T9P chi KHLN 2C014 (3241 - 3254) C: Vi4n KHLNVN - VAFS
ISSN: 1859 - 0373 Bang tai tgi: www.vafe-goy.vn
D 6 | IWai CONG TAC NGHIEN CUU VA CHUYEN GIAO G I 6 N G CAY LAM NGHIEP PHUC VU TAI CO CAU NGANH
PGS.TS. V6 D^i Hai
Giam doc Vien Khoa hoc Lam nghiep Viet Nam
T 6 M T A T
Cai thi^n gidng cay limg d nudc ta d i dat diroc mgit so thanh tuu dang k l nhu d3 chpn duoc mot sd loai ciy va xuit xii cd triin vpng nhit cho mgt s6 viing sinh thii chinh; Chiln luoc cat thien gidng dii han cho nhdm cic loii ciy trdng rimg chii lire dS ho^ch djnh rd rang nh5m ting ning suit rimg trdng v i chat lucmg san pham cudi ciing; C i c quan the chpn gidng v i nhan gidng dupc xay dimg tren khip c i nudc d l cung cap hat gidng chat lugng cao cho san xuat v i phuc vu nghien ciiu. Nhan giong sinh dudng cung d i dupc nghien ciiu thanh cong cho nhilu gidng tien bd ky thuat v i da chuyin giao cong nghe nhan gidng va gidng gdc cho san xuat. Tdn t^i chu yeu l i nhieu giong tien bg k j thuit vin chua dupc chuyen giao vao sin xuat, h?
Tir khda: Gidng cdy Idm t^dng ngudn gidng v i can bp quin ly gidng t^i cic dja phuong cdn thilu v i nghtm thdnh Hfu, djnh V^"- ^ ^ P*'^^ ^^ ^^ ^" ^ ' '^'^ ^^^ nganh lam nghiip, cdng t i c chpn tao gidng hudng, ldi ca cdu ngdnh. ^^V ''^"S '^ong thdi gian tdi se phai dugc thyc hiln theo hudng gin kit chat chl gi&a nghien ciiu chpn gidng truyen thdng vdi img dgng cong n g h | sinh hpc, khoa hpc go, lam sinh va sau benh rirng; Tap trung chpn tgo giong phii hgp vdi timg loai lip dia d tirng viing trdng rirng trpng diem, Iheo timg myc tieu sii dyng v i siic chong chiu, tao da bpi v i con lai tam bpi bat thu cho cic loii cay trdng rimg chii \\fc cd dien tich trdng rirng Idn d Vi^t Nam. Ung dyng mpt so cdng ngh^ mdi nhu chpn gidng bing cic chi thj phan tii, bien nap gene, tao phoi nhan tao, kich thich ra hoa sdm v i mini - cutting,... vio cic chuong trinh cai thifn gidng nhim nang cao hieu qui, nit ngin chu kl chpn tao gidng v i chuyen giao nhanh gidng tot vio sin xuat. Day manh chuyen giao giong gdc v i cong ngh? xay dyng vudn gidng, rung giong chat lupng cao v i cong n g h | md hom cho cac dia phuong de chii dpng sin xuit giong phyc vy trdng rung.
Innovation of forest tree improvement to serve the scheme of forest restructuring
Keyword: Forest tree improvement, achievement, siategy of research and development, forest restructuring
Forest tree improvement pays an important role in intensive plantations. For many years ago, significant achievements of forest tree improvetnent in Vietnam were as follow: (1) Some tree species with promising provenances were selected for some main ecological regions; (2) Breeding strategy of each promissing species was set up to improve the MAI of plantations and quality of end products. (3) Breeding populations, seed orchards, seed production areas. Hedge orchards and gene banks were established for some main planting species to supply the high quality seeds for plantation programs and genetic materials for further breeding programs; Application of biotechnology in identify of clone, outcrossing rate, genetic diversity of breeding population and use of DNA maker were implemented; Vegetative propagation by cutting and tisue culture were successfully studied and then the techniques and original germplasms were transferred (o production
3241
Tgp chl KHLN 2014 V o f l g i Hai. 2014(2) units. Usefiill germplasms were Acacia and Eucalyptus clones and hybrid clones for low land and highland areas, dry - zone acacias for diy sandy soil, Melaleuca species for waterlogged sulphate acid soils and clones of Pinus merkusii with high resm yield.
However forest tree improvement still did not meet the large requirement from production units, such as few approved germplasms tranferred to production units and lack of propagation populations and management of germplasms in provincial level. To serve the Scheme of Forest Restructuring, the forest tree improvement must implement as a linkage model including quantitative genetics, molarcular genetics, wood science, silviculture and tree pathology. Priorities of breakthrough researchs should be focused on selection, directional pollination, creation of polyploid and trippoid germplasms of main planting species, selection of suitable germplasms for each major areas and end - use products, and harsh environment and disease resistance. Results from researchs will be transferred as soon as possible by cooperating with forest extention services. Application of new technologies, such as DNA marker, gene transfer, creation of artificial embryos, stimulation of early flowering and mini - cutting, will encourage for increase of breeding effect and to shorten breeding cycles. Estabilishment of high quality seed production areas, seed orchards, hedge orchards, seed store and gene bank in major areas of plantations will be implemented in next few years for increase of supply of good seeds and germplasms to production units, research, gene conservation as well as international exchange of genetic materials.
I. D^T VAN DE
Chuyen tur khai thac nmg tu nhien sang kinh doanh mng trong la xu huong phat trien tat yeu khong nhiing a nuac ta ma ciia rat nhieu nuoc tren the gicri. Trong kinh doanh rimg trong, giong cay lam nghiep co vai tro rat quan trpng trong san xuat lam nghiep, dac biet la trong thai ky cong nghiep hoa nong nghiep, thong thon va xay dimg nong thon moi. Nha c6 giong dirge cai thien va ap dung cac bien phap ky thuat tham canh ma nang suat va chat lugng rimg trong ciia nuoc ta trong nhiing nam qua da tang gap doi so voi nhung nam 1960, trong do giong dong gop toi 60% nang suat va chat lugng rung trong.
Hien nay nang suat rimg trong pho bien dat tir 10 - 15 m /ha/nam tuy dieu kien lap dia.
Nhan thiic dugc vai tro quan trong cua cong tac giong nen trong Nghi quyet so 06 cua Bp Chinh tri ngay 10/11/1998 ve mot so van d8 phat trien nong nghiep va nong thon da ghi ro
"Uu tien d4u tu cho nghien cuu va ap dung giong moi". Trong Quy6t dinh s6 18/2007/QD-TTg ciia Thii tuong Chinh phu ngay 05/02/2007 vh phe duyet chien luge phat trien lam nghiep Viet Nam giai doan 2006 - 2020 cung da chi ro phai "nghien cihi phat trien rimg theo 2 huong chinh la cai tao giong cay rimg va thuc hien cac bien phap lam sinh". Nang cao chat lugng giong cay trong rimg ciing la mpt trong nhimg giai phap quan trong d6 thirc hien De an tai co cau nganh lam nghiep theo Quyet dinh s6 1565/QD-BNN-TCLN ngay 08/7/2014 cua Bp truong Eg NN&PTNT.
Trong de an tai co cau nganh lam nghiep nuoc ta, yeu cau cap thiet dat ra la nang cao gia tri gia tang va phat trien ben vijng. De nang cao gia tri gia tang ciia nganh, 2 nhiem vu ca ban dugc dat ra la: i) Nang cao nang suat rimg dat binh quan 15 m^/ha/nam, den nam 2020 dien tich rimg trong san xuat dat khoang 3,84 trieu hecta;
ii) Dua ty le gi6ng cay trdng lam nghiep moi
V6D9i Hai 2014(2) Tgp chi KHLN 2014
dugc cdng nhan vao san xuat len 60 - 70%
vao n3m 2020, dam bao cung c ^ du giong co chat lugng, gop phan dua nang suat rimg trong tang 10% vao nam 2015 va tang 20%
vao nam 2020 so voi nam 2011. De thuc hien dugc hai nhiem vu co ban tren, viec ling dung khoa hoc cong nghe trong lam nghiep va tang cuong cong tac quan ly can dugc day manh, d3c bi?t doi voi Imh vuc giong cay lam nghiep vi giong la yeu to sinh hoc co tinh quyet dinh trong nang suat va chat lugng san pham, la tien de de phat huy cac kf thuat, cong nghe tien tien khac trong chu ky san xuat. Doi mdi cdng tac nghien cuu va chuyen giao nham dua nhanh cac gidng tdt vao san xuat, dap ung muc tieu tai co cau nganh !am nghiep la mdt nhu cau khach quan va cap bach trong giai doan hi^n nay.
II. N H O J G THANH TlTU VE NGHIEN
ClTu GI6NG CAY LAM NGHIEP DA
DAT DlTOCVien Khoa hpc Lam nghiep Viet Nam - don vi dau ng^nh nghien ciru ve lam nghiep noi chung va gidng cay lam nghi?p ndi rieng, vira mdi dugc td chiic va sap xep lai theo Quyet djnh sd 2099/QD-TTg ngay 25/11/2011 cua Thii tudng Chinh phu. Hien nay, ca cau td chiic cua Vien gdm 7 Vien va Trung tam nghien ciiu chuyen de; 6 Vien va Trung tam viing. Trai qua 53 nam xay dung va phat trien, den nay Vien da dat dugc nhieu thanh tuu khoa hoc dang ke ve cdng tac cai thien gidng cay rCmg nhu da tao lap dugc mpt mang ludi nghien curu gidng cay lam nghiep rdng khap trong ca nudc. Dpi ngu can bd chu chdt lam cdng tac gidng dugc dao tao bai ban va chuyen sau tu cac nudc tien tien nhu Thuy Dien, Australia, Due, Himgary,... Cac can bp n^y cd kien thiic, ky nang va trinh dp ngoai ngfl" tdt de hda nhap vdi cac nudc trong khu v^rc, t^o l^p dugc vi the va uy tin ddi vdi cac to chiic nghien ciru va san xuat lam nghiep trong va ngoai nudc.
Cac loai keo, bach dan va thdng da dugc xac dinh la nhiing loai cay trdng riing kinh te chit luc d Viet Nam. Day la nhung loai cay cd sinh tnrdng nhanh va thich ung tdt tren cac dang lap dia khac nhau. Go cua chiing cd the sii dung lam giay, dam va ddng do mdc. Cac loai keo va bach dan dugc trdng d Viet Nam hien nay chu yeu cd ngudn gdc tir Australia va mdt sd khu vuc lan can nhu Papua New Guinea (PNG), West Papua, Indonesia (Nguyln Hoang Nghia, Le Dinh Kha, 1998). Viec xac dinh cac loai cay phii hgp, thu thap cac ngudn gen va nhap ndi trdng tai Viet Nam da dugc tien hanh vdi su hgp tac giiip da cua cac chuang trinh khao nghiem loai va xuat xii qudc te dugc chinh phu Australia, FAO va CSIRO thuc hien tir nhiing nam 1970 (Tumhull etal, 1997).
CJ Viet Nam, dieu kien khi hau cd su bien dpng rat ldn giiia cac vung, chii yeu ve cac yeu td nhiet dp va lugng mua. Tir cac khao nghiem loai va xuat xii trong nhieu nam qua den nay da thay dugc mdt sd loai cay va nhiing xuat xii cd trien vpng nhat cua chiing that sir cd kha nang thich nghi cao, sinh trudng tdt va cd gia tri kinh te ho^c phdng hp cho phat trien kinh te nghe rimg trong ca nudc. Cd the chia cac loai cay trdng t^i Viet Nam lam 3 nhdm: (1) Nhdm cac loai cho viing thap, cd lugng mua tir trung binh den cao (2) Nhdm cac loai cho viing khd han va cat npi ddng, (3) Nhdm cac loai cho viing cao.
Ddi vdi nhdm cac loai cay cho vung thap, noi cd lugng mua tir tnmg binh den cao, cac loai keo, bach dan va thdng cd trien vpng cho viing nay bao gom: Keo tai tupng (Acacia mangium), Keo la tram (Acacia auriculiformis), Keo la liem {Acacia crassicarpd). Bach dan Eucalyptus brassiana, E. exserta, E. camaldulensis, E. cloeziana, E. pellita, E. lerelicornis, E. urophylla, Thdng caribe (nhu Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis), Thdng dudi ng\ra (Pinus massoniana), Thdng nhua (Pinus merkusii).
3243
Tgp chi KHLN 2014 VoDgi Hai. 2014(2)
Tram Meleuca leucadendra, M. cajuputi, M.
viridiflora va cac gidng giiia chiing, trong do cac loai thich hgp trdng tren cac lap dia cd tang dat sau hoac bd kenh rach va ven dudng tai cac tinh vung thap d mien Bac la Keo tai tugng, E. exserta, E. pellita, E. urophylla vd E. camaldulensis va Thdng caribe. Thdng dudi ngua va Thong nhua cd kha nang sinh trudng tdt tren dat ddi trpc tang dat ndng. Cac loai thich hgp trdng d cac tinh vimg thap tir mien Trung den mien Nam la E. brassiana, E.
camaldulensis, E. cloeziana, E. pellita, E.
tereticornis, E. urophylla, Keo la tram, Keo la liem va Thdng nhua. Cac loai tram thich hgp trdng d vimg ngap nudc va viing ngap phen d Ddng bang sdng Ciiu Long, trong do loai M leucadendra cd sinh trudng nhanh hem ca. Tir cac ket qua nghien ciiu, mdt sd xuat xii uu viet ciia cac loai cay da dugc xac dinh va da dugc Bp Ndng nghiep va Phat trien ndng thdn cdng nhan la cac gidng tien bd ky thuat nhu Keo la tram co cac xuat xii: Mibini (PNG), Coen River va Kings Plains (Qld) va Manton River (NT); Keo tai tugng cd cac xuat xii:
Pongaki (PNG), Iron Range, Ingham va Mossman (Qld); Keo la liem co cac xuat xii tir PNG la: Mata, Gubam, Dimisisi va Deri Deri; Bach dan E. urophylla cd cac xuat xii tir Indonesia: Lembata, Mt.Egon, Lewotobi, Sirinumu, Oro Bay va Laura river; Each dan E. camaldulensis cd cac xuat xii: Ketherine (NT), Kennedy river, Morehead river va Perford area (Qld); Thong caribe cd cac xuat xii: Cardwell, Byfield, Poptun 3, Poptun 2, va Alamicamba.
Ngoai ra, mot sd xuat xii cd trien vong cua cac loai khac nhu: E. cloeziana, E. pellita, E.
tereticornis, Meleuca leucadendra, M.
cajuputi, va M viridiflora cung da dugc khuydn cao sii dung, cu the la: E. cloeziana cd cac xu^t xii tu Qld: Herberton va Helenvale (Le Dinh Kha et ai, 2003); E. pellita cd cac xu4t xii tir Qld: Kuranda va Helenvale (Le Dinh Kha et al, 2003); E. tereticornis c6 cac
xuit Xii tir Qld: Sirinumu Sogeri va Laura River (Pham Van Tudn, 1997); E. grandis cd cac xuAt xii: Paluma (Qld) (Le Dinh Kha, 1996); Tram M leucadendra cd cac xuat xiir:
Weipa (Qld), Cambridge (WA), Rifle Creek (Qld), Laurence (Qld) va Kem (PNG) (Le Dinh Kha et al., 2003); M cajuputi cd cac xuit xu: Keru (PNG) va Bensbach (PNG) (Le Dinh Kha et al., 2003). M. viridiflora cd cac xuit xii: Cambridge (WA) va Wangi (NT).
Ddi vdi nhdm cac loai cay cho vung khd han va cat ngi ddng, tren vung ven bien cac tinh Einh Thuan va Ninh Thuan cd khi hau rat khd, lugng mua trung binh hang nam dudi 1000mm, cac loai keo vimg khd tir mien Bac nudc Uc da dugc thir nghiem thanh cdng tai Tuy Phong, Binh Thuan tir nhimg nam 1990 (Harwood et al., 1998). Ket qua khao nghiem da khang djnh cac loai A. difficilis - xuat xii:
Annie Creek (NT); Lake Evella (NT), va Monline (NT), A. tumida - xuat xii Knunura (WA) va A. torulosa - xuat xii Elliot (NT) la cac loai va xuat xii cd trien vpng nhat. Cac loai nay cung da dugc trdng thtr nghiem thanh cong de chong cat di ddng d cac tinh khac nhu Quang Einh va Thira Thien Hue. Ddi vdi vung cat npi ddng, ban ngap, chang ban nhu tai Phong Dien - Thira Thien Hue, Keo la liem la loai dugc khang dinh cd kha nang thich img cao va sinh trudng nhanh. Tuy nhien, cung phai luu y .rang sinh trudng cua chiing d cac viing cat la rat cham, thi du tai Tuy Phong sau 6 nam loai A. difficilis cd sinh trudng nhanh nhat cung chi dat chieu cao la 7,5m va dudng kinh dat 15cm (Le Dinh Kha et al, 2003), vi vay muc tieu phdng hd nen dat len hang ddu khi sir dung cac loai nay d cac viing khd han va cat ngi ddng.
Ddi vdi viing cao, day la vimg cd mdt dien tich rat ldn d mien B4C va mi^n Trung Vi6t Nam, dp cao tren 1000m va cd nhiet dp thAp hem nhiet dp tdi uu cho cac loai viing thip. Vi vay, tim kiem cac loai cay viing cao la mpt yeu cau thuc tien cap bach va tir nhiing nam
V609i Hal 2014(2) Tgp chi KHLN 2014
1990 mpt sd khao nghiem loai va xuit xii da dugc xay dung. Trong sd loai dugc khao nghiem thi cac loai Bach dan E. grandis, E.
microcorys, E. saligna, E. urophylla va E.
pellita, Keo A. mearnsii (xuit xii: Bodalla, Nowra, Nowa Nowa, va Berrima), Acacia irrorata (xuat xu Mt. Mee va Bodalla) va A.
melanoxylon (xuat xiir Mt. Mee) thi hien sinh trudng nhanh nhit, ket qua nay cung da dugc khang dinh d nhieu nudc nhu An Dp, Trung Qudc, Nam My va chau Phi (CAB 2003).
Loai E. microcorys va A. melanoxylon la loai cay rat dugc ua chudng lam dd mpc tai Uc (CAB 2003, Tumbull et al, 1997). Gin day mdt sd loai bach dan khac nhu E. dunnii...
cung da dugc du nhap va trdng khao nghiem tai Yen Bai, Ha Giang va Son La. Tuy nhien, cac khao nghiem mdi dugc xay dung nen chua cd ket qua chinh thiic.
Tiep ndi ket qua da dat dugc tir cac khao nghi?m loai va xuat xir, tir giita nhihig nam 1990 den dau nhirng nam 2006, vdi cac ngudn kinh phi tir ngudn ngan sach, hgp tac qudc te (ACIAR va AusAlD) va sir cdng tac ciia cac nha khoa hpc CSIRO va SKOGFORK, Vien Khoa hpc Lam nghi?p Viet Nam da xay dung dugc tren 240ha khao nghi?m hau the (the he 1 va 2) va khao nghiem ddng vd tinh ket hgp vdi xay d\mg cac vudn gidng hiiu tinh cung nhu vo tinh cho cac loai cay trdng rimg chinh nhu b^ch dan E camaldulensis, E. grandis, E.
pellita, E. tereticornis, E. urophylla, Thdng caribe, Thdng dudi ngua, Thdng ba la, Thdng nh\ra, Dau rai, Sao den, Keo tai tugng, Keo la tram, Keo la Hem va Keo den (A. mearnsii) tai nhieu viing sinh thai tren ca nudc. Thdng qua tia thua di truyen, cac khao nghiem nay dugc chuyen hda thanh vudn gidng nham cung cap hat giong va cac ddng im viet cho cac chuang trinh trdng rimg trpng diem qudc gia. Hien nay, 10 vudn gidng the h? 1 va 1,5 da dugc Bp Ndng nghi?p va Phat trien ndng thdn cdng nh^in \h c^c vudn gidng qudc gia va cung cap
dn dinh tir 10 - 50kg hat gidng/vudn cho san xuat va tren 1000 Id hat nghien ciiu phuc vu phat trien cac vudn gidng thi he tilp theo.
Cflng til 10 vudn gidng the he nay, nhieu nghien ciiu bien di di truyen da dugc tien hanh nhim xac dinh dugc cac chi sd di truyen quan trpng phuc vu cho chuang trinh cai thien gidng. Cac nghien ciiu bien dj nay khdng nhiing thuc hien cho cac tinh trang sinh trudng, chat lugng than cay ma cdn thuc hien cho cac tinh trang kinh te quan trpng lien quan tdi san pham cudi cimg nhu cac tinh trang chat lugng gd phuc vu cho go xe (nhu ty trpng gd, dp CO rut gd, modxm udn tlnh va udn diit gay) va chat lugng go phuc vu san xuat bdt giay (nhu ty trpng gd, ham lugng cellulose, lignin). Qua nghien ciiu bien di di truyen tren cac vudn gidng nay da chpn lpc dugc nhieu gidng uu viet va da dugc Bd Ndng nghiep va Phat trien ndng thdn cdng nhan 146 gidng tien bd ky thuat va gidng qudc gia, chilm hon 90% sd gidng cay lam nghiep da dugc Bp cdng nhan. Trong 146 gidng nay, c6 19 gidng qudc gia va 127 gidng tien bd ky thuat, cu the la:
19 gidng qudc gia la cac ddng tdt, gdm 6 ddng keo lai, 4 ddng Bach dan lai, 1 ddng Bach dan camal, 5 ddng Keo la tram, va 3 ddng Macadamia;
69 gidng tien bd ky thuat la cac ddng tdt, gdm 11 ddng keo lai, 20 ddng Keo la tram, 1 ddng Keo tai tugng, 1 ddng Bach dan E.
brassiana, 13 ddng Bach dan camal, 15 ddng Bach dan lai, 5 ddng Bach dan nau; 3 ddng Macadamia;
47 gidng tien bd ky thuat la xuat xir tdt ciia 14 loai, dd la: Tram ta. Tram la dai; 3 loai keo vung thap gdm Keo tai tugng, Keo la tram, Keo la liem; 3 loai keo vung cao,' 3 loai keo chiu han; 4 loai bach dan gdm Bach dan nau.
Bach dan tere. Bach dan brassiana. Bach dan camal, va Thdng caribe;
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Tgp chi KHLN 2014 VoBgi Hal 2014(2)
> 11 vudn gidng qudc gia cua 8 loai cay, gdm Keo la lilm, Keo tai tugng, Keo la tram.
Bach dan nau (E. urophylla). Bach dan tere (E. tereticornis), Bach dan caman; Bach dan pellita (E. pellita), Thdng nhua (P. merkusii);
va 1 rimg gidng Thdng caribe (P. caribaea).
Cac giong dugc cdng nhan deu cd nang suat cao, vdi nang suat binh quan nam bien ddng tir 20 - 40 m^/ha/nam; Vi du: gidng Tram la dai xuat xii 18960 trdng d Long An dat 40,0 m^/ha/nam; gidng Bach dan lai UU8 trdng d Tam Thanh - Phii Thp dat 23,4 m^/ha/nam;
gidng Bach dan trang khang benh SMI6 trdng d Ddng Nai dat 35,4 m /ha/nam; gidng Bach dan lai UCl trdng d Binh Phudc dat 35,3 m /ha/nam; gidng Bach dan lai SM7 trdng d Ddng Nai dat 36,6 m^/ha/nam; cac gidng keo lai mdi AH7 trong Einh Duong dat 34,9 ra'^/ha/nam. Cac gidng Keo la tram AA9 va AA15 trdng d Ddng Nai dat 32 33,6 ra'^/ha/nam. Cac ddng khac nhu ChlF, Clt64 Ch57, Clt43, Cltl9, Ch7 la nhirng ddng vira cd nang suat cao (tir 2 0 - 3 8 m^/ha/nam tai Binh Phudc va Quang Binh) vira cd ty trpng go cao, dp co ngdt sau say thap, than thang it canh nhanh, do vay rat phii hgp cho trdng rimg cung cap gd xe.
Thdng qua cac chuang trinh du an nhu Chuong trinh gidng, Chuang trinh hd tro trdng rirng san xuat (Quyet dinh sd 147), cac du an khuyen lam,... tdi nay ty le sii dung cay vd tinh da tang len kha ldn, binh quan trong ca nudc la khoang 30%, viing cao nhat la Tay Nguyen (53%), tiep den la Bac Trung Bp, Nam Trung Bd (48%), Ddng Nam Bp (45%), thap nhat la viing Tay Eac (khoang 5%) va vung khdng sir dung cay vd tinh la Tay Nam Bp (sir dung tru mam ddi vdi cac loai cay ngap man). Tinh sir dung cay vd tinh cao nhit la Binh Dinh (dat ty le 90%), tilp dd la Phii Thp, Bac Giang, Thira Thien - Hue (80%), Gia Lai (70%), Khanh Hda (60%),
Vinh Phiic (50%), Quang Binh (46%), Quang Ninh, Nghe An (40%). Loai ciy sii dung phuang phap nhan gidng vd tinh co ty le cao nhat la keo lai, bach dan (cd dia phuang 100%), Phi lao.
Vien Khoa hpc Lam nghiep Viet Nam cung da hoach dinh dugc chien luge cai thien gidng dai han cho nhdm cac loai cay trdng rimg chu lire va xay dung dugc cac rimg gidng, vudn gidng, vudn tap hgp gidng cdng tac, vudn cay bd me cd dinh va di ddng phuc vu lai tao gidng mdi va cung cap hat gidng chat lupng cao cho san xuat. Ket qua la nhieu td hgp lai trong loai va khac loai da dugc lai tao, tir do chpn lpc dugc nhieu ddng vd tinh cd sinh trudng tdt va chat lugng go phu hgp vdi cac muc dich sir dung go giay va gd xe. Hien nay, cac ddng nay dang dugc khao nghiem danh gia tai nhieu vimg sinh thai khac nhau. Viec danh gia cac khao nghiem nay trong 2 - 3 nam sap tdi se giup chiing ta c6 them nhieu su lira chpn cho trdng rimg cung cap nguyen lieu giay hoac gd xe.
Viec ling dung thanh cdng cdng nghe sinh hpc trong nghien cuu cai thien gidng trong cac ITnh vuc ndng nghiep da thiic day Vien Khoa hpc Lam nghiep Viet Nam thuc hien cac nghien ciiu ling dung cdng nghe sinh hpc trong chpn, tao gidng cay rung. Tir nam 1999, viec danh gia da dang di truyin bang chi thi phan tii da dugc nghien ciiu cho cac quan the Lat hoa (Chukrasia tabularis), danh gia ve da dang di truyen trong cac quan the chpn tao gidng cho cac loai bach dan, keo va thdng ciing nhu mdt sd cay ban dia khac. Cd thi phan loai cac ket qua su dung di truyen phan tir trong nghien ciiu cai thien gidng cay rirng tai Tmng tam Nghien cuu Giong cay rimg (nay la Vien Nghien ciru Gidng va Cdng nghe sinh hpc Lam nghiep) theo cac ndi dung chinh sau:
VOBgi Hai, 2014(2) Tgp chi KHLN 2014
Kiem dinh con lai: Kiem dinh con lai dua tren k>^ thuat dau van tay ADN (DNA fingerprinting) dugc su dung trong vice xac dinh cac sai sdt xay ra trong cac phep lai khdng che hoac trong qua trinh trdng rimg tir khau thu hat, giai doan vudn uom, van chuyen cay con va td chiic trdng rimg. Viec sir dung 6 cap chi thi vi ve tinh (Microsatellite) (Am 018, Am 041, Am 164, Am 173, Am 387, Am 465) Butcher (2001) da phat hien dugc 6 cay con khdng phai la hat thu dugc tir cay me trong tdng sd 800 cay con thudc 70 cay me Keo tai tugng tai 6 vudn gidng va rimg gidng thupc mien Bac, mien Tnmg va mien Nam Viet Nam. Ciing sii dung chi thi vi ve tinh nay, cac nghien ciiu da phat hien dugc 2 trong tdng sd 7 td hgp lai khdng che giiia Keo la tram va Keo tai tugng la khdng diing bd me (td hgp Aa32 X Am7 va BV16 x Aa32). Nham lin nay cd the do qua trinh thu phan hoac nham nhan mac trong qud trinh lai gidng vv...
Xdc dinh ty le thu phdn cheo: Ty le thu phan cheo la mpt chi tieu de danh gia chat lugng hat gidng cua quan the chpn gidng (vudn gidng, rimg gidng). Ty le thu phan cheo cao thi hat gidng dugc tao ra cd mirc dp da dang di truyen cao hon va ngugc lai ty le thu phan cheo thap thi mirc dp da dang di truyen thap. Miic dp da dang di tmyen trong quan the cd lien quan den miic dp suy thoai can huyet va anh hudng den sinh tmdng ciia cay. Ty le thy phan cheo tai vudn gidng Keo la tram d Ba Vi da dugc xac dinh bang 4 he isozyme.
Ket qua cho thay ty 1? thu phan cheo tai vudn gidng la kha cao 89% (t,„ ^ 0,89) so vdi rimg tv nhien va rimg trdng 20 - 30%. (/„ = 0,2 - 0,3) (Vuong, McDonald, 2002). Trong khi dd, sir dyng 7 chi thi vi ve tinh de xac dinh ty le th\i phan ch^o cua cac ddng Keo tai tugng tir bpi va nhj bpi tai vudn gidng cho thay cac ddng keo tir bpi cd ty I? thu phan cheo thap 2% (/„ = 0,019), cdn cac ddng keo nhi bpi cd
ty le thu phin cheo cao 97% (/„ = 0,965) (Vugng, 2010). Mdi tuong quan giua mirc dp da dang di tmyen, miic dp thu phan cheo va sinh tmdng cua khao nghiem hau the Keo tai tugng va Keo la tram ciing da dugc nghien ciiu. Miic dp da dang di tmyen va ty le thu phan cheo dugc xac dinh bang 6 chi thi vi ve tinh va sinh trudng cua cac cay thudc khao nghiem hau the dugc danh gia tai 12 va 18 thang. Ket qua phan tich ve miic dp da dang di tmyen cho thay vudn gidng Ba Vi FORTIP cd miic dp da dang di tmyen thap nhit (A = 4,2; He = 0,502; Ho = 0,333) va vudn gidng Ddng Ha cd mirc dp da dang di truyin cao nhit (A = 11,7; He = 0,884;
Ho = 0,806). Ty le thu phan cheo da locus (tm) ciing thap ddi vdi vudn gidng Ba Vi FORTIP 13% (tm = 0,130) va cao tai vudn gidng Ddng Ha 100% (/„, - 1) (Butcher et al, 2004). Hai vudn gidng Ba vi - FORTIP va Ddng Ha cd ciing nen tang di tmyen nhu nhau (deu tir Papua New Guinea), nhung do ty le thu phan cheo khac nhau nen cay con mpc tir hat tai vudn gidng cd ty le thu phan cao cd sinh tmdng tdt han. Ket qua tren cho thay rang ndi phdi la nguyen nhan gay nen sinh tmdng thap ciia Keo tai tugng. Hat gidng dugc tao ra tir vudn gidng cd ty le thu phan cheo thap se cd miic dp da dang di tmyen thap va ia nguyen nhan lam tang mirc do suy thoai can huyet (inbreeding depression) va ket qua la sinh tmdng se kem ban (Harwood et al, 2004).
Ddnh gid cdu true di truyen qudn the: Cau tnic di truyen cua quan the (tu nhien hoac chpn gidng) thudng dugc xac djnh bdi miic dp da dang di tmyen, miic dp di nhap gen, miic dp nhiem phan tir ben ngoai vao quan the, miic dp khac biet di tmyen (genetic diferentiation) cua cac xuat xii, ddng, vv... trong quan the.
Quan the chpn gidng nen duy tri mdt mirc dp da dang di truyen nhat dinh de cd the thich img dugc vdi su thay ddi ciia mdi tmdng
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Tgp chi KHLN 2014 Vo Bai Hal 2014(2)
trong tuong lai. Do dd neu quan the cd miic dp da dang di tmyen thap thi phan nao se anh hudng den kha nang thich ling vdi nhiing thay ddi cua dieu kien ngoai canh trong tuang lai hoac trong nhiing dieu kien mdi tmdng khac nghiet khac. Bien di di truyen cua cac cay me trong khao nghiem ddng vd tinh Thdng nhua (Pinus merkusii) tai Cam Quy, Ba vi da dugc xac dinh bang 4 chi thi vi ve tinh (Duyen, 2004). Ket qua cho thay bien di di tmyen cua cac ddng vd tinh Thdng nhua nay thap, nguyen nhan cd the do that mit cd chai di truyen (bottleneck) va miic do trao ddi gen bi giam do cac quan the phan bd xa nhau va kich thudc cac quan the nhd ciing nhu thdi gian ra hoa khdng tuong ddng (Szmidt, Changtragoon, 1996). Cau tnic di truyin cua vudn gidng Bach dan uro (Eucalyptus urophylla) tai Cam Quy, Ba Vi sau 2 lan tia thua ciing dugc xac djnh bang chi thi vi ve tinh (Trin Hd Quang et al, 2009). Chin xuit xii tai vudn gidng cd miic do da hinh (tir 10,37 den 14,62 alen) va mtic dp da dang gen tmng binh trong vudn gidng (0,88) cao so vdi cac loai bach dan khac, miic dp npi phdi cua vudn gidng nay kha thap (F = 0,093). Kit qua tren cho thay vudn gidng cd nen tang di tmyen rdng, cd the thich ling dugc vdi nhiing dieu kien thay ddi ciia ngoai canh. Khac biet di truyen cua cac xuat xii loai Bach dan pelita (Eucalyptus pellita) va urd (E. urophylla) dugc trdng tai Viet Nam so vdi xuat xii ciia cac loai E. resinifera va E. scias ciing dugc xac dinh bang cac chi thj vi ve tinh. Son va ddng tac gia (2010) trong nghien ciiu cua minh ve khac biet di truyen cua 6 nhdm/loai nay da xac dinh dugc rang Bach dan pelita dugc phan vao mdt "nhom di truyen Pellita"
va Bach dan urd thudc "nhom di truyen Resinifera" va sy phan chia thanh 2 nhdm di truyen nay kha tuong ddng vdi su phan loai dua tren hinh thai giira cac ca the. Phan tich sau Son ve "nhom di truyen Resinifera" cho
thiy Bach dan urd thudc mdt nhdm rieng so vdi cac loai E. resinifera va E. scias. Cau true di tmyen cua vudn gidng vd tinh Keo tai tugng tai Ba Vi (Ha Ndi) va Cau Hai (Phii Tho) ciing da dugc thuc hien bdi Le Son va ddng tac gia (2012) va cho thay cac xuSt xii trong vudn gidng cd tinh da dang di tmygn vdi sd alen tmng binh 3,078 va sd alen cd hieu luc la 2,731, ty le di hgp tu quan sat (Ho) 0,495, ty le di hgp tir mong dpi (He) 0,437.
Ket qua nghien cuu ciing cho thiy khdng cd bang chiing ve mdi quan he giao phdi can huyet trong cac mau trong vudn gidng va t^ le giao phdi can huyet trong vudn gidng chi khoang 14%. Cac xuat xii cd mat trong vudn gidng dugc chia thanh 4 nhdm: nhdm 1 gdm 5 xuat xii, 3 nhdm mdi nhdm gdm 1 xuat xii vdi gia tri khoang each di tmyen d miic dp sai khac trung binh. Vudn gidng vd tinh Keo tai tupng vdi 100 ddng vd tinh cd dii tinh da dang di truyen va ty le thu phan cheo cin thilt dl tao gidng.
Ben canh viec sir dung cac chi thj phan tir trong chpn gidng, nghien ciiu nhan gidng sinh duong da va dang dugc diy manh nhim chuyen giao nhanh cac gidng tien bd ky thuat va gidng qudc gia nay vao san xuat. Vien Klioa hpc Lam nghiep Viet Nam hien da nghien ciru nhan gidng sinh dudng thanh cdng cho nhieu ddng cua cac loai keo lai, Keo la tram. Bach dan trang. Each dan uro. Bach dan pellita. Bach dan lai va cac loai thdng. Cdng nghe nhan gidng sinh dudng ciing da dugc chuyin giao chpn gdi tdi nhilu dan vi san xuat trong nudc va qudc te. Mdt sd thanh tuu dugc ghi nhan trong qua trinh nghien ciiu nhan gidng sinh dudng la da xac dinh thdi vu, loai thudc va ndng do, gia the, phuong thiic giam hom va ghep,... cho cac loai keo, bach dan, Thdng caribe, va mdt sd loai cay ban dja.
Ty le ra re d cac cdng thiic tdt nhit dao dpng trong khoang tir 60 tdi tren 90%. (Le Dinh Kha
VSBgi Hai, 2014(2) Tgp chi KHLN 2014
et al, 2003; Ha Huy Thinh et al, 2006). Nhan gidng md ciing d3 dugc xac djnh bang cac budc khir triing, tre hda vat lieu, anh hudng ciia vi tri chdi, anh hudng ciia cac chit da lugng va vi lugng, anh hudng cua tudi cay me, anh hudng cua auxin va chl dp tdi.
Phuong phap khir trung, mdi tmdng nhan chdi, mdi tmdng ra re thich hgp cho nhilu ddng im viet ciia cac loai keo, bach dan, Lat hoa, Xoan ta, Tech, Song mat, va mdt sd loai cay ban dja da dugc trinh bay bdi Le Dinh Kha va ddng tac gia (2003), Ha Huy Thinh va ddng tac gia (2006), Doan Thi Mai va ddng tac gia (2010), Nguyen Ngpc Tan va ddng tac gia (1993, 1995 va 1997). Nudi ciy md phan sinh tuy tdn kem va ddi hdi ky thuat phirc tap, song lai cd tac dung tre hoa cao dp vat Heu gidng nen phdi hgp vdi nhan gidng hom tao thanh cdng nghe md - hom dang dugc ap dung d mpt sd CO sd nghien cihi va san xuat lam nghiep d nudc ta.
Ben canh cac loai keo, bach dan va thdng, loai cay Mic ca (Macadamia), mot trong nhimg loai cay cho hat cd gia tri kinh te cao, da dugc nhap va trdng khao nghiem d nhieu lap dia trong ca nudc tir nhung nam 1990. 0 cac lap dja khao nghiem cac ddng Mic ca deu cd kha nang thich nghi tdt, vdi ty le sdng cao (87,5 - 100%).
Mdt sd ddng nhu OC, 246, 816 va 849 cd sinh trudng va san lugng qua hat cd su sai khac ro rang giiia cac ddng Mac ca tham gia khao nghi?m va da dugc cdng nhan la gidng tien bd ky thuat. Tai Dak Lik, cac ddng 741, 849, 246, 816, va OC cd san lugng hat la 5 - 8kg hat/cay d tudi 5,5 va tuong duong vdi mdt sd ddng uu vipt t^i Haiwai - My. Cac ddng Mac ca cd trien vpng deu cd the nhan gidng bang phuang phap giam hom (vdi ly le ra re tir 45,6% tdi 87.8%) va phuong phap ghep cho ty le sdng cao tir 64,4 - 88,3%) (Nguyen Dinh Hai e/fl/., 2010).
HI. NHCTNG K H O KHAN VA TON TAI
CHU YEU TRONG CONG T.AC CAI THIEN GIONG CAY RlTNG
Do dac thil ciia cay lam nghiep cd dcri sdng dai ngay nen cac hoat ddng nghien ciiu cai thien gidng cay lam nghiep ciing phai tien hanh trong thdi gian rat dai. De cd dugc mpt gidng tien bd ky thuat dugc Ed Ndng nghiep
& PTNT cdng nhan thi cac nha chpn gidng phai mat tdi thieu 5 - 8 nam ddi vdi loai cay mpc nhanh va lau han niia ddi vdi loai cay ban dia sinh tmdng cham. Chinh vi vay, cdng tac khao nghiem gidng cay lam nghiep cung rat can phai cd nhiing hien trudng nghien ciiu lau dai. Trong thdi gian qua, Bd Ndng nghiep
& PTNT ciing da iing hp va phe duyet quy hoach sir dung dat trong toan Vien nhung quy dat nay hien nay khdng dap ung nhu cau nghien cuu, nhieu dia phuang mudn thu hdi dat de giao lai cho cac doanh nghiep va ngudi dan dja phuong. Cdng tac nghien ciiu gidng cay lam nghiep rat can phai cd su tham gia, vao cupc cua cac doanh nghiep dudi cac hinh thirc kliac nhau nhu hgp tac, lien ket,... nham mdt mat cd them cac ngudn vdn va quy dat de nghien ciiu, mat khac cdng tac chuyen giao ket qua ciing nhanh va thuan Ipi hon.
Ben canh viec trien khai nghien cuu cai thien gidng d cudng dp cao ddi vdi nhdm cay trdng rimg chii luc va cd dien tich gay trdng ldn, cung rat can phai chu trpng tdi viec dau tu nghien ciiu cho cac loai cay ban dia va cac loai cay lam san ngoai gd cd gia tri kinh te cao va cd kha nang sir dung de trdng rimg trong tuong lai, dac biet la cac loai cay trdng rimg kinh te cho cac lap dja d vung cao.
Trong cdng tac cai thien gidng cay lam nghiep, viec ling dung mdt sd cdng nghe mdi nhu chpn gidng bang cac chi thi phan tir, bien nap gene, tao phdi nhan tao, kich thich ra hoa sdm va mini - cutting,... thuc su cdn rat nhieu
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Tgp chi KHLN 2014 VoBgi Hal 2014(2)
han che do thieu can bd dau dan. Vien rat can sy hd trg cua Bd Ndng nghiep & PTNT, Bd Khoa hpc Cdng nghe va cac Vien nghien ciiu cdng nghe sinh hpc tren toan qudc trong viec dao tao can bp va hgp tac nghien ciiu trong tuang lai.
De cdng tac cai thien gidng thanh cdng va chuyen giao nhanh gidng mdi phuc vu san xuSt, Vien kien nghi Bp Ndng nghiep &
PTNT bd tri cac de tai/du an xay dung cac khao nghiem md rdng sir dung gidng mot each ddng bp, cd he thdng tren cac viing va cac lap dia dai dien de xac dinh tap doan gidng trdng rimg thich hcrp cho timg vimg;
Chi dao va dau tu xay dung cac vudn gidng theo diing tieu chuan qudc gia cho mdt sd loai cay trdng rimg quan trpng tai cac tinh;
Bd can cd chinh sach hd trg ve mat kinh phi cho cac don vj san xuat kinh doanh cay gidng lam nghiep (dac biet la cac co sd nudi cay md) de tre hda va nang cao chat lugng sinh ly cua cac gidng da dugc cdng nhan va dang sii dung rdng rai trong trdng rimg bang cac ddng vd tinh; Ra soat, bd sung va chinh sira cac van ban quan ly Gidng cay trdng lam nghiep nhu Tieu chuan cdng nhan Gidng;
Qui che quan ly Gidng; Danh muc cac gidng mdi dugc cdng nhan.
Mdt sd tdn tai chii yeu ciia cdng tac gidng trong nhirng nam vira qua la:
- Sd lugng gidng dugc cdng nhan nhieu (166 gidng cay lam nghiep) nhung sd lugng gidng dugc ap dung vao san xuat cdn rat thap (chi chilm ty le khoang 20%); sy phan bd cac gidng mdi khdng ddng deu d cac vimg, thieu cac gidng cho viing cao dac biet la Tay Bac;
nhieu gidng chi tdn tai tren giay td, khdng di vao thyc tien san xuat;
- He thdng ngudn gidng cdn thieu nhieu ve chung loai, mdi tap trung nhieu cho cac loai cay mpc nhanh ma chua chii y nhieu den cai
thien gidng cho cay !a rdng ban dia, gd ldn, cay lam san ngoai gd, dac biet la nhiing loai cay trdng tren cac dang lap dia khd khan d vimg cao.
- Cdng tac thdng tin tuyen tmyen, chuyen giao tien bd ky thuat den ngudi su dung gidng cdn yeu d tat ca cac khau; chua cd sy gan ket giiia nghien cu^i - khuyen Iam - ngudi san xuit.
Day la mdt trong nhiing nguyen nhan chinh din den tinh trang sd gidng dugc cdng nhgn nhieu nhung gidng dugc dimg trong san xuit rit it.
- Cdng tac nghien ciiu gidng da dugc cai thien mpt budc, tuy nhien trang thiet bj, co sd vat chat phuc vu cdng tac gidng cdn thieu va lac hau, chua dap ling yeu cau cdng nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa cdng tac gidng; thieu dat cho bd tri khao nghiem gidng, hien tmdng nghien cuu khdng dugc duy tri lau dai, chua quan tam nhieu den khau khao nghiem rdng d cac vimg de dua gidng vao thyc tien san xuat.
+ 6 cac dja phuong khdng cd dau mdi chuyen trach quan ly ve gidng, luc lugng can bd va ca sd vat chat cdn yeu, dac biet ddi vdi nhiing gidng can nhan gidng bang phuang phap nudi cay md.
IV. NHtTNG DINH HUOfNG NGHIEN CUtJ GIONG CAY LAiVI NGHIEP CHU YEU TRONG GIAI DOAN HIEN NAY Ngay 09/5/2014, Bd Ndng nghiep va Phat trien ndng thdn da ban hanh Quylt djnh sd 986/QD-BNN-KHCN vl K I hoach thiic diy nghien cuu va img dung khoa hpc cdng ngh?
phuc vu tai ca cau nganh ndng nghiep theo hudng nang cao gia trj gia tang va phat trien ben vung, theo dd mpt trong nhung nhiem vu trpng tam cua ngaiih lam nghiep la phai trien khai cdc nhiem vu KHCN nhdm chon, tao vd phdt trien sdn xudt cdc giong cdy Idm nghiep sinh truang nhanh (keo, bach dan), cdy bdn
V6Bgi Hal 2014(2) Tgp chi KHLN 2014
dja go lan, cdy lam sdn ngodi go co Igi the canh tranh cao.
Cac hoat dpng nghien ciiu, phat trien va san xuat gidng cay lam nghiep trong thdi gian tdi se phai dugc thyc hien theo hudng gin ket chat che giiia nghien cim chpn gidng tmyen thdng vdi ling dung cdng nghe sinh hoc, khoa hpc gd, lam sinh va sau benh rimg; nghien ciru ling dung vdi khuyen lam. Cac ITnh vyc uu tien tao budc dot pha trong cdng tac gidng cay lam nghiep la chpn lpc, lai tao gidng cd djnh hudng, tao da bdi va con lai tam bdi bat thu cho cac loai cay trdng rimg chii lye cd dien tich trdng rimg Idn, tap trung vao chpn tao gidng phii hgp cho timg viing trpng diem, theo timg muc tieu sii dung va siic chdng chju cho timg loai nghien ciiu. Ap dung mpt sd cdng ngh$ mdi nhu chpn gidng bang cac chi thj phan tii, bien nap gene, tao phdi nhan tao, kich thich ra hoa sdm va mini - cutting,... vao cac chuong trinh cai thien gidng truyen thdng nhim nang cao hieu qua va nit ngan chu ki chpn tao gidng.
Cdng tac nghi§n ciiu se dugc tien hanh ddng bp tir chpn tao gidng, nhan gidng va bien phap Iam sinh phii hgp trong kinh doanh rimg ben viing cho cac loai cay trdng rimg chii luc cung cip go ldn, gd giay hoac tang siic chdng chiu sau benh va ban han. Ben canh dd, viec khao nghiem md rdng va xay dung cac md hinh trinh dien cd he thdng cho cac gidng mdi dugc cdng nhan cung se dugc tang cudng thdng qua thuc hien cac du an san xuat thu nghiem va dy an khuyen lam. Cac boat ddng nghien cuu ve nhan gidng, dac biet la ky thuat nhan gidng hang loat bing cdng nghe md, hom, phyc trang va tre hda chat lugng sinh ly cua gidng, vi ghep de dan ddng va xay dyng vudn giong.... cung se dugc quan tam dua nhanh cac gidng dugc cdng nhan tdi ngudi trdng rimg. Ngoai ra, can tiep tuc chpn gidng.
nhan gidng cho mdt sd loai cay ban dja cd tiem nang gay trdng va cay lam san ngoai gd cd gia tri cao.
V. TANG CU*CJNG VA D O I M 6 I CONG TAC CHUYEN GIAO GIONG Mdi VAO SAN XUAT
Day la mpt van de trpng tam dugc im tien thuc hien trong giai doan hien nay. Cac dy an gidng phai tap trung san xuat va cung ling gidng gdc, gidng cd chat lugng cao cho san xuat. Vien dang day manh xay dyng cac vudn gidng, rimg gidng chat lugng cao, thiet lap ngan hang hat gidng va co sd du' lieu ve ngudn gdc, chat lupng di tmyen va kha nang thich nglii ciia cac ngudn hat va cac ddng vd tinh dang sir dung nham cung cap vat lieu gidng tdt cho san xuat va cho muc dich nghien cuu, bao tdn va trao ddi gidng qudc te.
Vien Khoa hpc Lam nghiep Viet Nam da phat trien mdt he thdng thdng tin quang ba cac gidng tien bd ky thuat va gidng qudc gia da dugc cdng nhan tren cac an pham, dang tai thdng tin tren cac trang website cua Vien va cac don vi true thudc; Tich eye tham gia cdc Hdi chg gidng va Hdi thao tren toan qudc ciing nhu qudc te nham quang ba cac gidng mdi va tien bd ky thuat lam sinh tdi ngudi trdng rimg. Vien da va dang chi dao cac Vien va Tmng tam tryc thupc xay dung cac khu khao nghiem lau dai tai cac viing. Trong thdi gian tdi, Vien se phdi hgp chat che hon vdi Trung tam Khuyen ndng qudc gia, Tmng tam khuyen ndng cac tinh va cac cdng ty Iam nghiep dja phuong de xay dyng cac md hinh trinh dien gidng mdi va cac tien bd ky thuat mdi de ngudi trdng rimg cd the tham quan va hpc tap. Ngoai ra, viec chuyen giao gidng gdc, chuyen giao cdng nghe md - hom, cdng nghp xay dung cac vudn gidng va rirng gidng, cdng nghe sinh hpc khac cho cac don vi san xuat gidng d cac tinh se dugc day manh.
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Tap chl KHLN 2014 VoPgi Hal 2014(2)
Md hinh rung trong go 1cm Keo la tram tai Binh Duong bang giong AAi va bien pliap lam sinh tien tiea (nang su^ 38 m^/ha/nam tai tuoi 4 d hian ky 3)
VI. KET LUAN
Cai thien gidng cay rimg d nudc ta da dat dugc mdt sd thanh tyu dang ke trong nhiing nam vira qua. Dd la da chpn dugc rapt sd loai cay va xuat xii cd trien vpng nhat cho mdt sd vimg sinh thai chinh; Chien luge cai thien gidng dai ban cho nhdm cac loai cay trdng rimg chu lye da dugc hoach dinh ro rang nham tang nang suat rimg trdng va chat lugng san pham cudi ciing; Cac rimg gidng, vudn gidng, vudn tap hpp gidng cdng tac, vudn cay bd me cd djnh va di dpng da dugc xay dung tren khap ca nudc de phuc vu lai tao gidng mdi va cung cap hat gidng chat lugng cao cho san xuat. Viec ling dung cdng nghe sinh hpc trong nghien ciiu cai thien gidng da thuc day kiem dinh con lai, xac djnh ty le thy phan cheo, danh gia cau tnic di truyen quan the chpn gidng va sir dung chi thi phan tir trong chpn gidng; Nhan gidng hom va nudi cay md phan sinh da dugc nghien cim thanh cdng cho nhieu gidng dugc cdng nhan va da chuyen
giao cdng nghe va gidng gdc cho san xuat.
Nhirng gidng mdi that su cd y nghia vdi san xuat la cac gidng keo, bach dan va cac gidng lai cho trdng rimg san xuat d nhiing vimg thap va vimg cao, cac gidng keo chiu ban cho vimg cat khd han ven bien, cac gidng tram cho vimg ngap phen d mien Nam, va cac cay trdi cd lugng nhua cao cua Thdng nhya.
Tuy nhien cdng tac gidng vin chua dap ling yeu cau to ldn cua san xuat. Nhieu gidng da dugc cdng nhan van chua the chuyen giao vao san xuat, he thdng ngudn gidng va can bd quan ly gidng tai cac dja phuong cdn thieu va yeu. De phuc vu de an tai co cau nganh lam nghiep, cdng tac chpn tao gidng cay lam nghiep trong thdi gian tdi se phai dugc thuc hien theo hudng gan ket chat che giu'a nghien ciiu chpn gidng tmyen thdng vdi ling dung cdng nghe sinh hpc, khoa hpc gd, lam sinh va sau benh rimg. Cac ITnh vyc uu tien tao budc dot pha trong cdng tac gidng cay lam nghiep la chpn lgc, lai tao gidng cd dinh hudng, tao
V6Bgi Hal 2014(2) Tgp chi KHLN 2014
da bpi va con !ai tam bpi bat thu cho cac loai cai thien gidng tmyIn thdng nhim nang cao cay trdng riing chu luc cd dien tich trdng riing hieu qua va nit ngin chu ki chpn tao gidng.
ldn, tap tmng vao chpn tao gidng phu hgp cho Xay dung cac vudn gidng, riing gidng chit timg vimg trpng diem, theo timg muc tieu sii lugng cao, thilt lap ngan hang hat gidng va co dung va sOrc chdng chiu cho timg loai nghiSn sd dii lieu vl ngudn gdc, chit lugng di tmyIn cihi, Nghien cuu ung dung phai ket hgp vdi va kha nang thich nghi ciia cac ngudn hat va khuyen lam. Ap dung mdt sd cdng nghe mdi cac ddng vd tinh dang su dung se dugc diy nhu chpn gidng bang cac chi thi phan tir, bien manh nhim cung cip vat lieu gidng tdt cho nap gene, t£io phdi nhan tao, kich thich ra hoa san xuat va cho muc dich nghien ciru, bao tdn sdm va mint - cutting,... vao cac chuong trinh va trao ddi gidng qudc tl.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
I. Butcher, P., Harwood, C , Tran Ho Quang, 2004. Studies of mating systems in seed stands suggest possible causes of variable outcrossing rates in natural populations of Acacia mangium. Forest Genetics 11, 303 - 309.
2 Duyen, N. T. M., 2004. Genetic variation and aspects of the mating system of Pinus merkusii Jung, et de Vriese clonal seed orchard in Vietnam. Master thesis at the Georg - August University Gottingen, Germany.
3. Hh Huy Thjnh, 2006. Bao cao tong k6t dk tai "Nghien cim chon, tao giong c6 nang suat va chat lupng cao cho m§t so lo^i cSy trong rung chii yeu" giai doan 2001 - 2005. Vien Khoa hpc Lam nghiep Viet Nam, 161 trang.
4. Hai, P.H., Hannrup, B., Harwood, C , Jansson, G. & Ban, D. V., 2010. Wood stiffness and strength as selection traits for sawn timber in Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex Benth. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 40 (2):
322 - 329.
5. H^i, P.H., Jansson, G., Hannrup, B., Harwood, C. & Thinh, H.H., 2009. Use of wood shrinkage characteristics in breeding of fast - grown Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex Benth in Viemam, Annals of Forest Science 66 ( 6 ) : 6 I l p I - 6 1 I p 9 .
6. Hai, P.H., Jansson, G., Harwood, C , Hannrup, ri. & Thinh, H.H., 2008a. Genetic variation in growth, stem straightness and branch thickness in clonal trials oi Acacia auriculiformis at three contrasting sites in Vietnam.
Forest Ecology and Management 255(1), 156 - 167.
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Cunn ex Benth in Northern Vietnam. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science 38(1), 176- 192.
8. Harwood, C. E., Thinh, H. H., Quang, T. H., Butcher, P A., Williams, E. R., 2004. The effect of inbreeding on eariy growth of Acacia mangium in Vietnam. Silvae Genetica 53, 65 - 69.
9. Le Dinh Kha, 2003. Chpn tao gi6ng va nhan gifing cho mgt s6 loai cay trong rimg chu ygu o Vi?t Nam. Nha xu^t bAn Nong nghi?p, 292 trang.
10. Nguyln Dinh Hai, 2009. Bio cSo c5ng nhan gi6ng Macadamia. Vien Khoa hpc Lam nghiep Viet Nam, 21 trang.
I I . Nguyen Due Kien, Gunnar Jansson, Chris Hardwood andha Huy Thinh, 2009. Genetic control of growth and form traits in £wco/ypn/5 wrop/y/Zo in Northern Vietnam. Journal of Tropical Forest Science 21(1): 5 0 - 6 5 . 12. Nguyen Due Kien, Tran Ho Quang, Gunnar Jansson, Chris Hardwood, David Clapham and Sara von Arnold,
2009. Cellulose content as a selection trait in breeding for kraft pulp yiel in Eucalyptus urophylla. Annals of Forest Science 66: 711.
13. NguyenHo^ngNghia, 2003. Phit triin cac loai Keo Acacia 0 Viet Nam. Nha xuat ban Nong nghi?p, 121 trang.
14. Nguyen Hoang Nghia, Le Dinh Kha, 1998. Selection of Acacia species and provenances for planting in Viemam. Recent Development in Acacia planting, ACIAR Proceeding No 82, The International Acacia Workshop in Hanoi, Vietnam October, 1997. Canberra, p l 3 0 - 135.
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giflng cay riing. Nhi xuit ban Nong nghiep, trang 67 - 83.
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resinifera vk E. scias. Tap chf Khoa hpc Lam nghiep.
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20. Tumbull, J.W., Midgiey, S.J., Cossalter, C, 1997. Tropical acacias planted in Asia: an overview. In: Tumbull, J.W., Crompton, H.R., Pinyopuserak, K. (Eds.), Recent developments in acacia planting. ACIAR Publishing, pp. 14- 18.
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22. Vuong, T. D., McDonald, M., 2002. Outcrossing rates in Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex Benth. in a seedling seed orchard at Ba Vi, Vietnam. Report for the "Domestication of Australian Trees" project.
