NGHIEN CLTU - TRAO DO!
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TINH PHO B161 VA TINH D A C THU CUA QIJYIN CON NGU61 TIJ PHUONG Dito GIAO DUG
1. Quan niem ve quyen con nguoi tCr phu'ong dien giao due
Tir phuong dien giao due, cd the quan niem quyen con ngudi la ddi tugng tac dpng ciia chinh sach nha nude ve giao due (chinh sleh giao due quyen eon ngudi), doi tupng dieu chinh cua phlp luat ve giao due (phap luat ve giao due quyen eon ngudi) va la quyen ca ban cua eon ngudi trong ITnh vuc giao due (quyen ciia con ngudi duge hudng nen giao due tien bg), la ndi dung quan trpng eiia cdng tac giao due ciia xa hoi doi vdi con ngirdfi (cdng tic gilo due quyen con ngudi cua xa bdi).
/. /. Quyen con ngudi - ddi tuemg tdc dpng ciia chinh sdch nhd nude ve gido due
Khi quyen con ngudi trd thanh ddi tugng tic dpng ciia chinh sleh nha nude ve giao due thi tir gdc do he th6ng, trong be thdng cac chinh sach giao due cua nhl nude xult hien bp phan mdi (hay chinh sach mdi hoac phan he chinh sleh mdi) - bg phan (chinh sach, phIn he chinh sleh) gilo due quyen con ngirdi. - •
Chinh sleh (hay phan he chinh sach) gilo due quyen con ngudi ciia nhl nude la toln bp cle quan diem, thai dp ciia nha nude deii vdi viec gilo due quyen con
PGS. TS. NGUYEN VAN DONG *
ngudi, trong dd chira dung nhiing cbii truong Idn, mang tinh tdng the, khai quat ve muc tieu, tinh chat, noi dung, nguyen tac, binh thuc, phuong phap giao due quyen con ngudi... nham hinh thinh d mdi c l nhan nhirng tri thirc va phim chit nhlt dinh, tren co sd dd ca nhan mdi cd dii kha nang va dieu kien thuc bien quyen eon ngudi cua minh mpt each dung dan. Chinh sleh gilo due quyen con ngirdi ciia nha nude duge the che boi thinh phlp luat ve gilo due quyen con ngudi, co gil trj bat huge ddi vdi mgi c l nhin, td chirc trong xa hoi va duge nha nude bio dam thuc hien bang tat ca cac bien phap, trong do cd bien phap cuong che.
Viec xay dung vl hoan thien chinh sleh gilo due quyen eon ngudi la nghTa vu cua mdi nhl nude trong thai dai ngly nay nham tao CO sd, nen ting de xay dung va hoan thien phap luat gilo due quyen con ngudi.
1.2. Quyen con ngudi - ddi tuang dieu chinh cua phdp ludt ve gido due
Nhu tren da ndi. chinh sleh giao due quyen con ngudi phai duge the che boa thanh phap luat ve giao due quyen con ngirdi
Giang vien chinh Khoa hanh chinh-nha nuoc Truong Dai hoc Luat Ha Noi
de cho xa hdi phai thuc hien thi chinh sleh giao due quyen eon ngudi cua nha nude mdi duge "hien thue boa", "vat chit boa". Khi quyen eon ngudi la doi tugng tac dong cua chinh sleh giao due cua rrbl nude thi nd cung trd thanh doi tugng diiu chinh cua phlp luat ve giao due. Nhu vay, tir gdc do be thdng, trong he th6ng phap luat ve giao due ciang xuat hien bg phan phap luat mdi (hay he thdng phap luat nhd mdi hoac phIn he phlp luat mdi) - bg phan phap luat (be thdng phap luat nhd hay phan he phap luat) ve giao due quyen eon ngudi.
Phlp luat ve giao due quyen con ngudi la toan bg cac quy pham phap luat ve giao due quyen eon ngudi, do nha nude dat ra (hoac thira nhan), the hien y chi nha nude va duge nhl nude bao dam thue hien.
Tren co sd chinh sach giao due quyen con ngudi, cle nhl nude deu cd nghTa vu xay dung va hoan thien phap luat ve giao due quyen con ngudi.
L3. Quyen con nguai - quyen ca bdn ciia con nguai trong linh vice gido due (quyen eiia con nguoi duac huemg nen gido due tien bp)
Quyen cua con ngudi duge budng nen gilo due tien bg la kha nang cua con ngudi duge ddi hdi, duge yeu cau nha nude vl xa hoi dip img cac nhu cau chinh dang cua minh vi hgc tap, nang cao trinh do hieu biet mang tinh tich cue ve tu nhien, xa hoi va ve chinh con ngudi; duge tu minh thuc hien nhting binh vi hgp phap, chinh dang nham thoa man cle nhu cau hgp phap, chinh ding
ciia minh ve tri thiic van boa tien bg va nhiing hieu biet, kham pha khac.
Moi nha nuoe trong thdi dai ngay nay khong nhirng cd nghTa vu ghi nhan v l bio dam thuc hien quyen ciia eon ngudi duge budng nen giao due tien bg ma cdn thudng xuyen md rong noi dung v l hoan thien nhiing bao dam phap li cho viec thuc hien quyen nay phu hgp vdi su phat trien va thay ddi cua xa hoi v l cua thai dai.
L4. Quyen con nguai - npi dung quan trpng trong cdng tdc gido due ciia xd hoi ddi vdi con nguai (cdng tdc gida due quyen eon nguai cua xd hoi)
Trong xu the xa boi hoa giao due thi giao due quyen con ngudi da va dang trd thanh bg phan, noi dung quan trgng cua cong tie giao due eiia xa hdi. Cdng tac giao due cua xa hdi la toan bg nhirng boat ddng cd muc tieu, dinh hudng, nguyen tac, npi dung, hinh thiie, phuong phap nhat dinh, do cac td chuc xa bdi va mgi ea nhan tien banh d6i vdi con ngudi nham cung cap cho eon ngudi nhirng tri thiic can thiet va pham chat can ed de hg ed suy nghT dung va thue bien hanh vi dung phu hgp vdi y ehi va Igi ich chung cua xa bdi. Vdi y nghTa nhu vay, giao due quyen con ngudi tir phia xa hoi 11 boat dong cua xa hoi nham cung cap cho eon ngudi nhiing tri thiie can thiet ve quyin eon ngudi, hinh thanh d eon ngudi nhirng phim chat can cd de thue hien quyen con ngudi mot each diing dan, phu hop vdi y chi va Igi ich chung cua xa hoi.
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Cac td chirc xa bdi va cle doan the quan chiing trong moi quoc gia duong dai CO nghTa vu thudng xuyen ddi mdi, holn thien noi dung, hinh thiic, phuong phap giao due quyen con ngudi, nham hinb thanh vl bdi duong kien thirc chung ve quyen con ngudi trong xa hoi, tren co sd do dinh hudng hinb vi dung dan eiia eon ngudi trong xa bdi.
2. Tinh pho bien va tinh dac thii ciia quyen con nguoi tu- phu-oiig dien giao due
• 2.1. Tinh phd bien vd tinh ddc thic ciia quyen con ngudi
Quyen con ngudi - gil tri xa hoi duge thira nhan chung tren toan the gidi tu bin than no da cd tinh pho bien va tinh dac thu.
Tinh phd bien ciia quyen eon ngudi da dupe tuyen bo tir Tuyen ng6n dpc lap cua My nam 1776, Tuyen ng6n nhan quyen v l dan quyen cua Phap nam 1789 va dac biet dupe tiep tue khang djnh trong Tuyen ngdn the gidi ve nhan quyen cua Lien hgp qude nam 1948: "Mpi ngudi sinh ra deu tu do vd hinh ddng ve pham gid vd cdc quyen"
(Dieu 1): "Mpi ngudi deu duac hudng tdt cd cdc quyen vd tu do neu trong bdn Tuyen ngon ndy, khdng cd bdt ki sir phdn biet ddi xit ndo ve chung tdc, mdu da, gidi tinh, ngon ngu, tdn gido, chinh kien hoac quan diem khdc, ngudn gdc ddn toe hoac xd hoi, tdi sdn, gidng ndi hay cdc tinh trgng A:/;ac"(Diiu2).<"
Nhu vay, theo tinh than cua Idi van trong cac ban tuyen ng6n thi tinh ph6 bien cua
quyen con ngudi duge bieu la bat cir ai dii ngudi do d dau, thudc ve dan toe nao, chung toe nlo, nam hay nir, tinh trang tai sin ra sao, ed chinh kien gi... deu cd cac quyen con ngudi vdn cd cua minh, khdng ai cd the tude doat duge.
Tuy vay, quyen con ngudi cdn cd tinh dac thii ciia nd. Tinh dac thu nly ed duge la do quyen eon ngudi ludn ludn gan chat vdi con ngudi ma mdi con ngudi deu la thinh vien ciia mot cdng ddng ngudi cd chung ngudn goc hinh thanh, tam li-tu tudng, ngon ngii, ldi sdng, sinh boat cdng ddng, van boa, phong tue, tap quan, phuong thirc san xuat, V.V.; cho nen viec chuyen boa quyen eon ngudi tir chd la nhting kbi nang ed duge, cd the sang trang thai hien thuc boi elc kha nang do trong mdi ca nhan luon ludn bi chi phdi (hay chiu sir tic ddng) bdi cac nhan td hinh thinh va tdn tai con ngudi ciing nhu cac nhan td quyet dinh su boat ddng (bay sinh boat) cua con ngudi. Ndi each khac, su
"hien thue hoi", "vat chat boa" quyen con ngudi ciia mdi ca nhan, mdi cdng ddng ngudi deu chiu anh hudng cua cle nhan td ve kinh te, chinh tri, van hoi, xa hoi...
trong mdi quoc gia, dan tdc, mdi khu vuc tren the gidi.
Vdi nhan thiic nhu tren ve nguyen cd sinh ra "tinh dac thii cua quyen con ngudi", cd the khang dinh rang tinh dac thii eiia quyen eon ngudi khdng nam d ndi dung ban chat cua quyen con ngudi ma ton tai d kbiu
"hien thuc hoa", "vat chat boa" quyin con
ngudi trong moi quoc gia, moi dan toe, mdi khu vuc cua thi gidi duong dai.
2.2. Bieu hien cua tinh phd biin vd tinh ddc thu eiia quyen eon ngudi tic phuang dien gieio due
- Ve chinh sach giao due quyin con ngudi cua m6i qu6e gia
Chung toi cho rang giao due quyin eon ngudi ed the da trd thanh chu truong chung cua nhieu qu6c gia tren thi gidi theo tinh than cua cac van ban mang tinh tuyen ngon va mang tinh phap li cua Lien hgp qude ve quyen con ngudi (bieu hien cua tinh phd bien cua quyen con ngudi tir phuong dien giao due). Tuy nhien, viec chuyen hoa tu chu truong giao due quyen con ngudi thinh chinh sleh qude gia ve gilo due quyen eon ngudi v l thuc hien chinh sach quoc gia ve giao due quyen eon ngudi d mdi qude gia eiing ed nhting diem khac nhau, tuy thuoc vao dac diem ve tam li-tu tudng, van boa, chinh tri, xa hoi, kinh te, khi nang va dieu kien trong timg quoc gia, dan toe (bieu bien cua tinh dac thu cua quyen con ngudi tir phuong dien giao due). Ben canh do, ciang thly duge rang ndi dung, mirc do hoan thien trong chinh sleh qu6c gia ve giao due quyen con ngudi d mdi quoc gia ciing khac nhau tiiy thudc vIo miie do va kha nang nhan thirc cua gidi lanh dao v l dieu hanh qu6e gia ve y nghTa, tam quan trgng cua giao due quyen eon ngudi ddi vdi viec thue hien quyen eon ngudi d nude minh.
- Doi vdi phap luat v i giao due quyen
con nguai
Cac qude gia thanh vien Lien hgp qude.
dac biet 11 cac quoc gia thanh vien cac c6ng udc cua Lien hgp qu6c ve quyen con ngudi da xay dung duge d nude minh he thdng phap luat ve quyen con ngudi.
Nhung cd the it qude gia, neu nhu khong mudn ndi 11 khdng quoc gia nao xay dung duge cho rieng minh he thong phap luat ve giao due quyen con ngudi. Tinh hinh do dang dat ra trude nhieu qu6c gia tren the gidi nhiem vu can sdm xay dung (ddi vdi nhiing qude gia chua cd he thong phap luat nly) va holn thien (doi vdi cac qude gia da xly dung nhung chua day du be thdng phap luat do) he thdng phap luat ve giao due quyen eon ngudi.
Chac chan nhieu quoc gia tren the gidi deu ed nhan thirc chung ve sir can thiet phii ed phap luat dieu chinh van de giao due quyen con ngudi phii hgp vdi quan diem cua Lien hgp quoc da duge ghi nhan trong cac van ban mang tinh tuyen ngdn va mang tinh phlp li ve quyen con ngudi (bieu hien eiia tinh ph6 bien cua quyen eon ngudi tir phuang dien giao due) nhung trong qua trinh xay dung va holn thien be thdng phap luat ve giao due quyen eon ngudi chic chin se n6i len nhiing net rieng biet cua mdi quoc gia (bieu hien cua tinh dac thu ciia quyen con ngudi tir phuang dien giao due), vi phap luat lu6n luon chiu sir chi phdi (sir tie ddng) cua cac dieu kien kinh ti, chinh tri, van boa, xa hdi... trong tirng nude, timg
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dan tpc. Sir khlc nhau va net rieng biet do dupe the hien d pham vi va mire dp dieu chinh ciia phap luat, noi dung cua phap luat va hinh thire the hien cua phap luat (vi du:
CO nude ban banh dao luat nhung cd quoc gia chi cd mdt van bin dudi luat); mirc do, kha nang nhan thirc cua nha nude va nhl lam luat ve ddi tugng dieu chinh eiia phlp luat ciang nhu trinh do kT thuat xay dung phap luat.
0 Viet Nam hien nay, tuy chua cd van ban quy pham phap luat rieng ve giao due quyen con ngudi nhung da cd nhiing quy pham phlp luat quy dinh ve nghTa vu ciia Nha nude, gia dinh va xa bdi trong viec gilo due thanh thieu nien va cac cdng dan khac ma cac quy pham phap luat ay nam rai rac trong nhieu dao luat, bd luat va cac van bin quy pham phlp luat dudi luat khac thudc cac nganh luat khlc nhau.
- Ve quyen ciia con ngudi duge hudng nen giao due tien bg
Quyen cua con ngudi duge hudng nen giao due tien bg da duge ghi nhan trong Tuyen ngdn nhan quyen cua Lien hgp qude nam 1948 (Dieu 26) va Cdng ude cua Lien hgp quoc ve cac quyen kinh te, xa hdi va van hoa nam 1966 (Dieu 13). Day chinh 11 nipt bieu hien cua tinh pho bien cua quyen con ngudi tir phuang dien giao due. Tuy vay, mirc dp va pham vi m l phap luat ghi nhan, md rong ciing nhu bio dam thue hien quyen nly ciia con ngudi d mdi qude gia ciing khdng the gi6ng nhau do m6i quoc gia
cd nhung hoan cInh, dieu kien va kha nang khac nhau ve kinh te, chinh tri, van boa.
giao due, khoa hgc, xa hdi... (bieu hien ciia tinh dac thii cua quyen con ngudi tir phuang dien gilo due).
Chang ban, d Viet Nam bien nay, mdc do v l pham vi ma phap luat ghi nhan, md rong, bio dam thuc hien ciing nhu ndi dung cua quyen eon ngudi duge hudng nen gilo due tien bg duge the hien trong Hien phap nam 1992 (Chuong III: Van boa, gilo due, khoa hgc, cdng nghe; Dieu 59...), Luat bao ve, cham sdc v l giao due tre em nam 2004, Luat giao due nam 2005... Ben canh dd, neu xet tir gdc do lich su binh thinh va phat trien, quyen hien dinh cua con ngirdi dirge hudng nen giao due tien bg d nude ta cting cd nhirng net dac thii do hoan canh vl dieu kien phat trien dac thu cua Viet Nam: Trong Hien phlp nam 1946, do hoan canh nude ta vira mdi gilnh duge doe lap chua co kha nang va dieu kien de bio dim day dii viec hgc tap cua ngudi dan nen quyen hgc tap ciia cdng dan duge quy dinh mot each giln tiep thdng qua viec quy dinh nhirng bao dim ciia Nha nude ddi vdi blc so bpc, hgc sinh ngheo, md truong tu (Dieu 15); Hien phap nam 1959 khdng nhirng quy dinh quyen hgc tap cua cong dan mpt each true tiep ma cdn bd sung nghTa vu cua Nhl nude bao dam quyen nay (Dieu 33); Hien phap nam 1980 danh ban mot chuong - Chuong III quy dinh ve van hoi, gilo due, khoa hgc, kT thuat, trong do xac dinh rd muc tieu.
nguyen tac phat triin nin giao due (Diiu 40) va tiip tuc quy dinh quyin hgc tap cua cdng dan nhung bd sung quy dinh viec hgc tap kh6ng chi la quyin ma cdn la nghTa vu cua cdng dan va md rong nghTa vu ciia Nhl nude doi vdi quyen hgc tap cua e6ng dan (Dieu 60); Hiin phap nam 1992 bd sung nhieu quy dinh mdi ve giao due va quIn li gilo due (Chuong III) ddng thdi van danh mot dieu luat rieng quy dinh quyin va nghTa vu hgc tap cua cong dan (Dieu 59), trong dd ed nhirng diem mdi nhu ngudi hgc phai tri hgc phi (trir bac tieu hgc), cdng dan ed quyen hgc van boa va hgc nghe bang nhieu hinb thiie; hgc sinh cd nang khieu duge N h l nude vl xa hoi tao dieu kien hgc tap de phat trien tai nang; Nha nude va xa hoi tao dieu kien cho tre em khuyet tat, tre em cd holn eInh dac biet khd khan khlc duge hgc van boa vl hgc nghe phu hgp...
- Ddi vdi cdng tie gilo due quyen con ngudi cua xa boi
Trong nhieu qu6c gia tren the gidi hien nay, giao due quyen con ngudi da va dang duge coi 11 nhiem vu quan trgng ciia toln xa hoi, la bg phan quan trgng trong noi dung gilo due ndi chung cua xa hoi, cu the 11 ciia cac t6 ehiic chinh tri, cac td cbiic chinh tri-xa boi, cle td chirc xa hoi, gia dinh vl cua ca xa boi (bieu hien cua tinh phd biin cua quyen con ngudi tir phuang dien giao due). Tuy vay, quy md, miic do, pham vi, ndi dung, hinh thiic, phuang phap giao due quyin con ngudi ma xa hdi tien
hanh cdng cd sir khac nhau giira cac qude gia, tiiy thudc vao mire do nhan thire cua xa hoi va cle nha lanh dao, dieu hanh xa hdi, eiing nhu hoan canh, dieu kien va kha nang thue te cua moi quoc gia (bieu hien cua tinh ph6 bien cua quyen eon ngudi tir phuong dien giao due). O Viet Nam bien nay dang thuc hien xa boi boa giao due nham thu hiit ca xa bdi vao cdng tac giao due (trong dd cd giao due quyen con ngudi) vl xa bdi hoa giao due da duge phap luat boa. Vi du: cac doan the nhan dan, cac to chirc xa hoi, cac to chirc kinh te, gia dinh cung vdi nha trudng deu cd trach nhiem giao due thanh nien, thieu nien va nhi ddng (Dieu 36 Hien phap nam 1992); Mat tran To quoc Viet Nam cd nhiem vu tuyen truyen, ddng vien nhan dan phat buy quyen lam chu, thuc hien dudng loi, ehu truong, chinh sleh cua Ding, nghiem chinh thi hinh Hien phap v l phap luat (Dieu 2 Luat mat tran T6 qu6e Viet Nam ngly 12/6/1999);
nha trudng cd trlch nhiem chu dong phdi hgp vdi gia dinh va xa hoi thuc bien muc tieu, nguyen Ii giao due (Dieu 93 Luat giao due nam 2005); cha me, ngudi giam bg v l mgi ngudi trong gia dinh ed trach nhiem giao due eon em ve mgi mat (Diiu 94 Luat giao due nam 2005)...
(l).Xem: Hoang Van Hao va Chu H6ng Thanh (chii bien) "Tuyen ngon the gioi ve nhan quyln" trong sach Cdc vdn kien quoc te ve quyen con ngudi, xuSt ban lan thir hai (co siia chira, bo sung), Nxb. Chinh trj quoc gia. Ha Noi, 1998, tr. 63.
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