NGHIEN CLTU KHOA HOC J
LIEN VAN BAN HAY TifiP NHAN CUA TIEP N H ^
■ L S H u y B k *
TOM TAT
Khang dmh tinh lien van ban, Julia Kristeva cho rang "bat ki mot van ban nao ciing duac cdu true nhu let su ghep manh cua ede trick dan; bat ki mot van ban nao cung Id sir hap thu vd chuyen doi cua ede van ban khde". Tie U thuyet
"tro chcri ngon ngu" (language game) cua Wittgenstein, den edi nhin "tieu tu su", "dgi tu su" (Petit narrative, Grand narrative) cua Jean-Frangois Lyotard, li thuyet "dien ngon " (discourse) cua Michel Foucault vd "the vdt" (simulacra) cua Jean Baudrillard... ta thdy, ede nhd hdu hien dgi xem the gi&i Id the gidi cua ngon tie. Tdt cd deu dugc "kien tgo ” vd hien dien bai ngon tie. Vdy nen, moi ton tgi cua the gidi tu nhien vd xd hoi deu Id "van bdn ” vd van ban ndo cung chiu su chi phoi bdi ede van bdn khde. Chung khong bao gid cd dugc su doc lap tuyet doi. Do do, lien van bdn Id bdn chat cua ton tgi vd mdi mai Id tiep nhgn cua tiep nhgn.
ABSTRACT
Intertextuality or received by the receiving
Asserting on intertexuality, Julia Kristeva said that: "any text is constructed as a mosaic o f quotations; any text is the absorption and transformation o f an
other ”. From the theory o f language game by Ludwig Wittgenstein, to the point o f view Petit narrative. Grand narrative by Jean-Frangois Lyotard, theory o f discourse by Michel Foucault and Jean Baudrillard’s simulacra etc. we can see that the postmodernists believe the world is The world o f language which is built and presented by language. So all o f existence in the nature and society is "texts ” and all o f texts also influenced by other texts. They never get the absolute inde
pendence. Therefore, intertextuality is the essence o f existence and received by the receiving forever.
1. Nguon goc kh^i niem li§n van ban Lien van ban (dung hem la ti'nh lien van ban:
intertextuality) khai mem do Julia Kristeva khod xuong la “mot H thuyet ve van ban nhu mot mang lucri cua nhung he thong ki hieu duac dat trong moi quan he vai nhiing he thong bi6u nghTa khac boat d6ng - cho thdy viec su dyng ki hieu mot each li tuang - trong mot ndn van hoa” '. Linh hon li thuyet nay chii yeu duac the hi?n trong tuyen bo cua chinh Kristeva: “any text is constructed as a mosaic of quotations;
any text is the absorption and transformation of another”- (bat ki mot van ban nao cung duac cau true nhu la su ghep manh cua cac trich dan;
bat ki mot van ban nao ciing la su hap thu va chuyen doi cua cac van ban khac).
Ve thoi diem ra doi cua lien van ban, Kris
teva cho rang, no dong hanh vai su xuat hifn ciia chu nghTa hiSn dai the ki 20 vci cac ten tuoi nhu James Joyce, Marcel Proust,... nhung nha van thuoc nhom tien phong, khai sinh ra mot loi viet mdi, khude tir chii nghTa hien thuc the ki
* G S.TS, T rirdng D H SP H a N5i.
‘ Irena Makaryk, (General editor), Encyclopedia o f Contemporary Literary Theory. Approaches, Scholars, Terms, Uni
versity o f Toronto Press, Toronto, 1997, p,568.
-Kristeva, J. (\9 S 0 ) Desire in Language: A Semiotic Approach to Literature a nd Art. Leon S. Roudiez ( e d ), T Gora et al (trans.). N ew York. Columbia University Press, p.66.
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19 d6ng thai la nhung nha each tan nghe thuat doe dao va cung d |t lai van de ve cac tieu chuan dao due... Tuy nhien, do tmh ke thua va goi mo cua no ma lien van ban, then chiing toi, at han ra doi ngay tu thoi c6 so cua nhan loai. Ngay dSn thSn thoai, loai hinh tu sir som nhat cua con ngucri ban than no cung bao chua mot kha nang lien van ban nhat dinh doi vdi the loai truyen ke nao do ma ngay nay ta chua the biet den, hoac khac di la lien van ban vdi c ^ nghi le ton giao nguyen thiiy ciia con ngudi. Ve diem nay, chiing toi cho rang c6 mlu la noi luu giu nhieu nhit tmh lien van ban trong van hoc.
Tuy chiu anh hudng nhieu tu hai hoc gja cung thdi la Lucian Goldmann va Roland Bar
thes, nhung CO ban, H thuyet ciia Kristeva dugc xay dung tren nen tu tudng ve ngon ngu cua Ferdinand de Saussure va Mikhail Balditin.
Saussure cho ring ban chat giao t i ^ cua ngon ngu la mot he thong trim tugng va pho quat, trong do cai bi6u dat hudng den cai dugc bieu dat tuong ling. Bakhtin thi xem giao tiep ngon ngu CO ngu6n g6c tu su tdn tai cua “Idi” trong nhung tinh huong giao tiep xa hoi ca biet, ca trong nhung k h o ^ khac boat dong va ti6p nhan dac thu cua no. Li thuyet cua Saussure hudng d§n ban chat ngi ham cua ngon ngd rang mot “tu” mang “nghia” vi c6 moi lien he nao do vdi cai ben ngoai no. Li thuyet nay thuong dugc xem la nen tang ciia chii nghia cau true, bao gom nhOng nghien cuu hudng den nhung cai bieu dat ngi dung ngi tai dong kin ciia tac pham ma nha nghien cuu c6 the khai thac trong mdi quan he vdi cac thanh to khac cung trong van ban. Trong khi do, Bakhtin cho ring ngon ng& luon mang tinh doi thoai ve bm chit trong nhung ngft canh nhat dmh. Nhu thi ngon ngu c6 sue song ngi tai, c6 kha nang “cudng lai” y thijc cua ngudi sii dung... Tu do ta thay, Kris
teva da k i thua dugc tinh bieu nghia ciia ngon ngu, dong thdi la kha nang md rgng nghia ciia tu, tuc la tinh “ggi md” ve mot cai khac trude dd hoac dong thdi. Chi khac la ba nhan manh den vai trd ciia tiip nhan. Nhu thi, ngon ngu khong bao gid la “chinh-nd”. Su ton tai ciia ngon ngu liic nao cung song hanh vdi “su kiim
chiing” tu nhung net van hoa va tap tuc ben ngoai. Dau nhan manh den kha nang lien ket va am chi “ngim” nao do, song ca Saussure Ian Bakhtin diu khong de xuat khai niem lien van ban.
Sinh thdi, Kristeva nghien cuu Hegel va la ngudi sing trong moi trudng van hda mac xit mot thdi gian dai (ba sinh nam 1941 tm Bul
garia, din 1965 mdi sang Phap) nen tu tudng bien chiing v6n la phSn tit yeu trong tu duy. Do vay, khong qua Idi khi cho rang tinh lien van b ^ ciia ba van c6 cgi nguon tu nhung chuyen dich tuong tac va van dong khong ngCmg ciia cac su vat hien tugng trong c u ^ song. Moi ca thi tin tai deu khong bao gid la thuan chiing va don nhat tu than.
Lien quan den lien van ban. con cd tu tudng triit hgc tao bao cua Ludvig Wittgenstein vdi li thuyit “trd choi ngdn ngu”. Gidi nghien cuu it, hay tham chi khong ndi ve sir anh hudng ciia tu tudng nay din li thuyet lien van ban, song su ket hop logic hay nglu nhien cua ngon ngu vdi von van hda thuc tai hay v6 thiic ca tu phia ngudi sang tac Ian ngudi tri nhan de tao nghia tu cai nhin cua Wittgenstein cung la mot ban chat khong thieu ciia lien van ban.
Lien van ban suy cho cung cung la mot dang trd choi. Diiu nay cd nghia. It nhieu Kristeva cung chiu anh hudng tu li thuyet cua Wittgen
stein. Vdi trd choi lien van ban, ngudi ta cd the dat ra quy ude rang mgi tiing ndi ciia ngon ngu horn nay deu mang bong dang tien to. Mgi hinh thuc ke chuyen hay bieu cam cung deu la hinh thuc cd xua dugc rich luy qua bao ddi. Va nhu the, ban chat ciia lien van ban chinh la cac cd mau dugc luu giu mot each y thuc hoac vd thiic trong ngdn ngu.
Thud Julia Kristeva vua den Phap, ba boat dong sdi ndi trong phong trio ki hieu hgc. T h ^ nien 1960 d Phap la giai doan bung nd nhidu tu tudng tridt hgc, dac bigt la triet hgc hau hien dai ma thdi do (va ngay ca bay gid) nhieu ngudi ggi ten bang khai niem Hau cau tnic luan. Nhieu hgc gia ban dau khdng tham gia khuynh hudng hau hien dai, nhung sau dd van bj cudn vao.
Ngudi ta y thiic dugc r ^ g dudi su thdng tri ciia
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nhung thi€t che cue doan, doc doan nen “cai t6i” bi keo nhieu huong, khong con la no.
Nguoi ta y thuc dugc su tha hoa dang diln ra tung ngay tung gia. Va bi dat hon, diu c6 y thuc dugc diSu do thi hau nhu con ngu6d vin kho c6 the thoat dugc. Mot y6u cau dugc dat ra cho cac nha triet hgc la xac dinh dugc ban the va ngan chan qua trinh bi biSn thanh “ke khac”. LiSn van ban cua Kristeva cung nam trong dung y cat nghia ngudn goc tha hoa do cua con nguoi.
Mat khac thdi ki nay, con nguoi chan ngiy voi nhang tieng noi dge ton cua chu nghia hien d ^. Nguoi ta c4n tinh thki dan chii va khing dinh su doc ton duy nhit, ma cue dinh la chu nghia phat xit, la tham hoa khiing khi6p d6i voi con nguoi. Moi sg vat hien tugng d6u ton tai trong xu the phy thugc va tuong tac. Khang dinh nhieu tieng noi trong mot diln ngon tiic tiep c ^ den tinh dan chu cua thdi dai. Lien van ban ve ban chat la noi chua dung nhieu tiing noi va hon nfta la noi khuyen khich nhieu tieng noi xuat hien de ghi nhan su tri n h ^ riSng Met cua mot hoac nhilu “cai toi” chiem nghiem mang tinh ca nhan.
Duong nMen, thdi cua Kristeva la thdi cua hSu eSu true, cac nha nghien curu tSn cong vao li thuylt “biSu dat” ciia Saussure. Kristeva da chuyin dich khai ni|m ki Meu hoc (dugc dinh danh bang thuat ngd semiology) cua Saussure sang ki hieu hgc (semiotics). Ki h i|u hgc cau tnic bign hg cho tinh khach quan cua ng6n ngft, cho rang than thoai va truyen thong van hoa dan gian, tac pham van chuong hay bat cu mot van ban v5n hoa nao khac cung deu c6 the dugc phSn tich mdt each khoa hgc ro rang. Cac nha ciu true khdng chu ^ din ngudi sdng tao voi tu each la ragt chu the sii dung ngon tu. Hg cung khong quan tarn den ngudi dgc voi tu each la ngudi tiep nhan giai ma ngon tu. Dong thdi hg cung khong chii y din cai bieu dat la m6t thuc the CO tinh lich su va c6 rit nhieu cai bilu dat cho cung hien tugng cung nhu moi quan he lien vM ban gifta chung. Nhung cai “ngoai van b ^ ” nay hau nhu bi cic nh^ clu true bo sot. Nhan thiy dugc b it cap do, khai niem lien van ban ra ddi nhlm md rgng bien d6 cua tri nhan va
kha nang bieu nghia cua ngon tu. Nghien cuu theo huong li€n van ban cung chinh la nghien cuu nhung “cai bi bo sot”, “cai chua hign dien nhung da tiem Sn” trong nghien cuu van ban trude do.
Mot mo hinh moi cua ki hieu hgc c6 ten ggi la phdn tich ki hieu hoc (semianalysis) dugc danh rieng cho no luc sang tao cua Kristeva.
Tu do, van ban khong dugc xem la dong edng, chi dugc tiep xuc mot lln ma l^i dang van ban, qua ngudi dgc, c6 kha nang sinh sw lien tuc.
Dan den, tac phim luon la su thach thuc nghTa doi voi ngudi dgc. Ngudi dgc khong con la tac nhan thu d6ng ma la mot tac nhan tuong tac, chu dong trong vige xac lap nghia. Vi le nay ma gidi nghiSn cuu ggi ki hieu hgc cua Kris
teva la ki hieu hgc nang sdn (semiotics of pro
duction). Li thuylt nay xda md dudng viln ciia cac p h ^ vi khoa hgc, logic hgc, ngon ngd va su tuong tugng von tach biet trude day trong nghiSn ciiu theo chu nghTa cau true. Nang Igc phan tich ki hi|u ciia Kristeva con dugc phat huy nhd nhCng nghien cuu ciia ba ve phan tam hgc. Ngudi gay anh huong Idn din ba d ITnh vuc nay la Jacques Lacan. Moi quan tam d6n ITnh vuc tam li luon thudng true trong ba. Mli den 1979, Kristeva mdi k it thiic khda hgc ve phan tam hgc ciia minh. Tir vige cat nghTa hinh vi tre phan ung trude nhung ki hieu ben ngoai, ba da din ciing c6 them quan diem ve hudng nghien cuu ki hieu trong qua trinh van dong.
Trong cong trinh Khdt vgng trong ngon ngu: tiep can ki hieu hoc voi van hoc va nghe thuat (Desire in Language: A Semiotic Ap
proach to Literature and Art, 1980), Kristeva lam song lai li thuyet doi thoai cua Bakhtin qua hai tieu luSn quan trgng nhat ciia ba la Van bdn bi gi&i hgn (The Bounded Text) va Lai, ddi thoai va tieu thuyet (Word, Dialogue, and Novel). Kristeva khang dinh su chi phli ciia mot van ban dang dugc sang tao tu nhung van ban tung ton tai trude do. Ba cho rang nha van khong khai sinh tac phim tir trong diu ma diing hon la sang tao chiing tu nhung van b ^ da tiimg ton tai. Vay nen, van ban dang dugc sang tao chi la “su hoan vi ciia cac van ban.
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mot su lien van ban trong khong gian cua mot van ban dugc dua ra”'.
KJiong dung lai a nhUng van ban van hoc don thu3n, Kristeva con dat tac phSm trong m6i tucmg quan voi van hoa. Ba lap luan giua van ban van hgc va van ban van hoa khong he CO sir biet lap ma chiing cung xuat phat tu mot nguon chat lieu va cung c6 moi liSn van ban v6i nhau. Sg lien van ban nay lai dugc dat tren tinh “doi thoai” - su dung lai quan diem cua Bakhtin, theo do, nghe sT khi sang tao deu phai d6i dien voi cac truyen thdng giao tiep nhu voi cac tac gia, tac pham, xa hgi, lich su va ban doc.
Sir sang tao dugc kiem djnh qua kha nang vugt thoat cac rao can do. Khong tao dugc cai mdi CO nghia nghe sT that bai; con tao dugc cai moi thi ducmg nhiSn van chi la mot su ti8p n6i nhat djnh vdi cac truyen thong van chuong.
Dau sao thi Bakhtin khong phai la nguoi dau tien 0 tha ki 20 nghien cmi van hoc dudi cai nhin van hoa, cong dau phai ke den Sigmund Freud voi H thuyet phan tarn hoc. Nhung yeu t6 v6 thiic trong li thuy6t cua Freud thuc chat la nhung c6 mau van hoa dugc luu gid ngan doi trong v6 thiic con nguoi. Freud khong nhSn manh den tinh doi thoai va tinh than dan chu cua tg su, cai ma ngay tir chu nghia hien dai cung da dugc chu y nhung phai dSn chu nghia hau hien dai thi mdi c6 co hgi banh trudng rgng rai trong nhan thiic ciia nhan loai. Tir thuc td do, lien van ban cua Kristeva bam rat chat vao ngu’ canh sinh thanh va van hoa cgi nguon ciia chiing. Ba xem moi van ban deu c6 cSu tnic H tudng trong pham vi d l xu4t 16i dien ngon doi thoai tich cue vdi truyen thdng van hoa gdc. Dac biet, ba nhin manh tinh thudng xuyen khong ro rang cua van ban. Ba xem ban chdt ciia van bki la md due boi chiing luon ton tai trong v6 van mdi lien van ban. Neu mgt van ban qua ro ddi vdi nguoi dgc thi hoac nguoi doc do c6 nang luc van hoa th^p hoac van ban do chua dat den miic tuyet phim, Vay nen, nghia ciia van ban la vd ciing tan. Li giai dieu nay, Kristeva cho ring van ban khong bao gid CO nghia don nhat va moi each doc van ban deu chi la su giai thich tarn thdi ve nghia
ciia chiing. Van ban khdng chi dugc tao sinh trong mgt mdi trudng van hoa nhit djnh ma edn dugc edng sinh trong qua trinh tidp xiic vdi cude song. Moi thdi dai, mdi tarn thiic deu c6 each cat nghia khac nhau ve van ban. Kristeva xem nghia ciia vSn ban dugc kidn tao dua tren su kdt hgp giua cai nhin “ben trong” (inside) ciia dgc gia vdi cai nhin “ben ngoai” (outside) tu su tac dgng xa hgi len van ban.
Ki hieu ciia Saussure la dang ki hieu “tmh”, trong khi do ki hieu ddi vdi cac nha hau hien dai la ki hieu “dong”, ki hieu “dang dich chuyen”, tren ca ba yeu td: nguoi ma hda, ngudi giai ma va bdi canh tuong tac khi ma hda va giai ma.
Xet d cac cap do nay, ki hieu ludn trong thd van dong, Quan niem cua Kristeva va cac nha hSu hien dai da md ra mgt tridn vgng vd ciing cho each su dgng va cat nghTa ki hieu.
Julia Kristeva da ket thua mgt each xuSt sic tri thuc va tinh thin thdi dai de xay dung khai niem lien van ban. K6 tir liic ra ddi cho den nay, khai niem nay khdng he “dung yen”
ma ludn van dgng tiiy theo su sir dung ciia cac nha nghidn cuu. Ngay ca vai trd ciia Kristeva, khdng phai nha nghien cuu nao cung thdng nhat de cao. Tir dien Wikipedia khi xac dinh dSc diem lien van ban cung da chi ra su van dgng nay: “Lien van ban la su hinh thanh van bM bang mgt v3n ban khac. Dien mao lien van bM gom c6: sg am chi, trich dan, phdng dich, dao van, dich, md phdng va nhai. Mgt vi du vi lien van ban la vide vay mugn va bien ddi ciia mgt van ban truoc do ho|c la su lien tudng ciia mgt dgc gia vd mgt van ban khac trong liic dgc.
“Thuat ngu “lido van ban” ban than no dugc vay mugn va chuydn ddi nhidu ISn ke tu khi dugc nha hau clu tnic Julia Kristeva tao ra tii 1966. Nhu tridt gia William Irwin viet: thuat ngft nay “gan nhu c6 nhidu nghia tuong ung vdi so ngudi su dung, tu su trung thanh ciia nhung ngudi vdi ednh mgng nguydn gdc ciia Kristeva ddn nhung ngudi don gian chi su dung nd nhu la mdt each ndi van hoa vd su am chi va tarn anh hudng”.
Day diing la tinh than hau hien dai. Ngi ham
' ‘•“’‘Stuige ■ A Sem wnc Approach to Ltterature and A n. Leon S Rondiez (ed.), T Oora et al (trans.). New York' Columbia University Press, p. 36,
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khai niem thirong xuyen dich chuyen theo timg each sii dung cua nguai dung. Neu khong dat khai niera do trong hS thong nhat dinh thi nguai doc se chang he hieu noi nguai viet dinh noi gi.
Tinh than phan bien cung la n8n tang cho cac each hi6u do. Wikipedia nh^n dinh tiep: “Mot s6 phe binh gia phan nan ring tinh ph6 cap cua thuat ngu “lien van ban” trong phe binh hau hien dai d§
lam bung no nh&ng thuat ngO lien quan va nhOng sac thai quan trong. Irwin than rSing lien van ban che khuat su am chi (allusion) nhu mot doi tuang cua nghien cuu van hoc trong luc thieu di sir dinh nghia ro rang cua thu^t ngft nay. Linda Hutch- eon tranh luan rang m6i quan tarn qua dang ve Hen van ban da loai bo vai tro cua tac gia, bai vi lien vSn ban c6 the duac tim thay “trong mSt cua nguod xem” va khong doi hoi muc dich nao d6i vai nguai truy6n dat. Doi lap lai, trong Li thuyit nhgi (A Theory o f Parody) Hutcheon luu y “nhai”
luon de cao tac gia, nguoi ma hoa sinh dong mot van ban nhu la mot su mo phong nghich mang tinh chi trich. Tuy nhiSn, cung c6 no luc xac djnh ro han cac kieu dang khac nhau cua lien van ban.
Hoc gia chiet trung nguai Uc John Fiske dua ra su phan bi?t giiia nhung gi ong dan nhSn lien van ban “true dung” vai lien van ban “true ngang”.
Lien van ban true ngang bao ham cac am chi dua tren “cung cap do”, chang han nhu khi sach nay tham khao sach khac, trai lai lien van ban true dung duoc tim thay khi, chang han nhu, mot cuon sach la doi tuang tham khao cho phim anh, bai hat, hoac nguac lai. Tuang ty:, nha ngon ngu hoc Norman Fairclough phan biet giua lien van ban hien 16 (manifest intertextuality) va lien van ban cau thanh (constitutive intertextuality). Cai dau tien bieu hien qua nhung thanh to lien van ban nhu la su tien gia dinh, su phii dinh, nhai, mia mai... Cai thu hai bieu hien qua m6i tuang giao cua nhung d |c tinh ma h6 trong mot van ban nhu cau true, hinh thiic va the loai. Lien van ban cau thanh cung lien quan den tinh lien phi mach lac (interdiscursivity), mac du nhin chung tinh lien phi mach lac lien quan d6n m6i quan he giua cac yeu to hinh thuc Ian han cua van ban”.
2. Ai la ngirdi quan trong bac nhat doi vdi
lien van ban?
Kristeva d6 xuat khai niem, nhung truac ba, noi ham cua khai niem nay da timg ton tai. Va cung thai vai ba, ca Jacques Derrida Ian Roland Barthes diu dong vai tro quyet dinh d6n su phat trien cua khai niem.
Muc tu Lien van ban trong Bach khoa thu- ve chit nghia hgu hien d g f do David Clippinger thuc hien. Muc nay de cap den nhung noi ham quan trong cua khai niem, nhung khong mot Ian nhac d6n ten tuoi Julia Kristeva. Cung th6, muc Julia Kristeva do Catherine Driscoll vi6t, lai vSn khong he nhac den khii niem lien van ban. Vay la nhung nguai chii truong bach khoa thu nay khong danh gia cao Julia Kristeva a lien van ban. Ba duqc khang dinh a hai khia canh: nghien cuu ki hieu hoc va nu quyen. Hg khong xem Lien van ban la san pham doc dao ciia Kristeva, thay vao d6 la hai ten tuoi Jacques Derrida va Roland Barthes nhung nguai c6 tieng noi quyet dinh den khai niem. De thuan tien cho viec theo doi, chung toi dich trgn ven ca muc tu Lien van bm:
“Lien van ban la phuong phap doc mot van ban dua vao van ban khac ma su soi sang dugc chia se qua viec cong huang tu tuang va van ban;
la su xac nhan rang mgi van ban va tu tuang deu ton tai trong thiet che quan he da chieu. Thuat ngu: “lien van ban” ngu y ca phuong phap doc song hanh van ban de kham pha nhung diem tuang dong va khac biet cung nhu tin rang mgi van ban va tu tuang deu la mot bo phan va mot phln trong tarn det cac m6i quan he van ban, tu tuang xa hoi va lich sir. Nhin chung, lien van ban dua ra cu dot pha quan trong vao nhung quan niem truac do ve van ban nhu mot khoi tu trj tach biet ve tu tuang va lich sii. Doc lien van ban vi vay phai vugt qua rao can cue doan va thach thuc su bat kha xam pham timg dugc thua nhan ve the loai bang each chung minh rang moi van ban va tu tuang deu hap thu tir nhifng nggn nguon tu tuang tuang tu.
“Truac chu nghia hau cau true, mot van ban van hoc dugc xem nhu mot vat khbi nguyen khep kin va tu tri; lich su, tieu su, va chinh tri
’ Encyclopedia o f postmodernism, Edited by Victor E. Taylor and Charles E. Winquist, Routledge, New York, 2001. p.
190-191
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d8u ho^n loan phu thupc vao chinh van ban sau do la vao thoi quen doc. Van ban duac xem nhu t6n tm tdch li v6i tac gia va quy6n lire v3n hoa cua no; van ban duac nhin nhan nhu la s\r chuySn dich lich su va tmh chu quan cua tac gia.
Tiep ngay sau Jacques Derrida, Roland Barthes va nhiSu H thuyet gia va triet gia hSu cau true khac, viec ung ho tinh tu tri cua van ban bi thach thuc; them nua, v3n bM dugc chung minh la giao di6m trong m6i quan he rpng Ian cua sure r a ^ van ban, van hoa, lich sir va xa h6i, la su thay doi khong chi a tiep nhan v3n ban ma c6n tac dpng manh den each thuc mpt v2n ban se duac dpc. Su doan tuyet vai tinh tu tri cua v3n ban vi thS da chi ra thoi quen dpc li6n van ban.
“Su chuydn dich tir van ban dong kin dSn van ban c6 v6 v m diem tuang giao vdi cac van ban, lich su va vSn h6a khac duac phan chieu bed sg dich chuyen phe binh tu tranh luan ve 4nh hudng van hpc sang lien van ban. Viec chuySn doi nay tac dong den thoi quen dpc a bon khia canh quan trong. M^t la, ti6u diem cua t$p quan dpc da thay doi tu “nguon goc”
duac gia dinh cua van ban sang viec can nhac xem xet ban chSt cua van hpc. Hai la, boat dpng dpc thira nhSn su khong dinh dang cua tieu su (tac gia nay anh huong din tac gia khac) va dat trong tarn nghien cuu vao nhiing gi tac gia dang 1 ^ . Thu ba, quyen luc cua tac gia dupe thay thi bang nguai dpc va nguai dpc li phuang tien bilu dat cua tit ca cac boat dpng lien v3n ban. Cu6i chng, ngu canh va tu tudng chilm vi tri uu tien tnrac quan niem van ban dem nghTa, dpc nhit. B6n su thay d6i nay dupe nhan thiy dudi hinh thuc diln dat nay hoac hinh thuc khac trong cac nghien cuu ciia Derrida va Barthes.
“Chang han, Derrida de xuat trong tieu luan cua ong Song tiep (Living on) ring mpt van ban dan gian chi la mpt “diu may” cho viec dpc nhijng van ban khac, tilu luan nay ciia 6ng cung de cap sau han din phuang phap cua thuc tien dpc lien van ban qua viec chung minh each rapt van ban gpi van cho nhung van ban khac.
Phuemg phap lien van ban ciia Derrida la m6t
d ^ g dpc ki (close-reading) de khai qu|t van ban va nhung m6i lien he day gia tri clu t h ^ van ban. Hi$u qua la tinh tu tri ciia van ban dupe trung ra nhu su gia doi bdi mpt van ban qua boat dpng k it giao ciia chinh no luon bpe Ip dlu v lt ciia cac van ban khde. Nhilu edng trinh ciia Derrida k l tCr S6ng tiip tilp tyc ban sdu hem each vdn ban - nhu nhung ki hieu - t6n tai trong mang ludi ciia nhung moi quan he van ban tuang dong vdi chudi nhung cai bilu dat. Them nCa, Derrida c6n thuylt phyc ring khong chi van ban c6 tinh lien vdn ban ma ngay din hanh dpng dpc ban than nd cung la mpt trai nghiem lien van ban.
“Trong khi Derrida c6 le la ngudi chung minh hieu qua nhdt each lien van ban c6 the dupe xem nhu mpt phuang phap dpc, thi cac cong trinh ciia Barthes b$c Ip mpt cap dp khac ma theo do lien van ban dd nghj su x6a bo the loai va ede dudng bidn nhdt nhdt. Barthes chung minh trong S/Z rang mpt vdn ban bieu thi (de
note) va bao ham (connote) nhung gid tri van hda va lich su va nd hoat dpng nhu thi thong qua gpi y ciia nd v l cac mdi quan he ddi vdi cac van ban khde cung nhu su ban phat dac quyen v l pham tni tu tudng nao dd. Ndi edeh khde, van ban la san pham cua mpt quyen luc lich sii va xa hpi, va van ban la mpt dang ki hieu ciia nhung quyen Ipc nay.
‘Tvlhu thi, van ban khong con dupe nhin nhan nhu mpt vdt khdi nguyen “sieu vidt”, “ddng kin” bdi nd phu thupc va bieu nghia gia tri van hda. Barthes dpc truyen Sarrasine ciia Balzac theo edeh chdng lai lich sii, hdi hpa va van hda de chiimg minh each van ban cua Balzac la mpt bang chiing cho nhiing mS thdm mT va tu tudng dupe c6 dac va viet lai xuyen suot tieu thuydt.
“Lien vdn ban la sg tu chdi dich chuyin vdn ban va hanh dpng dpc va viet khdi tdm nhin ciia nhiing mdi quan he lich sii-xa hdi. Them niia, lien van ban de xuat rang viec vilt, dpc va tu duy xay ra trong lich sil, nen vi thi mpi hanh dpng ngdn ngfi can dupe xem xet trong mpt ngu ednh lich su va tu tudng. Tdm Ipi, dpc lidn vdn
** H oing Nhu Mai (2013), “Ldri hoai ni?m m$t ih i h?”, Tap chi Nghien cuu vdn hoc, H aN gi, s6 6, tr.l4.
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07 - THANG 05/2015NGHIEN CCTU KHOA HOC I
ban kham pha chieu sau ciia bat cu mot boat dong van ban nao va no theo duoi v6 so loi mon cua su lien ket ma thuc te la diem cot loi cila mot van ban”.
Da ro, tuy Kristeva de xuat khai niem, nhung nhung nguoi thuc su chi ra noi ham ciia khai niem lai la Derrida va Barthes. Doi voi cac tac gia nay, van ban duoc xem xet la van ban van chuong. Trong liic Kristeva neu khai niem va chi each thuc no boat d6ng thi Derrida chii y den chu the doc, tiic vai tro ciia tiep nhan, con Barthes thi de xuSt viec xoa bo ranh gioi cac the loai cung nhu cac rao chan vTnh vien giua chung, tiic la tinh lien v5n bM tu phia van ban.
Van de con lai la vay pham vi ciia lien van ban se banh truong den dSu?
3. l6ivS cua lien v in ban?
Can hoi dat ra la vay nha van c6 lien van ban khong? Duong nhien, con nguoi noi chung va nghe sT noi rieng cung deu la cac vSn b ^ - lien van ban. Theo do, con nguoi luon la con nguoi ciia mot huyet thong, cong dong nao do. Thera nua, con nguoi luon la- “tarn thara” ciia nhijng moi day tri thuc dao diic, ciia nhung an lie v6 thiic nao do ma khong th i nao choi bo. Vay tinh lien van ban se luon la n6n tang ciia moi t6n tai.
Tu li thuyet “tro choi ngon ngu” (language game) ciia Wittgenstein, den cai nhin “tieu tu su”, “dai tu su” (Petit narrative, Grand narra
tive) cua Jean-Fran9ois Lyotard, li thuyet “dien ngon” (discourse) cua Michel Foucault va “the vat” (simulacra) ciia Jean Baudrillard... ta thay, cac nha hau hien dai xem the gioi la the gidi ciia ngon tu. Khac di la, tat ca deu dugc “kien tao”
va hien dien bdi ngon tu. Vay nen, moi ton tai ciia the gidi tu nhien va xa hoi deu la ‘Van ban”
va van ban nao cung chiu sg chi ph6i va kiem toa bdi cac van ban khac va bdi ca chinh no ma khong bao gid c6 dugc su doc lap tuyet doi. Do do, lien vSn ban la ban chat cua t6n tai: nhin
“con” ggi nhac din “cha”, nhin x2 hoi hau hien dai duong thdi ggi nhd den cac thdi phong kien va c6 dai, nhin tho Haiku ggi nhd tho Duong, tho Duong lai ggi nhd ca dao... Cu the ton tai ciia con nguoi la chuoi mSt xich keo dai, xay lap vTnh vien.
Trude day, nghien cuu anh hudng khong la doi tugng cua lien van ban. Bdi trong thdi chii nghTa cau tnic trd v l trude, nghien cuu anh hudng la mot the manh ciia ho. Nhung khi hau cau tnic luan ra doi, ding nghTa vdi viec nghiSn cuu lien van ban xult Men thi ngudi ta khdng de xuat nghien cuu anh hudng. Thdi khdi thiiy, lien van ban di ngugc lai “anh hudng” bang nghien cuu “nhai”, tuc cai trude do bi dem ra gilu cgt.
Nhung ngay nay, ta thiy, diu c6 chi gilu cai di trude thi ban chit vin cu la “anh hudng”, bdi no phai sir dung lai cung chinh hanh vi ng6n ngu do, nhung blng chat gigng khac. Do vay,
“anh hudng” khong con la doi tugng bi loai bo ciia nghien cuu lien van ban nua. Ta thay moi sg H6n vSn ban deu la anh hudng duoi gdc do
“dong thuM” hay “nghich lai”. ChSng han Chi Pheo c6 net giong vdi Quasimodo, cai do dugc xem la anh hudng, nhung dong thdi no con la lien van ban bdi ggi nhac den c6 mau: ke quai di ve hinh thuc nhung dep ve tam hon. Ra the, the gidi lu6n la nhung lien van ban.
Van con do nghich li, tuy lien van ban dugc diing de giiip con ngudi hilu ban chit thuc ciia su vat hien tugng, nhimg trong thuc tien, khong ai keu goi cong dong the gidi “lien van ban”.
Thay vao do la cac khau hieu doc lap, tu do, dan chu,... nhung cai v l ban chit la d6i nghich vdi lien van ban, tM luon dugc khdi xudng, ngay ca vdi van chuong. Thi ra, lien van ban la rao can trude nhung khao khat th i hien cai ca biet ciia con ngudi. No cd gia tri de giiip chiing ta nhM thuc dugc chieu sau ban the nhung nhugc diem la c6 keo moi ca thS thanh dam d6ng, khude tu di nhung ton tai dugc xem la H tudng, la vSt khdi nguyen ciia con ngudi va van hda. Noi chuyen nay khong cot de ph6 phan hay nggi ca.
Rot cugc thi khen hay che cung tiiy vao each dgc, each tiep nhan, vao nSng luc tri nhan ciia moi mot ca nhan nhimg se khong c6 each tiep nhan nao ma khong lien van ban va nhiem vu ciia t6n tai con ngudi la no luc khude tir tinh lien van ban do. Dilu nay la khong the?
SO 07 - THANG 05/2015
