Tap chi Khoahpc DHQGHN: Khoa hpc Xa h§i vaNhSn van, Tap 31, S6 3 (2015) 71-79
ndnsi
' * Luat tuc bao ve tai nguyen thien nhien va moi tniong a Viet Nam (Qua Luat tuc cua mot so dan toe thiSu s6 d
Tay Bac va Tay Nguyen)
Hoang Van Quynh*
Tnedng Dai hge Khoa hoc X a hoi va Nhdn van, Dai hgc Qu6c gia Ha Ngi, 336 Nguyen Trdi, Thanh Xudn, Ha Ngi, Vigt Nam
Nhan ngay 08 thang 7 nSm 2015
Chinh sua ngay 15 thang 8 nSm 2015; Chip nh|n dang ngay 20 thang 8 nam 2015
Tom tat: V in de b§o v€ tai nguySn thien nhien va moi tnrong da dupe cac tpc nguoi quan tarn chu
3^ rit llu. De bao vf, kbai thac v^ quin \<f vin de nay, hp d3 tao ra nhung the ung xu hii boa gifta con nguoi va the gidi tp nhien. D6 la nbihig nguyin tic, each ung xii dupe dupe ap dung trong cupc song cua cac dan tpc thieu so de nbam bao v§ m6i truemg thidn nhien va bao ton su hai hoai giua con nguoi va the gidi tp nhien. Cac tdc nguoi deu cd nhOng bi^n phap bao ve moi truong rieng cua minh, ma mdt trong nhOng bidn phap dupe coi li c6 hi^u qua nhit chinh la cac dieu khoin cua L u |t tpc din gian d i tdn tpi hang ngan ddi nay trong x i hpi cua hp.
Tu khda: Luit tuc, Tai nguyin thien nhiSn v i mdi trucnig, dan tpc thieu si, Tay Bic, Tay Nguyin
1. Khai nifm lufit tuc
Theo quan niem cua cac nha nghien cmi lu it hoc: L u it tpc l i nhihig phuong ngon, ngan ngS d iln dpt b in g lai noi c6 van dieu, chiia dung cac quy t ic xii su, the hien, p h in in h quy chuan phong tpc, tap quan, y chi, nguyfn vpng ciia cong d6ng bao dam thpc Men trong cOng d6ng d in t6c t h iiu s6, dupe cong dong bao dam thuc Men [1].
D6i vcfi cac nha nghien cuu van hoa dan gian, cac quan niem cua hp lai di sau phan tich lam ro n6i ham cua luat tpc. Thuat ngu Luat tpc
DT.: 84-934667111 E m a il: q u y n h h v @ v n u .e d u .v n
hay tap q u in phap a Vipt Nam c6 th8 ggi veri nhieu ten goi k h ic nhau, nhu la "Ludt dia phuong”, "Ludt dan gian". Day la m pt hien tirpng xa hpi pho q u it cua n h in lopi a thai k^
p h it trien tien cong ngM^p va con tdn tai d6n ngay nay vdi nhung m uc do k h ic nhau a nhieu t0c nguoi tren thd gidri, n h it la c ic tpc nguoi chau A va ch iu Phi. Luat tuc v8 co ban la m6t Mnh thuc cua tri thiic ban dia, tri thiic dia phuong vS cich ling xii va quan ly cong ddng con tdn tai d hau Idiip cic dan tpc o nude ta, khdng ke do l i dan tOc it ngudi hay da so [2].
Ngoai ra, con nMeu y kien Idiic ve k hii niem Luat tuc, nhxmg tren co sd cac quan diem k h ic nhau do, sau mpt thdi gian dai tim hieu, ngMen ciiu, th io luan, thdng qua tpi nhieu cude
H.V. Quynh/Tgp chiKhoa hoc DHQGHN- Khoa hpcXa hoivaNhan van, T ^ 3 1 , So 3 (2015) 71-79
hpi thao quoc te cung nhu trong mrac va cac cupc thao luan chuyen d§, cac nha khoa hoc nucrc ta tarn thoi chdp o h ^ khai niem Luat tuc cua Ngo Diic Thinh nhu sau: "Ludt tuc la mot hinh thirc cita tri thtk: ban dfa, duac hinh thank trong lich s u Idu ddi qua kinh nghiem im g x u vdi moi truang vd x a hoi, difoc the Men duai nhieu hinh thuc khdc nhau va truyen tit ddi nay qua ddi khdc bang tri nhd qua thifc hanh sdn xudt vd thirc hdnh x a hoi, no hitdng den vi$c hifdng ddn cac quan he xa hdi, quan he con ngirdi vdi thien nhien. Nhitng chudn muc dy cua Ludt tuc dirac cd cong dong thira nhdn vd thuc Men, nhd do da tgo ra s u thong nhdt vd cdn bang trong m oi cong dong. L udt tuc nhu hinh thuc p h d t trien cao cua p h ong tuc, tuc le vd Id hinh thuc s a khai cita lugtphdp" [3].
Tu cac quan niem tren, chiing ta c6 the nhan th iy , d6i tupng dieu chinh cua Luat tuc la nhung quan he xa hoi ton tai khach quan cua doi sdng cpng dong, Luat tuc c6 pham vi dieu chinh rpng, bao q u it toan bd cac Imh vuc cua dcri sdng x l hoi. N hu Imh vuc td chiic va quan ly cong ddng xa hoi, Imh vuc dn dinh trat tu an ninh va bao dam lod ich cong ddng; viec tuan thu phong tuc, tap quan; cac quan he dan su, hdn n h in gia dinh; ITnh vuc giao due n ^ sdng van hoa tin nguong; Imh vuc quan ly su dung dat dai, bao ve san xuat, tai nguyen thien nhien va moi truong.
N hu vay, Luat tuc la mdt he thdng cac quy tac XU s\r m ang tinh dan gian, quy dinh vd mdi quan hd ung x u cua con nguoi ddi vdi mdi tnrdng tu nhien va con ngudi vdi con ngudi trong edng ddng, the hidn y chi ciia toan thd cong ddng, duoc thuc hidn mdt each tu giac, theo thoi quen, nhung v in c6 tinh cudng che va bat bugc ddi vdi nhung ai khdng tuan theo. Va Luat tuc la nhimg quy dinh cua q u ^ chiing trong epng ddng dat ra dd didu hoa mdi quan hd cua tap thd cong ddng mdt each tu nguyen va
dan chu, khdng phai la luat Id do m pt tin g Idp ngudi dat ra va thuc thi dd bao vd quydn loi cua giai cap thdng tr).
2. Cac quy dinh ve bao vd ti i nguyen thien nhidn v i mdi tnrdng trong lu|lt t^c cua mot so tpc ngudi d Tdy Bdc va Tay Nguyen.
C5 Viet Nam , theo kdt qua nghidn cuu ciia n g ^ dan tdc hoc, cho d ^ nay cd 54 dan tpc, trong do cd 53 dan tpc la cac dan tpc thidu so.
Cac dan tpc nay chu ydu sdng d m ien niii, nhu midn niii Tdy BSc, Ddng B3c, Day Truong Son va Tdy Nguyen. Day la nhung noi tap trung nhidu tai nguydn thidn nhidn quy cua dat nude vdi hang chuc ngan loai thuc vat va dat rung phu hop vdi trdng cSy edng nghidp; cac nguon khoang san n h u than da, q u ^ g kim loai....
Trong dd, midn nui va cao nguydn chidm 3/4 didn tich ca nude, la noi cu tru chu ydu aia ddng bao cac dan tdc thidu sd. O day cd rat nhidu tidm nang vd kinh te, cd hon 10 tridu ha rung va dat rung vdi nhidu lo^i gd quy, tru lupng cao va nhidu loai ddng dipc v$t cd gia tri kinh td va khoa hpc Idn [4].
Vdi tidm nang tgr nhien ddi dao, phong phu nhu vSy, trong m dt thoi gian dai cac dan tpc thidu sd midn nui nude ta chii ydu dua va tu nhidn m a sdng, mpi sinh boat cupc sdng ddu dua vao thien nhidn va cho ddn tan bay gicir nhidu noi v In nhu vay, mdi truong thidn nhien cd vai trd r i t quan trpng ddi vdi ddi sdng sinh boat cua hp, g in nhu trong t it ca cac Itnh vuc an, mac, d, sinh hoat ddu dua vao thien nhien, g in bd m it thidt vdi thidn nhien va th iy dupe su tac ddng trd lai cua thidn nhien den ddi sdng sinh hoat cua hp. T u dd, vide hinh thanh nhung kinh nghiem va each thuc bao vd, khai thac mdi truong tai nguydn thien nhien tu rat lau doi d cac dan tdc thidu sd mien nui nude ta la dieu
H. V Quynh / Tap chi Khoa hpc DHQGHN: Khoa hoc Xa hpi va Nhdn van. 31. Sd 3 (2015) 71-79
hien nhien. Bai vi hp quan nira rSng, cupc sdng cua ho t6n dugc chinh la nha m6i tnrcmg thi&i nhi&i, neu moi tnrong thiSn nhiSn bi huy hoai thi se anh huong true tiSp den ddi song cua hp.
2.1.Bdo ve tdi nguyen n m g
Cac dan toe thilu s6 a nuoc ta song chu y6u a c&c vung rtmg niii (3/4 di$n tich la rung mil) riing rSt cin thiet doi voi hp, rumg glin nhu quy6t dinh cupc song cua hp (veri cupc s6ng sSn bat h » lupm tniac day). Noi chung rung khong the thieu dupe trong doi s6ng cua hp. Do do, hp da CO nhftng quy dinh rit chat che, cu th6 vd each dnic quM ly, khai thac va bao v6 rtog, dupe th6 hifn trong cac b6 Luat tuc cua tCmg tOc ngucri.
Trong vi$c q u ^ ly va bao ve rung, nan chay rumg l i m6t trong nhung v ^ d6 nan gidi, phiic tap nhit. N6u dS viec nay xay ra thi thi8t hai khong ludng trude dupe. Vi vay cac dan t$c thi6u s6 a nude ta da rat chu tdi van de nay.
Trong Luat tpc Ede da cd nhung di6u li4t ve ede vy chay rung (DiSu 80 -Ve ede vy chdy rCmg), quy dinh v6 vi§c d6t lira bua bai, v6 y thuc khi vao rung, khuyen rdn mpi ngudi phdi het sue chu y khi dung lua, neu ai gdy ra sS bi trutng phat rdt n|ng.
“Dan ong thudng ddt Ida biia bdi, dan ba thudng ddt lua bay ba, cd nhung ngucri dot lua ma lam nhu ke diec, ke dui. c6 nhung ngudi ddt lua ma lam n h u ke didn, ngudi dai,” ...
“E r ^ g di ray lo viec nuong ray ma khong bidt di, edm theo nhung ddu ddy c6n chdy dd cd the huy didt cd rung. Lira se ben vao rung thidu tryi cd cay, mpi v|t.
Con e ring lua se chay Ian, thidu tryi cd xdm Idng ngudi ta, thidu tryi cd chdi, cd kho lua ngudi ta da dung len trong rung, trong riy, ma xung quanh chua kip don quang” [3].
Trong Luat tyc M ’ndng cung vdy, van dd chay rung dupe cpng ddng rat quan tdm. De bao vp t6t, trude hdt thudng cd nhung quy dinh mang tinh chat phdng ngua, day bao y thuc ciia mpi ngudi ve nhung tac hai cua vy vipc dd gdy ra cho c6ng ddng, cho chinh cupc sdng hang ngay cua hp. Didu 18 Luat tyc M ’ndng quy djnh: "Rung bi chdy ma khdng ddp tdt, Ngudi dd sS khdng cd rdng, N gudi dd se khdng cd ddt"... [5].
Ngodi ra, tren thuc td d mpt sd vung ddn tdc Thdi, v in de ngdn chan nan chay ning cung dupe quy dinh thanh Id rdt cy the. Trude khi ddt rIy hp thudng phat xung quanh rIy hai, ba sai tay dd cd mOt khoang each an toan nhat dinh tranh lua cd the ben tdi chan rung. Hoac ddt nuong cung phdi chpn nhung ngay khdng cd gid, con nhung ngay cd gid to, gid lao tuyet ddi khdng ai dupe ddt nuong.
Trong Luat tuc Thai (Hit khdng Mudng Ban) cung cd doan quy dinh:
“Khdng nan nao hon nan lua, nan nude DCing nude phai bidt trdnh ludng nude Dimg lua hay gift gin nan chay”[6]
N h u vay, tren thuc te cac quy dinh cua L u it tyc cua m pt sd ddn tdc thidu sd, chftng ta thSy d day vide quy dinh ve each bao ve, phdng chdng nan chay rung rat cu thd, sat thyc tidn, the hien su am hidu ve cac van de nay cua cac cpng ddng dan tdc thidu sd la rat co ban, cd khoa hpc. Do dd, khi da dupe quy dinh thi mpi ngudi rdt huong ung tudn theo va no dn sdu vdo trong tdm thftc cua tftng con ngudi hp. Nhidu luc khien hp rat vui khi phai thuc hien nhftng quy dmh cua edng ddng dd ra. Ddy la mpt vdn dd cd le phap luat bao ve tai nguyen mdi tnrong ciia nude ta, cung nhu cac ludt phdp khac cua Nha nude chua lam dupe.
Ngoai nan chdy rung, Luat tyc quy dinh rat cy the vd quan ly, khai thde, bao vd cac canh
H.V. Quynh/Tgp chiKhoa h(ic DHQGHN: Khoa hpcXa hoi va Nhdn van. Tgp 31, S3 3 (2015) 71-79
rtmg, viec vi p h ^ nhftng diSu M t ve bao v?
rifflg bi XU phat nghiem khic. Thong thuong ddng bao quan m€m rung, mdi truong thien nhi6n la tai san chung cua t it ca moi nguoi, khdng phai ciia ri6ng ai la ngu6n song khong th i th iiu dugc cua ho. Do vSy, moi ngudi phai CO trdch nhiem bao liy rung, bao v6 moi truong thi6n nhien.
Trong LuSt tuc M ’nong quy dinh: “Khu rung sau dau phm cua nai, Khu rung do la cua to tien, Khu rung do U ciia con chau, Khu rung do la cua ong ba, Khu rtmg d6 la cua chung ta”
Do do, n€u ai pha rung se bi len an bang cach:“Lam nha drmg dimg cay nua; choi dung dung dung cdy nfta; r ly khong phat rimgnOa; Khi thiSudoi d ungdao c u n u a ;...”[5]
Con L u |t tyc Thai quy dinh ve s\r can bang sinh thdi giua con ngubi vdfi ixmg mii; n6 th i h ira trong tip quan phan loai rCmg thanh tung khu vuc n h im phuc vu cac nhu c iu khac nhau cua cugc s6ng nhu:
- Rung nui phong ho n im tren khu vuc dSu ngu6n nude, tuyet d6i c im khai thac.
- Rung nui danh cho v i|c khai thac tre, g6 de d\mg nha va phyc vu cac nhu c iu cuoc s6ng thi tuyet doi khong dugc c h |t dot lam nuong
- Nui rung phuc vu cuoc song tim linh, dugc ggi b in g ten chimg la “rtmg thieng”\
T6m lai, vi$c quan bao ve va su dung tai nguyen rtmg dugc quy dinh r it chat chg va cii the trong cac dieu khoan cua cac bg Luat tuc.
' R t e g th ie n g : + M g t lo a i, n o i ru n g c a m d e le c u n g
“ th a n lin h b a n ” (x e n p h i b a n ) h o |c “ t h ^ lin h m u o n g ” (xen p h i m u d n g ).
+ L o ai h a i, c h i c 6 d d a t C h i ^ g (xiSng) tux: tru n g tS m c u a mircmg m 6 u i c 6 n g p n n iii d u g c c h g n d l c lin g khi th ie n g ciia d l t , m a n g y n ie m la “ s i l u lin h c ^ ” ( p h i b d e ) d o i la p v d i “ sie u lin h m roc” (p h i n |m ) m a n g te n la “N u i h o n m u d n g ” (p o m m in h m u o n g ). BS m a t a i a n iii th u o n g p h u Idp n m g thidng.
+ Lo?ii b a , g o m nhO ng k h u ru n g g ia d ^ d l c h o n c i t n g u d i c h it.
Ngoai ra, v iic bao ve, Idiai thac va s u dymg tai nguyen rung nay con dugc the h i |n rgng lii trong cac phong tyc tip quan sinh boat hang ngay cua tung d in tgc khac nhau m i khdng dugc ghi ch^p thanh van ban. No dugc truyen mieng tCr ddi nay den ddi khac va i n s iu trong tim there ciia timg con ngudi. V di each thde bao ve rumg nhu v iy cua cac d in tdc thieu s6 6 nude ta trude d iy , trong mot thdi gian dai cac d in tdc th iiu s6 d i bao ve dugc nhung canh rung luon xanh tuoi. Vi v iy , trong qua trinh phat trien kinh t i thi truong hign nay, neu biit van dung tdt cac phong tuc tip quan, lu it 16 quan ly va bao ve rumg tren co sd cua L u |t bao ve va phat triin rung ciia N ha nude de x iy dyng nen mot quy c h i bao ve va phat trien rung d tCmg CO sd thi viec quan ly, bao ve va khai thac tai ng u y in rdng se c6 hieu qua hon.
2.2. Bao ve tai nguyen nuac
Tai nguyen nude cung la m ot thanh phSn quan trgng ciia moi truong, c6 vai tro rat quan trong trong ddi s6ng ciia con ngudi. Ci nude ta, lu it tai nguyen nude m di dugc ban hanh va dang d in d in di vao cugc song cua ngudi din.
Ngoai phap lu it ve tai nguyen nude ciia Nha nude, d cac d in tgc thieu so nude ta tu liu da CO nhiing phong tuc tip quan, lu it le bao ve va giC ^ ngu6n nude r i t cy th i, hg d iu cho ring CO nude se c6 t i t ca. Ngudi Thai c6 kh iu ngii quen thugc la: “c6 nude m di c6 rugng, c6 rugng mdi CO Ilia”, c6 noi con quy dmh “an cap nuoc la phai phat 80 lang bac, kem theo nrgu, trau, phai Cling cho chii hon nude 3 ddng bac va tra lai s6 nude da l iy ”.
De bao v i t6t nguon nude, d in tOc Thai c6 nhung quy dinh r it chat che v i c ic vung nude, cac khiic song su6i, hg thuong quy nhung vung nude, khiic song suoi can bao v i thanh nhftng vung linh th iin g nhu “vung c im ” (v in g ham)
H.V.Quynh/TgpchiKhoahQcDHQGHNiKhoahqcXahQivaNhdnvm. 31, S6 3 (2015) 71-79 75
H i laalfc
isaajj
Clig;
diiist!
[ukli aalE:
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ttM®
'ikii;
hay “Viang m udng” (vang muong). Day la nhung ch6 s6ng, su6i sau thSm, xanh bide va dugc m o TQng ra hai ben b d noi c6 phii khu rtmg gia, nude chay lung Id nen c6 ednh quan be ngom n h u m ot cai ao trdi phii. Theo ton giao tin nguSng Thai thi day la nhung chd de cac sieu linh dudi nude tru ngy va la nhung noi de td ehu nude eung nhu td ehue hoi danh ca.
Dd gift gin, bao vd ngudn nude thudng xuyen eho cac con song, suoi va cac m ach nude ngdm, ngudi Thai da sdm bidt tao ra va bao v?
cac khu rung ddu ngu6n. Trdn mdi m pt ngudn nude la nhung Miu rung c6 nhidu cdy edi lun turn. Tin ngudng dan gian coi mdi khu rung dd la nha cua cac loai ma lien qtian ddn sue manh tao ra ngudn nude. C3y coi c ^ g ram rap chiing c ^ g thich tru ngu. Bdi vdy, neu pha rung dau ngudn cung c6 nghia la pha nha va nhftng ngudi dung c h ^ ddn chung se bi ma bat m at hdn ma sinh ra dm hay chdt. Theo tac gia Cdm Trong va Phan Hftu Dat, ngudn nude nao cung c6 “t lm chu” gpi b to g thudt ngft ton giao tin nguong TMi la “ma ddu ngudn” (phi hua bd) hay “ma huy”
(phi khudng) chuydn gay cho ngudi benh dau khdp xuong khdng thd chfta ch^y dugc va ddn Idii khuat ndi thi linh hdn khdng thd bien thanh ma vd coi trdi m a phai “true gac” noi dau ngudn chuydn h ^ ngudi [7].
LuSt tuc Gia Lai cd nhftng quy dinh rat cu thd vd b ^ vd ngudn nude, nude S£ich, nhu: Cam lam nha noi ngudn nude, noi cd mach n g ^ mach phun, ia dai lam ngap “h ^ cua hay hang ca Idc”.... “Hilm cua hay hang ca” duqc hieu Id m?ch n g ^ ludn cd nude quanh nam; ngudi Gia Lai cho r ^ g ndu cd ngudi nao lam do ban noi nmch nude n g ^ trong sach dd dii: se k h i ^ cho con ngudi bi phu ftiung, to byng, ta ly bung beo ...
Didu nay quy dinh: nude udng dung mot con song, m ot dong sudi, mot hd nude sach...
phai dung m ot phia, nha d vd mot phia, di chon
ngudi chdt khdng duqc sang sdng, sang sudi, vu q t nh^, v u q t l ^ g , qua riy , qua nuong.
Ai pham vao mqt trong cac didu trdn ddu bi XU phat tuy theo m uc dd vi pham m^ cd mftc phat n ^ g nh? khac nhau, vi luat nen: didu tdi ky - ndu vi pham se ngui khdn, gay nhidu tai hoa nhu cop bat, voi cha, w . ..b j trqng thuong, bi chdt bdt d ac...; p h ^ tdi nghidm trong, xuc p h ^ ddn Nha G i ^ g dng ba.
N di chung, each thuc bao vd, gin gift nguon nude cua cac dan toe thidu sd chu yeu la bao vd rftng dau ngudn, noi t ^ ra nguon nude, c4p nude sinh boat cung nhu trdng trot. Hdu nhu cac ddn tdc ddu cd nhung quy djnh vd bao vd rftng dau ngudn, bao vd mach nude ngdm, bao vd ede khuc sdng, sudi chay qua lang, bdn cua ho. Didu dac bidt d day la ede dan t^c ddu rdt chu y, cam ky vide lam do ban ngudn nude.
Hidn nay, van dd bao vd, gin gift ngudn nude da duqc Nha nude lu^t phdp hod b to g vide ban hanh Lx4t tai nguyen nude. Cdc vdn de nhu sd hftu, quan ly nude, bao vd, khai thde, sft dung tai nguyen nude, phdng chdng khac phuc hau qua lu lut va cac tdc hai khac do nude gay ra ... duqc phdp ludt quy dmh rdt cu thd, tao ra m ot hanh lang phdp ly trong vide qudn 1^, khai thde vd su dung tai nguydn nude. Tuy nhidn vide ban hanh la nhu vay, nhung vide thqc thi CO hidu qua lai la mqt vdn de khac, vdn dd tridn khai con rdt chdm, noi dung chung chung, khong cu thd, mqi vide ddu duqc quy vd Nhd nude va hau nhu cac vung ddn tdc midn nfti khdng bidt ddn luat nay m a cac dan tdc thidu sd nude ta chu ydu thuc hidn bao vd ngudn nude theo phong tuc tap qudn, cac luat Id cua ddn tpc va bao vd vd tai nguydn nude cd hidu qua rdt cao. V i vay, cung vdi s\r ra ddi cua L u |t tdi nguydn nude, neu bidt k ^ hqp tdt vdi cac phong tuc tap quan, Luat tuc cua cac dia phuong, cac ddn tpc thidu sd thi hipu qua bao vd, gift gin tai nguydn nude cua ca nude se cao hon.
H.V. Quynh/Tgp chiKhoa Hq cDHQGHN: KhoahQcXahgivaNhdn van, T$p31, So 3 (2015) 71-79
2.3. Tai nguyen dat dai
DSt dai la mot tai nguyen qu6c gia v6 cung quy gia, la tu lieu san xuSt dac bi?t, la thanh phan quan trpng hang dau ciia moi trudng song, la dia phan bo cac khu dan cu, xay dvmg cac c a so kinh te, v5n hoa - xa hpi, an ninh va qu6c phong. N ha nu ac ta da ban h ^ kha nhiSu van ban phap luat ve bao v8 rCmg, dat rimg, dat dai noi chung nhung hi6u qua dat duoc lai khong dugc nhu y muon. Trong khi do, a cac dan tgc thieu so mien nui nude ta c6 rat nhi6u kinh nghiSm, phong tuc tap quan trong viec bao ve tai nguyen dat. Nhi6u dSn tOc da hinh thanh nhung b6 Luat tgc va c6 nhung quy dinh v6 bao v l ddt dai r i t cy thS ma chu y lu la datrim g.
Trong Luat tuc Ede d5 c6 h in mot chuong quy dinh ve dat dai va ngudi chii ddt, nhu ve cham nom ddt dai, khong d6 m it ngudi chu d it, quyen han, quyen Igi va nhiem vu cua ngudi chu d it, ve vife ISn chiem d i t dai, xSm pham dat dai. Hp coi:
“Ddt dai, s6ng su6i, cay rung (la) cai nong, cai nia, cai lung cua ong ba^. (Di6u 232 - L u it tuc Ede)
Va nhung ngudi dupe gpi la chu dSt c6 trach nhiem rat Idn doi vdi dat dai thupc quyen quan ly cu^ hp, hp phai c6 nhifm vu di tham dat (Dieu 233 - Luat tuc Ede), di tham la de dat dai mai mai tot tucri, de nude khong ngdng chay, de chuoi mia mpe xum xue. (£>at) nao phai dau nhu con ngya khong chii, nhu con bo khong ngudi chan.
Ve viec Ian chiem dat dai cung dupe quy dinh tai Dieu 234 - 235. “Dat dai, song sudi.
^ N g u d i E de c o i d a t la m ^, d a t tr e n c ao n g u y e n la i c d c a u tn ic lu v n so n g n e n h o q u a n n ie m m j t d a t l i c a i lu n g c iia t6 tie n . T h ^ n g il n a y th u d n g th d y l^p d i I5p I d tro n g van n g d n c iia t i p q u a n p b a p c a . D a t d a i, ru n g niii c u n g d u ^ c v i n h u c a i n o n g , c i i n ia
rung cay, sao lai lln chidm, chia cat, cudp ISy cua chung tdi (ngudi chii ddt) dupe.
DSt dai, song suoi, rung cay la ciia chung tdi (ngudi chii dSt), chiing tdi khdng chju dSu.
Khi rim g b i ngudi ta chiem, d at bi ngudi ta I^n, dd ngudi ta khdng liy mdt, dng b^ (ngudi chii d it) hSy kd Idn ranh gidi dat dai, rimg niii cua minh” ...
Con Luat tuc M ’ndng quy dinh vd bao vp, quan ly dSt dai, nhu quy dinh ve tpi ban dit rimg: “ ...B an dSt bon lang khidu nai; Ban rly Ilia mat d i t lam khd con chdu” ... hope “Ban dat, rimg c6 tdi vdi con chau” [5]
Con d Luat tuc Thai cung cd quy dinh ve quan ly, sii dung va khai thac dat dai. N hu c6 dieu M t vd tranh c h ip dat rudng: “Ndu hai bdn tranh chip nhau thiia rupng, l u |t se giai quyit theo van tu cua thiia rudng. Ndu khdng cd van tu, bdn n^o quen “an” thiia rupng do, da dupe mdt ddi khdng bo, thi cho bdn do dupe tidp tuc
“an” thiia rudng nhu cu”.... [6].
Vd vide quan ly dat dai, trong Luat tuc cung c6 nhung didu luat nhu:
“Nhftng tdi pham”vung d i t cd duong bidn”, bi ban m ueng xir tpi gdm cac hang ngudi nhu sau:
- Chiem dat ban m udng thanh dat rieng ciia minh
- Tu c it dat ban m udng ciia minh nhap viio m udng khde
- Ngudi d noi khac ddn cudp pha ban, m udng cua minh” , ..
B ^ nao cung cd phpm vi d it ban bao gdm khiic sdng, sudi noi cd vung cam; rung niii rdng Idn, cSy mpe san sat va ddng rupng. N gudi nao tu ^ xSm phpm vao vung dat ciia ban thi Id theo luat m udng cho tpi i y ngang nhu cau tuc ngft dS quy dinh “Hidp ba god, xam phpm bd rupng...
H.V. Quynh/Ttfp chiKhoa hgcDHQGHN: K hoahgcXahgivaN han van, Tap 31, So 3 (2015) 71-79
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■ Saip MgCOij
rottijf:
Ai tir y xSm p h ^ d it imrdng phia, neu bat dugc qua tang thi deu bi bm muong xu ly....
Nguoi ma ddm x^m pham dSt chSu muong thi bi bM mudng quy tdi rlt n5ng, bdi vi 14m trai: Minh imidng tu thbi dim, Nen muong thu thoi xua” [6]
Vdi nhiing quy dinh truyen thong nhu vay d§ c6 mot thoi ky dai cac dan toe thiSu so mi6n nui nude ta dS rit thanh c6ng trong vi$e qu4n ly khai thac va su dvmg d it dai (ehu yeu la d it rCmg). Vay, tai sao hi?n nay ehung ta khong van dpng nhitag quy dinh do ddng bao ede dan tpe thiiu s6 d |t ra va duoe thi hanh bao ddi nay d i thuc hien nhung chinh sach ciia Dang va Nha nude de ra doi vdi cae dan toe mien nui. Trong thoi gian gin ddy, do khong hidu Limt tue (phong tue tap quan) va nhftng quy dinh tmyin thong eua dong bao v6 quyin so huu dat dai, d2 dan din nhiing tranh ehdp ve d4t dai gifta eae dong bao vdi nhau, giua ngudi kinh va ddng bao ede dan tdc thieu so, giua cac to chuc lam kinh te..., cac co quan nhd nude, tham chi ca ede don vi bo doi vdi cac dan toe thieu so.
ca te 2.4. Bao v i dong thuc vgt
D6ng thuc vat cung la mqt trong nhung thanh phdn trong moi trudng. Do vay, viec quan ly, bao ve, khai thde va sijr dung chung cung Id mot vdn de cap thiet. N hu chung ta biet, trong thoi gian gdn day, te nan san bat, buon ban thu rung xay ra d khap dat nude.
Cling nhu vi?c quan ly, bao ve ede nguon tai nguyen mdi trudng khde, ddng thuc vat cung dugc cac dan tpc thieu so mien niii nude ta quan ly, bao ve va khai thac rdt hieu qua bSng ede phong tyc tap quan, Ludt tuc truyen thong tu rdt lau.
Trong Luat tuc M ’ndng c6 d in hang tram d iiu l u it khde nhau, trong do c6 kha nhieu d iiu luat lidn quan d in cac loai dong thuc vat, nhu
trong quan he so hiiu, tai san, ede d iiu l u |t dd de cap den viec bao ve, gin giu dong thuc vat quy hiem. Loai dong vat dugc ndi den n hiiu nhSt la con voi, da cd nhung d iiu lusit quy dinh xur phat nhung ai vi pham nhu an thit voi, coi khinh voi, chiii mSng voi, nhdt la t$i hdnh ha voi den muc lam cho chung bi thuong va bi chet. N gudi ndo su dung voi nhimg khong cham soc chu ddo hoac eye efin, ddi xii tan nhan vdi voi se bi phat rat nang.
Luat tuc M ’ndng con de cap tdi cac tgi vi pham den con voi rat nhieu n hu tdi gdy thuong tich cho voi; tdi bdn chet voi rimg; tgi giet voi Idy nga, tdi bat trdm voi...
Tgi ban voi rung ciong dugc coi la tOi nang va dugc phan anh kha ro rang trong cac dieu ciia Luat tyc M ’ndng:
... “Bd rung, trau rung than nudi Te giac, voi rung than chan .... Bdn trdu bd, voi, td giac phai lam du Id cung Trau cau, xdi nep, banh
Cung khdng du bj th in trung phat” [5]
Ndu ngudi ndo san ban 1dm chdt cac loai thu hiem, Luat tuc bude ngudi do phai ndp phat rat ndng dd ta tgi vd th in linh.
Ngoai ra, vide bat ca bdng edeh ddnh thude, chap didn nhu hien nay cung bi coi la mot trgng tgi, phai nghiem cam vi no huy hoai mdi trudng sdng ciia cac sinh vat khac. Van de nay dugc Luat tuc M ’ndng quy dinh trong didu Tdi thude ca: “Thude ca lam sudi ngheo; M uon an ech phai dung na b in ; M udn an ca dimg rd md v d t...” tiic Id lam gi cung phai bao vd ndi gidng, khdng dugc gidt hdng loat “Lam chet sach ca tep, ca cua; Ai thude ca c6 tdi vdi lang;
Tdi thude ca khdng ai ddn ndi” (Ludt tuc M ’ndng - D iiu Tqi thude cd sudi) [5].
H.V. Qfiynh/TapchiKhoa hQcDHQGHN Khoa h^cXa h$i va Nhdn v5n, T^pSI, S d3 (2015) 71-7
Lxiat tuc Ede cung c6 nhieu dieu lien quan d ^ quan ly, bao ve, khai thdc d^ng th\rc vat.
Con voi cung duac Luat tuc de c$p tdi nhiSu nhu: “Neu voi dau a chan thi anh ta (nguW vi p h ^ ) phdi cham s6c voi, bSng bo cho voi, k h in len bai k h in cam mau cho voi, dat cho voi cac thii thu6c d6 lanh s§o v6t thuong, n6u m au v in chay, vet thuong khdng kho, ngircri ta khong con dong banh tren lung voi duqc nfla, neu voi khong an c6 (voi ch6t) thi anh ta phai den lai gid tri hoac thay th6 m pt con voi khac to b ^ g ” (D iiu 222 - Lugt tytc Ede).
V I v in de nay L u |t tyc Gia Lai cung c6 nhung d ilu luat quy dinh chat che, nhu: viec bao V? thii rCrag:
“Cam s3n bat qua miic
Thit con khi, con doc, con vuon, con khi dOt, con chuat, con ech, con nhdi...
Khong duqc mang ve n h i in , xuy khien chay kho b ip liia, ^ e la phong d6c tai con ngudi, va Idling duqc san b in .”
Hoac de b ^ ve tdt cac lorn thu rimg ho thubng c6 nhOng su tich nham nhic nha con nguai, nhu s\r tich ve con dqc/vooc....
Trong cac bp Luat tuc cua dan tpc Thai rat it d l cap den viec bAo ve, khai thac cdc loai d in g thuc vat. Nhtmg trong cu6c song h ^ g ngay cua hq vIn c6 nhijng lu^t 1| r it cu th i, ma g in nhu ai cung biet va phai thuc h i|n do la d iiu duong nhiln. V i du: a ngudi Thai Muong Tac (Phu Y in - San La) khi con chau Ion len c ic cq (ong ba, bo m e...) thuong chi bao con chau r it c in than v i each thiic bao v l cac loai dong, thuc vat nhu khi di danh ca cung phai c6 mua, tranh dInh bat ca vao mua ca de, tranh san ban thu rung vao m ua sinh no, hoac m |t so dong hp cua nguai Thai thuemg duqc g in vdi m 6t loai dong thuc vat nao do nhu h i , chim, k h i... Khi da gan voi loai do nhu vay thi dong hp do k h ln g duqc g ilt hai, cling nhu an thjt loai
do, vi hp cho rin g do I I to tiln ciir: r io |c cac ba lang khi di hai th u lc trong rung k h ln g bao gicf hp chat ca cay, n h i ca goc, neu can lay re c ly thi hp chi dao lay nhuug r l ph\i khong anh huang d in su s in g cua cay, h o |c lly la thi cung khong bao gid vat trui ca c ly ...
Chi vdi nhung phong tpc truyen thing, nhung quy dinh dem g iln nhu v |y , nhung da c6 mpt thai ky d li cac dan t i c thieu s i a nude ta da r it thanh c in g trong v ile b io v l c ic loai d in g thuc v l t quy h ilm cung nhu cac loai ding thuc v |t phuc vp ddi s in g h in g n g ly cua hp.
Tdm lai, ciing vdi vi^c hoan thien he thing phap luat v i bao v l t i i nguyin v l m li trudng d nude ta h iln nay thi vi$c gift gin, phat huy cac phong tuc t ip quan truyen th in g ciia cIc din t i c th ilu s i ve bao v l tIi ng u y in m li trudng la r i t c in thiit.
N hin m pt c ic h Idili q u it, chung ta th iy ring cac quy dinh cua L u ll tuc mac du r i t manh miin, nho mpn, pham vi ap dung hep v l c6 le con II lac h lu . H i thdi, k h in g khoa hpc, nhung di s lu tim h iiu chung ta th iy r i t hqp ly, phu hop vdi tung dia phuong, ddi song cua tCmg tie ngudi cu th i. Co th i k hing dinh rang nd th i h iln tinh tu q u in r i t cao trong v i|c quan ly xa hpi n i i chung va trong v ile bao v l tai nguyin m li trudng sinh thai phuc vu cho riln g din g b io cac d in tpc th ilu s i. Tuy nhien, vdi c ic quy dinh cua Luat tuc nhu vay chi phu hqp vdi xa h l i trong d iiu k iln th u in tuy v i mat nin g nghi^p, c6 th in h p h in cu d in th u in nIng. Vi vay, vdi d ilu k iln p h it trien nen kinh t l thi trudng n h u hi$n nay thi v ile thqc h iln nhung quy djnh cua L u |t tuc ciuig sS cd nhOng biin d ii. Do dd, cung vdi h i th in g p h ip luat bao v l t ii nguyin v l m li trudng cua n ude ta h iln nay, chiing ta cd th i x ly dymg quy c h i dan chii c a sd (quy ude f ia phuong) trin c a sd k i thda nhung y iu t l t i t dep cua Luat tuc truyin th in g , dd la tinh c |n g dong (mpi ngudi cimg tham gia x ly
H. V. Quynh/T(ip chi Khoa htfc DHQGHN: Khoa hoc Xa hgi va Nhan van. Top 31. S3 3 (2015) 71-79
79
dung va ch ip hanh), tinh nhan ban va hgp ly (de cao trach nhiem, hinh phat c6 ly c6 tinh) va dua vdn de bao ve cac thanh phan quan trong ciia m6i tn io n g cua quoc gia nhu rirng, nguon nude, dat rinig, d6ng thuc vat quy h ilm ... nam trong dia ban dia phuong. Lam du ac nhu vay, van de bao ve tdi nguyen va moi tniong ciia quoc gia se c6 hieu qua hon, khuyen khich duoc moi nguoi dan hudng ung tham gia.
Tiii lif u tham khdo
[ 1 ] L fi H 5 n g S o n , V a i t r o c u a p h o n g t u c t a p q u a n v a v i f c k l t h i r a p h o n g t p e t a p q u i n t r o n g x a y d u n g p h a p l u ^ t , L u ? i t t \ i c v a p h i t t r i S n n 6 n g t h 6 n h i § n
n a y 6 V i e t N a m ( K y y 6 u h q i t h a o k h o a h o c ) , N x b C W n h t r i Q u o c g i a , H a N o i , 2 0 0 0
[ 2 ] V i e n D S n t 6 c h p e , T u l i e u H c h s i l v a x a h g i d a n t o e T h a i . N x b K h o a h p c x a h p i , H i N o i , 1 9 9 7 [ 3 ] H o i n g X u a n T y , V a i t r o c i i a L u a t t y c v u n g c a o
t r o n g c o n g t a c g i a o d i t , k h o a n r i t n g v i q u a n l y t a i n g u y e n t h i e n n h i S n , L u y t t y c v i p h i t t r i S n n 6 n g t h o n h i f n n a y o V i y t N a m ( K y y l u h § i t h a o k h o a h o c ) , N x b C h i n h t r i Q u o c g i a , H i N 6 i , 2 0 0 0 [ 4 ] B e V i l t D a n g ( c h i i b i e n ) , 5 0 n i m c i c d a n t y c
t h i S u s 6 V i S t N a m ( 1 9 4 5 - 1 9 9 5 ) , N x b K h o a h o c x a h $ i , H i N o i , 1 9 9 5
[ 5 ] N g 6 D i i c T h i n h ( c h i i b i e n ) , L u a t t y c M ’n o n g , N x b C h i n h t r j Q u 6 c g i a , H i N 6 i , 1 9 9 8
[ 6 ] N g o D i i c T h i n h , C i m T r o n g , L u i t m e T h a i ( T a p q u a n p h a p ) . N x b V i n h o a d S n t 6 c , H a N § i , 1 9 9 9 [ 7 ] P h a n H i h i D | t - C S m T r o n g , V a n h o a T h a i V i S t
N a m . N x b V i n h o i d i n t 6 c , H i N $ i , 1 9 9 5
Customary Laws Protecting Natural Resources and Environment in Vietnam (through Customary Law of some
Ethnic Minorities in Northwest and Central Highlands)
Hoang Van Quynh
VNU University o f Social Sciences and Humanities, 336 Nguyen Trai, Thanh Xudn, Hanoi, Vietnam
Abstract: Protection o f natural resource and environment has been the concern o f ethnic groups for decades. To protect, distribute to manage natural resources, they have created harmonious interaction with their surrounding nature and environment. Principles o f resotuce use in daily life have been applied to create sustainable interaction between local users and their environment. While each ethnic group has its ow n natural resource management system, this paper will show that customary law o f resource management, which has existed for centuries in their society, is the m ost effective one.
Keywords: Customary laws, natural resources and the environment, minorities, Northwest, Central H i^ a n d s
