https://viettimes.vn/cach-mang-cong-nghiep-lan-thu-ni-viet- nam-dang-dung-dau-n8838 html
30 PHAT TRltN BSN VIJNG VUNG QUY^N 8, SO 2 (6/2018)
Do Thi Hoa Lien Phat trien cac icy nang...
Bang 1: CAC GIAI DOAN CUA CACH MANG CONG NGHIEP
T T
1
2
3
4
Cac giai d o a n cua each m a n g cong nghiSp Cach mang cong nghiep lan thii nhat (Cuoi the ky 18)
Cach mang cong nghiep lan thii hai (Dau the ky XX)
Cach mang cong nghiep lan thii ba (Dau th^p ni6n 1970)
Cach mang cdng nghi?p lan thii tu (Tir khoang nam 2011)
Tai nguySn,
n a n g lufrng Than
Dau;
di^n
Nang lugng hat nhan; khi tu nhien
Nang lugng xanh
Tinh nang, d a c di€m
Dgng c a hai nuac la dong luc Ion cho cong nghiep hoa;
May moc thay th6 cho nhigu lao dong,
Co su di chuyen cua con ngudi d6n cac thi tran, thanh phd Co su dch luy von.
Do su ket hgp giira khoa hoc vdi san xuat mang tinh he thdng, da dua khoa hoc trd thanh luc lugng san xuat;
Cac phuang tien tmyen thong nhu di^n tin va dien thoai ra dai;
Sii dung rgng rai may moc.
Cac thanh tuu khoa hoc - ky thuat quan su dugc ap dung vao san xuat, tao tien de cho each mang cong nghiep lan thii ba; Dien ra trong nhieu lmh vuc, tac dong dSn tSt ca cac hoat dpng kinh te, chinh tri, nr tudng ddi sdng, van hoa cua con nguoi.
Lao dong con nguai dan dugc thay the bang may moc trong chudi san xuat;
Ket ndi sd moi luc mgi nai (loT);
Tri tue may - robot tao ra robot, tao ra luc lugng canh tranh va thay the con ngudi a moi cap do; Thay ddi nguyen ly san xuat - tu dgng hoa;
Toe do cue cao va tien trien cue nhanh (logic "nhay vot"); Pham vi tac ddng bao trum, toan dien.
T h a n h tuu ky t h u ^ t chinh Co khi hda vai may chay bang thuy lire va hai nuac
Dong c a di?n;
Day chuyen lap rap, san xuat hang loat (Day chuyen lap rap dugc sii dung trong nganh cdng nghiep 6 to) Tu dgng hoa san xuat img dung cdng nghe thdng tin va thiet bi dien tir
Cac he thong lien ket the giai thuc va ao
Nganh cong nghiep d a p h a t tri^n Van tai dirdng sat;
Khai thac than;
Luyen kim;
Det may
Vien thdng, Cong nghiep hoa chat;
Hang hai;
San xuat sat va thep;
San xuat giay;
Cao su va phan bdn;
Ky thuat quan su
Dot pha trong ITnh vuc sang che va ap dung may tinh dien tii (May tinh; Hda dau; di?n hat nhan;
Ky thuat di truyen;
Thuoc khang sinh;
cong nghe den ban dan;
hang khong; ro-bot cong nghiep, cong nghe sinh hoc vi mach...) Cac nganh cong nghe cao (Internet; cdng nghe mai; so hda; xe khong ngudi lai...)
Nguon; Tong hop cua tdc gid (2018).
1.2. Tdc dong cua cuoc cdch m^ng cong nghiep lan thir tir den nguoi lao dong
Giong nhu cac cugc each mang truoc do, cugc CMCN ihn thii tu co tidm nang nang cao miic thu nhap va cai thien chat lugng cugc song cho nguoi lao ddng d cac quoc gia. Nhan dinh chung la tat ca cac ngarUi deu bi tac dgng, tuy nhien, muc do tac dgng a mdi nganh la khac nhau. Khac vdii cac cugc CMCN tnroc day, CMCN lan thii tu cd su khac biet rat Ion ve tdc do, pham vi va he thong (c6 toe
do phat tnen chua timg c6 tidn le trong Uch sir;
didn ra khdng chi tren quy md tdt ca cac linh vuc trong mgt qude gia, khu vuc ma cugc each mang nay con dien ra tren pham vi toan cau'; lam thay ddi toan bd, khong chi he thdng san xuat cua mgt doanh nghiep, mgt ITnh vuc ma con tac ddng manh den he thdng quan ly cua mgt quoc gia, cung nhu he thdng quan tn toan cau).
hRps//Iaodong.vn/cong-doan/bao-ve-nguoi-tao-dong-trong- cach-mang-cong-nghiep-4l)-590533 Ido
PHAT T R | £ N BtN VCfNG VUNG Q U Y E N 8, S6 2 (6/2018) 3 1
ffmh 1: DANH SACH CAC CONG VIEC NHIEU KHA NANG VA IT KHA N A N G BI THAY THE BANG TU BONG HOA NHAT
Bac sT giai tri tri lieu Giam sat co khi, lap dat, sira chua Quan ly tinh hudng khan cap Nhan vien xa hdi vd siic khde tinh than va cai nghien ma tuy Chuyen gia tri lieu co nang Chuyen gia chinh hinh Nhan vidn xa hgi vd cham sdc siic khoe Bac sT phau thuat rang ham mat Giam sat phdng chay chira chay Chuyen gia dinh duong Quan ly nha nghi, khach san Bien dao miia Ky su Bac sT thuc hanh va phau thu^t Dieu phdi vien hudng dan Chuyen gia tam ly Giam sat canh sat va dieu tra vien Nha SI Giao vien tidu hgc
it kha nang
bi thay
thd nhat
Nhieu kha nang
bi thay
the nhat
>
Nhan vien tdng dai Nhan vien tham tra, dieu tra Cdng nhan nganh may Ky thuat vien tinh toan Bao lanh phat hanh bao hidm Thg sira ddng hd Dai ly van tai hang hoa Nhan vien thud Nhan vien bien tap hinh anh Nhan vien quan ly tai khoan Ky thuat vien thu vien Nhan vien nhap sd lieu Nhan vien lap rap thidt bi tuih gio Nhan vien bdi thuong bao hiem Nhan vien mdi gioi Nhan vien nhap Idnh Can bg tin dung Tham dinh vien bao hiem Giao dich vien ngan hang
Ghi chu: Nhimg nganh nghe neu tren tucmg dong chat che vdi he thong phdn loai nghe nghiep tieu chuan cua Bo Lao dong Hoa Ky.
Nguon: Frey and Osborne (2013).
Ket qua cua mgt nghien ciiu khac ciia cac chuyen gia a Dien dan kinh te the gidi (WEF), thi dua ra ty le cu the hon ve cac nganh nghe cd nguy CO mat viec lam cao nhat, gdm: Cdng nhan nha may (44%); nhan vien thu ngan (40%i); tai xe taxi (20%)); nhan vien cham sdc khach hang (18%); phi cdng (16%). Trong khi dd, cd rat it viec lam khd thay the bang robot. Theo WEF, cac cdng viec it bi thay thd bang robot nhu: Bac sT, y ta (3%); luat su (4%); nha bao (5%); nha nghien ciru (6%i); ndng dan (11%) (WEF, 2016).
Ddng thdi, mgt sd nghien cuu da dua ra cac kdt luan chung ve ty Id nhihig cdng viec co nguy co tu ddng hda: 47% nhiing cdng viec dang dugc thuc hien bdi ngudi lao ddng tai My cd the dugc thire hien bang may tinh va cac thuat toan trong 10 den 20 nam tdi (Frey va Osborne, 2013). U"dc tinh tuong tu cho cac qude gia khac, nhu Diic, ty le
viec lam co nguy co tu ddng hda tdi 59%t (Brzeski va Burk, 2015). Ddi vdi toan bg chau Au, ty le vi?c lam dl bi tu ddng hda dao ddng tu 45%o den han 60% (Bowles, 2014). Tuy nhien, nhiSu nghien citu gan day cho rang, ty le vide lam cd nguy co ty ddng hda cd the da dugc cac nghien cini ndi tren danh gia la cao. Mot nghien ciiu dugc iiy quyen bdi OECD (Amtz, Gregory va Zierahn, 2016) cho rang, rat khd co kha nang toan bg nganh nghd se dugc ty dgng, trong thuc te, ngay ca nghd nghiep dugc du bao cd nguy co cao thi vin chua trong no mdt lugng dang ke cac nhiem vu kho tu dgng hoa. Nghien cim thuc hien a 21 quoc gia OECD, ket luan cd 9% cdng viec phai ddi mat vdi nguy co cao vd kha nang tu ddng hda (trong do, it nhdt 70%
nhiem vu cd thd dugc ty dgng hda) va 25% cdng vide khac (trong dd, khoang 50%, va 70% nhiem vu c6 the thay ddi dang ke do tu dgng hda (Amtz, Gregory va Zierahn, 2016). Uoc tinh tuong ty ddi
PHAT TRltN BEN VONG VUNG QUY^N 8, SO 2 (6/2018)
Do Thi Hoa Lien Phat trien cac iiy nang...
vdi mdt sd cac qude gia khac thi giiia cac qude gia, ty 16 cdng viec co nguy co ty ddng hda cao la khac nhau, cao nhat o Due (12,2%) va thap nhat d Han Qude (5,9%)(Amtz, Gregory va Zierahn, 2016). Sy khac biet nhu vay giiia cac qude gia trong nguy co tu dgng hda phan anh sy khac biet trong td chiic noi lam vide, su khac biet trong dSu tu cdng nghe, cung nhu su khac biet trong dao tao ngudi lao dgng, va mgt yeu td quan trgng tao dieu kien cho tu dgng hda chinh la thyc te nhimg nam gan day, cac cdng ty d cac quoc gia da don gian hoa cac cdng vide nhu mgt phSn trong nhimg nd luc cua hg va cho phep cac viec lam nay dugc thuc hien nhu la "vide lam ky thuat sd".
Viet Nam ciing se phai ddi mat vol thach thiic tii CMCN lan thii tu. Mgt bao cao ciia Td chiic Lao dgng qude te (ILO) cdng bd thang 7-2016 cho biet, cd den 86%. lao ddng trong cac nganh det - may va giay dep tai Viet Nam cd nguy co cao mat viec lam duoi tac ddng ciia nhiing dot pha ve cdng nghe, do cugc CMCN lan thii tu dem lai*. Mdt sd viec lam se mat va nhieu viec lam moi se ra doi, tuy nhien, khdng cd viec lam nao bi m4t dot nggt, thay vao do, mdt qua trinh chuyen ddi se dien ra, da bat dau va dugc dy bao la vdi tdc do nhanh. Ddi vdi cac nude dang phat trien nhu Viet Nam, thi trong ngan han van dang dugc hudng Igi tir chi phi lao ddng thap, va d thdi diem hidn tai, trong nhieu nganh nghe, viec thyc hien mgt phin, hoac toan bg he thdng san xudt ty dgng hda doi hdi diu tu nhidu, so dau tu nay la qua IOTI SO voi chi phi lao ddng hien tai. Tuy nhien, trong dai han, tu ddng hda va sir dung robot trong san xuat se tiet kiem dang ke chi phi lien quan den lao ddng va san pham. San xuat bang ty dgng hda cd nhieu uu diem, khdng bi phu thugc vao cac yeu td ben ngoai, hoat ddng lien tuc 24/7 va cd do chinh xac cao, dac biet nd cd the hoat dgng trong nhirng viing nguy hiem. Sy chuan hda va ddng bd ciia san xuat ty ddng hda a mire dg Idn hon, dan den cai thien hieu qua va kiem soat hieu suat tdt hon va hon the niia la sy minh bach trong cdng ty Ngudi lao dgng cung cd nhidu Igi the, hg se phai lam it cdng viec thu cong, lap di lap lai, cdng viec don dieu, nen ngudi lao dong se cd
nhieu thdi gian ranh hon, hg co the su dung cho cac hoat dgng sang tao hoac cac hoat ddng giai tri ca nhan. Trong xu the chung, canh tranh ngay cang manh me, bude cac cdng ty trong nuoc phai dau tu he thdng san xudt tu dgng, ddng bg de nang cao nang suat va sue hap dan ciia hg ddi voi cac doi thii canh tranh, cOng nhu duy tri tinh canh tranh trong thdri gian dai.
Tuy nhien, nhieu chuyen gia ciing cho rang, cugc CMCN lan thii tu se tao ra nhieu viec lam hon la nhiing viec lam mat di do cd cugc each mang nay. Cac ly do dugc dua ra nhu sau; Thu nhdt, tdc do thay ddi cdng nghe nhanh hon, nen nhu cau ngudn nhan lye cho nghien ciiu, phat trien va cac dich vu lien quan se gia tang; thu hai, su bung nd cua hang loat cdng nghe moi: Tri tue nhan tao; dii lieu Idn, Internet di ddng; cdng nghe dien toan dam may; loT; xe khong nguoi lai... va danh sach nay cd the se dugc tiep tuc nhieu hon, do do, nhieu hoat ddng kinh doanh mdi va viec lam mdi ra ddi; thu ba, hang trieu ngudi tren khap the gidi cd the truy cap vao nhirng co sd dir lieu rat Idn va ddi moi sang tao se cd thd d moi noi va co hdi khdi nghiep rgng md^.
Nhu vay, gan nhu la khdng the tranh khdi nhirng tac dgng to Idn cua cugc CMCN lan thii tu ddi vdi ngudi lao dgng. Cac cdng nghe moi dang chuyen hda loai hinh viec lam va each thirc con nguoi lam viec. Tuy nhien, su ket hgp cua cac cdng nghe mdi se dinh hudng nhiing thay ddi hien nay va nd dang dinh hinh lai mdi lien ket giu'a viec lam va phat trien con ngudi, ciing nhu cac loai hinh chinh sach va the chd can cd de nang cao chat lugng ngudn nhan lye, dap img cac yeu cau cua cugc CMCN lan thir tu.
2. Thay ddi ky nang ciia ngu^l lao ddng trong boi canh each mang cdng nghiep lan thu tir
2.1. Quan diem ve ky ndng va phdt trien ky ndng trong boi cdnh cdch mang cong nghiep lan thir tir
Cho den nay cd nhieu quan niem khac nhau vd ky nang. "Ky nang la kha nang van dung nhiing
''https://laodong.vn/cong-doan^ao-ve-nglloi-Iao-dong-trong- cach -mang-cong-nghiep-40-590533.1do
Trich lai tii Cue Thong tin KH&CN Quoc gia, 2016, T6ng lu^n "Cuoc each mang cong nghiep lan thi> tu".
PHAT T R I E N BEN V U N G V U N G Q U Y £ N 8, S6 2 (6/2018) 33
kien thiic thu nhan dugc trong ragt linh vyc nao do vao thyc td" (Vien Ngdn ngii hgc, 1998), bao gdm ky nang ciing (trinh do tieng Anh, ky nang lien quan den may tinh va cac ky nang ky thuat khac);
ky nang mem (quan ly thdi gian, giao tiep va ket ndi, tu duy sang tao, lam viec theo nhdm va nang luc lanh dao....). Sharma (2009) tap trung phan tich ve ky nang mem, tac gia nhan dinh ky nang mem la ky nang quan trgng nhat tren thi trudng lao ddng, nhat la trong thai dai cdng nghe phat trien nhanh. Sharma xac dinh cac ky nang mdm gdm:
Ky nang giao tiep; ky nang tu duy va giai quyet v3n de; ky nang lam viec nhdm, hgc sudt doi; ky nang quan ly thdng tin; ky nang khdi nghiep, dao dire va am hieu; ky nang lanh dao (Sharma, 2009).
Nhu vay, ky nang dugc hieu la sy san sang hgc tap, dat thanh tich va cdn dan toi viec giai quydt
dugc cac vdn dd thdng qua lao dgng co suy nghi (Nguydn Tidn Dat, 2004). Miic do dat thanh tich cd CO sd hoac la o giao dye va luy?n tap, hoac 6 cac yeu td bam sinh, a cac td chat co ban khong phu thugc vao kinh nghiem.
Diem trung tam cua nhiing no lye phat triin ngudn nhan luc dugc mgi nguoi nhat tri va chii trgng tap trung vao hai chu de chinh la "Hgc tgp va nang cao chdt lugng, hieu qua thyc hien nhiem vu"
(Weinberger, 1998, tr.78). Do dd, phat triln ky nang ddi vdi ngudi lao dgng khong chi la phat tri^n trinh do lanh nghe, ma con la su phat tridn ky nang va su dung ky nang do vao viec lam cd hieu qua, cung nhu thoa man nghe nghiep va cugc sdng ca nhan.
Hinh 2: CAC TAC D Q N G DEN NHU^JG KY NANG TRONG BOI CANH CACH MANG CONG NGHIEP LAN THlT T\J
Su phat trien ngudn von con ngudi
Cdng nghe thay ddi
Ky nang can thiet trong ky nguyen sd
Viec lam ciia Nguoi lao dgng
Tiem nang hoc tap doi vdi cong viec
Nguon: Tong hop cua tdc gid (2018).
Cugc CMCN \kn thir tu vdi nhiing thay ddi cdng nghe se lam cho cac ky nang hien tai cua nguoi lao dgng tro thanh Idi thdi, nen cdn cd nhung ky nang mdi dap ling yeu cau cdng viec mdfi va viec hgc tap sudt ddi se tang cuong cac ky nang ddi voi ngudfi lao ddng, do dd, giam rui ro mdt viec lam.
2.2. Thirc trang ve ky nang cua ngudi lao dpng Theo danh gia ciia Ngan hang The gidi, ndu idy thang diem 10 thi chdt lugng nhan luc cua Viet Nam chi diing thii 11/12 nude dugc xep hang (dat
3,79 diem so vdi 6,91 didm cua Han Qude, 5,76 didm ciia An Dg, 5,59 ciia Ma-lai-xi-a va Thai Lan la 4,94 didra)^
Ty le cac doanh nghiep phan nan vd nhiing ky nang cdng nhan dugc dao tao tai trudng khdng phu hgp vdi nhiing ky nang ma doanh nghi?p cdn coa rat Ion, trong dd gdn 65% chii doanh nghiep FDI
http://www.molisa.gov.vti/vi/Pages/chitiettin aspx?IDNew:
23363
34 P H A T T R I E N B E N VCfNG V O N G QUYfeN 8, S 6 2 (6/2018)
Do Thj Hoa Lien Phat trien cac ky nang...
cho rang, nhihig ky nang ma trudng day nghe va trudng trung hgc chuyen nghiep dao tao khdng dap img dugc nhu cau cua doanh nghiep. Ty le nay d- cac doanh nghiep trong nuoc thap hon, khoang 35%). Cac ky nang cdn thidu cua lao dgng Viet Nam la: Ky nang ky thuat, ky nang tu duy logic, ky nang giai quyet van de, ky nang tu duy c6 phe phan, ky nang giao tiep, ky nang lam viec nhdm (Tdng cue Thdng ke, 2016). Theo kdt qua khao sat nghien ciiu vao nam 2014 giiia Vien Khoa hgc Lao ddng va Xa hdi voi tap doan Manpower tai 6.000 doanh nghiep thugc chin ITnh vyc kinh te tai chin tinh thanh o Viet Nam cho thdy, lao ddng thidu hieu biet ve cdng nghe va kha nang sang tao, 1/5 nhan xet lao ddng thieu kha nang thich nghi vdi cdng nghe mdi, 1/3 doanh nghiep khdng tim dugc lao dgng cd ky nang ma hg ckn'. Miic do dap ling cac ky nang ciia sinh vien tdt nghiep dai hgc so vdi yeu cdu ciia nha tuyen dung tai bay quoc gia Ddng A, trong dd cd Viet Nam: "thai do lam viec dugc danh gia d mire thieu hut nghiem trong; cac ky nang tu duy sang tao, ky nang cdng nghe thdng tin, ky nang lanh dao, ky nang giai quyet van de thieu hut Idn" (WB, 2012). "Phan Idn ngudi sir dung lao ddng ndi rang, tuyen dung lao dgng 1^ cdng viec khd khan vi cac ling vien khdng cd ky nang phii hgp hoac thieu lao ddng cd ky thuat" (WB, 2013).
Khao sat ciia ILSSA- Manpower cung cho thay tinh hinh tuong ty, nhung ky nang thieu hut la kha nang thich nghi voi nhirng thay ddi, kha nang lam viec nhdm, kha nang nhan biet tiep thu va ling dung cong nghe moi, ky nane mav tinh co ban (ILSSA-Manpower, 2014). JobStreet.com - mang viec lam hang dau chau A cho biet, mgt trong nhiing rao can Ion nhat cho lao dgng Viet Nam khi gia nhap cdng ddng kinh te ASEAN la kha nang ngoai ngir. Khao sat nam nude gdm Singapore, Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia va Viet Nam, cho thdy lao dgng cua nude ta chi diing hang 4/5 ve tieng Anh".
Trich lai tir Tran Van Hiing (2017)
http://plo.vn/kinii-te/ngoai-ngu-cua-lao-dong-viet-kem-x cac-nuoc-asean-615154.html
Nhiing thyc te tren cho thay, nguoi lao ddng d Viet Nam con thidu va yeu cac ky nang, dac biet la ky nang mem va nang luc ngoai ngir. Nhirng han che ve ky nang cua nguon nhan lye d Viet Nam cd nhieu nguyen nhan, mgt phan Idn tir phia ngudi lao dgng, tinh chu ddng bd sung va nang cao ky nang cdn thieu, ngoai ra, con nguyen nhan tir cdng tac dao tao cua he thdng giao due quoc dan va dao tao tai doanh nghiep chua dap img yeu cau ciia su phat trien khoa hgc, cdng nghe.
Nhiing thay doi ky ndng cua ngudi lao dong trong boi cdnh CMCN Idn thu tu
CMCN lan thii tu cho thay sy thay ddi cdng nghe thien ve ky nang va su sang tao, voi y tudng rang, tac ddng thuan ciia cac cdng nghe mdi la giam thieu nhu cau lao ddng tay nghe thap, lam nhirng cdng viec chuyen mdn lap di lap lai va cac cdng viec la cac giao dich ma nhan vien khdng can bang cap, chi dua tren quy trinh nhu cac giao dich tai chinh..., ddng thdi gia tang nhu cau vdi lao ddng tay nghe cao, lam nhiing cdng viec doi hdi trinh do nhan thiic phiic tap, tham chi vugt ngoai kha nang ciia nhiing ngudi cd bang cap nhat dinh.
Ddng thdi, tac ddng nay di kem vdi mdt hieu ling ma trong do, nhu cau ve hang hda va dich vu mdi tang len va din ddn sy ra ddi ciia nhiing nganh nghe, cac loai hinh kinh doanh mdi.
Doanh nghiep sir dung lao dgng d ASEAN phai ddi mat vdi tinh trang lao dgng thieu ky nang Cling va ky nang mem. 38,6%) ngudi dugc hdi cho rang, kien thirc ky thuat &\xac coi la quan trong nhat. Trong sd cac ky nang dugc coi la khd tim nhat, tren het la tu duy chien luge va giai quyet van de, theo sau la cac ky nang ngoai ngu, va ky nang mem (bao gdm su sang tao va doi mdi); khoang 1/3 nhiing ngudi d Campuchia, Lao va Viet Nam het ke, ngoai ngii la mdt trong sd cac ky nang quan trgng nhdt cua hg (ILO, 2016).
Bao cao "Tuong lai viec lam" da dua ra nhirng dy doan ve tien bg cua cong nghe se inh hudng den sy phat trien cua thi trudng lao dgng, ddng thdi chi ra 10 ky nang ma ngudi lao dgng can uu tien phat trien trong ky nguyen sd de thich ling vol sy thay ddi ciia mdi trudng lam viec tuong lai, va cac ky nang dugc de xuat sap xep theo thii ty ciia tdm quan trgng nhu sau:
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Bing 2: THAY BOI KY NANG TRONG CUOC CACH MANG CONG NGHIEP L A N THtfTU Cac ky nang chinh ciia nguM lao d^ng
nam 2015 1. Giai quyet van de phiic tap 2. Cpng tac va dieu phoi 3. Quan tn nguon nhan luc 4. T U duy phan bien 5. Dam phan 6. Kiem soat chat luong 7. Dinh hudng dich vu 8. Danh gia va dua ra quyet dinh 9. Lang nghe tich cue 10. Sang tao
Cac ky nang chinh cua ngiroi nam 2020 1. Giai quyet van de phiic tap 2. T U duy phan bien 3. Sang tao
4. Quan tri nguon nhan luc 5. Cong tac va dieu phoi 6. Tri tue cam xuc 7. Danh gia va dua ra quyet dinh 8. Dinli hudng dich vu 9. Dam phan 10. Nhan thirc linh hoat
lao dong
Nguon: WEF (2016).
Nhu vay, 10 ky nang hang dau ma con ngudi can trang bi den nam 2020 de dap img dugc yeu cau ciia thi trudng lao ddng gdm: Ky nang giai quyet van de phuc tap, tu duy phan bien, sang tao, quan tri nhan sy, cdng tac va dieu phdi, tri tue cam xiic, danh gia va dua ra quyet dinh, dinh huong djch vu, dam phan va nhan thiic linh hoat. So vdi nam 2015 thi 10 ky nang quan trgng nhat se thay ddi dang ke vao nam 2020. NhiJng ky nang thay ddi nhieu nhat la ky nang sang tao, dam phan va lang nghe tich eye. So vdi nam 2015, sang tao se trd thanh mgt trong ba ky nang top dau ma ngudi lao ddng cdn. Vdi sy ra ddi ciia hang loat cong nghe mdi, ngudi lao dgng buoc phai sang tao de tim ra each ap dung chiing vao cdng viec ciang nhu van dung de tao ra cac san pham va dich vu mdi.
Ky nang tri tue cam xiic (kha nang phan doan va
thau hieu cam xiic ciia con ngudi) dang khdng co trong top 10 ky nang nam 2015, se trd thanh mgt trong nhiing ky nang hang dau cdn thidt cho tdt ca mgi ngudi vao nam 2020. Bdi vi, cdng nghe du hiiu ich van chua the tiep can mgi van de theo kilu cua con ngudi, vl the kha nang du doan va thdu hieu la ky nang can thiet de chiem im the trong mgi mdi quan he. Day la ky nang khdng the bi thay the bdi tri thong minh nhan tao. Lang nghe tich cite dugc coi la mdt ky nang cdt loi hien nay, se khong con trong top 10 ky nang d ky nguyen sd va them vao do la ky nang nhan thiic linh hoat la kha nang suy nghT nhieu van de cung mgt luc. Tdng hop nhiing phan tich tren, theo tac gia bai vidt, nguoi lao ddng trong ky nguyen sd can dap img cac ky nang, theo thii tu quan trgng nhu sau (Bang 3):
Bang 3: CAC KY NANG NGlTCl LAO DONG CAN DAP U M G TRONG KY NGUYEN SO
1. Ky nang tirdny Giai quyet van de phirc tap Sang tao
Lien tucmg Tu duy phan bien Nhan thiic linh hoat 3. Ky nang quan tri ngudn lye Quan tn nguon nhan luc Quan tn ngudn v6n tai chinh Quan tri then gian
2. Ky nang xa hoi Cong tac va dieu phdi Tri tue cam xiic Dam phan Dinh hudng dich vu Dao tao va thuySt phuc 4. Ky nang he thdng
Danh gia va dua ra quySt dinh
Phan tich he thdng
5. Ky nang ky thuat Bao tri va sua chua Van hanh va kiem soat Lap trinh Quan tri chat lugng Nguon: Tong h^ cua tdc gid (2018).
36 P H A T T R I E N B £ N V & N G VUNG Q U Y E N 8, SO 2 (6/2018)
Do Thi Hoa Lien Phat trien cac ky nang...
Nhu vay, hang loat cac cdng viec se ddi hdi cao hon ve ky nang tu duy, trong do bao gdm cac ky nang nhu sang tao, lien tudng, tu duy phan bien, giai quydt vdn dd phirc tap. Ky nang danh gia va dua ra cac quyet dinh van giir vai trd quan trgng, tuy nhien trong tuong lai, may moc se ra cac quyet dinh don gian tren co sd ngudn dii lieu khdng 16, cdn ngudi lao dgng tren co sd dii lieu va thdng tin giiip qua trinh ra quyet dinh chinh xac va hieu qua hon va hg la nhung ngudi cd ky nang danh gia tdng hgp de hieu va van dung tdt dii lieu.
Hon nGa, trong tuong lai gan, cdng nghe thay ddi nhanh; nhieu nganh, nghe mdi ra ddi thay the cac nganh, nghe truydn thdng; ranh gidi giiia cac nganh, nghe cang md nhat, xu hudng lien nganh cd gan ket vdi cdng nghe thdng tin trd nen phd bien nen se ddi hdi ngudi lao ddng la ngudi sang tao, ngudi cd tu duy phe phan va la nhung ngudi cd the giai quyet cac van de phirc tap va cd tri tue cam xuc caode cd the thich img lien tuc, de hgc tap cac ky nang va phuong phap tidp can mdi va tai nang se la ydu td san xudt quan trgng hon so vdi vdn, didu nay c6 thd lam phat smh mdt thi trudng lao ddng ngay cang cd khoang each xa giii'a cac lao ddng tay nghe thap/luong thap va tay nghe cao/luong cao.
Ngoai ra, tinh linh hoat ngay cang trd nen quan trgng. Ngudi lao ddng se dugc yeu cau tap trung khdng chi vao mdt cdng viec chinh, ma cdn de thyc Men mdt sd nhiem vu, ddi khi rat phirc tap, khi can thiet ciing la de thyc hien nhu mgt phan cua mgt nhdm lam viec.
Mdt trong nhirng yeu cau quan trgng nhat se la su sang tao, cac sang kien dugc tao ra khdng chi bdi nhiing ngudi tham gia thi trudng da dugc thanh lap, ma cdn bdi nhiing ngudi khdi nghiep cd tam nhin xa trdng rgng cho chinh minh vdi nhiing y tudng mdi va trgng tam se can ngudi tim ra giai phap sang tao cho cac van de,
3. Kien nghi giai phap tang cirdng ky nang d6i voi ngurdi lao dgng trong boi canh cu6c each mang c6ng nghiep lan thii' tir
Sy ket hgp cua cac ky nang chuyen mdn va cac ky nang mem (sy sang tao, tu duy phan tich, giao
tiep, lam viec theo nhom v.v) la can thiet de trang bi cho luc lugng lao ddng mgt each tdt nhat va thiic ddy kha nang tu phuc hdi trong cac thi trudng lao ddng lien tuc thay ddi Dao tao ky nang, dao tao lai, hgc tap sudt ddi ddng vai trd quan trgng ca trong va ngoai cdng viec. Cac he thdng giao due va dao tao phai dugc chuan bi de phat trien nhiing ky nang cho mong lai. Dac biet la can cd sy phdi hgp giiia cac nha hoach dinh chinh sach, doanh nghiep va nha cung cap dich vu dao tao nham dam bao du cung cau trong thi trudng lao ddng. Mgt chien luge phat trien hieu qua can keu ggi viec md rgng cac nganh nghe tao ra nhieu gia tri tang them va viec lam, Cling vdi hieu ling nhan rgng va sy ket ndi.
Vephia nguai lao dong
Tri tue cam xiic, tu duy sang tao va linh hoat trong nhan thirc van la nhiing ky nang neu bat tiem nang ciia con ngudi va giiip hg van la luc lugng quan trgng chir khdng phai may mdc, thiet bi thay the. Do do, thu nhdt, ngudi lao ddng nen nhan thiic vd each mang 4.0 la co hdi thay vi thach thirc; thu hai, ban than ngudi lao ddng cdn trang bi diing loai ky nang de chii ddng chuyen ddi viec lam thanh cdng; thu ba, ngudi lao ddng nen chii ddng va san sang nang cao ky nang lam viec, hgc tap sudt ddi vi kha nang ty hgc ciia mdi ngudi lao ddng luon la yeu td then chdt nham nang cao chat lugng lao dgng, dap ling vdi nhiing thay ddi nhanh chdng cua cdng nghe va tien tdi lam chii cdng nghe mdi.
Ve phia doanh nghiep
Thu nhdt, cac doanh nghiep can cd sy dieu chinh giiia chien luge ngudn nhan lye va chien luge ddi mdi cdng ty, han chd cac ap lye ngan han ve Igi nhuan, thay vao do la mdt tu duy mdi dd dap ling nhu cau thu hiit ngudn nhan lye tai nang, bdi vi nhung ngudi sang tao, cd tai nang trong toan hgc va khoa hgc se dap ling tdt nhat cac yeu cdu cua thi trudng lao dgng mdi. Thu ha'., tang cudng dao tao thudng xuyen trong va ngoai doanh nghiep ddi vdi ngudi lao ddng. Thu ba, can dau tu ha tang ky thuat, cdng nghe, dac biet cdng nghe thdng tin hien dai, hdi nhap qude td, bdi vi ngudi lao dgng de phat trien nang luc sang tao ca nhan cdn phai cd cac mang ludi tuong tac giira con ngudi vdi cac thiet bi, va cac thiet hi gop phan quan trgng trong
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viec tao ra san pham sang tao va phat trien nang luc sang tao ca nhan va sang tao tap the. Thu tu, can chii trgng cdng tac nghien ciiu va phat trien nham cai thien nang lye ddi mdi sang tao trong toan doanh nghiep.
Ve phia ca sd ddo tQO
Nhu cau lao dgng gian don cang thap thi nhu cau nhan vien cd ky nang cang cao, va giao due tdt hon se giiip nang cao ky nang cho ngudi lao dgng de dap ling yeu cau cua thi trudng lao dgng hien tai va tuong lai. Do dd, de dao tao dugc nhan lyc thi phai bat ddu tii viec thay ddi chinh sach, ndi dung va chien luge dao tao. Truac het, chuong trinh dao tao can linh hoat, dam bao tinh lien thdng giira cac chuong trinh, cac he dao tao va sy lien thdng giua cac chuan myc giao due trong nude va quoc te de chuan bi luc lugng lao ddng di chuyen de dang hon giua cac nganh nghe, giiia cac khu vyc; thu hai, chuong trinh dao tao can trang bi tdt nhiing kien thirc va ky nang ve cdng nghe thdng tin va ngoai ngir de ngudi lao ddng cd nam bat co ban ve ky thuat sd va phan tich van de; thu ba, chuong trinh, phuong phap dao tao can thiet ke de tang cudng tu duy, nang lyc sang tao va nang lyc thich nghi nhanh chdng trudc nhiing thay ddi ky thuat, xa hdi, dac biet la ky thuat sd; thu tu, cac co sd dao tao can dau tu ddi mdi co sd vat chat, ddi ngy de theo kip tdc do thay ddi cdng nghe, nham cung cdp nhiing ky nang can thiet cho ngudi lao dgng.
Vephia Nhd nude
De giup ngudi lao ddng thich img vdi thay ddi nhu cau thi trudng lao ddng, trudc hdt, Nha nude nen thiet kd cac he thdng hgc tap sudt ddi chit lugng cao se cho phep ngudi lao ddng thudng xuyen cap nhat, nang cdp va tham chi dd ngudi lao
ddng cd dugc kien thiic, ky nang va nang lyc d§
duy tri viec lam va/hoac tim viec lam mdi; thir hai, ddu tu cho ha tdng dy bao de du bao chinh xac xu hudng van ddng va phat trien cua thi trudng lao ddng d Viet Nam trong tuong lai gan va xa vi thay ddi cua cdng nghe dien ra nhanh chdng nen khd dir doan chinh xac dugc cac kien thiic, ky nang ma thi trudng lao ddng can trong tuong lai; thu ba, tang cudng cac khung kich hoat de giam thieu mgt s6 chi phi dieu chinh nham giup nhiing nhiing nguoi lao ddng thay ddi ky nang de nam bat cdng vifc mdi mgt each nhanh chdng; thir tu, Nha nude cdn tao dieu kien that thuan loi ve mdi trudng cho cac doanh nghiep dugc tiep can, tham gia va ling dyng cac cdng nghe tien tien.
Ket luan
Tac ddng cua cugc CMCN 4.0 dang dien ra manh me tren the gidi va Viet Nam ciing se khdng tranh khdi xu the nay, bdi day la mdt xu the tat yeu. Mac dii van dang d giai doan dau, nhung da dat ra hang loat van de ve dao tao nguon nhan luc trong ky nguyen sd. Didm ndi bSt cua CMCN 4.0 chinh la cac doanh nghiep se ddn thay the cac khau san xudt gian don, lap di lap lai bang may mdc va robot, ling dung cong nghe thdng tin de dat nang suat chat lugng cao, dam bao do tinh xao va chinh xac. Mdt thach thirc khdng nhd vdi Viet Nam trong giai doan CMCN idn thii tu la lyc lugng lao dong thieu ky nang, do do, can cd he thdng cac giai phap thiet thyc va ddng bd tir phia ngudi lao ddng, doanh nghiep, co sd dao tao va Nha nude nMm tang cudng ky nang cho ngudi lao ddng, de dap ling cac yeu cau cua thi trudng lao dgng hien tai va trong tuong lai.
Tai lieu tham khao
1 Deming, D.J. (2015)."The growing importance of social skills m the labor market. NBER Working PaperSeries, No. 21473. ^ ^ 2. Nguyin TiSn Dat (2004), Khai niem ky nang va khai niem ky xao frong dao tao ky thuat va nehd nshiep. Tap chi
phdt trien gido due. So 6/2004, tr. 18-20. o .= . i- - 3. Frey, C, and M. Osborne (2013; The Future of Employment: How Susceptible Are Jobs to Computerisation?
Oxford Martin School, Oxford, UK.
38 P H A T T R I ^ N B ^ N V I J N G V O N G Q U Y £ N 8, SG 2 (6/2018)
Dd Thi Hoa Li§n Phat trien cac ky nang...
4. ILO (2016). ASEAN in transformation: Perspectives of enterprises and students on future work /International Labour Office, Bureau for Employers' Activities (ACT/EMP). (Bureau for Employers' Activities (ACT/EMP) working paper; No. 11).
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6. OECD (2013). OECD Skills Outlook 2013. First Results from the Survey of Adult Skills, OECD, Publishing, Paris, http://dx.d01.0rg/l0.1787/9789264204256-en.
7 OECD (2015e). "Skills and wage inequality", in OECD (2015), OECD Employment Outlook 2015. OECD Publishing, Paris. http.//dx.doi.org/10.1787/empl_outlook-2015-en.
8. OECD (2016d). New Skills for the Digital Economy: Measuring the Demand and Supply of ICT Skills atWork, Technical Report prepared for the 2016 Ministerial Meeting on the Digital Economy, OECDPublishmg, Paris.
9 Overtoom, C. (2000/ Employability skills: An update ERIC Clearinghouse on Adult, Career, and Vocational Education. ERJC Digest No. 220
10. Sharma, A. (20(i9).Importance of soft skills development in education http://schoolofeducators.eom/2009/02/i mportance-of-soft-skills-development-m-education/.
11 Tong cue Thdng kS (2016J. Bdo cao torn tat "Thuc trang vd gidi phdp ndng cao ndng sudt lao dgng cua Viet Nam ".
12. Tran Van Hung (2017). Lao dong Viet Nam trudc yeu cdu hgi nhap cong ddng kinh tg ASEAN. Tap chi Khoa hoc vd cong nghe Lam nghiep, sd 3/2017, tr. 139-146.
13. Vien Ngdn ngii hoc (1998). r«-(fie« r;eng^ Tier. Nxb Da Nang, tr. 501.
14. WB (2012), Putting higher education to work, skill and research for growth in East Asia. Regional Report , Washington DC.
15 WB (2013), Vietnam Development Report: Skilling up Vietnam- Preparing the workforce for a modern market economy. Hanoi.
16 WEF (2016). The Futur of Jobs. Employment, Skills and WorkForce Strategy For the Fourth Industrial Revolution - Global challenge Report
17 Weinberger, L. A. (199?,).Commonly held theories of human resource development Human Resource Development International. 1 (1), 75-93.
Thong tin tac gia:
D S Thi Hoa Lien, TS ^ g a y nhan bai. 6/3/2018 Dtm'vi cong tac. Traong Dai hoc Lao 4ong-Xa hoi NS')- f*" ta" '™-'** * ™ ' *
(csn). Ngay duyet dang' 23/5/2018
- Dia chi email; [email protected] vn
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