NGHIEN ctfu - TRAO DOI
< l a i TB^C THIJC HI|!N d c CAM Kft" FTO
i A CAc QC6C CM THANB VtfN TCONG THUONG MAI Qg6c-rf
L^DlNHQUY^*
Tom tdt: Ldm thi ndo di thuc hiin tot cdc cam kit WTO? Bdy Id cdu hoi dugc ddt ra b&i rdt nhieu qudc gia khi gia nhgp td chuc ndy. Hien nay, cdc qudc gia chu yiu dua trin nguyin tdc thien chl (good faith) vd nguyen tdc tdn trgng cdc cam kit quoc ti (pacta sunt servanda) di thuc hien cam kit WTO. Tuy nhiin, cdch thiic vd phuang phdp thuc hien cam kit WTO lgi tuy thupc vdo timg qudc gia thdnh vien. Cdc qudc gia thdnh vien cd nhieng cdch thuc thuc hiin da dgng dua tren hai hgc thuyit ca bdn Id chil nghia nhat nguyen lugn (Monism) vd chu nghTa nhi nguyen lugn (Dualism). Thuc tien dp dyng cdc hgc thuyit ndi trin vd thyc hiin cam kit WTO cua mpt sd qudc gia thdnh viin cho thdy ton tgi ba cdch thuc thyc hien, dd Id: I) Ap dung tr{ec tiep cam kit WTO; 2) Ap dyng "gidn tiip" cam kit WTO thdng qua quy trinh ngi lugt hod; 3) Ap dyng "hdn hgp ". theo dd qudc gia thdnh viin WTO viea ngi ludt hod.
vica dp dyng true tiip cam kit WTO. Bdi viit phdn tich uu. nhugc diim cua cdc cdch thuc thuc hien cam kit WTO, tie do ddnh gid nhieng thudn lgi vd khd khdn nhdt dinh cho cdc quoc gia khi dp dyng.
Tie khod: Ap dung hdn hgrp; dp dyng true tiip; nhdt nguyin ludn; nhj nguyin ludn; npi lugt hod;
thuc hien cam ket WTO.
Ahstract: How can the WTO commitments be well-performed? This question has been raised by many states when they join the WTO. Currently, states mainly rely on the good faith principle and the principle of pacta sunt servanda to perform the WTO commitments. However, measures and methods to perform the WTO commitments depend on each member state. Various measures to perform the WTO commitments are mainly based on the monism doctrine and the dualism doctrine. The practical application of the above mentioned doctrines and the practice of performing the WTO commitments indicate that there are 3 measures to perform the WTO commitments: I, Birect application of the WTO commitments; 2, "Indirect" application of the WTO commitments; 3, "Mixed" application, by which member states both incorporate and apply directly the WTO commitments. The paper analyses pros and cons of measures to perform the WTO commitments and based on which assesses advantages and disadvantages of states in applying those measures.
Keywords: Mixed application; direct application; monism; dualism; incorporation of intemational law into national law; performance of the WTO commitments.
T
heo Cfing udc Vien ndm 1969 vfi lual dilu diiu u&c, khi da co hieu luc, diu rdng bupc udc quoc tfi (sau day gpi tat Ik Cfing cdc ben tham gia vd phdi duac cdc ben tham udc Vien), nguyen tdc thifin chi (good faith) gia thuc hien mpt cdch thien chi". Theo dd, vk nguyen tdc tdn trgng cdc cam ket qufic tfi cdc qu6c gia thanh vifin phdi cd nghla vy (pacta sunt servanda) Ik mpi trong nhung thuc hipn mpt ckch tan tdm, day dfi, thifin chi nguyfin tdc co bkn, bao trfim trong li l u ^ vevific thyc hifin difiu udc qudc tl. * oiang vien
Dieu 26 Cdng udc Vifin quy djnh: "Moi Tni6ng Dgi hgc Lugt Hi Npi
TAP CHi LUAT H O C S 6 6/2015 23
NGHIEN ciru - TRAO 001
vk trung thyc cdc nghTa vu mk minh da cam ket, phfi hgp vdi phdp ludt qudc te hifin dai.
Cdc qudc gia khdng dugc vifin dan nhimg If do khdng chinh ddng dfi tfi choi thyc hifin cdc nghTa vu da cam kit uong dieu udc quoc tfi md minh da tham gia hay ki ket. Lien quan dfin vific thuc hien cdc dieu udc qudc lfi, Cfing udc Vifin khong quy dinh quy trinh va each thfic cu the dfi thyc thi ddy dfi cdc nghTa vy da cam kfit ma dfi cho cac quoc gia ty quyfit dinh cdch thfic thyc hifin difiu udc qufic te phu hgp vdi dieu kifin, hoan cdnh cfia minh.
Dilu XVI.4 Hipp dinh thknh lap WTO*"
cung quy djnh: "Mdi thdnh vien phdi ddm bdo su thdng nhdt cdc ludt, quy dinh vd nhirng Ihu tuc hanh chink vai nghTa vu cua minh duac quy dinh trong cdc hiep djnh".
Nhu vdy, ban thdn cac hifip dinh WTO ciing khdng quy djnh cu thfi vl viec thyc hipn cdc quy dinh (cam ket) WTO nhu the nao. Do dd, qudc gia thanh vien cd thfi loan quyfin lua chpn each thfic dfi thuc hien dilu udc qudc te, mien Ik dieu udc qufic lfi dugc thuc hipn mpt cdch tan tdm vd ddy dfi theo nguyfin tdc pacta sunt servanda.
1. Chu nghla nhat nguyen luan (Monism) va chii nghta nhi nguyen luan (Dualism)
Su luong quan gifia phdp luat qufic tfi vk phdp ludt qudc gia ciing nhu mdi quan he va tdc dfing qua lai gifia chfing luon la mfii quan lam hkng ddu cfia li luan va thyc tifin phap luat qufic te ciing nhu phdp luat qufic gia tfi uudc den nay. Ddy van ludn la chu dfi cfia cdc cupc tranh ludn ma tieu dilm tap trung vdo gidi quyfit cac vdn dh co ban nhu: phap luat quoc tfi va phap luat qufic gia cd phai la
hai bfi phdn cdu thdnh cfia cfing mfit i thfing phdp ludt thfing nhdt khfing hay chiii la cdc he thfing phdp luat khdc nhau? Cdc qi pham difiu udc qudc tfi cd vi tri nhu the nl trong mfii tucmg quan so sanh vdi cac qi pham phap luat qufic gia?... De tra ldi cdc ca hdi nfiu trfin, cac qudc gia trfin thfi gidi dy vao nhimg hpc thuyel/quan difim khdc nha nhung nhin chung trfin thuc tfi cd hai h) thuyfit CO ban ve thuc hifin dieu udc quic t la chfi nghia nhat nguyfin luan (Moniste) v, chfi nghia nhi nguyfin luan (Dualisle). Ha hpc thuyfit nky cd xuat phkt difim dudng nhi trai ngugc nhau.
Nhung ngudi theo quan difim cua ch;
nghTa nhdt nguyen ludn*^' cho rang phdp lu|
qufic te va phdp lual qufic gia la hai bp phai cau thanh cfia mpt he thdng thdng nhdt Dc dd, dieu udc quoc lfi cd thfi dugc ap dunj tryc tifip nhu cdc vkn ban quy pham phap lual trong nudc. Trong ihuc lien lap phap va hanh phap, vific dp dyng tryc tifip dieu uoc qufic te dugc van dung d nhilu nudc tren tlie gidi nhung tap trung chfi yfiu d cdc nufic Iheo he thfing phap luat Anglo-Saxon (Common law). Trong sd cdc nudc ung hfi tuong dd cdch thuc ap dyng tryc tifip cam kit WTOco ca Hoa Ky.'^' Ben canh dd, nguyen ldc nJj ciing dugc ghi nhan trong phap luat cfia ni?i sd qufic gia theo he thfing Civil law nhu Thuy Sy,*"* Phap,'^* Bi,... Dilu thfi vi la del) ihfic kp dung true tiep difiu udc qufic le !a xukt phat tfi mfit nguyfin tkc dugc ghi i # trong luat tap qudn cfia Anh, theo dd "14 quoc te Id mpt bp phgn cua lugt qudc gia' (Blackstone),'^' trong khi Anh lai khong thfl
TAP CHl LUAT HOC s6 6/20«
NGHIEN Ciru - TRAO DOI
'chfi ngJiTa nhdt nguyfin luan vk chfi yfiu khfing ap dyng true tilp dilu udc qufic te.
' Ngugc lai, nhimg ngudi theo quan difim
^cfia chfi nghia nhi nguyfin ludn*^* lai coi phdp
^ludt quoc tl va phdp ludt quoc gia Ik hai he
•^thfing dpc lap, do v^y dfi thyc thi difiu udc 'iquoc te thi cAn phai "chuyin hod" hay "npi siudt hod" cac quy djnh cfia dilu uoc qudc tfi lEvao trong hp thdng phdp lu^t qudc gia, thdng :qua vipc ban hknh mod hokc sfia dfii, bd sung licdc luat va vkn ban dudi luat. Phap ludt nhifiu Lnudc, bfin canh viec thfia nhdn uu thl cua dieu udc qudc tfi so vdi phdp luat qufic gia cdn quy dinh rdng: Difiu udc qudc te chi c6 ahieu lyc d trong nudc sau khi cd hknh vi ndi ilual hod (Dilu 25, Dieu 29 Lu$t co ban (GG) icfia CHLB Dfic,'^' Dieu 28 Hien phkp nam iil975 cfia Hy Lap;...). Nhu vay, cdc qudc gia iithknh vifin nky thuc chdt dd dp dung vdn ban rphap luat trong nudc dfi dieu chinh vipc thuc ijihien dieu udc quoc tfi ma khong dp dyng 'chinh dieu udc qu6c tfi dd. Ddy Ik thuc tifin [itheo dudi chfi nghTa nhj nguyen ludn cua nhieu iqufic gia trfin the gioi nhu Anh, cac thknh [vifin trudc dky cfia Khdi thinh vugng chung Kihokc cac thupc dia cu cfia Anh, cdc nudc
^"Scandinave vk mdt s6 nudc Civil law...
i[ 2. Cac cdch thyc hipn dieu ird'c qu6c te .^bao g^m cam ket WTO) trong thyc tien 1, Sy tdn tai song song cfia chu nghTa nhat , Nguyfin ludn vk chfi nghTa nhi nguyen luan
•vfi moi quan he gifia phdp luat qufic tfi vd ,|phdp ludt trong nuoc dfing thdi vdi vific likhdng cd quy djnh phdp ludt nko xdc dinh cu
•thl ve vific thyc hien cam kfit WTO dd tao ra fho ckc qufic gia thknh vifin ba each tiep can
trong thuc tfi dl thuc hifin dilu udc qudc tl:
Thd nhdt, cho phep dp dyng tryc tifip difiu udc qudc te nhu phdp ludt trong nudc (chfi nghTa nhdt nguyfin ludn). Khi co quan nha nudc tryc tiep thuc hifin dieu udc qufic tfi, tfic Ik thuc hipn chfic nang cfing quyln thi khfing cdn ddt ra vdn dl npi lual hod.
Thd hai, dp dyng gian tiep difiu udc qudc te sau khi da dugc npi luat hod (chu nghTa nhi nguyen lu$n), nghTa la cac qufic gia thknh vifin phdi chuyfin hod cdc quy dinh cua phap luat qufic tfi bkng viec ban hanh cdc vdn bdn phdp lu$t trong nudc.
Thu ba, vfia dp dung true tifip vua dp dyng gidn tifip cdc difiu udc qudc tfi (cdch thfic "hSn hgp").
2.1. Ap dyng true tiep cam ket WTO Hifin nay, chua cd quan difim chinh thfing ve viec dp dung true tilp cam kel qufic te ndi chung cilng nhu cac quy dinh cfia WTO ndi rifing. Vific xac dinh phuang thfic dp dung tryc tifip cac quy dinh cua WTO chfi yfiu dua vdo hpc thuyfit nhdt nguyfin luan vk mpt so khai nifim tuong lu vdi khdi niem dp dyng true tifip cac cam kfit qufic tfi trong phdp ludt nhu: "dieu u&c quoc te khong cdn chuyen hod vdo phdp lugt quoc gia"; "thuc thi diiu uac quoc te thiin chi vd trung thuc" ...
Theo chfi nghTa nhal nguyfin ludn va nguyfin tdc thuc thi difiu udc qufic tfi mfit ckch thifin chi, dieu udc qudc tfi cd the dugc dp dung true tiep nhu cac vdn ban phdp ludt trong nudc. Theo quan nifim "khfing cdn chuyin hok dieu udc qufic tfi vao phdp ludt trong nudc", dieu udc qufic tfi dugc coi la cd gia tri phdp ludt nhu phdp luat trong nudc mk khdng cdn
(TAP CHl LUAT HOC S6 6/2015
NGHIcN Ciru - TRAO 001
phai cd vdn ban phdp luat trong nudc de chuyen hod cho viec thuc hifin chfing. Ndi cdch khac, difiu udc qudc tfi ma qufic gia thknh vifin ki kit hoac gia nhdp mac nhifin cd gid tri nhu phkp ludt trong nudc mk khdng can bdt Id hknh ddng lap phap hay hanh chinh nko cfia co quan nhk nudc cd thdm quyfin.
Dua vao quan difim trfin ta cd the hieu:
kp dyng true tilp cam ket WTO la viec mdt qufic gja thknh vien cfia WTO cfing nhdn hodc tao ra "co chfi p h ^ ludt trong nudc" de cho phep cam ket WTO duang nhien dugc thi hknh nhu phkp luat trong nudc mk khdng phu thupc vko vipc ban hknh vdn ban phap luat trong nudc de npi luat hod ckc cam kfit WTO.
Hien nay, mac du khdng cd nhieu qufic gia thanh vifin chap nhdn dp dung true tifip cam ket WTO nhimg van cd mfit sfi qufic gia sdn sdng theo cdch thuc nky, dkc bifit Ik
"Mexico, Argentina, Ai Cap,... Viec dp dyng tryc tifip dieu udc quoc le ciing nhu cam kit WTO dugc cdc qufic gia thknh vifin nay quy dinh trong Hien phdp. Theo dd, cac quoc gia nky cdng nhdn va xdy dyng "co chfi phap ludt trong nudc" dfi "luat" WTO trd thanh mpi bd phdn cfia phkp ludt trong nudc, dugc ap dyng true tifip ma khong cdn thfing qua vkn ban npi ludt hod.
Vific dp dyng tryc tiep quy dinh cfia WTO da mang lai khd nhifiu lgi ich cho qufic gia d cd khia canh tang cudng hifiu lyc phdp ludt, tang kha ndng thuc hipn dung, dfi cac cam kll qufic tfi cijjig nhu tilt kifim Ihdi gian vk ngufin tki chinh cho viec ban hanh phdp luat trong nudc de thuc hifin quy dinh cfia WTO, uu difim ndy bifiu hifin:
I
Thic nhdt, trong qud tiinh thuc thi cac quy dinh cua WTO, c a quan nhk nudc cd tfa^
sfi dyng ngfin ngu cfia qufic gia minh ban hanh cdc vdn ban nfii luat hod, do dd cdc vSn bdn nfii luat hoa dd cd thfi khdng bam sal va thfi hien dting npi dung cfia cac quy djnh WTO.'^' Vi vky, vific dp dyng true tilp cac quy dinh cua W T O se dam bao tinh nguyen gfic, nguyfin nghTa cfia cac quy dinh WTO, trdnh vific cac c a quan nhk nudc cd the Uim sai lech nghia ho^c the hifin khfing diing, khfing ddy du npi dung quy dinh do vh phdp ludt trong nudc.
Thie hai, vific dp dyng true tifip quy dinh cua WTO Ikm tang khd ndng dugc ihyc Ai tren thuc tfi cfia ckc quy dinh do va giam dang kfi tinh trang ckc c a quan cd thin quyen cfing nhu cdc td chfic, cd nhan ckn cii vko quy dinh cfia phdp ludt trong nudc dl tri hoan thuc hien hoac thuc hifin khdng diing, khfing dfi cac quy dinh cfia WTO.
Thii: ba, lam han che tranh chdp trudc Co quan gidi quyfit tranh chip cfia WTO (DSB) do dfii tac thuang mai nudc ngoai it cd khS nkng khdi kifin vfi vipc phap ludt trong nu(k khfing phu hgp vdi lu|it WTO.
Thu tu, do cac quy dinh cfia WTO bao gfim rkt nhifiu hifip dinh, dieu udc khac nhau, quy dinh vfi tiing ITnh vuc cu thl nen vific ip dung true tifip cam ket se gifip cdc quoc gia tifit kifim dugc thdi gian vk tien bac cho viec ban hknh van ban quy pham phap ludt trong nudc d l nfii luat hok quy dinh cua WTO.
Mpt trong cac he qua quan trpng cfia ckch thuc dp dyng tryc tifip cam kfit WTO la: Tu nhan (bao gdm ca nhan, phdp nhan, tfi chuc,...) ciS TAP CHl LUAT HOC SO 6/2016
NGHIEN Ciru • TRAO DOI
quyfin khdi kifin cdc chfi thl khac (cd thl la lu nhdn khdc, chinh phii, ca quan nha nudc,...) truoc toa an trong nudc trfin co sd vipn dan tryc tiep ckc quy dinh WTO.
Bfin canh nhimg uu diem nfiu trfin, vific dp dyng true tifip quy dinh cfia WTO cung tfin tai nhihig nhugc difim khifin cho nhieu qufic gia trfin the gidi quyfit dinh khfing sfi dung phuang phdp dp dung true tifip, cy thfi:
Thie nhdt, dfi dp dung tryc tiep quy dinh cfia WTO, ngodi vific thfi hien trong quy dinh cfia phdp luat nudc minh rkng cd cho phep hay khfing, ckc qu6c gia phdi xdy dyng CO chfi cho vific dp dung tryc tifip cac quy dinh dd. Trong khi ca chfi nky lai khdng the dugc van hanh gidng nhau d cdc qudc gia ihanh vifin WTO do dieu kien dp dung true tilp cam ket WTO d cdc qudc gia thknh vifin WTO la khdng hokn toan gidng nhau. Co chl kp dyng tryc tiep cam ket WTO d ckc qufic gia thknh vifin cho thdy day la mfit he 'thfing ckc mdi quan he vl ckch thfic to chuc, boat ddng cfia cdc co quan nhk nudc lien 'quan din ihuc hien dilu udc qudc tfi vk Ik tfing thl ckc yfiu tfi tao nfin hifiu lyc phdp ludt cfia cdc quy djnh WTO trong trdt ty 'phdp ludt trong nudc cfia timg qufic gia 'Ihanh vien. Co chfi nay thfi hifin d sy phdi
hgp giua cac bp, ban, nganh trong thyc hipn 'nhifim vy quan li nhk nudc (gifia cdc ca quan l^p phdp, hknh phdp, tok dn), vi ti-i cua cdc iquy dinh WTO trong u^t tu phdp luat trong nudc, thfi ty dp dung tihig ngufin luat,...
Dieu nky gdy can trd cho vific dp dung tryc tiep cdc quy dinh cfia WTO d cac qufic gia thknh vien. Ckc quoc gia nky da t6n rat
nhifiu thdi gian, cdng sfic dfi xky dyng dugc quy chfi hgp li cho viec dp dung true tifip cac quy dinh cfia WTO vk dilu nky khdng phdi qudc gia ndo trfin thfi gidi cung cd thfi lam dugc. Day la nguyfin nhdn khien nhifiu quoc gia quyfit dinh khdng dp dyng tryc tilp ckc quy dinh cua WTO.
Thu hgi, bfin canh vific dp dyng true tiep dfi su dyng ngfin ngfi chudn nhkm bdo dkm tinh nguyfin gfic, nguyfin nghTa cfia cac quy dinh WTO thi vific dp dung tryc tifip cdn ldn tai mdt sd han che vfi vific sfi dung ngdn ngfi.
Khi ngdn ngfi chinh thfic cfia cac quy dinh WTO khfing phki la ngfin ngfi chinh thfing cfia quoc gia thi hknh thi sfi lam ban chfi vific lam rd cdc quyln vk nghTa vu cfia nudc d6 theo quy dinh cfia WTO. Ddng Ihdi nd cfing lam ban chfi quyfin ty quyfit vfi phuang thfic thuc hifin nghTa vu (nfiu cd) dfi phu hgp voi tinh hinh trong nudc cfia quoc gia do.
Thu ba. viec dp dung tryc tifip cdc quy dinh cua WTO khien nhifiu qufic gia lo ngai vfi vdn dfi chfi quyen. Bdi vi difiu kifin vk chinh sach Ihuc tl cfia ifing quoc gia deu cd nhung net dkc thfi nfin vific dp dung true tifip cdc quy dinh cfia WTO cd thfi Ikm hep pham vi chinh sdch cua qufic gia dd. Day Id quan dilm chung cfia rdt nhifiu qudc gia trfin the gidi, dkc biet la cdc qudc gia thdnh vien dang phdt trifin trong WTO.
2.2. Npi lugt hod cam kit WTO Npi ludt hod cam kfit WTO dugc hifiu la vific CO quan nhd nudc cd thdm quyfin ban hanh cdc vkn bkn phdp luat trong nudc dfi thuc thi cam kfit WTO ma qufic gia hokc viing lanh thfi dd la thanh vifin. Ckc thknh vifin nky
ITAP CHl LUAT HOC S 6 6/2015
NGHIEN Ciru - TRAO DOI
hokn tokn nghiem cdm viec dp dung tryc tiep cam kit WTO. Ndi cdch khdc, tai ckc qufic gia thknh vifin nky, ludt WTO se khfing cd hieu luc nfiu khfing dugc chuyen hod thfing qua van bdn phkp luat trong nudc.
Phuang thfic ndi luat hod cam kfit WTO dugc thuc hifin bkng mpt trong bai cdch sau ddy:
Thu nhdt, ban hknh vkn ban phdp ludt quy dinh ve hifiu lyc vd cdng nhdn su tfin lgi cfia difiu udc quoc tfi.
Thie hai, dua cdc npi dung ciia difiu udc qudc te vao chinh sdch trong nudc va thi hanh chinh sdch dd bdng cdc van ban phdp ludt trong nudc.
Qud trinh npi lu$t hod cd thfi dien ra sdm hokc mufin hon qud trinh thuc hien cdc quy dinh cfia WTO. d mpt s6 qufic gia dp dung phuang thfic npi l u ^ hod cd thfi ban hanh vdn bkn phap ludt tiiong nudc trudc, trong hoac sau khi ki kit, cfing n h ^ vk thyc thi cdc quy djnh cfia WTO. Dfii vdi van ban phdp lu^t trong nudc dugc ban hanh trudc khi cac quy dinh cfia WTO dugc thuc thi thi se dugc dp dyng nfiu nd dieu chinh vdn dfi ma cdc quy dinh cfia WTO difiu chinh. Vdn bkn phdp luat trong nudc dugc coi Ik cdc vdn bkn npi lulit hod khi cd mpt sd npi dung phdp li vfin la npi dung phdp h' cfia quy dinh WTO cd lien quan.
Xet ve mkt ban chat, npi dung phap h cfia vdn ban npi ludt hod cd cdi ngufin tu ndi dung phdp ludt cfia cdc cam kit cdn dugc thi hanh cfia cdc nudc lifin quan khi gia nhap WTO.
Hifin nay, phucmg thfic npi ludt hod quy dinh cfia WTO dang dugc mfit sfi nudc nhu Dfic, Italia, Ha Lan, Anh... ap dung. Theo quy dinh cfia cac qudc gia nay thi cac quy 28
^
dinh cfia WTO mudn phdt huy hipu lycy) ttong nudc ddi hdi phdi dugc n^i ludt h^
nghTa la toan bd hoac mpt phAn npi dung ^ quy dinh cfia WTO phdi dugc chuyin d^
dudi cdc hinh thuc van bdn quy pham ph^
luat ttong nudc (phuang thfic chuyen hga dilu udc qudc tfi thudng dugc quy (fini ttong hifin phdp vk cdc dao lu^t quan trgi^
ve dilu udc qudc te cua cdc qu6c gia).
Do mfi hinh dp dung tryc tiep vk mfi hinh npi luEit hod Ik nhijng cdch thfic thyc hien dilu udc quoc te ddi lap nhau nfin tten thitc te dp dyng cdch thuc nky cfia ckc quoc §3 cho thay thudn Igi, khd khdn cfia mfi hM nky sfi Ik khd khdn, thuan lgi cfia mfi hinli kia. Cd the kfi den mpt sd thudn lgi nhu:
Thie nhdt, cdc cam kfit WTO sfi dugc chuyen sang ngdn ngfi phkp ludt ttong mk vk dieo truyen tiiong lap phdp cfia mSi nudc, do dd se tao thudn lgi cho ca quan nhd, nirdc cung nhu tok an ttong vific thyc hien dc cam kit WTO.
Thie hai, giam tiiifiu nhiing sai lam trong tiiuc hifin cac cam k i t WTO cfia cfing chiic nhk nudc vd thkm phdn - nhfing ngudi v^
khfing quen thudc vdi phdp ludt quoc tl nfi chung va cdc cam kfit WTO ndi rifing.
Thie ba, qua trtnh xay dung phdp lukt de tiiuc hifin cam kit WTO cung Ik khodng thdi gian dfi doanh nghiep ttong nuoc dugc tuySn truyin, tiep can ddn vdi cam kfit WTO ciia nudc minh ma khdng hi "sdc" trudc sy thay dfii cfia chinh sdch thuang mai vk dau hi.
Thti tu, dfii vdi thknh vifin Ik ckc qu^
gia dang phkt trifin, vific npi lugt hok se de dkng vd quen thufic hon so vdi vific xaj
TAP CHl LUAT H O C S 6 6/2015
NGHIEN Ciru - TRAO DOI
dyng mfit co chfi mdi dfi dp dung true tifip cam kit WTO.
Bfin canh nhung thuan lgi ttfin, cdch thuc hpi lual hod cfing thl hifin nhihig khd khdn:
Thic nhdt, qudc gia thknh vifin WTO phai danh Ihdi gian, cdng sfic, tifin bac dfi rk sodt he thdng phdp luat trong nudc, tfi dd quylt dinh sua dfii nhihig quy dinh phap lukt khdng phfi hgp hoac ban hknh nhfing quy djnh phdp luat mdi.
Thir hai, vipc thuc hien cam kel WTO phu thupc vko su ton tai cfia van ban phdp luat ttong nudc quy dinh cy thfi ve cdc cam kit nay. Dieu nky khien ckc qufic gia thknh vifin mat thdi gian ddng kfi dfi ban hdnh phdp ludt va thuc hipn cdc chinh sdch tdc dpng den thuang mai vk dau tu.
Thie ba, vipc ch$m npi ludt hod cdc cam ket WTO cd the dan den vipc vi pham cdc cam kfit WTO do cd quy dinh ttdi vdi cam kit WTO.
Thie tu, mdc du npi lugt hod cam ket WTO se thudn lpi hon cho cdc cdng chfic nhk nudc vk tham phdn song quk trinh chuyfin hok cdc cam kit WTO vdo trdt tu phdp lukt trong nudc cd thfi 1km cho chfing cd nguy CO bi hiiu sai Ipch, khdng dfing, khfing day dfi ve npi dung.
Thie ndm, day cd thl ttd Ihdnh cdi "cd" de tri hoan vific thyc hipn cam ket WTO, do WTO khfing quy dinh quoc gia thknh vien phai tudn thfi cam ket cfia minh bdng ckch thuc nfii lual hoa hay cdch tiiuc dp dung tryc tifip.
2.3. Cdch thiec dp dyng "hdn h^" cam kit WTO
Theo ckch thfic ndy, cdc quoc gia hodc
vimg lanh thd Ik thanh vifin cua WTO cd the vua dp dyng tryc tifip cdc quy dinh cfia WTO vd vfia nfii ludt hoa cac quy dinh dd.
Qudc gia thknh vifin se kp dung tryc lilp quy dinh cua WTO neu quy dinh dd ddp ung dugc mpt sfi difiu kifin nhdt dinh theo quy dinh cfia phap luat nudc hp. Theo dd, quy dinh ciia WTO ddp ung ckc difiu kifin sfi dugc dp dyng true tifip cdn cdc quy dinh khdc cfia WTO se can phdi dugc npi lugt hok de thuc hien.
Nhin chung, d cdc quoc gia thanh vien theo md hinh h3n hgp, vific quyfit dinh dp dung true tiep hay npi ludt hod cdc quy dinh cfia WTO se ckn cfi vko mfit s6 dilu kifin nhat dinh. Dfi dp dyng tryc tilp quy dinh ciia WTO, cdc quoc gia can phai dap ung mpt so difiu kifin sau:
Thie nhdt, cam ket dd cd kha nang thyc hipn dugc, khi khdng cd van ban phkp lu^l npi luat hod chung.
Thie hai, vipc dp dyng tryc tifip cam kfit WTO dugc phdp ludt ttong nudc quy dinh.''"'
Thu ba, cam ket dd phai dugc quy dinh dfi rd rkng, chinh xdc, chi liet, vd difiu kipn...
Mpt quy dinh cd thfi dugc coi Id du ro rkng va dfi chinh xdc neu npi dung cua quy dinh nay dugc dien giai mach lac, chi tifit vd chinh xdc cdc khdi nifim ttong cdc quy dinh dd hokc ttong ckc quy dinh cua WTO, den mfic khfing cho phep cdc ben tham gia dieu udc quoc te do cd quyfin tu quyfit dinh vific dp dyng. Mfit quy dinh dugc coi la "vfi dilu kipn" neu nd dugc thyc thi mk khdng cdn bdt ki qudc gia thanh vifin nko, ca quan, to chuc nko phdi thyc hifin bdt ki hknh dpng nko vk
TAP CHi LUAT HOC s 6 6/2015
NGHIEN c i r u - TRAO DOI
cfing khfing phu thufic vao phdn quyet hay quyfin tuy y quyet dinh cua bdt Id co quan nko. Vi du: Dilu I GATT (quy dinh v l nguyfin tdc MFN) sfi dugc dugc dp dyng true tifip d ckc qufic gia thanh vifin W T O nfiu cdc qufic gia dd khdng cd vkn bdn phkp ludt ndi ludt hod quy dinh nay. Ddng thdi nd cfing dugc thyc thi "vd difiu kifin" mk khdng phu Uiudc vdo hanh ddng, phkn quyfit hay quyfin tfiy y quyfit dinh cfia bat ki co quan nao cfia qufic gia thknh vifin do.
Thuc tien hifin nay cho thdy hdu hit cdc quoc gia thdnh vifin sfi dung cdch thfic hfin hgp dfi thuc hien dieu udc qufic tfi ndi chung vk cam kit WTO ndi rifing nhu: Hoa Ky, EU,*'" Bi,"^* Tmng Qufic, Viet Nam,"^' Nhgt Ban, Nam Phi, Canada""*...
Cdc qufic gia thknh vien WTO khi lya chpn cdch thfic hon hgp de thyc hien cam kit WTO cho thdy hp cd t h l kit hgp ckc ihudn lgi ciing nhu phai dfii mkt vdi cdc khd khkn cfia cd hai cdch thuc co ban - ap dung true tifip vd npi ludt hod. Ngoki ra, cd thfi thdy rd dilm Ihudn lgi ndi ttpi cfia ckch thfic hon hpp theo kinh nghiem thyc tifin dp dung cfia cdc nudc nfiu tren la: cdc nudc nky hoan tokn chfi dpng ttong vific dp dung true tifip, npi luat hoa hay tham chi khdng kp dyng tryc tifip, ciing khfing dp dyng gian tilp cam kfit WTO, tren c a sd can nhde lgi ich thuong mai cfing nhu chinh tri ciia ddt nudc minh./.
(1). Ngudn: http://trungtamwto.vn/wto/van-kien/hiep- dinh-thanh-lap-chuc-thuong-mai-gioi, truy cSp ngay 02/6/2015.
(2). Dai dien cho hpc thuyet nay la H.KeIsel, A.Venlross, A-Zom, A.Lasson, B.Kunz...
(3).Xem: Article VI, Section 2. US Constitution: .jj 2. "This Constitution, and ihe laws of the Uniid Stales which shall be made in pursuance thereof: a^
all treaties made, or which shall be made, under At authority of the United States, shall be the suprm law of the land; and the judges in every state shallii bound thereby, anything in the Constitution or hn/^d any state to the contrary notwithstanding ". N g ^ . http://www.usconstitution.net/xconst_A6.html (4).Xem: Switzeriand Constitution, ngufln: http7/www.
admin.ch/ch/e/rs/1/101 .en.pdf, truy c§p ng^y 03/6/2015.
(5).Xem: Article 5 5 , France Constitution, ngufin;
hitp://www.fanceway.com/w3/Facts&Figures/polilics(
constitution.html, truy c^p ng&y 0 5 / 6 ^ 0 1 5 . (6),Xem: British Consiuuiion, nguon: http://www, servat.unibe.ch/icl/ukOOOOO„,html, truy cSp ngSy 07/6/2015.
(7). Dai di?n xuSt s5c cho lm6ng p h ^ vky IS H. Triepel D.A. Anzilotti. H. L.auterpacht, L. Ehrlich...
(8).Xem: Article 25. Article 29 of Basic Law for Ihe Federal Republic of Gennany (Grundgesetz GG), nguin: http://www.iuscomp.org/gla/statules/GG.htm, truy c?p ngSy 10/6/2015.
(9).Xem: John H. Jackson, "Status of Treaties in Domestic L^gal Systems; A Policy Analysis", Ameriak Journal of Intemational Law. Vol. 86, Issue 2, I99Z U-. 322.
{10).Xeni: Stephen 1. Vladeck, "Non-Self-Executing Treaties and the Suspension Clause After St. Cyi*.
The Yale Law Journal. V o l 113, No. 8, 2004, tr. 2007, (ll).Xem: ECJ, Portugal v. Council, 1999; CouGcil Decision 94/80(VEC ngiy 22/12/1994 ve ^ a nhgp w m O J 1 9 9 4 , L 3 3 6 , 1.
(12).Xem; Jean Salmon, Syllabus Droit des gens.
Tome 1, Presses Universitaires de Bruxelles, 19e EdiEiaa - Tirage 2005-06/2-N. tr. 224.
(13).Xem: Nghj quylt cua Quic hpi so 7I/2006/QH11 ngay 29/11/2006 phS chuin Nghj djnh thu gia nh?p Hi?p dinh thdnh lap T6 chuc thuotig mai thl gifi (WTO) cua ntrdc Cgng hoa xa hoi chil nghTa Vi^t Nam.
(14).Xem; C. George & S. Orava (Eds.), A WTO Cuidt for Global Business. Cameron May. 2002. tr. 398.
TAP CHl LUAT HOC s 6 6/2016
