TAP Hi d N Time
THirc TRANG LAO DONG VIEC LAM NONG THON VIET NAM
• LE THI KIM CHI
TOM TAT:
Trong xu till hpi nhdp kinh tl hi?n na\. lao dpng vipc lim Id vdn de quan trpng cdn giai quyet \ a Id nhi?m yy trpng tdm hdng diu ciia cac edp chinh quyen. Vi?t Nam dd vd dang tim ra hudng giai quyet vi?c lam cd hi?u qua cho Igc lupng lao dpng (LLLD) ndng thdn ngdy nay. Nghien ctiu ndy sc gdp phdn giiip gidi quyet vipc lam d ndng thdn vd dap ung khi ndng canh tranh trong bdi canh hpi nhap kinh te qudc te.
Tir khda: Lao dpng, vi^c lam ndng thdn. Vi^t Nam.
1. Ddt van de
Lao dpng vi?c lam d ndng thdn dang dugc quan tam vi tao dieu kien cai thi^n khoang each giira ndng thdn vd thdnh thj ngay nay. Qua nghien ciiu cho thay: (I) Lao dpng ndng thdn la toan bp nhiing hoat dpng lao dpng sin xuil tao ra ciia cai \ai chdt cua ngudi ndng thdn qua cdc ngdnh nghe d ndng thdn;
(2) Vi?c lam nhdm tao ra thu nhap nhung khdng \ i phgm phdp luat; (3) Cic nhdn id anh hudng den lao dpng vi?c lam d ndng thdn. nhu: Dan sd, co cau dan sd, dao tao nghe, cdc chinh sach giai quyet viec lam.
2. Cff sdly thuyet 2.1. Khdi nifm ca bdn
Lao dpng. Trudc het dupe dinh nghia la mdt qui trinh dien ra giira con ngudi va tg nhien, trong dd bang hoat dpng ciia chinh minh. con ngudi lam trung gian, dieu tiel va kiem tra sg rrao ddi chat giira hg va t\r nhien.
Ngudi lao dpng (NLD): Theo Khoan 1 Dilu 3 Bd luat Lao dpng 2012 djnh nghTa: \ L D li ngudi tu dii 15 tudi trd len, co kha nang lao dgng, ldm viec theo hgp ddng lao dpng. dugc u i luong va chiu sg quan ly. dieu hanh cua ngudi su dyne lao dpng.
Lgc lugng lao dpng (LLLD): Theo Td chue Lao dpng qudc tl (ILO): LLLD la mpt bg phin ddn so trong dp mdi quy djnh. thgc te cd tham gia lao ddng vd nhiing ngudi khdng cd \ iec lam dang tich cue tim kiem vi?c idm.
2.2. D^c diem ngudn nhdn luc ndng thdn tgi Vift Nam
Nam 2005, lao dpng ndng thdn chiem 75%
LLLD ci nude. Tinh din hit quy 1/2019, LLLD tir 15 ludi trd len ciia ca nude ude tinh la 55,4 tripu ngudi; trong dd lao dpng ndng thdn chiem 66,6%.
Co cau lao dpng tir 15 tudi trd len cd vi?c ldm chia theo khu vgc kinh te la 35,4% ddi vdi ngdnh Ndng, Ldm nghi?p, Thuy san; 28,6%. ddi vdi ngdnh Cdng nghipp, Xiy dgng; 36% ddi vdi ngdnh Djch vy. Ciing vdi qua trinh cdng nghi?p hda, hien dai hda ndng nghipp, ndng thdn, da cd sg di chuyen ddng ke lao dpng ndng thdn ra thanh thi va cd su dich chuyen lao dpng ndng nghiep sang cac ngdnh khac. Tuy nhien, ty I? LLLD ndng thdn ndi chung va lao dpng ndng nghi?p ndi rieng van cao. Day la dSc dilm diln hinh ciia thj trudng lao dpng vdi ca cSu lao dpng tham gia nganh Ndng nghiep chiem ty trpng cao ngudn nhan lgc nflng thdn tai Viet Nam cd mpt sd dac dilm co ban nhu sau.
* Mang tinh thdi vu cao: Do tinh chit ciia vi?c trdng lua cd miia vy nen lao dpng ndng nghipp mang tinh thdi vy cao, ddn den lugng "cau" vl lao dpng ndng nghipp cd bien dp dao dpng rat ldn giiia cic ky thu hoaeh. Kel qud Id mpt lugng lao dpng lam ndng nghipp trd nen nhdn rdi khi hit vy, anh hudng Idn den miic dp su dyng lao ddng irong khu vyc ndng thdn.
Theo thdng ke, o Vi?t Nam. ty I? ihii nghipp tai
QUANTIIIHANLY
thiidi Ihj cao hon ndng tiidn, nhung ty Ip thieu viec Ion t^ nong Oidn cao gdp 3 lan thanh thi. Tinh din Adidilm quy 1/2019, ty 1? lao ddng thieu viec lam d Md) thj la 0,59%, ndng thdn la 1,41 %.
'Mang linh chdl thii cdng ndng nhgc han so vdi cdc ngdnh kinh te khde: Do dac diem ciia san xudt nong nghifp gJn vdi tg nhien, ddi tugng ciia san xuat nong nghidp la nhdng sinh vat sdng, nen ddi hoi phai cdsgchim sdc ti mi vi theo cdng nghp hoan loan khic bi?t so vdi nhirng nganh san xuat khac. Mat khic. quy md dat dai Id co sd de hinh thanh nhiing kf thu$t canh tic cd the sii dyng dugc va nd da anh hudng trgc tiep den co gidi hda ndng nghi?p. Sg manh mun ciia ddt dai, trinh dp phdt trien kinh te cdn ihip la nhiing can trd chinh de ip dyng miy mdc va nhdng ky thu^l tien tien vao san xudt.
6 Vi?l Nam, trinh dp vdn hda va chuyen mdn ky (hu^i ciia lao dpng ndng thdn cdn thap, it dugc dao iflo CO bai bin vi h§ thdng, ky nang, tay nghe, the lgc va lac phong lao dpng cdng nghipp cdn yeu nen kha nSng c^nh u^nh thdp ddn den tinh trang mau thudn giila yfiu cau ciia hi?n d?i hda vdi LLLD du thira qua ldn d nong thon, can phii dugc giai quyet trong thdi gian (di.
* Chdl lupng lao dgng nong thon: Do nhiing nguyen nhan ljch sii. kinh te sau xa ciing vdi nen san xuil liia nude la lien kel nhiing ngudi dan sdng d nong thdn nen hp cd ban sdc vin hda ddc ddo, vdi tniyen thdng doan ket, thucmg yeu giup dd ldn nhau, cd phim chat can cii, chiu khd,... Tuy nhien, chat lupng lao dpng ndng thdn cdn nhieu han che nhu:
Tinh ir?ng the lgc ciia lao dpng Viet Nam d miic ining binh kem; ky ludt lao dpng chua dap ung dugc
>eu cau d^t ra ciia qua trinh sin xuat cdng nghiep, mdt bp ph|n ldn NLD chua dugc tap huan ve ky iu|t lao dpng cdng nghiep; Trinh dp chuyen mdn va kJ ning nghe nghiep cdn yeu kem da anh hudng rat ldn den \ iec sir dyng ngudn nhan luc trong qua trinh cong nghi?p hda, hien d^i hda ndng thdn.
3. Thieu vipc Idm vd that nghifp
Thiiu vi^c ldm. Theo Bd Lao dpng, Thuang binh
\a Xa hpi, "Ngudi thieu vipc lam gdm nhiing ngudi trong tuan le tinh din thdi diem dieu tra cd tdng sd gid ldm vipc dudi 40 gid, hodc cd sd gid ldm vice nho hon gid quy djnh ddi vdi nhung ngudi lam cac cdng \i^c ndng nhpc, dpc h^i theo quy dinh hien hinh ciia Nhi nude, cd nhu edu lam them gid va da sin sdrig lam \ iec nhung khdng cd viec de Iam".
Thdt nghiep: Ld tdng sd ngudi trong LLLD khdng cd \ iec Idm. Trong dd, LLLD bao gdm nhung
ngudi tren 15 tudi. cd kha nang lao dpng va mong mudn lao dpng. Cd rat nhieu each de phan lo?! thdt nghiep, nhu:
L Theo dnh chdt thdt nghidp:
+ Thdi nghifp lu nguyen: La loai that nghi?p phat sinh do N LD khdng chap nhdn nhiing cdng vipc hien thdi vdi mirc luang tuong ung.
+ Thdt nghiep khdng tu nguyfn: Ld lo^i thdt nghiep phit sinh dii NLD san sing chap nhdn nhOng cdng viec hien thai \ oi muc tien luong tuong img.
iL Theo nguyen nhdn thdt nghifp:
+ That nghifp tu nhien: La mirc that nghiep binh thudng ma nen kinh te trai qua, la dang that nghipp khdng mat di trong dii ban, tdn t^i ngay khi thj trudng lao ddng can bang. Theo that nghi?p tg nhien bao gdm: that nghiep tam thdi, that nghipp co cau.
+ Thai nghiep miia vu: Xuat hien do tinh chat miia vu cua mgl sd cdng \ iec nhu lam ndng nghipp, day hpc, cdng vipc part time djp he, gidi tri theo miia (trupt niyet, cdng vien nude)...
+ That nghifp chu ki: Phat sinh khi nen kinh te lam vio tinh U'ang su> thoii do tdng cau qui thip.
+ That nghifp theo ly ihuyel cd dien: Xiy ra khi tien luang dupe in djnh khdng bdi cac lgc lugng thj trudng mi cao hon muc tien luong thgc te can bang cua thi trudng thi loai that nghipp nay la do mirc luong tdi thieu dugc quy dinh cao hon mirc luong do quy luat cung - cau uen thi trudng quyel djnh.
/•//. Theo ly do thdt nghifp:
+ Mdt viec: NLD khdng cd vi?c lam do cac don vj san xuat kinh doanh cho thdi viec vi mpt Iy do nio dd.
+ Bd viec: La nhiing ngudi ty y xin thdi vice vi nhijng ly do chu quan ciia NLD, vi dy: tien cdng khdng dam bao, khdng hgp nghe nghiep, khdng hpp khdng gian lam viec...
+ yiigp mdi: Ld nhiing ngudi ddu tien bd sung vao LLLD, nhung chua tim dugc viec lam, dang tich cue tim kiem \ iec ldm.
+ Tdi nhgp: La nhiing ngudi da rdi khdi LLLD nay mudn quay lai ldm viec nhung chua tim dugc viec ldm.
4. Tac dpng cua thdt nghiep tdi su phdt trien kinh te - xd hpi
Thdt nghiep gay ra tac ddng tieu cgc den sg phit triin kinh tl - xa hpi, nhu:
(I) Hifu qua kinh te: Theo Quy luat Okun. neu t\
le that nghiep tang I % thi GDP thgc te se giim 2,5%
va ngugc lai. Tu\ \ ay. tinh trang that nghiep gia tang
lAPCriClKTrtlllK
Bang 1. LIU> phdn Iheo nhom hioi nam 2017 • 2018
Nam
2017 2018
Tong 56 TrifU .^
ngu>di 54,828 56,354
100,0 100,0
15 T r i ^ n g u 9 i
7,581 7,049
24
%
13,8 12,7
25 Tri^u ngirdFi 32,599 33,339
49
%
59,5 60,2
50+
n g i r o i
14,643 26,7 14,966 27,1 .\>,'H(i/i- Tdng c\iC Thdng ke ndm 2017 - 2018
Bdng 2. LUD phan theo dia phUdng nam 2017-2018
M M C
Ci nud-c D6ng bang s6ng H6ng Trung du v^ mi^n nui phia BSc BSc Trung BO vi Duyfin h^i mi^n Trung
TSy Nguyen D6ng Nam BO D6ng b i n g song Cu-u Long
N i m 201 Trt^u ngtrO'i
54.823,8 12.015,1 7.603,8 11.851,9 3.527,9 9.228,5 10.596,6
7
(%)
100,0 22,0 13,9 21,6 6,4 16,8 19,3
N i m 2018 T r i f u n g u ^ i
55.354,2 12.095,5 7 684,3 11.959,6 3.596,1 9.351,6 10.667,1
(%)
100,0 21,9 13,9 21,6 6,5 16,9 19,2
\giiiin Tdng cyic Thong ke n
tucmg quan vdi dp lgc lam phat gidm do t> Ip lam phit va that nghi?p cd mdi quan he ty le nghjch.
(2) Xd hgi: Ket qui dieu tra \a hdi hpc cho thay, thdt nghipp cao ludn gan \ ai su gia tang cdc te nan xa hpi nhu cd bae, rugu che, trpm cap....
(3) Cd nhdn ngudi thai nghiep vd gia dinh hp:
NLD bj thdt nghiep se mat ngudn thu nhap. do dd, ddi sdng NLD vi gia dinh se gap khd khan. Dieu nay anh hudng din kha ndng ur dao tao lai de chuyen ddi nghl nghipp, trd lai thi trudng lao ddng; con cii hp se khd khdn khi din trudng; siic khde cua hg sg giam sut do Ihilu kmh le de bdi dudng, de cham sdc yte,...
Bang 1 cho thiy ty le dan sd U-ong dp mdi 2 5 - 49 d muc cao nhat. chiem 60%, tiep den la rihdm NLD tren 50 tudi chilm hon 25% va thap nhdt la nhdm NLD uong dp mdi 15 - 24 chiem gdn 13%.
Bang 2 cho thdy LLLD tap trung nhieu nhdt d ddng bang sdng Hdng \di uen 12 trieu ngudi (ty le
22% so vdi ca nude). Tiep theo la viing Bae Trung bp va Duyen hai mien Trung tren 11 tripu ngudi, chiem 21,6%. Thip nhit Id Tay Nguyen cd LLLD tren 3,5 tri?u ngudi (tuc chilm 6,5%), khdng thay ddi trong 2 nam 2017 - 2018.
Bing 3 cho thay, ty Ip lao dpng trong dp tudi cd vi?c lam ddng bang sdng Hdng tiip tgc dung thu nhit chilm 22,6%, dimg thir hai la Bic Trung Bp vi Duyen hii miin Trung chilm 21,7%, dimg thd ba td ddng bang sdng Cim Long chilm 18,9% vd xip cudi CLing la viing Tay Ngu>cn.
Bang 4 cho thdy ty Ip lao dpng trong ci nude ciia nam vi nOr tuong duong nhau, trong dd ddng bang sdng Hdng chiem, tiip theo Id Bic Trung Bp vd Duyen hai mien Trung, ddng bSng sdng Cim Long, Ddng Nam Bg, Trung Du va Miin niii phia Bic va cudi cimg ludn Id Tay Nguyen.
Bang 5 cho thay ty Ip thilu vipc Iam trong 2 n3m tang lien tgc, nhin chung cd nude cua nam 2017 va
liAiiTiniAmY
ling 3. T^ If lao dong co viec lam phan theo thanh thj, nong thon nam 2017 - 2018
Uim
Cdnir*c Ding bing s6ng Hong Trung du vi miin nui phia BSc Bic Trung BO vS Duyen hai miin Trung
Tfty Nguyfen Odng Nam Bg Ding bing sOng Ci>u Long
Ton!
2017 93,678 21,344 12,148
19,927
5,781 16,741 17,738
so 2018 94,666 21,566 12,293
20,057
5,871 17,074 17,806
Thanh thj 2017 2018 32,823 33,830
8,153 8,720 2,246 2,284
5,715 5,777
1,689 1,736 10,493 1 10,762
1
4,528 4.551 Nong 2017 60.855 13,190 9,902
14,212
4,092 6,247 13,211
t h o n 2018 60,836 12,847 10,009
14,280
4,135 6,313 13,254 i Ngi,dn: Tdngcvc Tlidngke nan, 2017-2018
Bdng 4. Ty le lao d o n g tCr 15 tuoi trd len c d v i e c lorn p h d n theo gidl tmh n a m 2017 - 2 0 1 6
Cira/Ac Ding bing sOng HOng Tnjng du va miin nui phia B i c
T o n g 2017 2018
Nam 2017 2018 93,678 94,666 ,46,266 46,785 47,411 21,344 21,566 10,508 10,629 10,836 12,148 I 12,293 0.420 0,427 0,414 BSc Tmng BO vi DuySn hai mien Trung ; 19,927 20,057 1,773 1,787 1,772 TSy Nguyen 5,781 15,871 0,276 0,282 0,245
Wng Nam BO 16,741 17,074 0,481 0,492 0,488
I d n g bing sOng COu Long 17,738 17,805 ! 0,743 0,747 0,754 2018 47,881 10,938 0,419 1,771 0,253 0,488 0,757 Ngudn: Tdng cue Thdng ke ndm 2017-2018
-ftl8 ting 0.26%. Ty I? thanh thi co ty le ttii^u \iec Ben canh do, ty le nong thon ciia 2 nam nghien ciiu iam chiem ty 1^ cao nhit 1.81 %, la BSc Tning Bp \ a giam 0.29%. Trong khi do. nSm 2017 chijm ty 1?
Duyen hai mien Trung vao nan 2017, va ty ie thi^u cao nhat 2.02% la Bae Trung Bg va Duyen hai mien
» ^ Iam cao nhal nam 2018 la Tay Nguyen la 2.20 o. Trung. th4p nh^t la Dong Nam Bo.
TAPCIiCiNETlMK
Bang 5. Ty le thieu viec lam trong 2 ndm 2017 • 2018 Mvc Nam
Tyl?(%) 2017 2018 Cd nif&c 1,66 1.40 Thdnh thj 0.84 0.65 Ddng bdng sdng Hong 1.22 0.74 Trung du va midn nui 1,32 1,28 phia Bdc
Bdc Tnjng Bp va Duydn hdi 1,81 1.44 mien Tmng
Tdy Nguyen 1,58 2.20 - I -
Ddng Nam Bd 0,52 0.43 MMC Tyl§(%)
Ndng Thdn Ddng bdng sdng Hdng Trung du vd mi^n nui phia Bdc
Bdc Taing Bd Vei Duydn hai mi^n Trung
TSy Nguydn Ddng Nam Bd
Ndm
2,07 1,57 1,43
1 hai 2,02
1 1,85 0,61
1,78 0,93 1,36
1,65
2,76 0,70
Ngudn- Tdng rye Thdng ke ndm 2017 - 2018
4. M$t so giai phdp Itien nghj
Nhimg n3m qua Ae giai quylt vdn de viec lam cho nong thon cdn co mgt so giai phap cy the nhu sau:
Thd nhal. Ddng, Nhd nu6c can tiep tuc co nhirng chinh sach kip thoi nhim day manh phat trien kinh te - xii hOi. t^o them nhieu co hpi ve vi?c lam cho lao dpng nong thon. Tren ca so do, m6i dia phuang dua ra nh&ng chinh sach thu hiit cac nha dau tu trong vd ngoai nuac de mo rpng san xuat, phat trien ket cau h? tang, tan dyng the manh cua dia phucmg de phdt trien kinh te du lich. thucmg mai, nhdm chuyen dich CO edu kmh te theo huong hi?n dai, da dang hoa cac hinh thirc san xuat, kinh doanh v a thay doi nhung tap quan sdn xuat nong nghi?p con lac hau ciia nong dan, Thd liai, can tiep tuc ndng cao dan tri va ddo tao nghe cho lao dpng nong thon. Viec dao tao nghe cho lao dpng nong thon can gSn vol thuc tien san xual cua dja phuang de nguoi nong dan vira co the hpc nghe, vira co the dp dyng ngay \ ao san xudt canh tde.
Ngodi ra, can co nhung chinh sach tich cue trong
\"iec gidi thi?u vi?c ldm cho lao dpng da qua dao tao.
tim dau ra cho san pham de nhiing nguoi dS tham gia ddo tao nghl tich cyc phat tnen san xuat, tao viec ldm cho ban than \ a cho nguoi khac.
Thu ba. day manh chuyen dich co edu kinh te nong thon va co gioi hoa trong nong nghiep. Trudc hdt. can tiing quy mo tich tu mpng ddt theo hp, ap
d\ing cac tien bp khoa hpc - ky thuat vdo san xuat.
De h^n che hi?n tupng thieu vi^c Iam, cdn ddy manh tham canh tang vy, l\ra chpn cong thirc luan canh hgp Iy va da dang hoa cac san phdm nong nghi?p.
Ngoai ra, can chuyen lao dpng tir nong nghidp sang san xuat tieu thu cong nghi?p va dich vy b3ng cich phdt trien kinh te phi nong nghi?p voi sy b6 sung cua nganh Chan nuoi va cac nganh nghl phi n6ng nghidp.
Thd tu. cdn ket hpp hai hoa giffa vipc thu hoi dat nong nghi?p ciia nong dan vai vi?c chuyen doi mo hinh san xuat, phdt trien san xuat hdng hoa, dya vao the manh ciia tirng vimg de phat trien san xuat nong nghi?p tren quy mo lan. Can phai ket hpp hai hoa giua vi?c hien dai hoa sdn xuat vdi phdt trien theo huang bin v&ng, nham tao co hpi de lao dpng nong thon vira phat triin dupe cic nganh nghl truyen thong, vira tiip can dupe nin san xuat hien dai. Ngoai ra, cung cdn uu tien phat triin CO so ha tSng trong san xudt, ddu tu khoa hpc - cong ngh?. tich cyc ho trp nong dan vl v6n, kiln thirc ve thj truang. vl hpi nhap dl nong dan co thi san xudt ra nhirng mat haiig theo nhu cau ciia thj truang, vira dap img nhu c5u tai cho, vira thuc ddy san xuat hang hoa.
Ngoai ra, ca nhan NLD nong thon cung can tich cyc tham gia cac lop dao tao nghl truyin th6n|j. tich cyc tim vi?c lam de cai thi?n cupc s6ng trong \ ^muu
MAWTIHIABLT
TAI LIfU THAM KHAO:
I Dircmg Tan Di?p. (2008). Kmh li vTmd NXB Thdng ke.
1 Dinh Phi H6. (2003). Kinh ti ndng nghiep NXB TTidng ke.
3, Doan Tli! M> H^h va Vii Vi?t H5ng (2011). Kinh li hpc vi md. NXB Giao dye.
4 S Gregory Mankiw, (2003). Nguyen ly Kinh li hpc I & 11 (Bdn dich). NXB Thing ke 5. Nguyen Trgng Hoai, (2010). Kinh te phdt trien. NXB Lao dpng.
6. Cic websnc: danso.org, www.gso.gov.vn
Ngay nh^n bdi: 25/4/2020
Ngiy ph&n bi^n ddnh gid vd su^ chira: 5/5/2020 Ngiky chilp nh^n ddng bdi: 15/5/2020
ndng tin idc gid:
LETH|K1MCHI
Khoa Kinh tl - Quan trj Itinh doanh
Trirdng Dfi h9C An Giang, Dai h^c Quoc gia Thdnh pho H(i Chi Minh
THE STATUS QUO OF VIETNAM'S RURAL EMPLOYMENT
• LE THI KIM CHI
Faculty of Economics a n d Business Administration An Giang University, Vietnam National University - Ho Chi Minh City
ABSTRACT:
In the context of Viemam's economic integration process, employment is an important issue and a leading task of all levels of the Goverment of Vietnam. Vietnam has made great efforts with effective solutions to solve the rural employment issue. This paper is expected to contribute to creating jobs in rural areas and enhancing the competitiveness of rural labour force amid the country's international economic integration.
Keywords: Labour, rural employment, Vietnam.
