THE LOAI MONOGATARI
VA GENJI MONOGATARI CtX MURASAKISHIKIBU NGUYEN ANH DAN Trudng Dgi hgc Suphgm - Dgi hgc Hui
Tom tit: Monogatari (vat ngii) la mot thi Ioai tu sy cua Nhat Ban, ra ddi vio khoang the ki VIII. Cimg vdi sir hinh thanh ciia thg loai monogatari, nhieu tac phim vat ngft xu^t sic da ra ddi, trong do cd Genji monogatari ciia Murasaki Shikibu. Genji monogatari dupc nhieu hpc gii phuong Tay danh gia la "kiet ldc vidgi nhat cua vdn hgc Nhgt Bdn", "mgt tdc phdm kinh dien cua vdn hgc nhdn logi" [5]. Murasaki Shikibu cung _d6ng thdi dupc vinh danh nhu nguoi khai sinh ra cuon tieu thuyet tam ly diu tien cua nhan loai.
Day la mpt su kien hit siic phi thudng, vi ngay tir thi ki XI, Murasaki da sang tao ra Genji monogatari - mdt cuon vat ngu chiia dung rat nhieu yeu td nghe thuat ciia tu sir hien dai.
T H £ L O A I MONOGATARI
Tir vin hpc Nara (thi ki VIII) dgn van hpc Heian (794-1185), van hgc vigt Nhat Ban da cd mpt budc phat trien mgnh me. Van ty Kana dugc su dung rpng rai trong thdi Heian thi hifn tinh phit tnen tu than eao dp ciia van hda Nhgt Bin. Trudc dd, ngudi Nhat mugn Hin ty df ghi im tiing Nhgt (tieu bieu la trong tgp tha Manyoshu - "Van difp tip", ra ddi khoing nim 759). Tuong traygn, dgi su Kobo (774-835) chinh la nguoi da gian luge hda Han ty, phit minh ra 50 ki hieu mdi dg ghi im tidng Nhit. Phat kiin nay da thiic diy sy phit trign nhanh chdng eiia nin vin hgc vigt bing chii qudc ngii ciia Nhgt Ban. Kg tir diy, ddi ngu sang tac van hgc ed thi bigu dat hinh tugng bing van ty Nhit mdt cich thugn tien, thoai mii. Chinh digu nay tao co sd cho mpt thg logi vin hpc mdi xuit hifn: thg logi "vgt ngu" - monogatari.
Monogatari li mgt danh tir kep dugc tao thanh tir mono (vit) nghia la "trayf n" va gatari (ngit) nghTa la "kg". Ngay tir khi mdi xuit hifn, monogatari khdng phii li thuit ngii rigng chi the loai tigu thuyit mi nd don thuin chi la hinh thiic ke chuyen. Diiu nay ciing cd nghTa la khi chip biit Genji monogatari, tic gia eiia nd - Murasaki Shikibu - khdng ^ thiic dupc minh dang vigt mdt cudn tigu thuygt. May min la, sy vd tinh niy da gdp phin vao viec hinh thinh mpt trong nhung thi loai quan trpng nliit cua vin ehucmg iihan loai.
Va thgt ty hao, nhimg vign gach nin mdng cua tiiu thuyit thi gidi lai dugc xuit phit tii xii sd M§t trdi mpc cua phuong Ddng.
Cung vdi tha ca (uta), monogatari la thi logi chu dgo, dat dugc nhiiu thanh tyu ndi bat ciia vin hgc Heian. Ngoai Genji monogatari, van hgc thdi Id nay cd mdt sd monogatari ndi bat nhu Taketori monogatari (Ong gia ddn tnic) hay cdn cd ten ggi khie li Kaguya Hime (Tigu thu anh tring), Ise monogatari (Truyfn xir Ise), Utsubo monogatari (Trayfn
Tap chi Khoa hpc va Giao due, Tmong Dai hoc Su pham Hui ISSN 1859-1612, S6 03{23)/20I2.tr. 72-80
hdc cay), Ochikubo monogatari (Trayen nang Oehikubo), Eiga monogatari (Trayfn vinh hoa), Tsutsumi chunagon monogatari (Tmyen quan trung cd van bgn bd de)...
PHAN TICH TAM LY NHAN VAT - DAU A N NU" GlOl CUA MURASAKI S H n a B U
Genji monogatari ra ddi vao the ki XI nhung tinh tan ki ciia nd da khign cac nha nghign Cliu hifn dai phii ng phuc. Olga Kenyon nhgn xet:
Phu nu chinh la me ciia tigu thuyet... Thi ma cac nha phe binh nam gidi tirag day chiing ta ring cha de ciia tieu thuyet la Defoe vi Richardson. Nhimg, tmoc hp rit lau, chinh phu nu da bat diu phat trien the loai tieu thuyit. Tac pham diu tien mi cbung ta dupc biet la Truyen Genji do ba Murasaki viit vao thi ki XI d Nhat. Do la tieu thuyet tam Iy dau tien ciia the gidi, c6 cam hiJmg phi thudng va doc dao v6 song [dan theo Nhat Chigu, 1, tr. III].
Vdi nhirag gj Murasaki da sing tgo trong Genji monogatari, thiet nghT, y kien ciia Olga Kenyon cung khdng phai la khdng co co sd. Nii van sT da xay dyng dugc mgt the gidi nhan vgt da dang, da khic hga dugc nhidu tinh cich khi dign hinh (tigu bigu la hoang tu Genji, Td no Chujd, Murasaki, Kaom, Niou, Oigimi, Ukifune...) vdi nhiiu tmdng doan biin thien tam ly kha phiie tgp.
Vi edt trayfn cua Genji monogatari chu ygu xoay quanh true "da tinh" cua hoing tir Genji nen tam Iy nhan vat trong tie phim phin ldn ciing bi cac sy tden lien quan den tinh ai chi phdi. Hay ndi each khie, tam Iy tinh yeu la kieu dgng tam ly dgc thii nhit trong thien tigu thuyet nay. Digu nay ciing cd nghTa la nhung ngudi tham gia vio cac cugc luygn ii se dugc tic gii chii trpng migu ta tim Iy nhieu ban cac nhin vit khic.
Trong do, Murasaki Shikibu da kha dung tam mieu ta nhirng cam xiic, suy nghT, tinh cam ciia nhan vat chinh - hoing tir Genji. Dgc tinh khdng ddi cua Genji chinh la kha nang rung ddng trude phu nii, v i cimg vdi qua trinh do li nhirag thay ddi trong thi gidi tam ly eiia ching. Khi xay dyng hinh tugng nhan vat hao hoa nay, Murasaki thudng chii y din tinh nliit quan Uong tam Iy va bin chat tinh each ciia nhin vit.
Ching ban, trong Chucnig 6 (Suetsumuhana - Hoa dd) ciia tic pham, Murasaki da xay dyng mgt tinh hudng truyfn kha dgc sac: Genji nghe nang ban Tayu kg ve ning quan chua Hitachi tdi nghifp, trong long chang diy len sy thuang cam va mong mudn dugc gap ning. Nhung khi mong mudn cua chang dugc toai nguyfn thi ching that vgng \'i nhan sic ciia ning (dac biet li chigc miii dd kem trang nha trgn guong mat quan chiia).
Khi vj hoang tii trg tudi nhan dugc mdn qua hdi dap ciia qugn chiia Hitachi thi cung li liic chang xoay lung ra di.
Thdng qua nhung bign chuygn tim ly cua Genji, Murasaki da khac hga dugc mdt vii khia cgnh trong tinh each ciia vi hoing tu da tinh: td md, higu sac, hieu thing nhung ciing cd ldng thuang ngudi. Cau chuyen eo le vdi nang quin chua Hitachi bat dau bing sy td md ciia Genji. Y dinh diu tign ciia ching l i khi nghigm tiic, nhung cang vg sau nd cang thg hifn tinh budng tudng trong each xii ly cua ching, nhit la khi chang bi qugn chiia khudc tii nhiing li thu giii din va sy xuit hifn cua Td no Chujd (viia l i ban vira la
NGUYEN ANH DAN
anh vg cua Genji). Nhin vit Td no Chujd cung cd y mudn kit giao vdi quin chiia Hitachi, hinh ddng nay da cham din ldng ty ii ciia Genji. Do vay chang cang ed ging di dat duge muc dieh la xda tan sy im lang cua quin chiia Hitachi. Genji di dgt dupc phin nao muc dich ciia minh li dugc nhin thiy guong mat ciia quan chiia, tuy nhien chang da that vgng nao ng.
Hiu hit cic trudng dogn bidn thign tim ly cua nhin vit trong tieu thuygt nay diu gin liin vdi nhimg mau thuan nhat dinh hay vdi cic tinh hudng trayen cd vin dg. Thdng qua nhung tinh hudng truyfn cd tinh miu thuin do, tim ly nhin vat dugc khic hga mdt each rd net. Vi dy, tac gii da xiy dyng dugc mdt tinh hudng day kjch tfnh xung quanh viec sinh nd ciia Fujistubo d chuang 7 (Momiji no Ga - Tham einh la hdng).
Mgi chuyfn bit diu tu vifc Genji cd cam giac cii thai ma kg miu Fujitsubo dang mang la con eiia mmh, vi vgy chang thudng xuygn eau nguyen binh an cho me con diia be.
Genji tir bd vifc di tiiam thii diu nam mdi, ehuyen sy quan tam eiia minh vao Fujitsubo va cai thai ciia nang. Khi tin chac rang dd la con cua minh, chang di nhieu dfn chua di ciu nguyen, cung vdi do la ndi lo sg khdng dugc gap lgi Fujitsubo. Ltie Fujitsubo sinh hg diia be, "vdi tdm long tran nggp sir dn cdn kin ddo cua mgt ngirdi cha. Genji din thdm Fujitsubo vdo mdt liic ma chang cho la ndng khdng cdn khdch khira ntra" [3, tr.I87, tap 1]. Genji dgn vdi tu cich ciia mgt ngudi cha len liit - chu nhan ciia mgt cudc tinh vung ygm. Ngudi lo sg diu tign vi diia be chinh l i Fujitsubo: "Fujitsubo bj gidy vo dau dan bai nhirng cdm nghT tgi ldi lo du. Chac chdn la bdt cu ai trdng thdy dua be se dodn ra s\r thgt khiing khiip vd se nguyen rua ndng" [3, tr.I88, tap I], Fujitsubo budc phai tu chdi khdng cho Genji gip diia be df dim bio cho nhirag chuyen "ngoi le ddi mach" khdng bi diin ra. Trong cupc "chgm chin" nay cd 2 thai cyc: Genji tha thiit mudn gap diia be bing tinh cam cua mdt ngudi cha nhung Fujitsubo bing su kheo leo ciia ngudi dan bi, che chd cho ca diia con, nang va Genji thoat khdi nhiing hiim nguy dang rinh rap.
Nhung con ngudi bi kich nhat khdng phii la Genji hay Fujitsubo ma chinh li nhi vua - chdng ciia Fujitsubo, cha ciia Genji; ngudi khdng biit con trai li tinh nhan cua vg, nhan chiu minh lam con... Tit ca nhiing diiu trd trgn i y diu do thdi da tinh ciia Genji ma thinh. Nhi vua say me diia tre cung nhu tiudc kia dng say rag Genji. Ong khdng chiit miy may nghi ngd gi vi sy gidng nhau la liing ciia diia be va Genji, tiong suy nghT cua ongthi "nhiing ngirai dep thi nom gidng nhau nhu thi ndo dd" [3, tT.189, tap 1].
Sau cudc gap vdi nha vua, Genji rdi bdi va quyit dinh tid vi Nijo - nai d cua Murasaki ( n p d i mi ching yeu tiiuong hit myc). Fujitsubo da hdi im thu, chang vui mimg khdn xiet. Sau dd chang lai vui ve vdi Murasaki. Diin biin nay hoin toan bit ngd va la iim vdi nhitag gi thi hien trudc dd. Cd ve nhu sau khi cam thiy "an toan" vi Fujitsubo, Genji lgi an tim vui say tinh ai vdi Murasaki. Diiu nay thi hifn diing bin chit da tinh cua Genji vi cimg cho thay sy tiidng nhit tiong mieu t i tim Iy nhin vat ciia tic gii.
Bgn canh dd, Murasaki Shildbu thudng dua nhan vit cua minh (dac biet la cac nhin vat nii) vio cae mdi quan he vung trdm, cic mdi quan he rae rdi, phirc tap df lim ndi bit tam ly, tinh cim ciia mSi ngudi.
Cic motif vg cudc tinh tay ba xuit hien khdng it tiong tic pham nay, va eiiinh tir ban thin cac cudc tinh cd nhiiu ngudi tham gia dd, tam ly ciia nhan vat dugc the hifn trade mat dgc gii. Mdt vi du tieu biiu la tnrdng hgp cua Kaoru va ba ed eon gai eiia Hoing Tii Tim. Mic du Kaora da danh cho hai ehi em Oigimi va Nakanokimi sy quan tim va nhCtag tinh cam chan thanh nhung dap lai cho Kaora ehi la sy lgnh limg dfn khae nghift. Nakanokimi theo vg Iam vg Niou nhitag tudng cd mdt cudc sdng hanh phiic nhimg nhiing toan tinh ciia Yugiri da khien Niou phai Iiy them mdt phu nhin nua la Rokunoldmi. Cue dien ddi sdng da thay ddi lim cho Nakanokimi tigc nhd nhitag gi ma Kaoru da dinh cho chi em minh, Co hdi dgn vdi Kaoru khi tinh cam ciia chang danh cho nang ngay cang manh lift. Niou sinh ra nghi ngd mdi quan he giiia ho. Ci ba ngudi Niou, Nakanokimi v i Kaora deu phii sdng trong nhiing lo au, mugn phien.
Ukifune la nhin vit nii chiia dyng tim ly hgt siic phu:c tap. Trong eon ngudi nang ludn diln ra sy giing co dtr ddi giua cac ludng cam xiic, suy nghi va tinh cam. Nang yeu Niou nhung eiing ban khoan trade nhirng cii chi, hanh ddng quan tim, sin sdc chan thanh ciia Kaora. Bdi viy, nang dau khd Idii Niou khdng din tham nang d n^di nha tign mii nhung eiing phan van khdng biit cd ngn tiip Kaora hay khdng. Chiing kien tinh cam cua Kaoru, ning da quyit tim khdng chieu theo y Niou niia nhung ngay sau dd lgi cam thiy tinh cam manh lift cua minh djuih cho chang.
Ci mdt gdc dd khac, Murasaki Shikibu the hifn ba la mgt ngudi tinh tg tiong phan tich tam ly nhin vat phu nii. Chang hgn, khi Genji dua Cdng chiia Ba ve lim thiip eiia ching, liic nay, Murasaki da cd cim giac nghi ngai khi so sanh dg xuan sac ciia minh va cong chiia dang dd tudi tidn trang. Nang biet la minh khdng bj phg truat nhung vin chanh long. Han niia, chiing kifn sy ddn tigp trang trgng mi Genji danh cho Cdng ehiia Ba, Murasaki tidi day sy ghen tudng rat chinh dang cua minh. Tuy nhien, nang khdng d i lg ra m i vin gift dugc phong thii binh than eiia mpt ngudi phu nii quy tgc. Nang vira mudn tiach mdc, hdn gian Genji nhung vin giuc chang phai lam tidn trich nhiem vdi nang Cdng chiia Ba. Trong con ngudi cua Murasaki liic nay li ci mdt sy gjang co tam ly, vira li mdt ngudi phu nfl nhung vira la chinh that ciia Genji [3, ti. 41 -45, tap 2].
Xay dyng duge nhung nhan vit cd tinh each nhat quan cung vdi qui trinh phit trign tim ly da dang li mdt tiong nhimg thanh cdng khdng nhd cua Murasaki tiong Genji monogatari, nhit la xet vg thdi gian, tigu thuyit nay lai xuit hien tiong the ki XI. Chinh vi diiu nay, nhigu nha nghien ciiu da ddng y vdi Olga Kenyon tiong viec khing dinh Genji monogatari l i tigu thuygt tam ly diu tien ciia nhan loai.
GENJI MONOGA TARI - M Q T TTEU THUYET CO KET CAU DA DANG Ngoii thatih cdng vg mat phan tich tam !y nhan vit, Murasald cdn xay dyng dugc kgt ciu khi chat che va da d^mg cho thign tigu thuygt ciia minh. Cac kigu ket ciu ea ban trong Genji monogatari gdm: kgt ciu tranh cudn, kgt ciu thdi gian va ket cau tam ly.
NGUYEN ANH DAN
Kit ciu "tranh cudn"
Sd dl kit ciu cua Genji monogatari dugc so sinh vdi kgt cau ti-anh cuon la vi nhitag tuang ddng vi ndi dung vi hinh tiiiic cua tranh cudn va Genji monogatari. Vg ngi dung, uanh cudn su dung cac ciu chuyfn tiong tiiin tiiogi, truygn tiiuyet, tiong van hgc, lich sii ciing nhu tdn giio (Phit giio) lim di tai. Vi hmh tiiirc, tianh eugn duge sing tie bing su kit hgp birc hga va vin ty, sir dung cac ky tiiuit tiiuin Nhit Bin, vdi miu sic da dgng, tiian tiiii hai ky thuit biiu dat hinh anh ca ban, gdm: "fuloDuki yatai" va
"hikime kagibana". "Fukinuki yatai" lien quan den viec thi hifn cic kiiu kien tine nhi ciia tiong yanh, thudng tiii eac ngdi nha se khdng cd mii di ngudi xem cd tiii nhin tiiiy cac cinh diln ra bgn tiong. "Hikime kagiba" li nguyen tie tiong vifc tiii hifn con ngudi, tiiudng gin vdi sy biiu dgt chin tiiyc, cu the guong mgt cua nhan vat theo nguygn tic hai mit nim tign mgt dudng thang vi mui hgeh .
Dg xem tranh cudn, ngudi ta phii lit tir phii sang tiai, mong ty nhu vifc dgc cic vin ban Hin ty ciia Tmng Qudc thdi biy gid hay nhu dpc manga cua Nhat Ban hifn nay. Va bdi li tranh cudn nfn dg xem dugc nd ngudi xem huge phai keo biic tianh va trii ra tien mdt mat phing. Cac chi tift (bao gdm cic biic hga va van tu) lin lugt duac md ra tmdc mit ngudi xem. Hinh thiic xem nhu vgy se tao ra duge mgt hifu ung vg mat thi giac rat hita hifu. Bin than hf thdng sy kien cua Genji monogatari ciing dugc dan trai trgn mpt
"mit phing" ciia thdi gian (47 nam, 4 ddi thign hoang) theo chigu lijy tien.
Cie nhan vgt vi su kifn tiong Genji monogatari dugc xuat hifn mdt each tiinh tu, khien cho tac phim nhu dugc chia thanh cac "ldp" sy kifn, ngudi dgc cii keo hit "ldp" nay din "ldp" khac cho dgn khi toan bg buc tianh tac pham dugc tnmg biy tiudc mit ddc gia. Do viy, kigu kit ciu tranh cupn khiin cho ddc gia cii sau khi lit gid mpt chuang sach, mgt can chuyen (tya nhu gid thgm mdt doan tiong biic tranh cudn) thi eiing li liie dgn vdi mgt thg gidi khac ciia cau chuyen. Hon niia, tiong Genji monogatari, Murasaki Shikibu khdng tip trung nhiiu vio hanh dpng ma chii tim di cao yiu td tam Iy vay nen thign tigu thuygt nay la mdt the gidi tam ly phiie tap, nluiu ting ldp, gidng nhu dupe
"cupn" vio cic chuong sach, tgo ngn sy ldi cudn, hap din ngudi dge.
Vg phuong difn bigu dgt hmh anh, bing siic ggi ciia ngdn tir, Murasaki Shikibu da giiip ngudi dgc tudng tugng ra cic khung canh bit tan ciia yeu duong, hd hen, cua ai in vung tidm cung nhu hgnh phiie chdn phdng the. NhQng cinh tugng i y dugc phd bay tmdc mat dgc gia gidng nhu ky thuat "fiikinuki yatai" - khdng ed mii ngdi, tim phen hay cinh ciia dg che dgy, mpi sy ii tinh tiong Genji monogatari diu dugc migu t i mdt cich cu thg. Bgn cgnh dd, nhitag guong tnit ngudi cua thign tiiu thuygt nay dugc mieu ti d?p tir hinh dang din tinh cich, tam hdn, iing chiiu tiieo ky thuit "hikime kagibana" thi Murasaki Shikibu di migu ta dugc nhung eon ngudi chin that eua thdi dai minh, Tir dd, cd thg ndi, Murasaki Shikibu Ii ngudi me cua tiiu thuyit, v i ciing ddng thdi la mdt tiong nhitag ngudi tgo nfn hmh hai cho tianh cupn Nhit Bin. Vi cii can cii vao minh chung hifn cdn, thi cho dii lich sii hdi hga cho ring hinh thurc tranh cugn ed mat d Nhit
Tham khao them: hrtp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genii Monogaiari Emaki
Ban tir kha sdm (khoang nim 735)" nhung mai din khoing 100 nim sau khi Murasaki Shikibu viit Genji monogatari thi Fujiwara no Takayoshi, mdt hga sT cung dinh Nhit Bin d thg ki XII, mdi tao ra Genji Monogatari Emaki (tranh cudn minh hga Genji monogatari).
Ket ciu thdi gian
Genji monogatari cung ddng thdi la tac phim cd ging the hifn ddi sdng thdng qua niem bi cim ddi vdi thdi gian. Dd la thdi gian trdi chiy, tuygn tinh, bien nien, thdi gian dang mit di, thdi gian buy dif t, gin vdi nhung cii chgt cua Kiritsubo, Aoi, Yugao, Fujitsubo, Murasaki, Cdng ehiia Ba, Oigimi, Genji...
Thdi gian sy kifn eiia tie phim la 47 nam, trai qua bdn ddi thien hoang dugc kg dan tiii qua 54 chuong trayen theo hinh thuc bien tnen, cic kigu thdi gian hdi tudng, hdi cd tdn tai rit ban chg [2], Ket eau thdi gian cua Genji monogatari cung dupc xay dyng theo chieu thdi gian sy kifn luy tign, khdng bao ham sy dao chiiu, nghjch tuyen, lip ghep--- nd chi dan thuan la mdt ban tudng trinh theo tign trinh thdi gian gin lign vdi cudc ddi nhan vgt.
Kgt ciu thdi gian khign cho tic phim gan vdi cudn nhit ki cupc ddi ciia nhin vat vi hiu het eae sy kien khdng hg lip lai ma dign tign theo thdi gian tuyen tinh. Ngay ci su xuit hifn ciia cac nhan vit eung viy. vifc nhudng cho cho cae nhan vat din sau trong tinh hudng traygn khiin ngudi dpe dl lien tudng dgn chieu van dpng cua ehiee kim ddng hd.
Sy lap lai ciia tinh huong trayfn, ciia cac thdi digm thdi gian tiong qua khii li mpt digu khdng phd bign tiong Genji monogatari.
Kit ciu thdi gian ciing nhu kigu kgt cau tranh cupn se dim bio dugc tinh lign kgt ddi vdi mdt tie phim cd dung Iugng kha ldn nhu Genji monogatari. Bdi Ie, bin thin he thdng sy kien tiong tac phim khi dd so, cii qua mdi chuong Igi la nhimg hf thdng su kien mdi, niu tie gia khdng cd thao tac logi bd bdt di nhimg ygu td trade dd thi rit khd di triin khai cac tinh tiet khac. Tit nhien la phii dit dac difm niy tiong tu duy ciia tigu thuyit traygn thdng vdi ngdi ke thir nhit mi khdng phai bao gid ngudi kg chuyen ngdi thii nhit eung cd the nam bit va ghi nhd dugc toan bd nhimg gi da diln ra. Nhiiu nha nghien ciiu cho ring kit ciu ciia thign tigu thuygt nay thigu chat che mdt phin la do nhiing yiu td trdn. Dd li cii nhin ddi sanh vdi die didm ciia tigu tiiuygt phuong Tay hifn dai, nhimg tiong nhiing ban chg lich sir cua kT thuit tiiu thuyit so khai thi cd thg ndi, d phuong difn td chiic kgt cau, Genji monogatari vin cd tinh lien kgt, lign mach.
Sy liin mgch nay dugc td ehue bing cac yeu td myen tinh eirng vdi sy xuit hifn qua cac chuang ciia nhin vgt Genji (sau niy Ii Kaora va Niou).
Kit cdu tam ly
Ben cgnh hai hinh thiic kgt cau tien, tiong Genji monogatari edn phai kg dgn mgt kigu kit ciu cd tinh chit hien dgi la kgt can tam ly. Cac hinh thiic kgt ciu nay hda quyfn
- Tham khao ihem: hltp://www bntannica.com/EBchecked/media/I8210/Detail-of-a-hand-scroll-from- ihe-Genji-monogatari-emaki
NGUYEN ANH DAN
yong nhau tao thanh nhitag ldp kit ciu dae sic, tiii hien dugc gia tii sang tgo cua mdt tiiu tiiuygt tien phong.
Genji monogatari la tiii gidi cua nhitag sd phin, nhitag eude tmh dugc khic hga tiidng qua diln biin tam ly nhin vit. Cac cau chuyfn diln ra tiong tic phim khdng chi^ dan thuin la sy kifn ma in chira tiong nd cdn la cac qua trinh tam ly. Mic dii ddi chd cac qua trinh niy cdn chua dgt din dg tinh sio hay cdn sg sai, don giin thi thi gidi tam ly iy vin dugc td chiic mdt cieh cd he thdng, xuygn suot tic pham.
Nhu chiing tdi da de cap, khdng phii tit ca cie nhin yit tiong Genji monogatari diu duac ehii tigng migu ta tam ly, vi cd nhung nhan vat ndi bgt (nhu cic nhan vat chinh), cd nhimg nhin vit chi xuit hien mdt lin (phin ldn la cac iihan vgt ngudi tinh ciia Genji) hay cd nhung nhan vit chi xuit hifn thoang qua (ngudi hiu, ngudi dua tin, dua tiiu...), tic gia khdng dii diu tu cho tit ca nhiing sy xuat hifn iy dugc. Do viy, true tim ly chii dgo ciia tic phim xoay quanh cac nhin vit ehinh, nhin vat trang tim, ma chii ygu la hoang tii Genji. Nhin vat da tinh sing chdi nay se la tam digm de xay dyng cac m6i quan hf khac, cac qui tiinh diln biin tam ly cd lign quan den Genji (vi cac hgu duf cua chang), td chiic cac tinh tiet, su kien cd lien quan den cudc ddi ching... True tam ly eiia tic phim se liy Genji (va cac hgu due) lim trung tam, sau dd tda di eac "nhinh" khac nhau. Cic nhinh nay khdng cd su phin cip thanh cic nhanh thip ban ma thudng cd moi quan hf true tiep vdi Genji (va cic hiu due).
Aware - Cam thirc cii dep chu dao trong Genji monogatari
Theo nha nghien cixu Motoori Norinaga (1730-1801) tiong cdng trinh Genji Monogatari Tama-no-Kogushi (Luge gd ngpc Genji) thi tic phim cua Murasaki hudng dgn vifc thi hifn thi gidi eim xiic, phan img tim ly cua con ngudi tmdc cii dep khic gidi, cai dep cua con ngudi ndi chung va cii dep thien nhien. Trong qua ttinh do, nhimg xiic cim cua ehu thg vi ddi thg hda vdi nhau lam mpt, dugc Norinaga ggi bing eai ten "mono no aware".
Aware nguyen la A-hare gidng nhu mdt tigng kgu kinh nggc va cim kich nhu "Oi chao!". Vio thdi trang cd, nd ehl bieu diln phan iing eiia con ngudi tiudc mdt vg d?p hay yeu kiiu qua thdi egn dai thi nd tid thinh phan ung trade eai gi budn. Cho ngn ve dep Nhat Ban thudng gin vdi ndi budn (Aware dugc viet vdi chfl "Ai" tiong tiing Han). [2, tr.l89]
Do sy ehi phdi ciia cam thiic aware (hay mono no aware) ngn cd thi ndi, Genji monogaiari la thi gidi ciia nilm bi cim. Dd li niim bi cam vi thdi gian, vi ddi sdng, vi con ngudi, vg t u ^ yeu, sy sdng va eii chit... Thi gidi i y budn nhung dgp, siu nhung khdng lyy. Nd van dem din cho ngudi ta niim ham me eude sdng, tiin den eude sdng.
Phii khang djnh rang, ygu td khuygn ddi, luin ly, "lim lanh linh dir" theo quan diim ciia Nho giio va Phit giao khdng hi tdn tgi trong thign tiiu tiiuygt nay. Genji monogatari cd tac dung tiianh lgc (Catharsis - Aristolte) thdng qua nhung tic dgng tam ly cua no dgn ngudi dgc, khdng cin bit cir giio diiu khd khan nao ca.
Cai dep cua con ngudi tiong Genji monogatari la cai dep dugc thg hien qua nhiing eude tinh trien mien cua cic nhan vat. Trong nhiing cudc tinh iy, cd nhitag tigng cudi hanh phiic nhung cung cd nhirng bi kich khd dau. Ci do ed sy thing hoa nhung cung cd nhimg cii chet diy nudc mit. Tat ca nhung digu dd tao thinh mgt thu tinh cim bit tu cua con ngudi: tinh yeu. Dac bift, tmh ygu tiong tigu thuyet niy, theo Leslie Inamasu, dugc Murasaki the hien mgt cich dgc dio tiong hinh tugng ba nhan vit nO Yugao - "hinh miu ciia tinh ygu ndng nin", phu nhan Akashi - "ngudi vg va ngudi me quy phai" va Ukifune "nir tu nguygn mau". "Ddi vdi mdt phu na thugc tdng lap trung liru cia thdi dgi Heian thi S{r kit hgp giira Yugao, Akashi vd Ukifune se dem Igi mdt cuoc song hodn had" [4, p.69]. Theo y kiin ciia Leslie thi phai ching an sau ban tinh da tmh ciia hoang tir Genji la trii tim khao khat mdt euge sdng hoan hio vg phuang difn tinh yeu? Digu nay chiing ta khdng dam ehie nhung cd mgt digu chac chin tiong Genji monogatari, dd la cai dep d i hda vdi tinh ygu va ciing trd tbanb bit tu.
Mit khic, niem bi cam cai dep ciia Murasaki cdn dugc thi hien bing nhitag tu tudng cd tinh chat ton giao tiong Genji monogatari. Dd li su phii du hu i o cua kiep ngudi. Cd dd m i lai mit do. Khdng cd gi l i tnidng tdn, vTnh vign. Va sy bat tii cung chi la tuang ddi.
Do vgy cai d?p ciia tac pham la eai dep xuat phit tir tu tudng trigt hgc vg su sinh thanh hiiy diet. Viy ngn, bin chit cua thi gian li bi cam va eing bi eim han khi vao tigu thuygt ciia Murasaki.
Cd thi xem Genji monogatari da dat din eii dep nhan vSn, thf hifn cai dep ven toin eiia niim bi cim bit tgn ciia con ngudi. Nhung nhin vit eiia Murasaki dupe tim tiong biu khdng khi ciia cii dep, ngat huong thom ciia thdi gian, v i cii vay, nd lang le khac vao long ddc gia nhu mgt thii am inh khdn ngudi.
KET LUAN
Genji monogatari tdn tai tiong vin hgc Nhat Bin nhu mdt tugng dii ki vT eua siic sing tao nghe thugt phi thudng. Genji monogatari ghi diu i n hiu nhu trong mgi phuong dien cua nin vin hda Nhat Bin. Nd la ngudn cim hiing vd tan cho thi van, my thugt, san khiu, dien inh... Phong each cua Murasaki cd inh hudng sau rdng, ngay ci nhQng nhi vin hifn dai cimg thira nhin inh hudng eiia bi: Higuehi Ichiyo (1872-1896), Akutagawa Ryuimosuke (1892-1927), Tanizaki Jun-ichiro (1886-1965) hay Kawabata Yasunari (1899-1972)...
Cimg vdi nhflng ddng gdp vi mat thg logi, nghe thugt xay dyng kit eau, phiic cam ve cai dep thi phin tich tim ly nhin vat la phucmg dien cd nhieu ddng gdp cua Genji monogatari. Cic yeu td nay dugc kgt hgp vdi dtmg Iugng dd so, ldi hanh van mgeh lae, dam chit trii tinh da tgo cho Genji monogatari vdc ding ciia mpt tigu thuyet hien dai.
Mie dii chju inh hudng ciia quan diem hu vd Phit giio nhimg tu tudng chii dgo ciia Genji monogatari van Ii nggi ea ve dep va thg gidi tinh cam da dgng ciia con ngudi, ciia thien nhien, cudc sdng. Cudn tigu thuygt nay cua Murasaki Shikibu xiing dang la mgt di san vd gia ciia vin hgc Nhgt Ban./.
NGUY'EN ANH DAN
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
[ I ] Nhat Chieu (2007), Vdn hgc Nhdt Bdn tir khdi thiiy din 1868, NXB Giao due.
[2] Nguygn Nam Tran (2001), Tdng quan vdn hgc su Nhgt Bdn, NXB Giao due.
[3] Murasaki Shikibu (1991), Truyen Genji, Nhiiu ngudi dich, NXB Khoa hpc Xa hpi, Ha Noi.
[4] Leshe Inamasu (2003), Genji Monogatari: A Romance in Three Parts, Stanford Joumal of East Asian Affairs, Vol.3, No.l, pp. 69-74.
[5] Royall Tyler, Genji monogatari and The Tale of Genji, Retrieved from:
www.jpforg.au/.../royalltyler-genji-Iect-english.pdf
Title: MONOGATARI GENRE AND GENJI MONOGATARI OF MURASAKI SHIKIBU Abstract: Monogatari is a narrative genre of Japanese literature, which bom in 8* century.
There were many valued-works of monogatari that retrieved from its appearance. Genji monogalaris Murasaki Shikibu was one of them. Genji monogatari is considered 'the greatest masterpiece of Japanese literature' and 'a classic of worid literature'. The author of this book, Lady Murasaki Shikibu, is one of the most talent writers of Heian era (794-1185) and Japanese literature. The Lady is also praised as a woman who wrote the first psychological novel of the world. That is a remarkable invention because Genji monogatari was written in the 11* century.
On the other hand. Lady Murasaki Shikibu's book contains a lot of elements of modem narrative.
ThS. NGUYEN ANH DAN
Khoa Ngft Van, Tmdng Dai hpc Su pham - Dai hpc Hui DT: 0986 77 40 40, Email: [email protected]
