KINH TE
QUA TRINH CONG NGHIEP HOA
HIEN DAI HOA DAT NlTCfC TRONG BOI CANH CUA CUOC CACH MANG 4.0
» TRAN VAN THIEN
TOM TAT:
Bai vie't trinh bay dinh nghla each mang cong nghiep 4.0, lam ro stf hinh thanh va phat trien ciia qua trinh tif each mang khoa hoc ky thuat, kinh te' tri thu'c, xa hoi thong tin de'n each mang cong nghiep 4.0 nham xac dinh nhi$m vu cua qu^ trinh cong nghiep hoa hien dai hoa dS't nu'dc.
Tuf khoa: Tri thiJc, cdng nghidp 4.0, thdng tin, cdng nghiep hda, hien dai hda, dS't nifdc.
1. Dinh nghia CN 4.0
Theo Klaus Schwab, ngu'di sang lap dong thdi la chu tich dieu hanh Dien dan Kinh te' The' gidi [3], each mang cong nghiep 4.0 cd Hch sii hinh thanh v6 cung a'n tifdng:
"Cach mang cong nghiep dau tien sd dung nang lifOng nu'dc va hoi nifdc de cO gidi hda san xua't. Cupc each mang lan thi? hai dien ra nhd u'ng dung dien nang de san xua't hang loat. Cuoc each mang Ian ba sd dung dien tuT va cdng nghe thong tin de tif dong hda san xua't. Va gid day, cupc each mang cdng nghiep thu" tif da va dang dan hinh Ihanh tCf cuoc each mang lan ba. No la sif ke't hdp cua cac cong nghe va cung ddng thdi lam md ranh gidi giiJa vat ly, ky thuat so' va sinh hpc".
Cach mang cong nghiep 4.0 dien ra trSn 3 ITnh vifc: Vat ly, Ky thuSt sd'va Cong nghe sinh hpc.
- LTnh vifc Vat ly gom robot the' he mdi, may in 3D, xe tif lai, vSt lieu mdi va cdng nghe Nano.
- LTnh VLfc Ky thuat so' bao gom: Tri tue nhan tao (AI), van vat ke't no'i (Internet of things -loT) va du" heu Idn (Big Data).
- Linh vifc Cong nghe sinh hgc gom: Nong nghiep, Thiiy san, che' bie'n thifc pham, bao ve moi tru'dng, nang lu'dng tai lao, hoa hpc va vat lieu.
2. Qua trinh phat trien cua Cach mang khoa hoc ky thu^t, n^n kinh te'tri thu'c, xa hOi thdng tin den each mang cong nghiep 4.0 va nhiing tac dong cua no vtfi kinh te', xa h6i con ngtftfi
TCf nhU'ng thap nien cuo'i the' ky XX de'n nay, khoa hpc va cong nghe - nha't la sif phat trien nhif vu bao cua cong nghe thong tin, cdng nghe sinh hpc va tri tue nhan tao - da tac dpng ra't sau sac va manh me de'n ddi sdng xa hoi con ngifdi.
Lich sd nhan loai dang chuyen tif xa hdi cong nghiep sang xa hoi thdng tin, lif nen kmh te' dUa vao lai nguyen va may mdc sang nen kinh te'chu ye'u diJa vao di? lieu, thong tin va tri thu'c. Day la mot bifdc ngoat lich siV rat quan trpng.
Vay di? lieu, thdng tin va tn thu'c cd md'i lien he gi vdi nhau? DiJ lieu la nhii'ng so lieu, dd kien rdi rac. Khi diJ lieu du'dc he tho'ng hda se trd thanh thong tin. Thdng tin du'dc con ngifdi tie'p nhan, xijf ly nhan thu'c se trd thanh tri thu'c, nhd cd tn thu'c ma ky nang, 6c sang tao con ngifdi phat tnen, Khi tri thiJc difdc viet ra, in an hay difa len mang thdng tin dien td de quang ba cho nhieu ngu'di thu nhan sd dung thi dd chinh la tri thdc da difdc ma hda.
Vay luc ba'y gid tn thu'c ciing difdc gpi la thong tin.
Ngay nay vdi sd phat trien manh me ciia cong
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nghe thdng tin, thong tin cho ra tri thdc va truyen ba nhanh tri thu'c, tri thiJc bung nd, chung ta co each manh thong tin va each mang tri thifc. Qua trinh do chinh la cupc each mang cong nghiep 4.0.
Tri ihiJc, thong tin va xil ly thong tin trd thanh ye'u to' then chot trong cupc each mang cong nghiep 4.0. Hien nay va lu'dng lai, cong nghiep 4.0 difdc xac dinh la dpng life cho sd tang tnfdng kinh te', nang cao chat lifdng cu6c sd'ng. Cong nghiep 4.0 khong chi thay the' lao dpng chan tay ma con giiip con ngu'di trong lao dong tri 6c. Ben canh do, nhffng khai niem ve cuoc song va tif duy cua con ngu'di ciing dang dan thay ddi.
Sif bie'n ddng do khong chi xay ra trong ITnh vifc khoa hpc cong nghe, kmh te' ma con tren ta't ca cac ITnh vu'c khde nhif van hda, giao due, chinh iri, xa hoi, Ngoai ra, ta con tha'y du'dc da'u S'n cua nd qua each giao tie'p, lam viec, loi so'ng..., khong ITnh vifc nao ma khdng chiu tac ddng to Idn va sau sac tu"
cuoc each mang khoa hoc cong nghe, each mang thdng tin va each mang cong nghiep 4.0.
3. Kinh te'tri thiic va cong nghiep 4.0 - Dgng Ixic manh me nh^'t dang lam thay doi xa hgi con ngtfcfi
De cd the dUa ra quye't dinh va hanh dong hieu qua con ngu'di can difa vao so'lu'dng va cha't lifdng xd ly thdng tin. Cong nghiep 4.0 la t§p hdp cac phu'dng phap khoa hpc, cac phifdng tien ky thuat diing de thu thap, \d ty, lifu giff va khai thac thong tin mot each tif ddng nham dap ifng nhu cau nhieu mat cua xa hoi. Hdn niJa, cong nghe thdng tin lam cho thong tin trd thanh tn thu'c va quang ba nhanh tri thi?c cho moi ngifdi, trong do, tn thu'c chinh la ye'u to then chd't quye't dinh stf thanh cong cho cuoc each mang cong nhiep 4.0. Do dd, kinh te' tri thu'c va cdng nghiep 4.0 dtfdc xem la dong life quan trpng nha't trong viec thiic day tang trtfdng kinh te' va chat Itfdng cupc so'ng.
Xa hoi mang hinh thanh, nin kinh te'sdhoa va tif dpng hoa ngay cang phat tnen chinh la ye'u to' then chd't cua stf chuyen ddi ttf nen kinh le" cong nghiep sang nen kinh te' tri thu'c va each mang cong nghiep 4.0. Nd thay ddi tan gdc each san xua't, tieu thu, each so'ng, lam viec, each td chtfc quan ly va tat nhien giao due cung thay ddi, nha't la giao due day nghe va giao due dai hpc.
Dac thii cua cong nghiep 4.0 la xua't hien tri tue nhan tao, phan tich dtf lieu Idn, ttf ddng hda, vat heu mdi va cong nghe smh hpc. Day chinh la cac ITnh vtfc phat trien ra't nhanh ciia nen kinh te'va se
tie'p tuc phat trien nhanh hdn ntfa trong ttfdng lai.
No lam thay ddi can ban Itfc Itfdng lao dpng cua xa hoi loai ngtfdiva ciing chinh no lam cho cac nganh cong nghiep khac phat trien theo htfdng ngay cang thong minh hdn, sang lao hdn va hieu qua hdn.
4. Nhi$m vu cua qua trinh cong nghiep hda va hien dai hoa cua ntfo^c ta trong bdi canh cu$c each mang 4.0
Trong bo'i canh hien nay, khi cupc each mang cdng nghiep 4.0 bung nd, de giai quye't dtfdc nhiem vu cdng nghiep hda va hien dai hda da't ntfdc, ta phai giai quye't dtfdc cac va'n de sau:
Con dtfdng cdng nghiep hda, hien dai hoa cua ntfdc ta CO the nit ngan thdi gian ne'u chiing ta s5n sang va chu dong hdn nila trong bo'i canh cudc each mang cdng nghiep 4.0 phat trien va lan l6a manh me. Phat trien nhtfng Idi the' cua da't ntfdc, tSn dung mpl kha nang de dat trinh dp tien tie'n, dac biet cong nghe thdng tin, cong nghe sinh hpc va ttf dpng hoa (tri tue nhan tao), tranh thu tfng dung ngay cang nhieu hdn, d mtfc dp cao hdn va phd bie'n bdn nhtfng thanh ttfu mdi ve khoa hoc va cong nghe, ttfng btfdc tie'n hanh cu6c each mang cong nghiep 4.0.
Phai nam bat thdi cd, khan trtfdng chuan bj moi dieu kien de phat trien kinh te', tiJng btfdc tie'p can cupc each mang cong nghiep 4.0. Cong nghiep hda d ntfdc ta phai thifc hien ddng thdi hai nhiem vu cd ban: chuyen ttf kinh te' nong nghiep truyen thdng sang kinh te' nong nghiep cong nghe cao va kinh te cong nghiep sang kinh te' tri thtfc va cong nghiep 4.0. Hai nhiem vu do phai phat trien dong thdi, long ghep vao nhau, h6 trd cho nhau, bd sung cho nhau. De' lam dtfdc nhiem vu do, tri thu'c va cong nghe mdi cua thdi dai phai dtfdc ap dung tnet de, cac nganh cong nghiep va dich vu dtfa vao tri thtfc cung can day manh phat trien.
Chu dgng hgi nhap quoc te' ket hdp vdi nang Itfc npi sinh cua dan toe. Ye'u td quye't dinh ddi vdi nang Itfc npi sinh la van hoa, giao due, khoa hoc, cung ttfc la stfc manh tinh than va tri tue dan tdc.
Dac biet ddi mdi itf duy kinh te theo kip stf phat trien cua thdi dai. Phat trien kinh te' phai lay hieu qua lam dau, san xua't nhtfng gl cd hieu qua cao nha't do co Idi the' so sanh de ddi mdi va san sang thay ddi de hoi nhap. Phai ke't hdp chat che cac yeu td tai nguyen, con ngtfdi vdi tri thtfc va cong nghe hien d^i de chgn nhtfng nganh, nhiing san pham cd nhieu Idi the' canh tranh, dem lai hieu qua cae nha't. Cdng nghiep hda la sif dung tri thtfc va
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KINH TE
khoa hgc cong nghe mdi nha't de bien dai hda nen kinh te, chuyen nen kinh te" ttf chCt Itfdng, hieu qua tha'p sang nen kinh te' chat Itfdng, hieu qua cao va tren cd sd tie'p can vdi cdng nghiep 4.0. Vi vay, cong nghiep hda phai di li^n vdi hien dai boa.
Cdng nghiep hda ngay nay phai la cdng nghiep hda dtfa v^o tri thtfc va ttfng btfdc thtfc hien cuoc each mang cdng nhiep 4.0.
Nhanh chdng ph^t trien ha tang cdng nghe thdng tin, hinh thanh mang xa 16 thong tin qud'c gia, tfng dung cong nghe thSng tin v^ ttf dgng hda rdng khap trong tat ca cac ITnh vtfc, phat trien cong nghe th6ng tm, nha't la cdng nghe phan mem va ttf dpng hda (tri tue nhan tao) de phat trien ta't ca cac ITnh vtfc, dich chuyen nhanh cd cau kinh te'. Cdng nghe thSng tin 1^ chia khoa de di vao kinh te' tri thtfc va cdng nghiep 4.0.
Tie'p thu nhtfng thanh ttfu khoa hoc c6ng nghe mdi ciia the' gidi vao ntfdc ta phai chpn Ipc va van dung phii hdp vdi hoan canh cua ntfdc nha, nham dat hieu qua kinh te xa hoi cao nha't. Phai cd btfdc di thich hdp, di nhanh nhtfng thSn trpng, vtfa cd nhay vpt vtfa co tuan ttf, can nhac ky nhay vpt, phat tndn tuan ttf, tan dung cong nghe truyen thdng mot each tdi tfu, d^ co the' phat trie'n chung ca mang Itfdi cac nganh, hien dai nhtfng phai dong bp, hai hoa nham thue day nhanh qui trinh pblt trien.
Qua trtnh thu hut von FDI phai di doi vdi qua tnnh chuyen giao cong nghe va nhanh chdng noi dia hda cong nghiep h6 trd, dap tfng ddi hoi cua nha dau ttf va ddng thdi phat trien cong nghe trong ntfdc, Tnfdng hdp Samsung la m6t dien hinh, doanh nghiep trong ntfdc phai tranh thu dap tfng nhtfng doi hdi cua Samsung de trd thanh nha cung ca'p linh kien cS'p 1 cho tSp doan. Chung ta phai nhanh chdng thay ddi, hoc hoi, tiep thu cong nghe, lam chu cong nghe cud'i ciing 1^ sdng tao c6ng nghe.
Tang ctfdng hdi nhip va hdp tac quoc te' trong nghien ctfu khoa hoc va chuyen giao cong nghe, ndi dia hoa cac san pham hdp tac nghien ctfu va chuye'n giao cdng nghe ttf cac ntfdc phat trien phuc vu cho cong cupc cong nghiep hoa dS't ntfdc. Tranh thu thu hut life Itfdng khoa hpc c6ng nghe viet kieu ti^ cac ntfdc tien tie'n phuc vu cong cuoc ddi mdi da't ntfdc. Dien hinh nbtf TSp doan Vingroup tan dung cong nghe va thu hiit cac nhan stf am hieu cong nghe cua ntfdc ngoai de nit ngan thdi gian tiep can cong nghe mdi cua the' gidi trong dtf an Vinfast.
Ke't hdp tdt viec tang nang life ndi sinh ve khoa hgc cong nghe vdi tie'p thu tri thtfc, cdng nghe cua
the' gidi la he't stfc can thiet. Khong du nang Itfc khoa hgc trong ntfdc thi khdng the' tie'p tiiu lam chu cong nghe nhap ttf ngoai, hdn ntfa do dieu kien dac thii cua mdi ntfdc, cd nhtfng cdng nghe nhap ttf ntfdc ngoai ne'u khdng cai tie'n thi se khong phii hdp, thSm chi gSy lang phi.
Cac chtfdng trinh nghien ctfu khoa hgc phai tSp trung vao nhtfng va'n de cd ban va co tinh dac thii cua Viet Nam de cd the tie'p thu nhanh v^ lam chu cac cong nghe nhap. Cdng nghe thdng tin cIn dtfdc ap dung triet de tiong tS't ca cac linh vtfc. Tang ctfdng c6ng tac dao tao va dao tao lai can bg khoa hpc ky thuat va can bp quan ly nganh.
Chuyen giao cdng nghe la khdu quan trpng de nSng cao trinh dd cdng nghe trong ntfdc, vi vay viec chuye'n giao can dtfdc td chtfc that td't, cd phtfdng phap, dam bao hieu qua cao. Chuye'n giao cdng nghe phai dat dtfdc muc tieu la nam vflng cdng nghe, lam chu dtfdc cdng nghe, bie'n thanh cong nghe cua minh. Ttfc la phai nam dtfdc nguyen ly cong nghe, phtfdng phap, trinh ttf, qui tnnh thtfc Men cdng nghe, each xijf ly cac van de phat sinh, cac bi quye't cdng nghe Chuye'n giao c6ng nghe phai dtfdc thtfc hien nghiem tuc di ddi vdi hdp tac d^u ttf, c6 hdp ddng chuydn giao cdng nghe ro rang, day du cac quy dinh cua phap luat ve bao hp quyen sd hifu tri tue. Khdng lam td't viec nay thi se han che' viec chuyen giao cong nghe. Do la nhtfng vCn de can chu trpng dd nang cao tnnh dp cdng nghe d ntfdc ta trong qua trinh thtfc hien cdng ngiep hda hien dai hoa va cupc each mang cong nghiep 4.0.
5. Nhffng nguy cd trong bo'i canh each mang c6ng nghiep 4.0
Khong du tn thtfc, khdng du nang life npi smh ve khoa hpc cdng nghe thi hoi nh$p se phai chiu tbua thiet, bi bdc lot, chen ep va trd thanh bai thai c6ng nghe ciia ciic ntfdc khac.
Phai manh dan ddi mdi cd che' va chinh sach de thtfc stf giai phdng moi ngudn Itfc, moi kha nang sang tao nham htfdng de'n cuoc each mang cdng nghiep 4,0 mdi tranh dtfdc tut hau so vdi the gidi.
Ngay nay khoa hpc cong nghe cua the' gidi dang 5 trong bdi canh cupc each mang cdng nghiep 4.0.
Stf phat trie'n nhanh chdng ciia nd lam thay ddi cd ca'u nen kinh te'. Tri tue nhan tao dtfdc thay the chd stfc ngtfdi va may mong thd sd. Dieu nay cung la nguy cd Idn lam nay sinh nan that nghiep, nha't la nhiing nen kinh te' con tham dung life itfdng lao dpng nhtf chiing ta.
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6. Nhiem vu cua m5i ngtftfi trong qua trinh cong nghiep hoa va hi^n dai hoa cua nu'dc ta trong bo'i canh cuOe each mang 4.0
Ne'u muo'n tdn tai va phat tnen ti-ong bo'i canh cupc each mang cong nghiep 4.0, chiing ta can xem xet lai each ttf duy, each hoat dpng cua cd quan, td chtfc minh bang cai nhin khdng hai long nham tim each cai thien, su'a ddi no vdi stf trd giup ciia cong nghe mdi. Chung ta c^n san sang tie'n hanh ap dung cong nghe mdi can thie't de thay doi nham giiip ca quan, td chtfc minh thanh cong.
Rat can stf ddng long, ddng gop sang tao va sSn sang chap nhan cong nghe mdi ciia mpi ngtfdi de' ciing phat tnen trong the' gidi ma cong nghe co the lam thay ddi mpi mat nhanh chdng trong mot moi trtfdng cd tinh canh tranh cao nhtf ngay nay.
Ta thii" hdi lam the' nao mot qud'c gia cd the tranh thu tie'p thu cdng nghe hien cd, rdi sau do
chuyen sang din dau trong viec ddi mdi cong nghe nhtf mot s5' ntfdc lan can chiing ta nhtf: Nhat Ban, Han Qud'c va gan day nha't la Trung Qud'c, ndi san smh ra nhieu sang kie'n va ddi mdi. Tat ca da cho tha'y stf phdi hdp ddng b6 giffa chinh sach, the' che', doanh nghiep va thi trtfdng. Mac dii khdng cd mot cdng thilc duy nha't rut ra td kinh nghiem cua cac ntfdc nay, nhtfng nhtfng ye'u to' tren cung da giup cac quo'c gia dd thanh cdng, trd thanh bai hpc kinh nghiem qui bau cho cong cuoc cong nghiep, hda hien dai hda da't ntfdc cua chung ta.
Tdi tin rang, chiing ta cd the thay doi nhieu thtf xung quanh ta trd nen thong mmh hdn nhd vao cong nghe mdi hay ndi cu the' hdn la ap dung tnet de' cong nghiep 4.0 nhtf: Thanh pho' thong minh, td chu'c thong mmh hay can hp thdng minh tif stf thay dd'i trong ttf duy ve viec tfng dung cong nghe mdi hay cong nghiep 4.0 vao cong viec cua moi chiing ta •
T A I L I E U THAM K H A O :
1. Dale Carnegte "Thay ddi de thanh cong" Nhd xuat bdn Lao dong, 2017;
2. Ngdn hang the gidi "Suy ngdm lai sU than ky Dong A" Nhd xua't bdn Chinh tri Qud'c gia, 2002;
3. Cdc bdi bdo, hoi thda hay tren internet not ve cdch mang cong nghiep 4.0.
Ngay nhan bai: I7/4/20I9
Ngay phan bi^n danh gia va siJa chffa: 27/4/2019 Ngay cha'p nhan dang bai: 7/5/2019
Thong tin tdc gid:
TS. TRAN VAN THIEN Dai hoc Van Lang
THE INDUSTRIALIZATION AND MODERNIZATION PROCESS OF VIETNAM IN THE CONTEXT OF THE INDUSTRY 4.0
• Ph.D. TRAN VAN THIEN Van Lang University
ABSTRACT:
This article presents the definition of the Industry 4.0. clarifying the formation and evolution of the process of the revolutionary science and technology, knowledge-based economy, information society and the Industiy 4.0 to determine the ta.sks of fte industrialization and modernization of Vietnam.
Keywords: Knowledge, the Industry 4.0, information, industrialization, modernization, country.
30 Sd 10-Thang 5/2019
