68 TAP CHi KHOA HQC PHAP LY VIET N A M j O O i a g X g ! ^
"LOI ICH CONG CONG" TRONG LUAT DAU TU^
QUOC TE - THlTC TlfiN GIAI QUYET TRANH CHAP QUOC TE VA MOT SO DE XUAT CHO VIET NAM
TRAN VIET DUNG Khoa Luat Quoc ti, Dai hoc Luat TP. H6 Chi Minh Internationa! law Department, Hochiminh city University of Law Email- [email protected]. vn NGUYEN NGOC MAI THY Hoc vien cao hgc luat qu6c te, Dai hpc Luat TP Ho Chi Mmh Master student, Hochiminh city University of Law Email: maithynn@gniail,com
Tom tdt • • • . . ^ ; Lugt ddu tu quoc te cho phep nhd nirac thuc hien cdc bien phdp ddu tif h^n che quyen lot cua nhd ddu tu nuac ngodi nham bdo ve lai ich cong cong Tuy nhien, khdi niem len ich cong cgng hien vdn ma ho vd chua^ duoc quy dinh ro rdng. Vi vdy cdc ca quan nhd nuac thuang gap rdt nhieu kho khan trong viic xdc dinh bijn phdp cua minh co thuoc phgm trU ciia lai ich cong cong theo chudn muc guSc te hay khong? Dieu ndy dat ra nhieu kho khan, thdch thuc cho nhd nuac trong thu tuc gidi quyet tranh chip ddu tu quoc ti Bdi viet phdn tich vdn de ndy trong boi cdnh thuc tiin qudc te hien dai vd tu do de xudt mqt so gidi phdp vd chien luac cho Viet Nam.
Tit khoa: lai ich cong cong. ludt dau tu quoc te. nhd ddu tu nuac ngodi Abstract
International investment law allows the state to implement investment restrictive measures that harm the interests of foreign investors in the name of protection of the public interests. However, this concept is still ambiguous, and therefore it is often difficult for government agencies to identify if their investment measure satisfied the requirements of public interests under international standard. This poses difficulties and challenges to the government in the process of resolving international investment disputes. This paper will analyze this issue in the context of modern international practice and thereby propose some solutions and strategies for Vietnam.
Keywords: public interests, international investment law. foreign investors Ngdy nhdn bdi: 15/6/2018 Ngdy duyet ddng: 15/9/2019
L
uat dau tu qude te dugc hinh thanh nham kho khan, thach thiic cho nha nudc trong thii xiic tien dau tu qudc te va bao ve quyen tuc giai quyet tranh chap dau tu qudc te.lgi eua nha dau tu nudc ngoai (NDTNN). 1. Khai niSm "loi ich cong cong" trong Cac dieu uac quoc te ve dau tu (Intemational luat dSu tu- qu6c t§
Investment Agreement •- IIA) ben canh viec thiet "Lgi ich cdng cpng" (public interest) la mgt lap cac quy che khdng phan bi|t ddi xu d4u tir khai niem quan trgng trong khoahpc phap ly dd cdn quy dinh han che chu quyen ciia qudc gia chi cac lgi ich quan trgng ciia xa hgi hay cgng trong vigc xir ly tai san cua NDTNN va cac dong, cd gia tn cao hon cac lgi ich tu (cua ca khoan dau tur nudc ngoai. Luat quoc tk cho nhan, td chiie) rieng le. Trong ly luan ehinh tri phep nha nudc thuc hign cac bien phap, chinh va phap luat da cd nhi^u thuat ngu khac nhau sach dau tu gay han chS hoac ton hai tdi quyen dugc cac hgc gia va nha lam luat sir dung dk lgi cua NDTNN nham bao ve lgi ich cdng cpng chi vd "lgi ich edng cgng" nhu "didu tdt cho (public interests). Tuy nhien, ngi ham ciia khai cgng ddng" (common good, public good), "lgi niem nay van cdn ma hd va chua dugc dinh ich cgng ddng" (communinty interest), ''muc nghia rd rang. Vi yay, cac co quan nha nudc dich cdng cgng" (public purposes).'.^ Tuy thuang gap rat nhieu kho khan trong viec xac
dmh bien phap cua mmh co thudc pham tni ' ^^^^'^ '^•^^' ^^ ^"^^'^^ Maxwell, Assessing the cua "lai ich cdng cong" theo chu^n muc qudc ^"^'''^ ^"Tf'" ^C! ^'"'"'^' ^ ^''"'^^^ork, Canada X-L ' l l , - o i f if- ' - 3 - • , - i ^"^^"'^^ '^'^^'sory Committee on Smart R*.m,l^t:«r,
te hay khong? Han che nay cung dat ra nhieu 2004 Regulation,
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nhien, cho den nay, viec giai thich khai niem lgi ich cong cgng ciing khdng h6 thdng nh4t.
Tim hi€u ngii nghia tir dien, khai niem nay cung dugc dinh nghTa khac nhau. Tir di§n Oxford dua ra dinh nghia vd ciing ngan gpn vS lgi ich cong cdng la "lgi ich hoac lai the cua todn the cgng dong; Id lai ich cong".^
Trong khi do, Tir dien kinh doanh thuang mai cua Hoa Ky thi dinh nghia: "lgi ich chung ciia cong dong (trdi nguac vol tu led eda mgt ngadi, mgt nhom nguai, hogc mgt cong ty) let l(fi ich md trong do todn the xd hgi dat dugc quyen lgi vd nhdn duac su cong nhan, thuc day, bdo ve cua nhd nuac vd cdc to chuc chinh quyin ".^ Tir dien chuyen nganh luat Black's Law dinh nghia ve lgi ich cdng cdng ohir sau: ' 7 . do Id lgi ich chung cua cong chung, dat duoc su thita nhan vd bdo vi; 2. Id dieu md todn the cong chung co quyen lgi ".'' Co the thay khai niem lgi ieh cdng cdng the hi?n ro hai dac diem chinh: (i) tinh trim tugng (khong rd rang), cu the, the nao la chung, la cdng cgng, la ddi lap vdi ca nhan va nhung lgi ich nao thi dugc chgn de uu tien bao ve vugt tren lgi ich ca nhan hoac Ipi ich nhom?; (ii) dupc nha nudc thira nhan va bao ve nhu mgt gia tri cdt ldi ciia nen tang xa hdi.
Tinh chit trim tupng eiia khai niem co the trd thanh di^m gay tranh cai trong cac tinh huong phap ly khi xac dinh tinh hop phap cua bien phap dae thu dugc nha nudc sii dung nhim can thiep, han che quyen ca nhan ciia cdng dan hoac td chiic. Trong ITnh virc phap luat d4u tu qude tS, tinh hudng nay thirdng phat sinh khi phai danh gia tinh chat cua hanh vi trult huu tai san cua nha dau tu nudc ngoai cua nha nudc de tii dd xac dinh miic bfii hoan tucmg xung cho nha dau tu.
Lgi ich cdng cdng xu4t hien trong luat d4u tu quoc t6 nhim tao ra su can bing giiia cac lgi
^ Tu dien Oxford, httpsV/en.oxforddictionanes.
coin/definition/public_interest, tmy cap ngay 14/11/2017.
^Tudienthircmgmai,http://www.businessdictionary.
con]/definition/public-mterest.html, truy cap ngay 14/11/2017.
'' Bryan A. Gamer, Black s Law Dictionary Second Pocke^dition, West Publishing, 2001.
ich kinh te cua tu nhan va cac lgi ich phi kinh te cua cpng ddng/ xa hdi. Tuy nhien, cho tdi nay, luat dau tu qudc te khdng dinh nghia rd rang ve khai niem lgi ich cdng cdng. Hiu h6t cac IIA truyen thdng chi quy dinh v8 Igi ieh edng cdng nhu la co sd de nha nudc thuc hien cac bien phap dac biet eua nha nudc ddi vdi nha dau tu nudc ngoai ma khdng dinh nghia rd nd la gi. Nhieu quan diem cho rang viee khdng quy dinh ro rang van de nay se din tdi khd khan trong viec ap dung quy dinh va gia tang viec bao ve eho lgi ich tu nhan bat chap cai gia phai tra cho lgi ich chung cua cdng ddng.^ UNCTAD da timg nhan xet trong mdt tai lieu cua minh rang ca che bao ve cua cac hiep dinh dau tu cd the an chiia nhieu rui ro.
Cu the, khi qudc gia tiep nhan dau tu khdng the quan ly cac khoan dau tu nudc ngoai mdt each linh hoat thi se dan den kha nang that bai trong viee can bang mgt each thich dang giiia cac Igi ich cdng cpng va lgi ich tu nhan (lgi ich eua NDTNN).^
Thuc tiln giai quyet tranh chap dau tu qude te cung cho thay tranh chap giua NDTNN va nha nude tiep nhan dau tu khdng thuan tuy la tranh chap thuang mai thdng thudng.
Trgng tai trong vu kien Methanex vs Hoa Ky da tung nhan dinh rang: "Trong vu viec ndy khong the nghi nga Id co ton tgi mgt lai ich cong cgng. Cdc vdn de hien duac neu len trong vu viec ndy, do do, dd vuat qud cdc vdn de dugc dua ra truac trgng tdi thuang mgi qudc ti thong thuang".'' Ban Trgng tai trong mpt vu viec khac ciing da cd nhan xet tuong tu khi ndi rang "khi xem xet cdc vdn di duac neu ra trong vu viec ndy. Ban Trgng
^\JHCTA.D. International Investment Rule-making:
Stocktacking, Challengses and the Way Forward.
United Nations Publication, 2008, tr. 90 - 92.
^XmCTAD, International Investment Rule-making:
Stocktacking. Challengses and the Way Forward, United Nations Publication, 2008, tr 98.
•' Khi xem xet chip thuan y kien ciia ben thii ba voi tu each "amici curiae", xem Quyet dinh ciia Trong tai ngay 15/01/2001 ddi voi Don thinh nguyen cua Ben thiJ ba d6 dtroc phep tham gia vu vi?c vai tu each
"amici curiae" trong vu kien Methanex vs Hoa Ky, doan 49.
70 TAP CHi KHOA HQC PHAP LY VIET NAM s 6 ^ 1 2 2 ) / 2 0 1 9
tdi thay rdng vu viec dua ra trgng tdi co khd ndng lien quan den cdc vdn de lgi ich cong cgng".^ Liic nay, phan quyet cita Trpng tai khdng chi gidi han giira hai ben nhu tranh chap thucmg mai thdng thucmg ma cdn cd the gay anh hudng den cac muc tieu cdng epng khac cua nha nudc d tam qudc gia lan qudc te chang han nhu bao ve mdi truong, siic khde cdng ddng va an ninh qudc gia. Do do, nhan dinh va each thiic tiep can ciia Trpng tai doi vdi muc tieu bao ve lgi ich cdng cpng cua nha nudc tiep nhan dau tu cd y nghia va tim anh hudng quan trgng.''
Trude bdi eanh va yeu cau thuc tien do, mdt sd IIA the he mdi bat dau thay ddi theo hudng dinh nghTa rd han ddi vdi mpt sd thuat ngii va dieu kien ap dung, ciing nhu phat trien them mpt so ngoai Ie de giai quyet van de hen quan den lgi ich cdng cdng ndi bat nhu siic khde cgng ddng, moi trudng, an ninh quoe gia vdi mong mudn can bang giiia lgi ich kinh te va phi kinh te trong quan he dau tu qude te.
2. Quy dinh bao ve loi ich cong cong trong cac IIA th£ he moi
Cac IIA "the he mdi" deu de cao nhuiig gia tri phi kinh te ciia lgi ieh edng ddng trong quan he phap luat dau tu qudc tk vi dd la ca sd bao dam cho sy phat trien ben viing cua
* Vivendi Universal vs Argentina (ICSID Case No ARB/03/19), xem "Order in Response to a Petition for Transparency and Participation in Amicus Curiae", ngay 19/5/2002, doan 19.
' Cu the, loi ich ciia cac the nhan va cong dan qu6c gia ti^p nhan d k tu se phu thuoc vao tranh bien ciia quoc gia va ket qua cua phan quySt trong tai: (i) cac tranh chap dau tu quoc t6 thuong d6i mat voi yeu ciu va trach nhiem boi thuang rat Ion, kk qua phan quyk se anh hucmg Uuc tiep den ngan sach ciia quoc gia - tiic ti6n thud ciia nguoi dan tai qu6c gia do; (ii) khi€u kien hen quan den bien phap nlia nuoc vi muc tieu loi ich cong cpng ciia qu6c gia tai Trong tai giai quySt tranh chap dau tu theo hiep dinh dSu tir qu6c ih co thS can tra boat dong can thiet ciia nha nuoc d6 khuySn khich va bao ve lai ich chung cua cong d6ng. Xem Center for the International Environment Law (CIEL) va International Institute for Sustainable Development (USD), Revising the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules to Address State Arbitration, CIEL va USD, 2007
xa hdi. Cac gia tri dupc cgng ddng quoc te quan tam trong thd ky XXI bao gdm gia tn ve sire khde con ngudi, an ninh, mdi truang va trong mdt chimg muc nao do la cac quyen co ban cua ngudi lao dgng. Day la dau hieu quan trpng cho thiy cac qudc gia ky ket khdng dat viec bao ve d i u tu vucrt len tren tat ca cac muc tieu cdng cgng quan trpng khac.
Vi du: BIT mau ciia Hoa Ky nam 2012 da ghi nhan "mong mudn dat duac nhimg muc tieu (dd neu truac do) ndy trong suphii hgp vai viec bdo ve sire khde. an mnh, moi trudmg vd thuc ddy su cdng nhdn qudc te ddi v&i cdc quyen lao ddng". Ngoai ra, sir bd sung, md rdng pham vi cac dieu khoan ngoai le cho phep bao ve quyen cua qudc gia tiep nhan diu tu trong viee ban hanh cac quy dinh phap luat vi lai ich cdng cgng, tham chi khi cac quy dinh nay khdng phu hop vdi nghTa vu trong BIT cung cho thay thang gia tri trong hoach dinh chinh sach cua cac qudc gia tham gia ky ket cac IIA "the he m a i " la ha thap miic do cua viec bao hd dau tu khi so sanh vdi mgt sd muc tieu cong epng then chdt quan trpng hem.'"
Tuong tu, Dieu 10 BIT mEu cua Canada (2004), hay Dieu 17 Hiep dinh d i u tu toan dien ciia ASEAN - ACIA (2009) cimg cd nhiing quy dinh bao ve lgi ich edng cdng. Cd the nhan thay each quy dinh trong cae hiep dinh nay djnh ra mpt pham vi rgng ddi vdi cac trudng hpp mien trir trach nhiem cua nha nudc, nham danh ra khdng gian cho qudc gia tiep nhan dau t\x xay dung va thue thi cac chinh sach, phap luat vi muc tieu bao ve cac lgi ich cdng cdng ciia hg. Cae IIA cd xu hudng md rdng hem pham vi ciia cac ngoai Ie chung va quy dinh chat che ban vdi mong mudn trgng tai khi giai quydt tranh chip khong "tranh ne" viec ap dung ngoai le va giai thich theo hudng truydn thdng la'uu tien bao ve NDTNN.
Mat khac, xuit phat tir thuc tiln giai quydt tranh chap, phan Idn cac tranh chip cd lien '" Xem them UNCTAD, Bilateral Investment
^eaties 1995-2006: Trends in RulemakinT^^^l Nations, New York va Geneva, 2007, tr 142
tTUTQU6CTE
quan dkn bao v? lgi ich cdng cdng la cac cao buoc vk vi pham nguyen tac "dai ngo cdng bing, hgp ly" (FET) va/ hoac cau thanh hanh vi tmit huu (hiu het la truit huu gian tilp) theo IIA. Trong dd, thuc te tranh luan phat sinh chu ylu la vk van dd xac dinh truit huu gian tilp va y nghia cua Igi ich cdng cpng trong xac dinh truat hihi gian tiep, bdi cho da nay vin chua cd each tiep can thdng nhat." Truat huu gian tiep dupe hieu la viec nha nudc thuc hien mdt hanh dpng chiem liy quyln kiem soat hieu qua hoat dgng d i u tu nhung khong thong qua viec chiem doat tryc tiep tai san hgp phap. Vi du dien hinh nhu la viec dua vao mdt ban giam doe chiu sy kiem soat cua nha nudc. Tuy nhien, vdi nhiing tinh huong khac, d miic do nao thi dugc xem la truat hiiu gian tiep? Lieu nhiing bien phap dugc thuc thi vi mpt mue dich cdng cdng ro rang, vi du nhu siic khde cpng ddng hay bao v$ moi trudng, cd the cau thanh mdt hanh vi truat huu gian tiep hay khdng? Cac IIA, do do, bat diu gidi han pham vi xac dinh truat hull gian tiep va dat ra tieu chi ve muc dich cong cgng khi xem xet ed truat hiiu gian tiep hay khong.
Vi du, Phu luc B.I3(c) BIT m i u cua Canada (2004), Dilu 7(4) BIT m i u cua Ao (2008), hay Phu luc 2 Dilu 4 ACIA (2009) deu CO quy dinh:" Cdc bien phdp khdng phdn Met doi xu ctia mot quoc gia thdnh vien duac xdy dung vd thirc thi nhdm bdo ve nhUng muc dich cong cgng chinh ddng, vi du nhu sire khoe cgng dong, su an todn, vd mdi truang.
se khong cdu thdnh truat hiru gidn tiep ".
Co the thay, viec xac dinh Igi ich cdng cpng va muc dich bao ve lgi ieh edng cpng cua nha nudc tiep nh^n dau tu cd y nghTa quan trpng trong viec mien tni trach nhiem eua qudc gia khi thyc hien mpt bien phap gSy thiet hai cho NDTNN.
' De mot hanh vi tmit hmi duac chdp thuan va hgp V^, phap lu^t diu tu qu6c tk yeu ciu bien phap ciia nha nixac phii: (i) xuat phat hi muc dich cong, (ii) khong phan bi?t d6i xii (nghia la, khong chu dich vao mot cong ly hoac mpt ci nhan cu IhS nao), (iii) dugc thyc hien theo
^iJDg trinh ti; phdp lu$t hgp phap, va (iv) co b6i thuang
3. Thyc tien giai quyet tranh c h i p dau tir quoc te hien dai v l v i n d l loi ich cong cong
Trong nhiing nam gan day, vu kien Methanex vs Hoa Aj>'^ dupc eoi la mgt vu kien dien hinh ve dien giai va ap dung luat d i u tu qudc te ddi vdi viec xac dinh muc dich cdng epng va tinh hop phap ciia bien phap hanh ehinh ddi vdi hoat dgng kinh doanh cua nha dau tu nudc ngoai. Trong vu kien nay, chinh quyen bang California, Hoa Ky da ra lenh cam mpt chat phu gia ed trong xang dau la MTBE (methyl tertiary butyl ether), bdi chat nay da dugc chiing minh la gay nhiem ddc ngudn nudc ngam. Cdng ty cua Canada la Methanex da khieu kien lenh cim nay la mdt hanh vi truat hiiu gian tiep ddi vdi khoan dau tu cua cong ty tai Hoa Ky bdi nganh nghe kinh doanh cua cdng ty chinh la san xuat methanol - mgt nguyen lieu chinh eua MTBE.
Trong phan quyet ciia minh, Trgng tai da bac bd khieu kien cua Methanex vdi ldi giai thich rang mgt quy dinh phap luat khdng phan biet ddi xu vi muc dich edng epng dugc ban hanh theo diing trinh ty phap luat khdng la mgt hanh vi truat hiiu, trir khi trudc do nha nudc da cd mdt cam ket rd rang la se khdng thue hien bien phap ma hien dang bi khilu kien. '^ Trgng tai cho rang khi mgt bien phap eiia nha nudc thda man cac dieu kien:
(i) dupc thuc hien vi muc dich cdng cdng chinh dang, (ii) dupc ap dung rdng khap va khdng phan biet doi xir, (iii) dugc ban hanh theo diing phap luat thi bien phap nay thugc v l cac bien phap thuc thi "quyen lyc cdng"
cua qudc gia, do do se khdng bj xem la truat huu. Hgc thuylt nay dugc OECD ghi nhan nhu "mdt nguyen tac duac tap qudn qudc te cdng nhdn khi nhirng thiet hgi ve kinh te Id kit qud cua mgt quy dinh phdp luat thien y (bona fide) vd khdng phdn biit ddi xu trong pham vi quyen luc cdng cua Qudc gia thi se 1= Methanex vs Hoa Ky (UNCITRAL), Phan quyet trong tai ngay 03/8/2005.
' " Methanex vs Hoa Ky (UNCITRAL), Phan quyat trpng tai ngay 03/8/2005, Phin TV, Chuong D, doan 7.
72
khdng ddt ra yiu cdu boi thudng ".''' Trong vy Philip Morris vs Uruguay, Hdi ddng Trpng tai da co nhan dinh: "Nguyen tde thuc thi quyen luc cdng mgt cdch thien y vd hgp ly cua qudc gia trong nhirng vdn de nhu duy tri trat tu cong cgng, sue khoe hodc dao due cdng ddng. se logi trir trdch nhiem boi thuang tham chi khi no gdy ra thiet hgi kinh te cho NDTNN vd se khdng bi xem Id trudt hihi dd khdng ngay lap tiic duac thira nhdn trong thuc tien gidi quyet tranh chdp ddu tu quoc ti. Tuy nhien, mdt xu huong khdng ngirng trong viec phdn biet giu-a cdc bien phdp thtrc thi quyin luc cdng vd trudt hiru gidn tiip dd phdt sinh tie sau nam 2000.
Tir do. nhiiu phdn quyit trgng tdi khdc nhau dd dong gop vdo viec phdt triin phgm vi, ndi dung vd dieu kiin cho hgc thuyet quyen luc cdng ciia qudc gia, cam chat nguyen tac ndy vdo phdp ludt quoc ti. "'^
Cd the thay, trong thuc tien giai quyet tranh chap dau tu qudc te, Ipi ich cdng cdng cd y nghTa quyet dinh doi vai viec thda man dieu kien dau tien ma Trpng tai xem xet chinh la "dugc thuc hien vi myc dich cdng cpng chinh dang" khi dua ra ket luan lien quan den trach nhiem bdi thuong cua qudc gia tiep nhan dau tu ddi vdi bien phap bi khieu kien.
4. Thyc tien giai quyet tranh chSp dau tu quoc te cua Vift Nam
Theo thdng ke eua UNCTAD,'^ cho d i n nay, Viet Nam la nguyen dan trong 5 vu '* OECD, "Indirect Expropration" and the "Right to Regulate" in Intemational Investment Law, OECD Working Papers on International Investment, 2004, tr. 5
'^ Vu kiSn Philip Morris vs Uruguay, Phan quyet trgng tai ngay 08/7/2016, doan 295. Trgng tai da het ke mgt so phan quyet trong tai trong cac vu kien nhu Teemed vs Mexico, Saluka vs Cong hoa Sec, Methanex vs Hoa Ky, Chemtura vs Canada. Trong do, Trpng tai trong hai vu Methanex va Chemtura da triet dd ap duiig hgc thuyfit nay de bac bo cao bugc ve hanh vi truat hiiu ciia nguySn don.
"' Tham khao Investment Policy Hub (UNCTAD),
"Investment Dispute Settlement Navigator: Viet Nam - as respondent State", http://investmentpolicyhub.
unctad.org/lSDS/CountryCases/229?partyRole=2, tmy cap ngay 14/11/2017.
TAP CHI KHOA HQC PHAP LY VIgT NAM S O j U l g V ^ g l ^ tranh c h i p d i u tu qudc t l , bao gdm: Trinh Vinh Binh vs Viet Nam (2004), McKenzie vs Viit Nam (2010), Dialasie vs Viet Nam (2011), Recofi vs Viet Nam (2013), va_ gan day nhit la vy tai khilu kien dang dien ra lien quan d i n viec thyc thi phan quyet trgng tai trudc dd la Trinh Vinh Binh vs Viet Nam (2014). Trong dd, 3 vy gdm McKenzie, Dialasie, Recofi kit qua giai quylt deu theo hudng cd Igi eho Viet Nam. Vy Trinh Vinh Binh (2004) da kit thuc vdi kit qua hda giai ngoai trgng tai va c h i p nhan thda thuan boi thudng." Trong cae vy tranh chap dau tu qudc t l ciia Viet Nam cho den nay, cac bien phap bi khilu kien trong vu Trinh Vinh Binh (2004) cd t h i dugc xem la bien phap lien quan d i n lgi ich cong cdng (do cd hanh vi vi pham nghiem trpng che dp quan ly dat dai va luat hinh su cua Viet Nam). Tuy nhien, vy viec dimg d giai doan hoa giai khdng qua xet xii ciia Trpng tai nen khdng the biet lap luan va hudng giai quyet cua Trgng tai ddi vdi bien phap bi khieu kien cua nha nudc.
Xet tir gdc do nha nudc, viec thyc thi cac quy dinh phap luat ve quan ly dat dai va phdng chong tpi pham la can thiet nham duy tri va bao ve trat ty phap luat. Thiet hai gay ra cho nha dau tu la xuat phat tir sy vi pham cua nha dau tu ddi vdi quy djnh phap luat ciia nha nudc. Cau hdi dat ra la lieu Trpng tai co chap nhan ly le bien hg cua Viet Nam va xem xet bien phap cua nha nudc la xuit phat tic muc dich cdng cgng hay khdng?
Dua tren thuc tiln giai quylt tranh chip dau tu quoc t l lien quan d i n bao ve Ipi ieh cong cpng d p h i n tren cd thi nhan xet ring quan diem chu quan ciia quoc gia ddi vdi khai niem lgi ich cdng cgng va ly le thue hien bien phap vi myc dieh bao ve Ipi ich edng cgng khdng phai ludn ciing hudng vdi quan '^ Nam 2017, do t6n tai mgt s6 nhiing bat d6ng trong viec thuc thi boi thuang voi ca quan nha nuac Vi?t Nam theo thoa thuan hoa giai nam 2007 ong Trinh Vmh Binh da tiep tuc khai kien nha nuoc Viet Nam ra Trpng tai ICC {International Chamber of Commerce) Tuy nhien, vao thai diem ciia bai nghien ciiu nay vu viec vmi dang trong qua trinh thu ly va chua co kgt qua cuoi cung.
TTIATOUOCTE
dilm va lap luan cua Trpng tai dau tu qudc te.
QuIc gia tilp nhan dau tu se phai can nhieu hon mgt ly le la thyc thi quy dinh phap luat quIc gia dl thuylt phyc do la Ipi ich cong cpng dugc luat dau tu qudc te cdng nhan, dac bi?t la khi IIA khdng ed ghi nhan rd rang ve nhiing Igi ich la "Ipi ich cdng cpng" thugc dSi ttigng dilu chinh cua hiep dinh. Cy the, trong vu Trinh Vinh Binh, Dieu 6 BIT Viet Nam - Ha Lan, quy dinh ve ngoai le truit hiiu kh6ng dua ra giai thich cu the ddi vdi "myc dich cdng cpng" ma bien phap cua nha nudc c6 thi vien din. Cy the, ''khdng mdt Ben ky kit ndo duac thuc hien bdt ky biin phdp ndo di tudc doat true tiep hogc gidn tiip nhimg dau tu eda cdc cdng ddn cua Ben ky kit Ida. tru khi duac thuc hiin v&i nhimg diiu kiin sau: (a) Cdc bien phdp duac thirc hiin vi muc dich cdng cdng vd theo thu tuc cua lugt phdp ". Liic nay, phan quyet cua Trpng tai se phu thugc vao each thiic nhin nhan va muc dp ton trgng ddi vai tham quyen cua nha nuac ddi vdi Ipi ich cdng cdng dupc dua ra xem xet. Trong khi dd, hien nay ddi vdi cac quy dinh eua Nha nudc ve quan ly dat dai, n6u dat trong pham vi dieu chinh eua ACIA thi tren ca sd Bilu cam kit ciia Viet Nam luc nay NDTNN se khdng thi khieu kien cac quy dinh ciia Viet Nam lien quan den quan ly dit dai. Trong trudng hgp nay, quy dinh ciiaACL^tai Dilu 9 cho phep qudc gia thanh vien loai trir trach nhiem ddi vdi mgt s6 ITnh vyc dieu chuih nhay cam lien quan den Igi ich cong cdng ma qudc gia thanh vien coi trgng, diin hmh nhu Viet Nam chgn bao luu doi vdi cac quy dinh phap luat qudc gia vl quan ly dat dai - dugc xem la thupc vl "quyen lyc cong" ciia nha nuac. Day ciing la xu hudng nen dugc Viet Nam tilp can khi dam phan, hoac tai dam phan cae IIA khi can quy dinh ro ve nhung Ipi ich edng cpng ma Viet Nam quan tam ciing nhu loai trir trach nhiem ciia nha nudc khi thuc thi cac bien phap diu tu nham bao ve cac lgi ich nay ma gay thiet hai cho NDTNN.
Lgi ich cdng cgng la khai niem dugc sir dwig rgng rai trong ly Iuan chinh tri phap
73 luat, tuy nhien day la thuat ngu cd tinh trim tucmg. Trong luat dau tu quoc te, eho den nay hau het cac IIA khdng dinh nghTa "lgi ich edng cgng" nhung van cd nhiing quy djnh ve ngoai le lien quan den bao ve lgi ich cdng cgng. Thdng thudng, cac IIA ghi nhan ngoai Ie ddi vdi viec bao ve mdt sd Igi ieh cong cgng nhu siic khde cpng ddng, mdi trudng va an ninh qudc gia. Viec ghi nhan lgi ich cong cpng ma cac quoc gia mudn bao ve va loai trir trach nhiem khi thyc thi tham quyen eua qudc gia trong IIA la rat quan trpng. Do do, dl tranh nguy co bien phap cua nha nudc vi bao ve cac lgi ieh cdng cdng bj khilu kien, vi gay thiet hai eho NDTNN, Viet Nam cd thi xem xet dam phan va tai dam phan cac IIA cua minh theo khudn mau eua ACIA. •
Tai lieu tham khao
[1 ] Philip Morris vs Uruguay, Phan quyet trpng tai ngay 08/7/2016, doan 295
[2] Vivendi Universal vs Argentina (ICSID Case No ARB/03/19)
[3] Methanex vs Hoa Ky, Phan quy^t trgng tai UNCITRAL (03/8/2005)
[4] Center for the International Environment Law (CIEL) va hitemational histitute for Sustainable Development (USD), Revising the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules to Address Slate Arbitration. 2007 [5] Bryan A. Gamer, Black s Law DictionarySecond
Pocket Edition, West Publishing, 2001 [6] OECD, "Indirect Expropration" and the
"Right to Regulate" in International Investment Law, OECD Working Papers on Intemational Investment, 2004
[7] Leslie A. Pal va Judith Maxwell, Assessing the Public Interest in 2T' Century A Framework, Canada External Advisory Committee on Smart Regulation, 2004
[8] UNCTAD, International Investment Rule- making- Stocktacking. Challengses and the Way Forward, United Nations Publication, 2008 [9] UNCTAD, Bilateral Investment Treaties 1995-
2006: Trends in Rulemaking, United Nations, New York, 2007
[ 10] UNCTAD, "Investment Dispute Settlement Navigator' Viet Nam - as respondent State", http://investmentpo]icyhub, unctad.org/ISDS/
CountTyCases/229?partyRole=2, access on 14/11/2017
