Oe phan bo...
(Tiep theo trang 40) 12. Hg ten ciia giam sat vien ky thuat ve sda chda tau va ngay tien hanh kiem tra tinh trang sda chda tau tai Trung Qudc cung vdi cac chdng td ehi phi lien quan).
13. Toan bg ehi phi tai cang Weihai va Kwangyang, cung vdi tat ca mgi chdng td chdng minh cho nhdng hoat ddng, SUviee ndi tren.
Chdng td, hda don ve ehi phi da sda chda nhdng hU hdng, tdn that ciia tau va cae chdng td, tai lieu lien quan.
Hda don ve nhdng khieu nai ma chd tau mudn ngudi phan bd tdn that chung xem xet cung vdi ly do khieu nai.
Hda don ve ehi phi eho nhdng hoat ddng eiia giam djnh vien tdn that chung (GA Surveyor).
Bang chdng da thanh toan eua tat ea nhdng hda don da gdi (cho ngudi
phan bd tdn that chung), tdc la nhdng chdng td ciia ngan hang hoac giay bien nhan eiia cac ben cd lien quan. Neu ngay thanh toan khdng the hien rd tren chdng td thi liet ke theo thd tU thdi gian ngay thanh toan ciia tat ca cae hda don.
Hgp ddng van chuyen hang hda (voyage charter party, booking note), hgp ddng thue tau djnh ban (time charter party) (neu cd).
Ban lugc khai hang hda (cargo manifest) va eac van don.
Ban ket toan giao nhan hang vdi tau (report on receipt of cargo)
Cae tai lieu bao dam tdn that chung:
Cam ket ddng gdp tdn that chung cua chd hang (Lloyd's Average Bond), bao lanh tdn that chung eua ngUdi bao hiem hang (Average Guarantee) va ban khai trj gia hang (Valuation Form) kem theo hda don thuong mai (Commercial
Invoice).
Cae bien ban giam djnh tau, giam
djnh hang va cae hda don thu phi giam dinh.
Cac khieu nai ve tdn that cua hang hda (neu cd).
Van ban djnh gia tau eua td chde tham djnh gia trj tai san hoac cua hang mdi gidi mua ban tau.
Chdng td ve ehi phi phan bd tdn that chung cua ngUdi phan bd tdn that chung.
Trong trUdng hgp ed cdu hd (salvage), can ed hgp ddng cdu hd, bdn ke chi phi vdt tucua tdu dung cho viee cdu hg vd ede tdi lieu, chdng tdlien quan.
Ngoai nhdng tai lieu, chdng td, thdng tin neu tren, tuv tdng trudno hop ton that chung cu the, chd tau va eac ben lien quan phai cung cap them cac tai lieu, chdng td, thdng tin theo yeu cau cda ngUdi phan bd tdn that chung.
LS. NGO KHAC LE, Vietfracht
Dang day trai phep...
(Tiep theo trang 46) Theo do, cae tinh can ed van ban ehi dao, eac ban nganh lien quan tham mUu, de xuat y kien de ngan chan viee tha dang day trai phep tren sdng. Luc lugng CSGT dudng thdy can khao sat, lap so do toan bd cae vj tri dang day ea tren sdng, cd cdng van gdi cae eo quan, don vj chde nang de nghj giai toa, bao dam an toan eho phuong tien van tai thuy.
Ben canh do, khoanh vung nudi trdng va khu vUe danh bat thuy san tu nhien de cac hd dan nay khdng cam dang day lan chiem Idng sdng. Can phai ed chien luge dao tao nghe de tdng bUde chuyen ddi nghe nghiep eho ngU dan. Cd nhU vay mdi ngan chan, tien tdi day lui tinh trang dang day ca lan chiem ludng gay mat an toan giao thdng OTNO tren cac tuyen sdng.
Tdm lai, de giai quyet ddt diem tinh trang dang day, tha ludi tren sdng, ludng vao cang de dam bao an toan eho cae chuyen tau, thuyen ra vao, do khdng chi la mong mdi cda cac hoa tieu, cae thuyen trudng ma can cd sU phdi hgp giup dd eiia cac cap, eac nganh lien quan vdi nhdng bien phap phii hgp va cUOng quyet hon nda.
CVH (Tong hgp)
Mot SO van de...
(Tiep theo trang 44) la rat quan trgng nham danh gia chat lugng cdn lai va de xuat cae giai phap phu hgp nham bao ve va nang cao tudi thg cua cdng trinh.
Cang CuTa Lo - Nghe An
Ouge xay dung t d dau nhdng nam 80 eua the ky XX cang Cda Ld la mdt cang quan trgng d phia Bac Trung Bd vdi quy md 02 ben cho tau 5.000 DWT. Trong 10 nam trd lai day, Cang tiep tue dau tU xay dung them 2 ben mdi. Oil dugc xay dUng d nhdng giai doan khac nhau, nhUng cac ben deu la dang bd tri lien bd vdi ket cau kieu cau tau sau, cd trUdc.
Ket cdu cdng trinh
TUdng ben duge tao thanh t d tudng chan bang cgc van thep Larsen V ddng dgc theo tuyen mep ben; dugc neo gid bang cau tau duge bd tri d ngay phia sau. Cau tau ed ket cau kieu be cdng bang BTCTtren nen egc ddng tiet dien vudng bang BTCT45 x 45cm;
be cgc dugc bd tri d cao do thap vda de lien ket vdi dau cd thep va bao ve eU d vung muc nUde thay ddi, vda cd chde nang nhU mdt ket cau giam tai ap luc ngang eho tUdng chan. Phia dudi be trong pham vi lang the chu
ddng sau tudng duge do da lap Idng ben de giam iUc ngang len tUdng cd.
Ddnh gid ve cdng trinh
Cang Cda Ld d gdc do ket cau tudng ben cung gidng khu cang chinh Hal Phdng la sddung tUdng cgc van thep. Su khac nhau ehu yeu gida hai cdng trinh la giai phap ket cau neo gid ddi vdi tUdng ben; vat lieu cdthep d hai giai doan xay dUng sddung dhai ngudn cung cap khac nhau:
-I- Giai doan dau sd dung cgc thep Larsen V do Lien Xd cu che tao. Tinh chat CO ly va thanh phan hda hgc ciia thep ed the tUOng tU nhd cOa cang chinh Hal Phdng;
+ Giai doan sau sddung cdthep do Nhat Ban/Han Qudc che tao vdi tinh chat vat lieu nhU d cang Chua Ve.
Cho den thdi diem hien tai, tat ca eac ben cua cang Cda Ld deu duge sd dung phuong phap protector de bao ve chdng an mdn eho phan ed thep ngap trong nude. Tuy nhien, ehUa cd cac nghien cdu danh gia day du ve mdc do xam thUe eua mdi trudng ddi vdi mdi loai cd thep neu tren va hieu qua cua he thdng bao ve chdng an mdn.
(Cdn nda)
4 2 - T a p c h i HdnghdiVietNam • 8/2010
KHOA HOC ICangnghtM
Mot so van de ve siJf dung ket cau thep trong xay diing cong trinh cang d Viet Nam
_^ ThS. HOANG SON D I N H Vien Khoa hgc va cdng nghe GTVT
Trong xay difng cong trinh cang dnifdcta, ket cdu thep dMcsitdung chd yeu cho giai phdp ket cdu mong. Bdi viet nay se tien hanh tap hop cdc tdi lieu vd danh gid tdng quan vehien trgng sau mpt qud trinh khai thdc, phdn tich ve gidi phdp ket cdu trong mptsdcon^ trinh tieu bieu, chdt lUpng vdt lieu, bien phdp bdo ve chdng dn mdn.., cua cdccong trinh cdng CO sddung ket cdu thep it Viet Nam, dong thdi dUa ra mpt so kien nghj de ndng cao hieu qud sddung vd tudi tho cua cong trinh.
^ r o n g xay dUng cdng trinh cang d Viet Nam trUde day, vdi nhieu ly do ve kinh te - ky thuat, ket cau thep chUa dugc s d d u n g mdt each phd bien. NhUng nam gan day, ket cau thep da bat dau dugc sd dung mdt each rdng rai hon trong xay dUng cdng trinh cang, dac biet d nhdng cang eho tau cd trgng tai Idn neo dau hoac cae cdng trinh ed ngudn vdn nude ngoai. Do cd kha nang chju lUc cao, cho phep cd do bien dang dan hdi Idn nen ket cau thep thudng dugc s d d u n g lam ket cau mdng cho cac cdng trinh cang.
Khu eang chinh cang Hai Phong
Khu cang chinh ciia cang Hai Phdng la cdng trinh dau tien d phia Bac duge xay dUng bang ket cau thep ed quy m d Idn vdi sU giup d d ve tai chinh, ky thuat eiia Lien Xd cu.
Cdng trinh dugc xay dUng tai vi tri eua cang ed tren sdng Cam, trong khoang 15 nam t d 1968 den 1983, gdm 11 ben vdi tdng chieu dai la 1.717m eho tau cd tai trgng den 10.000 DWT neo cap.
DUa tren dac diem ve dieu kien dja chat cdng, thiet bj va kinh nghiem thi cdng thUc te ciia Viet Nam d thdi diem dd, cac chuyen gia Lien Xd da de xuat giai phap ket cau cdng trinh dang tUdng c d mem bang cgc van thep Larsen V ed 1 tang neo, bao gdm cac bd phan n h u sau:
Ket cdu tudng ben
Tudng ben sd dung cgc van thep Larsen V mac thep 16 Xr dai 22m, cao do mui cgc -20.0m, cao do dinh cgc H-2.00m;
phan tudng ben t d cao trinh H-4.50 den -i-0.40m dugc lien ket bang dam md BTCT mac 300, do chdng tham B8 de lien ket tudng, tao be mat bd t r i he t h d n g dem cap tau va chdng gi cho egc van thep nam trong mUe nUde dao ddng; phan tUdng ben nam trong nUdc dugc son 2 nude bao ve: 1 Idp son hdng don va 1 Idp son Kuzobat phu ngoai, phan cgc nam trong dat chi son 1 Idp hdng don; de giam ap lUc ngang tac dung len than t u d n g trong pham vi lang the trugt ehii ddng sau tUdng ed bd t r i lang the da hoc giam tai.
Kit cdu neo
Ket cau neo dang t u d n g bang egc BTCT 35x35cm, L = 1 Om, lien ket bang thep hinh 1330, dugc bd tri d phia sau vdi khoang each t d 20 den 25m; thanh neo chinh lam bang thep trdn (D85 mac CT3 vdi khoang each 2.52m/1 thanh neo. Tai cae vj tri dat bich neo, bd tri them 2 thanh neo phu (D48. Xung quanh
Hinh 1: Sa do ket cdu bin tUdng eU thep Cang Hdi Phdng
thanh neo duge quan mgt Idp bao tai tam nhUa dUdng ndng, tai vj tri thanh neo phan tiep giap vdi lang the da hoc trong Idng ben duge bge 1 Idp da dam 4x6 de bao ve de bao ve thanh neo khdi bj xam thUe cua mdi t r u d n g ; de tang cUdng do dn djnh ciia tUdng neo, trong pham vi lang the trUgt bj ddng phia trUde tUdng bd t r i lang the da giam tai.
Thiet bi vd phuang tien khai thdc tren ben
Can cau sd dung loai Kirop sdc nang 10 T, tam vdi 32m, khau do ray 10.5m; tren ben b d t r i 2 tuyen dudng sat khd dudng 1 .Om.
Hinh 2. Cang chinh Hai Phdng cho tdu 10.000 DWT Danh gia ve cong trinh:
Trong thi cdng vd khai thdc
Trong qua trinh thi cdng da xay ra hien t u g n g chuyen djch cue bd cua mdt sd doan tUdng ben ra phia ngoai khu nude, tai vj tri Idn nhat tdi khoang 80em. Nguyen nhan ehii yeu la dieu kien dja chat cdng trinh (nen dat yeu cd chieu day Idn), trinh t u va bien phap thi cdng eac hang muc lap vat lieu Idng ben ehUa hgp ly...; de khac phuc, ngUdi ta da dieu chinh ve khoang each va tang eUdng ket cau neo, bd sung ket cau
Tapchi HdnghdiVietNam • 8 / 2 0 1 0 - 4 3
ia!hM!M«iesRgwavs"
giam tai, dieu chinh kich thudc dam mu de tao mat phang neo dau tau. Ket qua eho thay cdng trinh dan di vao dn djnh, dam bao dieu kien khai thac; viec khai thac qua tai gan nhu da trd thanh mdt tien le khdng the tranh khdi ddi vdi hau het eac ben ciia cang Hai Phdng do yeu cau cua viee giai phdng tau nhanh, lugng hang hda vugt qua cdng suat thiet ke; trong nhieu nam khai thac, cdng trinh thudng ehi duge duy tu, sda chda nhdng hang muc cd anh hUdng trUe tiep den khai thac nhu sda chda ket eau mat ben, thay the dem tau... Van de kiem dinh danh gia toan dien hien trang va chat lugng cdn lai cua cdng trinh chi mdi dugc thue hien khoang 10 nam gan day.
Hien trgng cdng trinh
Cho den nay, viee kiem djnh danh gia hien trang va thiet ke nang cap tai trgng tau da duge tien hanh eho hau het cac ben tudng cd eiia cang Hai Phdng; Ben sd 4,5 va 6 dugc kiem djnh khai thac vdi can cau SOKOL va nang cap cho tau dudi 50.000 DWT giam tai ra vao nam 2002; Ben sd 1, 2 va 3 dugc kiem dinh va nang cap eho tau dudi 30.000 DWT giam tai ra vao nam 2004; Ben sd 7, 8 dugc kiem dinh va nang cap eho tau dudi 25.000 DWT giam tai ra vao nam 2008.
Qua ket qua danh gia chat lugng ket cau cdng trinh cho thay, ve co ban, ket cau cae ben dam bao kha nang chiu luc, dn dinh ve vj tri va do thang ciia tuyen ben eho tau neo dau;
ket eau thanh neo thep duge bao ve tdt chdng sU xam thuc ciia mdi trudng; tudng ben bang cdthep Larsen V tai khu vUe ngap nUde bj an mdn vdi tdc do trung binh khoang 0.045 - 0.062mm/nam. Ket qua thi nghiem thanh phan hda eiia cac mau lay true tiep tren cdng trinh cho thay vat lieu che tao ed la thep hgp kim thap, nen tde do an mdn la nhd; de dam bao dieu kien dn djnh tdng the (trugt sau theo mat trugt cung trdn) can phai han che tai trgng khai thac tren ben, nhat la tai khu vUe bai phia sau chan can cau tai trgng phan bd khdng dugc vugt quad T/m2.
Khu cang Chiia Ve
Cang Chiia Ve duge xay dung td cudi nhdng nam 70 ciia the ky trUde vdi 2 ben tau vdi tdng chieu dai 330m. Cdng trinh dugc bd tri lien bd ed ket cau dang cau tau be cao mem bang BTCTtren nen egc BTCT tiet dien 40 x40em, hien la ben chuyen dung bdc dd hang container.
Trong giai doan cai tao nang cap cang Hai Phdng bang ngudn vdn ODA eiia Chinh phii Nhat Ban, cang Chiia Ve da duge xay dung them 03 ben eho tau 10.000 DWT va cae tau cd tai trgng Idn hon giam tai ra vao neo dau.
Kit cdu cdng trinh
Cdng trinh dugc thiet ke lien bd cd dang eau tau trUde, ed sau.
Ket cdu cdu tdu
Cau tau ed ket eau dang be cao mem bang BTCTtren nen cgc dng thep. Trong do: Ket cau be la he dam theo phuong ngang va dgc ben, mat ben dugc hinh thanh tUban mat bang BTCT dd lien khdi vdi he thdng dam; nen mdng sd dung cgc dng thep dUdng kinh (D700 va 0800mm day 12mm, ky hieu SKK-400 cd cudng dp chiu keo 4100kg/em^ dai 39.4 ^ 42.4m bd tri tai cac diem giao ciia dam. Cgc (|)700 dugc ddng don
TYPICAL CROSS SECTION
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Hinh 3. Mat cat ngang ben Cang Chiia Ve - Hai Phdng thang ddng, cgc (D800 duge ddng xien chum ddi de chii yeu chju tai trgng ngang va chdng chuyen vj ciia cdng trinh ra phia khu nude; gam ben dugc gia cd bang mai dde da do cd do dde 1:2 tren nen dat tU nhien duge nao vet vdi do dde 1:2.5; dau egc dng thep duge bge bang BTCT do tai chd xudng cao do + 0.00m, thap hon mUe nude thap thiet ke 0.6m.
Ket cdu tudng ed
Tudng cd sd dung cgc van thep loai U-IIIA, vat lieu SY295 theo tieu chuan JIS A 5528; duge ddng thang ddng thanh tudng chan kin phia sau eau tau; dau cd lien ket cdng vdi dam dgc trong eCing eua cau tau va dugc bge bang BTCT do tai eho xudng dudi mUc nUde thap thiet ke, mui edduge ddng cam xudng Idp dat cd kha nang chju lUc tdt.
Gia ednen bdi sau ben
Nen dat yeu sau ben duge gia cd bang phuong phap bac tham thoat nude thang ddng cd gia tai trUde. Vdi do Idn ed ket 90% du tinh khoang 1.0m
Ddnh gid ve cdng trinh
Ket eau dang eau trUde, cd sau sd dung cgc thep cho ket cau mdng lan dau tien duge ap dung d khu vUc Hai Phdng, noi ed dac diem eo ban la nen dat yeu phan bd vdi chieu day Idn. Sau mgt qua trinh khai thac cho thay ket eau td ra phii hgp vdi dieu kien tU nhien eua khu vUe va dieu kien khai thac eiia cdng trinh; trong qua trinh thi cdng da ed xay ra sU ed ddi vdi ben dau tien khi ehUa ed sU phdi hgp tdt gida viec thi cdng he thdng dam, ban cda eau tau va san lap dat sau lUng tUdng cddadanden ndt ngang tiet dien cua mdt sd dam BTCT, phai sd ly bang phuong phap bom vda polyme. Odi vdi cac ben thi cdng sau da riit duge kinh nghiem ve van de nay; mac dii khu cang Chiia Ve nam d trong sdng, nhung van nam trong khu vUe chiu anh hudng xam thUc kha manh eiia mdi trUdng bien.
Tuy nhien, cdng trinh khdng thiet ke he thdng bao ve chdng an mdn cho phan cgc thep ngap trong nude; ddng thdi cung khdng cd do du trd chieu day cgc cho an mdn.
Do vay, viec dam bao tuoi thg eiia he thdng mdng cgc thep cua cdng trinh la van de can phai quan tam trong qua trinh khai thac. Trong do, viee kiem djnh cdng trinh theo dinh ky
(Xem tiep /rang 42)
