PHAT TRIEN THI TRUING BAO HIEM NONG NGHIEP 6 TRUNG QUOC
I S . NGUY§N MAU DUNG Dai hoc Nong nghiep Hd Noi
Tom tat: Nham tao dieu kien cho cac hd nong dan khac phuc nhung thiet hai do rui ro trong san xuat nong nghiep gay ra, qua do gdp phan dn dinh san xuat nong nghiep ciia dat nude, trong nhihig nam gan day Chinh phii Trung Quoc da tap trung phat trien thj trudng bao hiem nong nghiep cho cac ho nong dan va coi day la mot trong nhirng van de iru tien trong qua trinh thirc hien chinh sach tam nong ciia minh. Nhd do bao hiem nong nghiep d Trung Quoc da nhanh chdng phat trien va hien nay Trung Quoc da trd thanh nude cd doanh thu phi bao hiem nong nghiep dung thii 2 tren the gidi. Muc dich cua bai viet la tim hieu sir phat trien thj trudng bao hiem nong nghiep ciia Trung Qudc, qua do c6 the rut ra mot sd bai hoc kinh nghiem. Phucmg phap nghien cuu chii yeu la phucmg phap ke thira thong qua vi?c thu thap, tong hop va phan tich cac tai lieu thii cap.
Tif khoa: Bao hiem, nong nghiep, boi thuomg, rui ro, Trung Quoc
M a d a u
San xuat nong nghiep ciia Trung Quoc cd vai tro het siic quan trong trong phat trien kinh te dat nude do cu dan nong thon hien van chiem 53% tong dan sd va lao dong nong nghiep van chiem tdi 39,5% tong lire lugng lao dong ciia ca nude. San xuat nong nghiep khdng chi nham dap ung nhu cau tieu dimg luang thuc, thuc pham khdng Id ciia ngudi dan Trung Quoc ma con dap iing nhu cau xuat khau va quan trong han niia la gdp phan dn djnh xa hoi ciia dat nude dong dan nhat the gidi. Mac dii vay, trong nhimg nam gan day san xuat nong nghiep ciia.Trung
Quoc dang phai ddi mat vdi nhieu thach thuc idn, dac biet la van de riii ro do thien tai nhu bao lut, han han va dich benh gay ra. Nham tao dieu kien cho cac ho nong dan khac phuc nhiing thiet hai do nii ro trong san xuat nong nghiep gay ra, qua do gdp phan dn dinh san xuat nong nghiep ciia dat nude, trong nhCrng nam gan day Chinh phii Trung Quoc da tap trung phat trien thj trudng bao hiem nong nghiep cho cac ho nong dan va coi day la mot trong nhirng van de uu tien trong qua trinh thuc hien chinh sach tam nong ciia minh. Vdi nhiing nd lire ciia Chinh phu, thi trudng bao hiem nong nghiep ciia Trung
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NGHIEN Cl)U TRUNG QUOC so 7(119) - 2011Phat then thj trwdng bao hiem..
Qudc da phat trien manh me. Tdng doanh thu phi bao hiem nong nghiep Trung Quoc da tang len nhanh chdng, dat khoang 1,6 ty USD vao nam 2008 (Ye H. and O. Vergara, 2009) va trd thanh nude cd doanh thu tir phi bao hiem cao thOr hai tren the gidi. Mot ty le dang ke dien tich cay trong, vat nudi tren hau het cac tinh ciia Trung Qudc da dugc bao hiem. Lam the nao de Trung Qudc cd the phat trien mot each nhanh chdng thj trudng bao hiem nong nghiep cua minh, nhiing dac diem ca ban ve hinh thirc to chue va boat dong bao hiem nong nghiep ciia Trung Qudc ra sao, hieu qua boat dong ciia nganh bao hiem nong nghiep a Trung Qudc nhu the nao la nhirng van de dang dugc quan tam de cd the rut ra nhiing bai hoc kinh nghiem.
I. RUI RO TRONG SAN XUAT NONG NGHIEP O TRUNG QUOC
Trung Quoc la nude ddng dan nhat (1,337 ty ngudi) va cung la mot trong sd cac nude san xuat va tieu diing cac san pham nong nghiep nhieu nhat tren the gidi. Mac du dan so Trung Quoc gSp han 4 lln so vdi My nhung dien tich dSt trdng trot ciia Trung Quoc chi bang 75%) dien tich dat trong trot cua My. Chinh vi vay, Trung Qudc phai ap dung nhieu bien phap tham canh tang vu de cd th^ san xuat ra lugng luang thuc thuc pham dap irng nhu chu tieu diing khdng Id trong nude cung nhu d6 xuat khiu trong dieu kien han che vk dat trong, ngudn nude cung nhu cac ngudn lire khac. Nhd do, Trung Quoc da dat dugc nhiing thanh tiru dang ke trong san xuSt nong nghiep ciia minh, tdng
gia tri san pham nong nghiep ciia Trung Qudc cao gap 2 lan cua My. Cac san ph4m nong nghiep chu yeu ciia Trung Quoc bao gdm lua gao (25%) dien tich dat trdng trot).
Ilia my, ngd, ke, mach, khoa! tay, cay an qua, bong, gia cam, Ign, bd sira, thiiy san... Tdng gia tri san pham nganh nong nghiep cua Trung Qudc trong nam 2008 dat 643 ty USD, chi8m khoang 11%) tdng GDP ciia dk nude (Ye H. and O. Vergara, 2009).
San xuat nong nghiep ciia Trung Qudc dugc phan bd tren pham vi khdng gian dia ly rong Idn va kha nhay cam vdi dieu kien thdi tiet khi hau. Tan suat xay ra thien tai d Trung Qudc la tuang ddi cao. Theo danh gia ciia Ngan hang the gidi thi han han, lu lut, mua da, suang mudi la 4 loai thien tai thudng xay ra cd anh hudng idn den san xuat nong nghiep. Ben canh do bao nhiet ddi ciing xay ra tuang ddi phd bien va gay thiet hai dang ke cho san xuat nong nghiep ciia Trung Qudc. Trong 10 nam qua, thien tai da lam anh hudng tir 1/3 den VA dien tich dat trdng trot ciia Trung Qudc. Han han, lu lut, bao, dich benh da gay thiet hai va lam giam 10%
tdng gia trj san xuat nganh trdng trot. Thien tai da lam giam tir 10-80% tdng gia trj san pham ddi vdi mot ty le dang ke dien tich dat trdng trot ciia Trung Qudc (Hinh 1). Nganh chan nudi ciia Trung Qudc cung phai ddi mat vdi mot loai djch benh nhu djch benh Id mom long mdng, djch tai xanh, ciim gia cam, ciim Ign va gay thiet hai dang ke. Theo Guanghua (2008), dich benh da lam thiet hai tir 10-15% tdng gia tri ciia nganh chan nudi Ign ciia Trung Qudc.
NGHIEN CiKU TRUNG QUOC so 7(119) - 2011
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NGUYEN MAU DUNG
40 35 30 25 20 15 10
5 _ 15 : 15 .^3 13 13 14 14 12 11 _
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 n Thiet hsi 10-29% I Thiet h9i 30-79% n Thiet hsi tren 80%
Hinh 1. Tf If dif n tfch trong trpt cua Trung Quoc b| thif t hai tCr 1997-2006 (°/o)
(Ngudn: Hohl R. and Y. Long, 2008).
Trudc tinh hinh dd, dac biet sau khi san xuat nong nghiep ciia Trung Quoc cd chieu hudng suy giam vao nam 2003, Chinh phii Trung Qudc da trien khai thuc hien chinh sach "tam nong" vao nam 2004 nham tung budc xay dung nen nong nghiep phat trien toan dien, cai thien ddi song kinh te xa hoi cho nong dan d eae viing nong thdn. Trong so cac bien phap dugc thuc hien tlii bao hiem ndng nghiep dugc xem la mot cdng cu tai chinh quan trong trong viec dp djnh thu nhap ciia ndng dan va cai thien kha nang phuc hdi san xuat ciia ho sau khi t'j anh hudng bdi thien tai, dich benh. Bao hiem ndng nghiep chinh thiic dugc Chjinh phii Trung Qudc tang cudng thirc hien,tir nam 2007 trd i^i day.
II. P H A T T R J ^ N T H I T R U C J N G BAO
HIEM N 6 N G N G H I E P 6 TRUNG QUOC
2.1. Khai quat lich sir phat trien bao hiem nong nghiep 6* Trung Quoc
Thj trudng bao hiem ndng nghiep' dugc hinh thanh dira tren quan he trao ddi mua
ban bao hiem giiia mdt ben la ngudi ndng dan (ngudi mua) va mot ben la cac cdng ty bao hiem (ngudi ban). Thuc chat BHNN la hinh thuc chuyen giao riii ro tir ngudi mua bao hiem (nong dan) sang ngudi ban bao hiem (cong ty bao hiem) thong qua viec trao ddi mua ban bao hiem trong dd ngudi mua bao hiem phai tra mot muc phi nhat dinh cho ngudi ban va dugc hudng muc bdi thudng theo thda thuan trong trudng hgp cd xay ra riii ro. Thi trudng bao hiem nong nghiep xuat hien dau tien d Trung Qudc each day han 70 nam. Tuy nhien nd da gap phai rat nhieu khd khan de cd the tdn tai va phat trien bdi rat nhieu ly do khac nhau. Qua trinh phat trien ciia bao hiem nong nghiep d Trung Qudc cd the dugc chia lam ba giai doan.
- Giai doan khai dong: Trong nhirng nam 1930-1940 mot s6 dja phuong ciia mot vai tinh da bat dau cung cap djch vu bao hiem ndng nghiep va Cdng ty TNHH Bao hiem Ndng nghiep Trung Qudc da dugc thiSt lap. Tuy nhien cdng ty nay nhanh chdng thdt bai do miic do nii ro cao ciia nganh bao hiem
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NGHIEN Clhl TRUNG QUOC so 7(119) - 2011Phat then thi trudng bao hiem...
nong nghiep, do nen kinh te ciia dat nude chua dii manh va thilu nhirng chinh sach ho trg vao thdi diem dd. Sau khi nude Cong hoa Nhan dan Trung Hoa dugc thanh lap vao nam 1949, Cdng ty Bao hiem Nhan dan Trung Hoa da hoc tap theo md hinh bao hiem ndng nghiep ciia Lien Xd cij va tiSn hanh bao hiem nong nghiep thi di6m d mot sd dja phuang. Tuy nhien Chinh phii Trung Qudc da dCrng viec thi diem bao hiem ndng nghiep nay vao nam 1953 de tap trung ngudn lire cho phat trien kinh te dat nude.
- Giai doan tham do: Bao hiem ndng nghiep dugc khoi phuc va phat trien sau chinh sach ddi mdi va md ciia ciia Trung Qudc. Trong nam 1982, cdng ty Bao hiem Nhan dan Trung Hoa (CPIC) da trien khai djch vu bao hiem nong nghiep. Khi nay Chinh phii Trung Qudc khong cd nhCrng chinh sach hd trg va do vay thua Id trong bao hilm ndng nghiep dugc chi tra nhd nhirng ITnh vyc kinh doanh bao hiem khac ciia cdng ty. Nam 1986, cdng ty Bao hiem Ndng
nghiep va Chan nudi trong tong cdng ty San xuat va xay dimg Tan Cuang (hien nay la cdng ty Bao hiem Tai san Lien hiep Trung Hoa (CUPIC)) dugc thanh lap vdi ITnh vuc kinh doanh chinh la bao hiem ndng nghiep.
Trong giai doan nay bao hiem ndng nghiep boat dong hoan toan tren ca sd thi trudng tu do (khong cd sy can thiep ciia nha nude) nhung ve ca ban deu bj thua Id. Trong thdi gian 1982-1993, doanh thu phi bao hiem ndng nghiep ciia Cong ty Bao hiem Nhan dan Trung Hoa dat 2967 trieu Nhan dan te nhung sd tien den bii cho nong dan len tdi 2877 trieu Nhan dan te. Gia su kinh phi boat ddng (tra luang, giao djch...) la 15% tdng doanh thu phi bao hiem thi cong ty da bj thua Id tdi 355 trieu Nhan dan te. Do thieu nhirng chinh sach hd trg ciia Chinh phii cho nen thj trudng bao hiem ndng nghiep d Trung Qudc cd xu hudng thu hep dan sau khi dat doanh thu phi bao hiem cao nhat vao nam 1992 (817 trieu Nhan dan te). Den nam 2002, doanh thu phi bao hiem ndng nghiep giam chi bang V2 so vdi nam 1992.
2000
1600
1200
8 0 0
4 0 0
m m
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Hinh 2. Doanh thu phi bao hiem nong nghiep ciia Trung Quoc tir
1997-2009 (tri? u USD)
(Ngudn: Hohl R. and Y. Long 2008 va Chinese Gov. 2010)
NGHIEN CliW TRUNG QUOC so 7(119) - 2011
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NGUYIN MAU DUNG
- Giai doan bring no: Sau nam 2002, Trung Qudc tang cudng ho trg tai chinh cho san xuat ndng nghiep va coi bao hiem ndng nghiep la mot phan ciia chuang trinh xay dung ndng thdn mdi XHCN. Nam 2004, Trung uang Dang va Quoc vu vien Trung Quoc da ban hanh van kien Y kien ve mot so chinh sach nham tang thu nhap cho nong dan trong do neu r5 can tang cudng thiet lap ca che chinh sach ddi vai thi trudng bao hiem ndng nghiep, lira ebon mot so san pham d mot sd viing de trien khai thi diem va Chinh phii cd the trg cap miic phi bao hiem nhat djnh cho ndng dan de ndng dan cd the mua bao hiem cho cay trdng va vat nudi ciia minh. Dy an thirc hien thi diem bao hiem ndng nghiep da dugc trien khai tai 7 tinh. Sau do Chinh phii Trung Quoc da ban hanh chinh sach nham tiep tuc md rong ho trg bao hiem ndng nghiep. Vdi nhiing budc di dn dinh ciia dy an thye hien thi diem cung vdi SU quan tam hd trg ciia Chinh phii, thi trudng bao hiem ndng nghiep d Trung Qudc da budc vao giai doan phat trien nhanh chdng, an tugng. Tdng doanh thu phi bao hiem ndng nghiep Trung Qudc da tang tir 91,1 trieu USD vao nam 2005 tdi khoang 800 trieu USD vao nam 2007 va len tdi tren 1,9 ty USD vao nam 2009 (Hinh 2). Trung Qudc da trd thanh nude ed doanh thu tir phi bao hiem nong nghiep cao thii hai tren the gidi sau My.
2.2. Dac diem cua thj trircrng bao hiem nong nghiep a Trung Quoc trong giai doan hien nay
a. Co SU ho tra ddng ke cua Nhd nu&c vd chinh quyen dia phirffng
Ciing vdi cac chinh sach tao dieu kien cho thj trudng bao hiem ndng nghiep phat
trien thi Nha nude va chinh quyen cap tinh d Trung Qudc da trg cap tien mua bao hiem ndng nghiep cho cac ho ndng dan d Trung Quoc va coi do nhu mot bien phap khuyen khich dS nong dan yen tam dau tu mua sam cac y6u to dau vao cd chat lugng cao va ap dung cdng nghe cao trong san xuat nong nghiep. Uy ban Bao hiem Trung Qudc da neu r5 can phat trien nganh bao hiem ndng nghiep dya tren sy chi dao ciia Chinh phii vdi sy hd trg cua chinh sach va boat dong dya vao thi trudng vdi sy tham gia ty nguyen ciia ndng dan. Trong nam 2007, Chinh phii Trung Qudc da trg cap cho ndng dan d 16 tinh mua bao hiem vdi 6 loai cay trong chinh va bao hiem vai Ign nai (md rong vdi ca bd sira tir nam 2008). Mot so cay trong dac thu ciia tinh ma khdng thugc dien dugc nha nude trg cap mua bao hiem thi cd the dugc chinh quyen cap tinh trg cap. Viec trg cap tien mua bao hiem ndng nghiep da giiip cho da sd cac ho nong dan cd the mua bao hiem va nhd dd hg se nhan dugc tien bdi thudng trong trudng hgp xay ra riii ro (thien tai, djch benh). Kinh nghiem ciia nhieu nude cho thay viec trg cap nay la mot bien phap quan trong de thiic day sy phat trien cua thj trudng bao hiem ndng nghiep (Mahul &
Stutley 2010). So tien ma Chinh phii Trung Qudc da diing de trg cap cho nganh bao hiem nong nghiep vao nam 2007 la 300 trieu USD, vao nam 2008 la 900 trieu USD. Nhd dd, 28,88 trieu Ign nai (chiem khoang 60%
tdng sd Ign nai ciia Trung Qudc) va 70%
dien tich gieo trdng (liia va mot sd cay trdng khac) da dugc bao hiem. Theo bao cao ciia Chinh phii Trung Qudc (2010) thi trong nam 2009, tdng miic trg cap cho bao hi6m ndng
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NGHIEN ClJfU TRUNG QUOC s o 7(119) - 2011Phat then thj trudng bao hiem..
nghiep ciia Trung Qudc la 5.97 ty Nhan dan te (khoang 875 trieu USD) va 127 trieu hg ndng dan da mua bao hiem nong nghiep.
b. Tirng bir&c tdi uu ca cau thi tru&ng bao hiem nong nghiep
Ngoai hai cdng ty bao hiem hang dau ciia Trung Qudc tham gia cung cap dich vu bao hiem ndng nghiep la Cdng ty Bao hiem Nhan dan Trung Hoa va Cdng ty Bao hiem Tai san Lien hgp Trung Hoa, tir nam 2004 den nay Trung Quoc da cho phep thanh lap 4 cdng ty chuyen ve bao hiem ndng nghiep, bao gdm:
- Cong ty Bao hiem tuang trg Sunlight: la cdng ty chuyen ve bao hiem ndng nghiep dugc Uy ban Bao hiem Trung Qudc (CIRC) cho phep thanh lap sdm nhat (nam 2004).
Cdng ty cd try sd d tinh Hac Long Giang, tham gia cung cap bao hiem ndng nghiep cho viing, chii yeu dudi hinh thiic bao hiem nang suat.
- Cdng ty Bao hiem nong nghiep Anxin (Thugng Hai): cung cap dich vu bao hiem nganh trong trgt va chan nudi cho viing. Day la cdng ty cung cSp djch vu bao hiem dich benh gia sue, gia cam Idn nhat d Trung Qudc.
- Cdng ty Bao hiem ndng nghiep Anhua (tinh Cat Lam) la cdng ty thuang mai dugc thanh lap vdi sy tham gia ciia 7 doanh nghiep dja phuang cd sd von ban dau khoang 25 trieu USD. Trong nam 2005, cdng ty nay da cung cap bao hiem thi diem cho 6 san ph§m ndng nghiep la ngd, thude la, dau tay, bd sira, ign, gia cam.
- Cdng ty Bao hi6m Ndng nghiep Guoyan (tinh An Huy): la cdng ty bao hilm ndng nghiep mdi dugc thanh lap nam 2008.
Ngoai ra cdng ty bao hiem Groupama ciia Phap dugc Trung Qudc cho phep boat ddng cung cap dich vu bao hiem ndng nghiep cho ndng dan d tinh Tii Xuyen tir nam 2005.
Nhu vay md hinh thj trudng bao hiem ndng nghiep da dugc hinh thanh va dang tirng budc dugc tdi uu. Tat ca cac cdng ty dugc cho phep cung cap bao hiem ndng nghiep ciing boat ddng tren nguyen tac cd sy phdi hgp trong viec cung cap dich vu bao hiem ndng nghiep cho cac hg ndng dan. Cac cdng ty bao hiem nhan dugc hd trg tai chinh thong qua trg cap phi bao hiem cho ndng dan ciia Nha nude va chinh quyen dja phuang, ddng thdi nhan dugc sy trg giiip ky thuat ciia phong ndng nghiep, phong thiiy Igi, phong khi tugng thiiy van d cac dia phuang.
Uy ban Bao hiem Trung Qudc (CIRC) da tirng budc tang cudng quan ly mire phi ban bao hiem ndng nghiep va ban hanh quy che thye hien bdi thudng ddi vdi cac cdng ty bao hiem. Qua trinh giam sat chi phi boat ddng va ke toan doc lap ddi vdi nganh bao hiem ndng nghiep da dugc tien hanh nham han che cd hieu qua cac nii ro trong bao hiem ndng nghiep va bao ve quyen Igi ciia ndng dan khi tham gia bao hiem.
c. Tirng bu&c da dang hoa cac hinh thuc, chiing loai dich vu bao hiem nong nghiep
Tiiy theo nhu cau thye te ciia ngudi ndng dan d mdi dja phuang, cac cdng ty bao hiem se phat trien va tang cudng cung cap cac djch vu bao hiem ddi vdi cac loai san pham ndng nghiep. Ngoai viec cung cap djch vu bao hiem cho cac cay luang thye chinh thi mot so djch vu bao hiem dac biet cho cay an qua, nho, cay thude la va bao hiem gia san
NGHIEN CliU TRUNG QUOC so 7(119) - 2011
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NGUYEN MAU DUNG
pham nong san, bao hiem chat lugng san pham nong san cung da dugc phat trien.
Hien cac cong ty bao hiem da cung cap khoang ban 160 djch vu bao hiem nong nghiep khac nhau trong nganh trong trgt va chan nudi tren ca nude. Nhin chung cac dich vu bao hiem nong nghiep cua cay trong chii ylu theo hinh thiic bao hiem dya vao nang suat, mot so it la bao hiem dya vao thiet hai, bao hiem theo chi sd mdi dang trong qua trinh nghien ciiu chu: chua dugc ap dung d Trung Quoc.
d. Tham gia bao hiem nong nghiep la tu- ng uy en doi v&i ho nong dan
Tham gia bao hiem ndng nghiep dugc xac dinh la ty nguyen, khong bat huge ddi vdi hg nong dan. Tuy nhien neu hg ndng dan mua bao hiem nong nghiep thi se nhan dugc tien trg cap phi bao hiem va khi riii ro xay ra se dugc cdng ty bao hiem boi thudng theo cac dieu khoan trong hgp ddng bao hiem da dugc ky ket giu'a hg ndng dan vdi cong ty.
Thong thudng Nha nude se trg cap khoang 35% phi bao hiem cho nong dan, chinh quyen cap tinh se trg cap 25%, con chinh quyen cap huyen se trg cap khdng dudi 10%
miic phi bao hiem cho nong dan. Nhu vay hg ndng dan chi phai tra khoang 10-30% miic phi bao hiem.
e. Xac dinh mire phi bao hiem vd tien boi thu&ng
Miic phi bao hiem dugc xac dinh thong qua thda thuan giCra cdng ty bao hiem vdi chinh quyen cap tinh. Ddi khi miic phi bao hiem dugc xac dinh dya tren viec phan tich sd lieu thye te can cii vao dien tich gieo trong, ty le dien tich bj anh hudng bdi thien
tai, va miie do thiet hai nang suat cay trdng.
Miic phi bao hiem, diSu khoan trong hgp dong bao hiem la khac nhau giiia cac tinh, tuy nhien trong cung mot tinh thi miic phi bao hiem va cac dieu khoan bao hiem pho biln la nhu nhau (trir cong ty bao hi§m Sunlight), do vay miic phi bao hiem khdng phan anh dugc thye te la xac suat xay ra nii ro giira cac dia phuang trong mot tinh cd the khac nhau.
Mure tien boi thudng va gia tri dugc bao hi8m dugc xac dinh dya tren chi phi vat chat ma hg nong dan dau tu cho cay trdng, vat nudi. Truac het, miic chi phi vat chat binh quan cho mot dan vi dien tich ciia mot loai cay trdng se dugc xac djnh va dugc sii dung lam can cii bdi thudng bao hiem doi vdi loai cay trong do (Thudng tuang duang tir 30- 70%) tong chi phi san xu^t). Day chinh la tdng gia tri bao hiem cho mot dan vi dien tich cua cay trdng do. Tong gia trj bao hiem cho cay trong dd c6 the cao han mot chiit so vdi tdng chi phi vat chat thye te nhung thudng khdng vugt qua 50%) tdng gia tri san pham eiia cay trdng do trong dieu kien binh thudng. Khi nang suat cay trdng xuong thap ban miic quy dinh (miic quy dinh thudng la 70%) so vdi miic nang suat thong thudng) thi hg ndng dan se nhan dugc tien boi thudng xac dinh theo cdng thiic: Tien boi thudng = Tong gia tri dugc bao hiem/ dan vi dien tich X (nang suat dugc bao hiem- nang suat thye te) X dien tich mua bao hiem. Miic phi bao hiem dao dong tir 4-13,5% so vdi tdng gia trj dugc bao hiem tiiy theo tirng loai cay trdng va tirng tinh (bang 1). Miic phi bao hiem dugc chia se theo ty le chii yeu la Nha nude 35%, chinh quyen tinh 25%, chinh quySn huyen 10-30%) va ngudi dan bd ra 10-30%).
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NGHIEN CliU TRUNG QUOC so 7(119) - 2011Phat then thj trudng bao hiem.
Bang 1. Phi bao hiem.va tong gia trj du-gc bao hiem ciia mot so cay trong d Trung Quoc
Tinh/viing
HaBic
N6i Mong Co
Lieu Ninh
Cat Lam
Giang Tay HaBSc An Huy
Cay1r6ng
Lua mi Ngo Lua mi
Ngo Liia Ngo Lua Ngo Oau tuang
Lua Liia Lua mi
T6ng GTDBH*
(NDte/ha)
4500 3900 5250 5250 6000 4200 4000 3000 2500 3000 3600 3900
Miic phi bao hl6m /T6ng GTDBH(%)
5 7 8 10
8 13.4
8 10
8 6 5 4
Tyle chia se phi baohi6m(%)
35:25:20:20 35:25:20:20 35:25:30:10 35:25:30:10 35:25:20:20 35:25:20:20 35:25:20:20 35:25:20:20 35:25:20:20 35:25:5:35 35:25:10:30 35:25:20:20
Chi phi vat diat(ND
te^a) 4335 2409 5323 3437 4997 2645 3677 3190 1805 3300 3356 3084
T&igGlDBH/
T6ng dii phi (%)
53.3 44.5 50.9 60,0 40.7 43.3 31.9 36.5 40.6 32.0 42.6 48.7
*TGTBH: Tong gid tri duac bao hiem (Ngudn: Yang R. at al., 2010)
2.3. Mot so thach thirc doi voi thj tru-cmg bao hiem nong nghiep cua Trung Quoc
Mac du thj trudng bao hiem ndng nghiep ciia Trung Qudc phat tri6n rat nhanh chdng va manh me trong nhung nam gan day, dac biet la tir nam 2007 nhd chinh sach uu tien phat triln ciia Nha nude va trg cSp phi bao hiem cho ndng dan, tuy nhien sy phat trien cua thj trudng bao hiem ndng nghiep Trung Qudc dang phai ddi mat vdi mot sd thach thirc Idn cd anh hudng den qua trinh phat triln. NhCrng thach thiic nay bao gom:
- Khd khan trong can doi ngudn tai chinh hd trg mua bao hi6m cho ndng dan: Chinh phii Trung Qudc da sii dung so ti§n trg cap
rat Idn de hd trg ndng dan mua bao hiem ndng nghiep va cd the ndi sy phat trien ciia thj trudng bao hiem nong nghiep cua Trung Qudc hien nay la chu yeu nhd vao tien trg cap mua bao hiem cho ndng dan. Trong thye te sd tien ma ndng dan bd ra de mua bao hiem ndng nghiep chi bang tir 10-30% tdng phi mua bao hiem ndng nghiep, cdn lai sd tien trg cap chiem tir 70-90%. Trong thye te, Nha nude Trung Qudc cd the se phai cat giam chi phi trg cap cho bao hiem ndng nghiep trong nhirng nam tdi do khd khan ve ngan sach. Chinh quyen cap tinh eiia nhieu dja phuang ciing da va dang gap phai khd khan trong viec can ddi ngan sach de hd trg cho bao hiem ndng nghiep (Yang R. at al.
NGHIEN ClJfU TRUNG QUOC so 7(119) - 2011
25
NGUYEN MAU DUNG
2010). Nhu vay neu Trung Quoc cat giam trg cap mua bao hiem cho ndng dan, khi do ndng dan se phai tra nhieu ban de ed the mua dugc bao hiem thi nong dan Trung Qudc, nhat la eae hg ngheo ed eon muon mua bao hiem ndng nghiep niia hay khdng.
Day la van de can dugc xem xet de cd nhirng dieu chinh cho hgp ly.
- He thong van ban phap luat ve bao hiem ndng nghiep chua hoan chinh: Cho den nay Trung Qudc chua cd Luat bao hiem ndng nghiep, va Luat bao hiem ciia Trung Qudc Cling khdng ed nhirng dieu khoan quy dinh cu the ve bao hiem nong nghiep (Yu Zheng 2008, Yu Haiyan 2010). Do muc tieu ciia bao hiem ndng nghiep la nham giiip ndng dan dn djnh san xuat ndng nghiep chii khdng phai nham dat dugc Igi nhuan tdi da gidng nhu cac ITnh vyc bao hiem khac nen he thong van ban phap luat cu the, rieng biet ddi vdi ITnh vyc bao hiem ndng nghiep can dugc xay dyng de cd the dam bao cho sy phat trien ciia thi trudng bao hiem ndng nghiep.
- Nhan thiic chua day dii ve bao hiem ndng nghiep ciia ndng dan: Hau het ndng dan Trung Qudc chua tirng tham gia vao thj trudng bao hiem ndng nghiep trudc day nen nhan thirc eiia hg ve quyen Igi, trach nhiem khi tham gia bao hiem ndng nghiep la chua thye sy day dii. Hg chi dan thuan tham gia mua bao hiem khi dugc trg cap dang ke tir Chinh phii. De dam bao thj trudng bao hiem ed the phat trien mot each dn dinh, ben virng thi cdng tac tuyen truyen giao due nang cao nhan thiic ciia ngudi dan ve bao hiem ndng nghiep la het siic can thiet.
- Riii ro ve dao dure: Riii ro ve dao diic la hien tugng phd bien xay ra ddi vdi eae hinh thiic bao hiem truyen thong nhu bao hiem dya vao thiet hai va bao hiem dya vao nang suat. Riii ro dao diic cd the la sy khdng trung thye ciia ngudi mua bao hiem trong khai bao thiet hai khi gap nii ro, hoac cd the la sy xao nhang trach nhiem ciia hg ndng dan trong viec cham sdc cay trdng, vat nudi ciia minh sau khi da mua bao hiem do tam ly cho rang neu bj thiet hai thi se dugc bao hiem bdi thudng. Day chinh la nguyen nhan gay ra sy that bai eiia rat nhieu chuang trinh bao hiem ndng nghiep tren the gidi. Hinh thiic bao hiem chii yeu dugc ap dyng hien nay d Trung Quoc la bao hiem truyen thong nen khd tranh khoi van de nii ro dao diic. Thiet ke chinh sach bao hiem ciia cac cong ty bao hiem Trung Qudc hien nay la tdng gia trj dugc bao hiem dugc dya tren chi phi vat chat va khdng qua 50%o gia trj san pham.
Dieu nay da ban che dang ke dugc van dk nii ro dao diic. Tuy nhien day van la mot win de can dugc chii y quan tam giai quyet.
Ngoai ra nhiing van de khac nhu viec can thiep qua sau ciia Chinh phii vao viec thilt ke chinh sach bao hiem ndng nghiep ciia cac cong ty bao hiem (Meiqin Zhou, 2009), vkn de lua ebon doi nghich (chi nhung hg cd kha nang bi nii ro cao mdi mua bao hi8m) cung cd th6 anh hudng d8n phat trien thj trudng bao hiem ndng nghiep ciia Trung Quoc trong thdi gian tdi.
III. KET LUAN '^'^
Nham tao dieu kien cho cac hg nong dan khac phuc nhirng thiet hai do nii ro trong san
26
NGHIEN CUU TRUNG QUOC so 7(119) - 2011Phat then thj trudng bao hiem.
xuat ndng nghiep gay ra qua dd gdp phan dn dinh san xuat nong nghiep eiia dat nude, trong nhiing nam gan day Chinh phii Trung Quoc da tap trung phat trien thi trudng bao hiem ndng nghiep cho cac hg ndng dan va coi day la mot trong nhiing van de uu tien trong qua trinh thye hien chinh sach tam nong ciia minh. Nhd cd nhirng chinh sach hd trg ciia Chinh phii, dac biet la khoan trg cap phi bao hiem Idn cho cac hg ndng dan nen bao hiem ndng nghiep d Trung Qudc da dugc phat tren nhanh chdng vdi doanh thu phi bao hiem trong nam 2009 dat tdi gan 2 ty USD vdi khoang 127 trieu hg mua bao hiem.
Trung Qudc da trd thanh nude cd doanh thu phi bao hiem dirng thii hai tren the gidi.
Nhirng dac diSm ca ban cua thj trudng bao hi8m Trung Qudc hien nay la cd sy hd trg dang kS ciia Nha nude va chinh quyen dia phuang, tung budc toi uu hda thj trudng bao hiem, da dang hda san phSm dich vu bao hiem, ty nguyen tham gia vai mire phi thap, miic bdi thudng thap va dugc xac dinh dya vao chi phi vat chit d4u tu cho san xuat. Khd khan ve huy ddng nguon tai chinh, he thong van ban phap luat vk bao hiem ndng nghiep chua hoan chinh, nhan thiic chua day dii ve bao hiem ndng nghiep eiia ndng dan va van dh nii ro dao diic la nhirng thach thirc chii yeu ddi vdi phat trien thi trudng bao hiem ndng nghiep Trung Quoc trong thdi gian tdi.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Chiness Government. 2010. Report on China's central, local budgets in 2009. Official
Publication, http://www.gov.cn/english/official/
2010-03/16/content_1556778_3.htm
2. Hohl R. and Y. Long. 2008. Setting up Sustainable Agricultural Insurance in China.
Focus report. Swiss Reinsurance Co. Zurich.
Switzerland.
3. Mahul O. and C. J. Stutley (2010) Government Support to Agricultural Insurance:
Challenges and Options for Developing Countries. The World Banic. Washington DC.
4. Meiqin Zhou. 2009. Review and research on crop insurance system of China - case study in Hunan Province - Beijing Normal University. www.nexus-idrim.net/idrim09/
Kyoto/
5. SU Guang-hua (2008). Research on Progress of Breeding for Disease Resistance in Pig. Joumal of China Animal Husbandry &
Veterinary Medicine. Issue 6.
6. Yang R. at aL (2010) Evaluation on the efficiency of crop insurance in China's major grain-producing area. Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia 1 (2010) 90-99
7. Ye H. and O. Vergara. 2009.
Agricultural Risk and the Crop Insurance Market in China AIR Current, www.air-worldwide.com/
8. Yu Zheng at al. 2008. Suggestion on Promoting Agricultural Insurance in China.
International Joumal of Business Management.
Vol 3 (12).
9. Yu Hainan. 2010. Financial Support of Shandong Agricultural Development Strategy.
University of Jinan, P.R.China, 250002.
www.bmtfi.net/en/search/download-file.php 10. Wikipedia ("http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Demographics_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of China)
NGHllN CliU TRUNG QUOC so 7(119) - 2011
