TAP CHI K H O A H Q C DAl H O C V \N L.A.NG \ gTtij^^^lLli^
KY QUY DE DAM BAO THyC HIEN H^P DONG LAO DC»G THI^ C TR.\NG VA HUONG HOAN THIEN
ESCROW DEPOSIT TO ENSURE THE LABOR CONTRACT TO BE IMPLEMENTED CIRREST CONDITIONS AND Si'GESSTlONS FOR COMPLETION
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TOM TAT: Bp Ludt Lao ddng 2012 quy dinh. klidng duac yeu cdu ngic&i lao dpng thirc hm^
bi^n phdp bdo ddm bdng tiin hogc tdi sdn kJidc cho viic thicc hien hgp dong lao dpng. xe nhung, thuc tien van xdy ra tru&ng hap ngu&i sit dung lao dpng mdt tdi sdn vi phai giao tai sdn aia minh cho ngic&i lao dpng di thuc hien hpp dong lao dpng. Do dd. de ddm bdo an toan, khdng it ngu&i sic dung lao dpng yeu cau ngic&i lao dpng phdi ky quy. Bdi viet ndy sephdn tich thuc trgng phdp lugt vd thuc tien thuc hi^n biin phdp ky quy di ddm bdo thicc hiin hpp dong lao dpng trong diiu kien hpi nhdp nin kinh te quoc ti hi^n nay cua Viet Nam. tren ca sa do, dua ra mpt so kien nghi hodn thien phdp ludt I let Nam ve vdn di ndy.
Tir khda: bi^n phdp bdo ddm. ky quy; ngic&i lao dpng; nguai su dung lao dpng; hop dong lao dpng
ABSTRACT: Labor Code 2012 stipulates that employers must not request employees to mortgage cash or property for the labor contract to be implemented. However, in the reality, this problem still happens, there are employers who were lost thier properties due to handing over the properties to their employees to implement the labor contract.
Therefore, iiianv employers still require workers escrow deposit to ensure the implementation of labor contracts. This article will analyse the legal situation and current situations of escrow deposit to ensure the labor contract to be emplemented in the context of Vietnam's current international economic integration to propose some suggestions for improving Labor Code.
Key words: mortgage; escrow deposit; employee; employer; labor contract.
I. DAT \'AN DE cua minh cho ngudi lao ddng de thye hi?n Khoan 2 Dieu 20 Bd luat Lao ddng hpp ddng lao dgng. Trong bdi canh Viet 2012 quy dinh. ngudi sir dyng lao ddng Nam ngay cang tham gia sau rgng vao cac khdng dupe yeu cau ngudi lao ddng thuc hiep dinh thuang mai nr do the he mdi (dac hien bien phap bao dam bang lien hoac tai biet la Hiep dinh Ddi tac toan dien va tidn san khac cho viee thue hien hpp ddng lao bg xuyen Thai Binh Duong - CPTPP), Viet ddng. Tuy nhien, trong thuc tien van ton tai Nam cd nghTa vu nhanh chong thyc hien trudng hpp mSt tai san vi phai giao tai san cac tieu chuan lao dgng qudc te bdi lao
•'ThS Tnrcmg Dai hpc \ a n Lang. \uthil>ickhai(a,\anlangum.edu.vn. Ma so: TCKHl 8-14-2019 22
TAPCHl KHOA Hpc DAl HQC VAN L.ANG S6 18. Thang 11-2019 dpng la yeu to quan trpng ciia phat trien
bdn vung. Vay. phap luat Vi?t Nam cd nen siia ddi theo hudng cho phep ngudi sir dyng lao ddng yeu eau ngudi lao ddng ky quy de bao dam viec thuc hien hpp ddng lao dgng hay khdng, neu cd, phai sua ddi quy dinh ve van de nay nhu the nao de vira phii hpp vdi thyc tien ciia Viet Nam, thdng 1? chung ciia the gidi cung nhu cam ket trong cac dieu udc qudc te cd Hen quan?
Bai viet se giai quyet cac van de neu tren.
2. NQI DUNG
2.1. Khai qu^t ve ky quy de bao dam thuc hi^n hpp dong lao dpng
Dieu 15 Bg luat Lao dgng 2012 quy dinh: "//pp ddng lao dpng Id su thoa thudn giira ngu&i lao dpng vd ngu&i su dung lao dpng ve vi4c ldm co trd luang. diiu kiin Idm viec. quyen vd nghia vu cua moi ben trong quan h? lao ddng". Nhu vay, hop ddng lao dpng la hinh thiic phap Iy ehu yeu lam phat sinh quan he lao dpng trong nen kinh le thi trudng [2, tr.3] va dupe xay dyng Hnh hoat, phii hpp vdi su nang ddng cua co che thi trudng. Tuy nhien, khdng phai liic nao cac ben trong quan he lao dpng Cling tuan thii cac ndi dung da thda thuan trong hpp ddng lao dpng. Do do, phap luat quy dinh nhieu eo che de bao dam thyc hien hpp ddng. Dieu nay cung hoan loan phii hpp vdi quan diem khi xay dyng hpp ddng la: Hpp ddng duac tao ra de thyc hien, khdng phai de pha vd.
De dam bao thue hien nghla vu phat sinh tir hgp ddng ndi ehung, phap luat Viet Nam hien hanh quy dinh vd 9 bien phap bao dam gdm: cam ed, the ch4p, bao lanh, dat cgc, ky cupc, bao luu quydn sd hiru, cam gm, tin chap va ky quy (Didu 292 Bd
luat Dan sy 2015). Nhu vay, ky quy la mdt bien phap de bao dam thye bien hpp ddng.
Hpp ddng lao dpng my ciing la hpp ddng nhung loai hpp ddng nay cd lien quan den siic lao dgng eua con ngudi va quyen quan ly lao ddng cua ngudi su dyng lao ddng eiing chi ton tai trong hop ddng lao ddng ma khdng tdn tai trong cac quan he hpp ddng khae [1, tr.l3], hpp ddng lao ddng cdn duoc dieu chinh bdi nhiing quy dinh rieng trong Bd Iual Lao ddng. De phii hpp vdi loai hpp dong nay, eo mdt bien phap dupe nhieu ngudi sir dung lao dgng ap dung trong thyc tien la bien phap ky quy
Theo Diau 330 Bd luat Dan sy 2015, ky quy la viec ben ed nghia vy giri mpt khoan tien hoac hien vat quy hoac giay td cd gia tri vao tai khoan phong tda tai mpt td chirc tin dung dc bao dam vice thuc hien nghTa vu. Trudng hgp ben cd nghia vy khdng thye hien hoae thyc hien khdng diing nghTa vy, ben ed quyen dupe id chiic tin dyng noi ky quy thanh toan, bdi thudng thiet hai do ben cd nghia vy gay ra, sau khi trir chi phi dich vu. Tir quy dinh nay, cd the suy doan neu la ky quy ctia ngudi lao ddng, ngudi lao dpng phai gui mdt khoan tien hoac kim khi quy, giay td cd gia tri khac vao tai khoan phong tda tai mdt td chiic tin dung de bao dam viec thuc hien nghTa vy phat sinh tir hop ddng lao ddng.
Vay, phap luat Viet Nam hien hanh eo cho phep ngudi sir dung lao ddng yeu cau ngudi lao dpng ky quy de dam bao viec thyc hien hop ddng lao ddng hay khdng?
Ca khoan 2 Dieu 20 Bd luat Lao ddng 2012 va khoan 2 Dieu 17 Dy thao 7 Bd Iual Lao ddng sua ddi (Du thao trinh Uy ban thudng vu Qudc hdi lai phien hgp lan thii 37- Dy
TAP CHl KHOA HOC DAl HOC VAN L.\NG ^ichHai.
thao thang 9 nam 2019) ddu quy dinh mpt trong nhiing hanh vi ngudi su dyng lao dpng khdng dupe lam khi giao kit, thyc hien hpp ddng lao ddng la \eu eau ngudi lao ddng phai thye hien bien phap bao dam bang tien hoac tai san khae cho viec thyc hien hpp ddng lao ddng. Ban chat ciia hanh vi thyc hien bien phap bao dam bhng ndn hoac tai san khac cho viec thuc hien hpp ddng lao dpng chinh la hanh vi ky quy (nhung ky quy la gui tai san vao "tai khoan phong tda tai mpt td churc tin dung" chir khdng phai giri d bat ky eho nao). Nhu va\.
Bg luat Lao dpng 2012 (ap dyng ddi vdi ngudi lao dpng Vict Nam, ngudi hgc nghe.
tap nghe va ngudi lao dpng khae dupe quy dinh tai Bg luat Lao dpng 2012; ngudi sir dung lao dpng, ngudi lao dpng nude ngoai lam vi?c tai Vict Nam va co quan, td chuc, ck nhan khae ed lien quan true tiep den quan h? lao dpng) khdng cho phep ngudi su dyng lao dpng budc ngudi lao dpng ky quy de dam bao viec thyc hien hpp ddng lao dpng. Quy dinh nay tuong ddng vdi Dieu 9 Luat Hgp ddng lao dpng Trung Qudc 2007 [5].
Theo Didu 5 Nghi dinh 95/2013.ND- CP (dupe sira ddi, bd sung bdi Nghi dinh 88/2015/ND-CP) quy dinh xii phat vi pham hanh chinh trong ITnh \arc lao ddng, bao hiem xa hdi va dua ngudi lao ddng Viet Nam di lam viee d nude ngoai theo hpp ddng, ngudi sii dyng lao ddng ed the bi phat tiin tir 20.000.000 ddng ddn 25.000.000 ddng neu budc ngudi lao ddng thye hien bien phap bao dam bang tien hoac tai san khac cho \iec thuc hien hpp ddng lao ddng. Bien phap khac phuc hau qua trong trudng hpp nay la budc tra lai sd
uen ho^c tai san da giii ciia ngum ' cgng vdi khoan tien lai eua .so uen '
lao dpng da ^"-i ciia ngudi lao dpng tinh dieo lai suat loi ap dyng ddi vdi tidn giii khdng i^y " ^ nhdt eiia cae ngan hang thucmg mai^
nude cdng bo tai thdi didm xu phat doi vai
hanh \ i vi pham. ^ 2.2. Thirc tien ap dung bien phap ky quy de
bao dam viec thuc hipn hpp dong lao d^ng Mac dii khoan 2 Didu 20 Bp luat Lao dpng 2012 quy djnh, ngudi sir dung lao dgng khdng dupe yeu c k ngudi lao dpng thye hipn bien phap bao dam bang tien hoac tai san khac cho vice thyc hipn hpp ddng lao dpng, the nhung, thyc tien da xay ra khdng it trudng hpp ngudi sir dyng lao dgng mat tai san vi phai giao tai san ciia minh cho ngudi lao dpng de thuc hi^n hpp ddng lao dpng. Vi du: Cae doanh nghi?p ban hang tryc tuyen budc phai giao hang eho nhan vien de chuyen cho khaeh hang, nhung nhan vien khdng giao hang hoae giao hang va nhan tien ciia khach hang rdi bd trdn. Do dd, de dam bao an toan, van khdng it ngudi sir dung lao dgng yeu eau ngudi lao dgng phai ky quy (nhung trong thye te thudng la gui tien cho ngudi sir dyng lao ddng giir chii khdng phai la giri tai san vao "tai khoan phong tda tai mdt td chirc tin dyng" theo Didu 330 Bd luat Dan su 2015).
Vy viec thyc te: Nam 2019, Cdng ty ML tuySn dung lai xe taxi nhung yeu cSu hp phai ky quy. Cy the: Muc ky quy ban diu la 2.000.000 dong; mien ky quy ddi vdi vdi bp dpi xuat ngii, ngudi dupe bao Ianh bdi can bd, nhan vien eua cdng ty. Lai xe ed kinh nghiem tir 24 thang trd len duoc thudng ky quy 2.000.000 ddng; lai xe mdi thudng ky quy ngay 1.000.000 ddng [91
TAPCHi KHOA HOC DAl HQC VAN LANG S5 18. T h i n g 1 1 - 2 0 1 9 Vi?c ngudi lao dpng bi cdc doanh nghi?p
kinh doanh v^n tai taxi yeu eau ky quy la
"khdng I?" bdi doanh nghiep phai giao xe d td (cd gia tri Idn) cho ngudi lao ddng de hp v ^ chuyen hanh khach nen viee lam mat mat ho^c hu hdng xe la rat khd tranh khdi.
Hien nay, ben eanh van chuyen hanh khach, van chuyen tai san ciing la Ioai dich vy dupe nhieu ngudi quan tam sii dung. Vi dy:
Cdng ty GHN tuyen dyng nhan vien vi tri chuyen phat/ giao nhan vdi miic ky quy "ehi"
I tri?u ddng, chia 2 dpt ddng, mdi dot 500.000 ddng [7]. Tuang ty, m^t sd nhan vien tai Cdng ty MD ky hpp ddng lao dpng thdi han 6 thang vdi Vl tri nhan vien giao hang phai ky quy 5 tri?u ddng va ngudi lao dpng don phuong cham dirt hpp ddng lao dpng vi bat cu iy do gi cGng phai bao trude 30 ngay; neu khdng, phai bdi thudng va mat tien ky quy,... [6].
Tuong ty, tai Cdng ty G, de trd thanh
"ddi tdc " G giao hang (GExpress), trudc tien tai xe phai dang ki trd thanh ddi tac GBike va d^t nhiing dieu kien sau: Hoan thanh tdi thieu 100 cudc xe GBike; sd sao tir 4.8 tra len;
tham gia khoa dao tao giao hang ehi 30 phiit.
Sau khi vupt qua bai kiem tra khoa dao tao ve giao hang, ngudi iing myen can ddng rien ky quy giao hang 2 trieu de duoc kich hoat djch vy [8]. Tuy nhien, can diay, eac doanh nghiep kinh doanh van tai "cdng nghe" hien nay cd chien lupc kmh doanh hoan toan khae vdi cae doanh nghiep kinh doanh van tai
"tmyen thdng". Cae doanh nghiep kinh doanh van tai "cdng nghe" khdng giao ket hpp ddng lao dpng vdi tai xe. Hg ggi tai xe (ngudi sd hiiu xe) la "ddi tae" (khdng phai la ngudi lao ddng) va cac ben giao kdt vdi nhau hpp ddng hpp tac. Do dd. Cdng ty G yeu ciu
"ddi tae" ciia minh "ky quy" khdng vi pham
khoan 2 Dieu 20 Bd luat Lao ddng 2012.
Trong khi do, cac doanh nghiep kinh doanh van tai "tmyen thdng" yeu cau ngudi lao dgng ky quy, tuy ciing ban chat vdi hanh vi tren nhung lai bi xem la vi pham phap luat.
Tu tmh hudng tren ed the thay, tuy cung kinh doanh mdt ITnh vyc vdi cimg mpt he qua phap ly nhung vdi each thirc thyc hien khac nhau, trach nhiem eiia cae ben la khac nhau. Dieu nay ed that sy "khuyan khich" sy phat trien lanh manh eiia thi trudng? Cau tra Idi la khdng, bdi myc dich cudi cimg ma cac ben hudng den deu la "lgi nhuan" nen sy eanh tranh trong kinh doanh la dieu khdng the tranh khdi. Thyc tc cho thay, du khoan 2 Dieu 20 Bd luat Lao ddng 2012 khdng cho phep, ngudi sir dung lao dgng van yeu cau ngudi lao dgng ky quy de dam bao thyc hien hpp ddng lao ddng va dieu nay da
"vd tinh" bien lam viec "ky quy" nay trd thanh "tu phat", "khd kiem soat".
Ben eanh viee ky quy de dam bao thye hien hpp ddng lao ddng, viee yeu cau ngudi lao ddng ky quy ciing dupe ngudi sii dung lao ddng dua ra bdi nhieu Iy do khae nhau. Vi du:
Ba A la nhan vien cua mdt cdng ty trong Imh vye lam dep, tham my. Khi ky hpp ddng diu viee, edng ty yeu eau ba ky quy 10 hieu ddng.
Theo cdng ty, day la chi phi dao tao trir vao luong trong 10 thang va hoan tra sau khi het hgp ddng 2 nam. Khi ngudi lao dgng nghi viec, edng ty se hoan tra tien quy sau 3 thang ke tii ngay eham dut hpp ddng lao dgng. The nhung, trong thuc te la "ehua" nhan vien nao cd thd lam viee tai cdng ly dupe 2 nam. Nhu vay, khoan tien ky quy trong trudng hgp nay dupe xem la "chi phi dao tao", khdng phai de dam bao thyc hien hgp ddng lao dgng.
TAP CHi KHOA HOC DAl HOC \ AN LANG ..Bichliii- Yeu cau ngudi lao ddng thuc hien bien
phap bao dam bang tien ho^c tai san khac cho vice thyc hien hpp ddng lao dpng cdn nhieu "bien tudng" khac. Thyc te xa\ ra trudng hpp nhu sau: Nha trudng yeu cau dng T (giao \icn tap sy) ky quy 15 trieu ddng (tucmg duang ehi phi dao tao). Sau khi het thdi gian tap sy. dng T cd "trach nhiem" viet don thi tuyen (\et tuyen) bien che chinh thirc (uudng tu thuc). Khi dupe bien che. dng T phai phyc vy lau dai (khdng thdp hon 5 nam). \ga> 05-9-2015.
dng T ky hpp ddng lao dpng khdng xac dmh thdi ban. Kem theo phy luc hgp ddng, dng T ed ky van ban tham gia gdp vdn 15 tri?u va cam ket khdng rut vdn trong thdi han 5 nam cdng tac. Sau dd, dng T cd giii dcm xin nghi \ice. mudn eham diit hpp ddng lao dpng va nit sd tien ky quy 15 trieu ddng nhung phia nha trudng khdng ddng y.
Cd nhieu quan diem dupe dua ra lien quan den sd tien ky quy nay:
Quan diem 1: Day la tien ky quy theo khoan 1 Didu 330 Bd luat Dan sy 2015.
Quan diem 2: Day la hgp ddng hpp tac.
Sd tien 15 tneu ddng nay de gdp vdn thye hi?n boat ddng kinh doanh trong ITnh vuc dao lao nen phai thyc hien theo thda thuan trong hpp ddng va quy djnh eiia phap luat cd lien quan (Didu 504 Bd luat Dan sy 2015).
Quan diem 3. Day la hgp ddng dao tao nghe. Do dd, dng T se phai thye hien diing cac dieu khoan trong hpp ddng theo Dieu 62 Bd lual Lao ddng 2012.
Nhu viiy. de cd dupe viec lam, ngudi lao dpng trong trudng hpp nay da chap nhan ddng tien ky quy dii khdng biet khoan tien nay se dupe sir dung nhu the nao va phdi sinh hau qua phap Iy gi.
vn cho tbay, , tnrong Tir nhinig tinh huong
\h\fc tien hien nay t6n t^ii rat nhie" ' h(rp M phani quy djnh tai khoan - W Bo luat Lao dong 2012 Bi xi 1> " Ph?™
nay, B i k 5 Nrfn djnh 95/2013 N l ' - C 1 " ^ dinh xir pha. M pham hanh chinh tu 20.000.000 ddng d k 25.000.000 dong. Tuy nhien, ap dung quy djnh tren trong thuc te van con t6n tai cac Micmg mac sau day: 1) Gia su Cong ty huge 20 nguoi lao dpng phai ky quy. \ a y . mirc xii phat tren ap dung d6i voi 01 ngucri lao dpng hay 20 ngucri lao dpng?; 2) Miic xii phat tii 20.000.000 46ng dan 25.000.000 ddng co dii siic "ran de"
nguoi sii dung lao dpng khong?; va, (iii) Co quan Nha nuoc co thJm quyen c6 th^c hi^n tc3t vice thanh tra, giam sat hanh vi nay de dam bao xii ly kip thoi cac trucmg hpp vi pham nhSm bao vc su lanh manh ciia thj truong lao dpng khong?
Thuc tien cho thay, tranh chap lien quan den khoan tien ky quy nay thuang xuyen xay ra, dac biet la khi mpt ben don phuong cham dut hop dong lao dpng. Vi du: Anh N (nhan vien lai xe chat lupng cao) khoi kien yeu cau cong ty T phai hoan tra so tien ky quy 10 trieu dong va da dupe Toa an Nhan dan huyen C, tinh Tay Ninh giai quyet [12]. Tuy nhien, do so tien ky quy khong Icin va trinh tu, thii tuc giai quyet vu an lao dpng theo trinh tu, thu tuc to tung dan su lai phiic tap, t6n kem thai gian va tien bac nen so lupng vu an dupe dua ra giai quyet tai Toa an Nhan dan hien nay la khong nhieu [11]. Tuy vay, viec giai quyet tranh chap trong hoan canh nay khong chi de khoi phuc va bao ve quyjn, Ipi ich hpp phap cua cac ben tranh chip ma con anh huang true tiep d6n su 6n djnh ciia
TAP CHi KHOA HQC DAI HQC VAN LANG So 18, Thang 1 1 - 2 0 1 9
cac quan h? lao dpng va hoat dgng san xu5t, kmh doanh eua cac chu the kinh doanh. Thye td yen ddi hdi Viet Nam phai ra soit, xay dyng, hoan thien khudn khd phap ly lao dpng ve van de nay.
2.3. Hoan thien ph^p luat Viet Nam hien hanh ve ky quy de dam bao thuc hi@n h9p ddng lao dong
Bp luat Lao ddng 2012 khdng eho phep ngudi sir dyng lao ddng yeu cau ngudi lao dpng k\ quy de dam bao viec thyc hien hpp ddng lao dpng giiip phdng ngira lao dpng cudng hire, phii hpp vdi Cdng ude 29 eiia Td chiic Lao dgng qudc te (ILO) ve lao ddng cudng biic va Cdng udc 150 cua ILO ve xda bd lao dOng cudng bu:c, phii hgp vdi trach nhi?m xa hpi eiia doanh nghiep (Corporate Social Responsibility - CSR), gdp phan bao V? ngudi lao dgng trudc sy "chiem dung"
ciia ngudi sii dyng lao dgng, giup hg thuc hien quyen ty do lam vi^c va dam bao hp cd the tham gia vao quan he lao dpng mgt each binh dang. Tuy nhien, cd y kien eho ring, vi$c thieu bien phap bao dam nhu giii tai san bao dam co the dua ngudi su dyng lao dpng vao hoan eanh khd khan de cd the de bao ve quyen lai eua minh [10].
Chiing loi eho rang, tuy khoan 2 Dieu 20 Bd luat Lao ddng 2012, giup bao ve tdt quyen loi eua ngudi lao ddng nhung quy dinh nay ciing ed the anh hudng khdng tdt den mdi trudng dau tu va hgp tac qudc te.
Bdi le, quan he lao ddng trong nen kinh te thj trudng la "quan he song phuang, vira binh dang vira phy thudc" [3, tr.56] giiia ngudi lao dpng va ngudi sir dyng lao ddng.
Vdi tu each la chii the binh dang vdi ngudi lao dpng va gan vdi viee thue thi nguyen t^c
"trude phap luat, mpi ngudi deu binh d^g".
phap luat lao ddng khdng chi phai bao ve quyen va loi ich ehinh dang ciia ngudi lao ddng ma cdn phai bao \e ca quyen va Igi ich hpp phap cua ngudi sir dyng lao ddng, giiip tao tam ly an toan eho cac nha dku tu (dac biet la nha diu tu nude ngoai) de hp dau tu va kinh doanh cd hieu qua. Chinh vi vay, quy dinh ve ky quy thye hien hpp ddng lao dgng cung can tao dupe sy can bang ve Ipi ich giiia cac ben trong quan he lao ddng.
Hien nay, Viet Nam van chua phe chuan 3 cdng udc (Cdng udc sd 87, 98 va 105 ciia ILO) lien quan den ty do lien ket, quyen thucmg luong tap the va loai bd lao ddng cudng biic. Vi vay, ngoai y nghTa ve thuong mai, day chinh la eo hdi dc Viet Nam hien dai hda phap luat lao dgng va he thdng quan he lao ddng trong khung thdi gian da dinh, bao gdm eae bien phap trimg phat cd the ap dyng. Ben canh dd, Bd luat Lao ddng 2012 khi sira ddi eung phai quan tam den van de "trach nhi?m xa hpi cua doanh nghiep", bdi day la nhan td quan trgng de phat trien ben viing, giiip nang cao uy tin ciia doanh nghiep trong quan he vdi khach hang va ddi tae, tao ra uu the trong canh tranh va keu gpi dau tu, dae biet la dau tu nude ngoai.
Tu thyc te tren, chiing tdi cho rang, thay vi de ngudi sir dung lao ddng "tim each ne tranh" thye hien quy dinh ve bien phap bao dam bang lien hoac tai san khac cho viec thyc hien hop ddng lao dgng, dan den sy "tiiy lien" va cac hau qua phap Iy khdng mong mudn, phap luat nen tao mdt
"hanh lang phap Iy cy the" de cae ben trong quan he lao ddng di theo "hanh lang phap Iy" nay, dn dinh eac quan he lao ddng va tir dd, gdp phan vao su dn djnh xa hdi.
TAP C HI KHOA HQC DAI HOC \ AN LANG ,, Bicllllii Khae vdi quy djnh ciia Bp luat Lao
dpng 2012, Didu 25 Lu?l Ngiroi lao ddng
\ i ? t Nam di lam vi?c d nude ngoai theo hpp ddng 2006, cho phep ngudi lao dpng thda thuin vdi doanh nghiep dich vu \ e viec ky quy de bao dam viec thyc hien hpp ddng dua ngudi lao dpng di lam \iee d nude ngoai. Ngudi lao dpng tryc tiep hoac thdng qua doanh nghiep dieh vy. npp tien ky quy vao tai khoan rieng duoc doanh nghiep md tai ngan hang thucmg mai de giir tien ky quy eiia ngudi lao dpng. Tien ky quy ciia ngudi lao dpng dupe hoan tra ca gdc va lai cho ngucri lao dpng khi thanh ly hpp ddng dua ngudi lao dpng di lam \ icc d nude ngoai. Trudng hpp ngudi lao dpng vi pham hpp ddng dua ngudi lao ddng di lam viee d nude ngoai, tien ky quy ciia ngudi lao dpng dupe doanh nghiep dich vy sir dyng dc bii dap thipt hai phat sinh do loi cua ngudi lao dpng gay ra cho doanh nghi?p; khi sii dung tien ky quy de bii dap thi^t hai. neu tien ky quy khdng du, ngudi lao dpng phai ngp bd sung, neu edn thira, phai tra lai eho ngudi lao dpng. Tuy nhien, viec ky quy nay khdng the thuc hien "tiiy ti?n", phai luan thii quy dinh ciia phap luat ve thi trudng lao ddng ma doanh nghiep djch vy dugc thoa thuan vdi ngudi lao dpng ve viec nop tien ky quy; miic tran tien ky quy eua ngudi lao ddng (phii hgp vdi timg thi Irudng lao dpng ma doanh nghiep dich vy dupe thoa thuan vdi ngudi lao ddng ve viec nop tien ky quy) va viec quan ly, sii dung tien ky quy ciia ngudi lao ddng.
Day cung la van de dupe phap luat mdt sd qudc gia tren the gidi quan tam, dien hinh la phap luat Thai Lan. Dieu 10 Dao luat Bao \ e Lao ddng Thai Lan 1998 (sua
,. . ^•\,tjc(n su ddi. bd sung :00S) quy dinh- V-
- kjvir tihgf^ tic dung lao dpng se bi cdm \'eu cau ntv'-
' • i^-^nhdodam ngudi lao dpng mpt khoan tien K\ q".*
cho vi^ ldm hogc tiin ki-quy di trd cho nhung thiet hgi ddi ^•&i cong vice bit kHien quan^n^
tiin bac. tdi sdn hogc bdo ddm cua ngi trie klii bdn chdt hodc diiu hen cong viec doi hdi ngu&i lao don^, dm trdch nhiem ve tien hodc tdi sdn cda ngu&i su dung lao dong dieu c& thi gdy thiet hgi cho ngu&i si> dung lao dpng Bdn chdt hodc diiu kien cdng vi?c md ngu&i su dung lao dpng duac phep yiu^ cdu hogc nhgn tiin AV- quy bdo ddm tir ngu&i lao dpng cdng nhu bdt ky logi bdo ddm ndo, cdc gid tri bdo mat m phuang tien giir se phdi phu hop v&i cdc quy tac \'d thu hic theo quy dinh trong thong bdo cua bp tru&ng".
Thi trudng lao ddng d Viet Nam cd dac didm eung lao dpng Idn hon eau lao dpng nhung lai thi8u lao dpng hinh do eao; khu vyc tu nhan dang phat trien, lyc lugng sii dung lao dpng ehii yeu la cac doanh nghi?p vira va nhd, hoat ddng kinh doanh phy thupc nhieu vao dieu kien hien tai,... [4, tr.88]. Do do, viec dieu chinh quan he lao ddng Iinh hoat, giam su bao hd cua Nha nude ddi vdi ngudi lao dpng, thiet lap sy can bang loi ich giiia eac ben la mpt nhu cau mang tinh khach quan. Theo chung tdi, hudng giai quyet tren ciia phap luat Thai Lan la hpp ly, giiip can bang dupe Ipi ich ciia hai ben trong quan he lao dgng.
Theo chiing tdi, Bd luat Lao ddng 2012 khi sira ddi, bd sung ed the tham khao quy dinh ciia Dao luat Bao ve Lao ddng Thai Lan 1998 (sira doi, bd sung 2008), Luat Ngudi lao ddng Viet Nam lam viec d nude ngoai theo hgp ddng 2006 va Thdng ^ 21/20}3/jf_
BLDTBXHn%ky 10-10-2013 quy djnh mirc
TAP CHi KHOA HOC DAl HOC VAN LANG S6 18. Thang 1 1 - 2 0 1 9
Iran tidn ky quy va thi trudng lao ddng ma doanh nghifp, dieh vy dupe thda thuan ky quy vdi ngudi lao dpng, de xay dyng quy djnh dieu chinh v^ viec ky quy ciia ngudi lao dgng theo djnh hudng sau day:
Thu nhdt. sua ddi khodn 2 Dieu 20 Bp lugt Lao dpng 2012 nhu sau;
"... 2. Yeu cau ngudi lao ddng phai thyc hi?n bien phap bao dam bang tien hoac tai san khac cho vi?c thyc hien hop ddng lao dgng trie tru&ng hpp quy dinh tgi Dieu 20a Bp ludt ndy".
Thu hai. bo sung Diiu 20a Bp ludt Lao dpng 2012 (Ky quy de ddm bdo thuc hiin hgp dong lao dpng) voi cdc npi dung chinh nhu sau;
Ngudi sd dung tao dgng chi dupe yeu cau ngudi lao dpng ky quy de dam bao viec thye hi?n hpp ddng lao dpng ndu ban chat ho5e dieu ki?n edng vide ddi hoi ngudi lao dgng chiu trach nhiem ve tien hoac tai san eua ngudi sir dyng lao dpng;
Chinh phii quy djnh cy the danh myc edng vi?e ma ban chat hoac dieu ki?n cdng viec ma ngudi sir dyng lao dpng dupe phep yeu cau ngudi lao dgng phai ky quy va miic tran cua vi?c ky quy tuong iing vdi timg cdng viec;
Tien ky quy ciia ngudi lao dgng phai dupe ghi rd ttong hop ddng lao dgng;
Thdi ban ky quy cua ngudi lao dgng Idi da tuong iing vdi thdi han hpp ddng lao ddng;
Ngudi lao dpng tryc tiep hoac thdng qua ngudi su dyng lao ddng nop tien ky quy vao tai khoan tien ky quy dupe ngudi sir dung lao dgng md tai eae td ehiic tin dyng (khdng giao lien cho ngudi sii dyng lao dgng);
Trudng hgp ngudi lao dgng vi pham hpp ddng lao dgng, ngudi sii dyng lao dgng CO quyen yeu eau ngan hang trich tai khoan lien ky quy ciia ngudi lao ddng de bii dap thiel hai phat sinh do Idi ciia ngudi lao
ddng gay ra cho ngudi sii dyng lao dpng.
Trong trudng hpp nay, ngudi sii dyng lao ddng phai xuat trinh van ban hda giai vdi ngudi lao dpng hoac ban an da cd hieu lyc thi hanh cua tda an. Sd tien ky quy edn lai (neu cd) phai tra lai cho ngudi lao ddng trong thdi ban 7 ngay lam viec, ke tir ngay cham dut hpp ddng lao ddng, neu tien ky quy khdng dii, ngudi lao ddng phai nop bd sung. Trong trudng hpp nay, cac nha lam luat can nghien ciiu cy the hon de ban hanh cac nguyen tac va thii tuc hudng dan viec xac djnh phan khau trir thiet hai hoae tinh toan cae Ipi ich Hen quan den khoan tien hoae tai san khac da ky quy de cd the bao ve dupe quyen va loi ich hpp phap eiia cae ben trong quan he lao ddng.
3. KET LUAN
Hpp ddng lao dgng la hinh thiic phap iy dap ling dupe nguyen tae "ty do khd udc"
ciia nen kinh te thi trudng va yeu cau phat trien cua thi trudng lao ddng. Do dd, ky quy de dam bao thyc hien hpp ddng lao dpng can dugc xem la mdt "nhu cau" ciia thyc te de cd sy dieu chinh phii hgp ve mat phap luat. Bdi le, tuy giao ket, thuc hien hpp ddng lao ddng ey the dupe xae dinh la trach nhiem eua timg ngudi lao dgng va ngudi sir dung lao dgng nhung lao ddng lai la van de xa hgi can sy quan ly cua Nha nude va thdng qua hpp ddng lao dgng, Nha nude cd dieu kien de thye hien tdt hon boat dgng quan ly eua minh. Mdt sd kien nghj dupe dua ra trong bai viet nay se la hudng hoan thien quy djnh eua phap luat ve ky quy de dam bao thyc hien hpp ddng lao ddng, gdp phan quan trgng trong viec phat trien quan he lao ddng d Viet Nam, timg budc thiic day su hmh thanh va phat trien lanh manh ciia thi trudng lao ddng.
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TAPCHl kH. ' ^ .11 11 DA] HOC V-VN L,\NG viniS!S- T.\l LIEL TH.AM KHAO
[1] D6 Thi Dung (2015), Hap ddng lao ddng - cdng cu qudn l.v lao ddng cu" "S""' dung lao ddng, Luat hpc, s6 11 (174).
[2] Nguyen Thiiy Ha (2011), Hop ddng lao ddng irong Bd ludl lao ddng - TI'V ' " " ' * gidi phdp hodn then, De tai nghien ciiu cap co so. Vien Nghicii ciiu Lap phap-
[3] Nguyen Nhan Hdu (2010), Phap ludl vi bdo ve quyen vd lai ieh hop pl"'P "'" " ^ " ^ lao ddng khi to chdc lgi doanh nghiep, Luan Nan Thac si Lu?t hgc, Truong Dai hpc u?t Thanh pho Ho Chi Minh.
(4 ] Le Thi Hoai Thu (2008), Hodn thien phdp ludt lao ddng Viet Nam, Khoa hgc, so 24.
[5] Article 9 U b o u r Contract Law of the People's Republic of China 2007: "When recruillng a worker, the employing unit may nol detain the worker's resident identity card or other eerlifieales. nor may it require him lo provide guaranty or colled money or things of value from him in other names".
[6] Baomoi.com (2019), Trd tien ky quy eho nhdn vien, https://baomoi.com/tra-tien-ky- quy-cho-nhan-vien/c, 23396249.epi. ng,i\ truy c^p: 21-5-2019.
[7] GHNExpress (2019), Tuyin nhdn Men giao nhdn tgi 63 tinh thdnh, http;//bit.ly/GiaoNhanIIN-HCM. ngay miy cap 30-4-2019.
18] Grab (2019), Ddng ki' ldm dot tde Crab giao hdng, https://help.grab.com/driver/vi- vn/ll50105S74ii7-''„C4%90%C4%83ng-k%C3%AD-l%C3%A0m-
'!oC4»,b91%EI%BB%9li-t»oC3%Alc-Grab-Giao-H%C3%A0ng, ngay truy cap 21-5-2019.
[9] Mailinh.vn (2019), Chinh sdch tuyen dung lai xe taxi lai Thdnh phd Ho Chi Minh mdi nhdi ndm 2019", hups- 'mailinh.vn iin-iuc/chinh-sach-tuyen-dung-lai-xe-taxi-tai-tp-ho-chi- minh-moi-nhat-nam-20] y-424.html, ngay truy cap 21-5-2019.
[10] Trinh Van Quyet (2015), Ludl Lao dong: Nhieu diem mdi, nhung http:y \v-\\N\ .webketoan.vn/luat-lao-dong-nhieu-diem-moi-nhung.html, ngay truy cap 06-5-2015.
[ I I ] Toa an Nhan dan huyen Chau Thanh (2018), Quyit dinh dinh ehi gidi quyil vu dn ddn sirsd 01/201S/ODST-LD ve viec ddi lien luang vd tien ky quy giira ong Ly Minh T vd Cong ty Trdch nhiem huu han Trdn K Q, http://congbobanan.toaan.gov.vn/2tal 13952tlcvn/chi- tiet-ban-an, ngay mjy cap 21-5-2019.
[12] Toa an Nhan dan huyen C (2018). Bdn dn sd 02/2018/lD-ST ngdy 18-7-2018 ve tranh chdp tien luang. lien ky quy Irong hap ddng lao dong giira Pham Vdn N vd Cdng ty Trdch nhiem hiru hgn T, http://congbobanan.toaan.gov.vn/2tal51197tlcvn/chi-tiet-ban-an, ngay truy cap 21-5-2019.
Ngiy nhan bai. 27-5-2019. Ngay bien tap xong: 06-11-2019. Duyet dang: 29-11-2019
