Tap chi Khoa hgc DHQGHN, Lu^t hpc. Tap 34, So 3 (2018) 81-87
Tap chi Khoa hoc Dai hpc Quoc gia Ha Noi: Luat hoc Website: https://js.vnu.edu.vn/LS
Luat Quoc te va vai tro cua cac thiet che phi nha nuac
Nguyen Thi Thanh Hai
Vien Quyen con ngu&i, Hgc vien Chinh tri Quoc gia Hd Chi Minh 135 Nguyen Phong Sac. Cdu Gidy, Hd Ndi
Ngay nhan 28 thang 8 nam 2018
Chinh siia ngay 15 thang 9 nam 2018; Chip nhan dang ngay 28 thang 9 nam 2018 Tom tat: Bai viet nay tim hieu qua trinh phat trien va nhiing thay ddi vl pham vi dilu chinh va chu the ciia luSt quoc te do tac dpng ciia qua trinh toan cau hda va nhiing bien dpng trong ddi song chinh tri, kinh te va trat tir phap Ii quoc te trong nhimg thap ky gin day. Thong qua viec phan tich vai trd ciia cac thiet ch6 nhu td chuc quoc tS, td chirc phi chinh phii, cac tap doan doanh nghiep va ca vai trd cua cac cd nhan, bai viet khang dinh, ngay nay, quoc gia - mac du van dong vai tro quan trpng - nhung khdng cdn la chii the duy nhat, Phap luat quoc te chiu su dilu chinh cua ca cac thilt che phi nha nudc.
Til khoa: Phap Iuat quoc te, chu thi, cac thilt chi phi nha nudc.
Luat qudc te la he thdng cac nguyen tae va quy pham phap luat, dugc cac qudc gia va chu the khac cua luat qudc te thda thuan xay dung nen, tren nguyen tac ty nguyen va binh dang, nham dieu chinh nhiing quan he phat sinh giira qudc gia va cae ehu the dd trong mgi ITnh vye ciia ddi sdng qudc te, Ke tic khi ra ddi, luat qudc te thuc hien chirc nang chii dao cua minh 1^
dieu ehinh mdi quan he giiia cae qudc gia vdi nhau. Trong vai thi ki gan day, cung vdi nhirng bien ddi to Idn eua dcri sdng chinh tri, kinh te va trat ty phap H toan cau, he thdng phap luat qude te da ed nhiing bude md rdng va phat trien dang ke ca ve ddi tugng, chii the, ngudn va tham quyin phap li. Phap luat qude tl da ed sy dieh
DT.'84-989131688.
Email- thanhhai72@gmail,com https://doi.org/10 25073/2588-1167/vnuls 4146
chuyen tir quan niem truyen thdng cho rang nganh luat nay chi bao gdm eae nguyen tic, che dinh dieu chinh mdi quan he giiia cac qudc gia sang mgt he thdng phap li toan ciu da dang ban vdi sy tham gia cua nhieu chii the khae nhau.
Theo dd, luat qudc te bao gdm ea nhiing "quy dinh phap luat ve vai trd cita cac td chdc, thiet che qudc te, dieu chinh mdi quan he giira cac td chirc nay vdi nhau ciing nhu mdi quan he giiia cac thiet che nay vdi qudc gia va ca nhan. Phap luat qudc te ciing dua ra cac quy dinh phap li ve mdi quan he cua ca nhan va eac chu the phi nha nudc khi quyen va trach nhiem eiia ea nhan va cac ehu the phi nha nudc dd trd thanh mdi quan tam ciia cdng ddng qudc te" [I, tr.7]. Bai viet nay tim hieu ve qua trinh chuyen ddi nay cilng nhu vai trd ciia cac chit the mdi trong he thdng phap luat qudc te hien nay.
N. T T. Hdi / Tgp chi Khoa hoc DHQGHN: Ludt hpc. Tdp 34, So 3 (2018) 81-87
1. Qua trinh md rdng doi tirgng va chu thi tham gia ciia phap Iu3t quoc te
Vai trd va vi tri cua eac chu the phi nha nudc la mdt chu de thu hut dugc nhieu su quan tam vl mat hgc thuat. Cac hge thuyet phap li ve vi tri cua chii the phi nha nudc trong luat qudc t l da lam thay ddi dien mao cua luat qudc te hien dai. Theo quan dilm cua chii nghTa thyc dinh thi luat qudc tl vl thyc ehit khdng phai la luat vi tren thyc tl khdng the tdn tai mdt chinh phu chung toan ciu dl thyc thi cac quy dinh eiia phap luat qudc tl, Quan dilm nay ttong thuc tl khdng cdn phu hgp bdi le, ngay nay he thdng phap luat cjuoc tl ciing cd nhirng tham quyeri phap li nhit dmh bao gdm tham quyen truy td mdt sd tdi pham qudc te theo quy dinh eua Tda an hinh sy qudc te hay thim quyen xem xet giam sat viec thyc hien cac dieu ude qude te va tilp nhan cac khiiu kien ca nhan theo he thdng cac CO quan dilu udc qudc te ve nhan quyen ciia Lien Hgp qude. Sy phat tri6n eua phap luat qudc te cung dugc ghi nhan d qua trinh md rgng pham vi, ITnh vyc dieu ehinh tii viec chi gidi han d ITnh vyc ngoai giao, chii quyen va toan ven lanh thd den nhiing van de toan cau mdi xuat hien nhu mdi trudng, y te cdng, lao ddng, thuong mai qude te va nhan quyen. Ket qua cua qua trinh md rdng nay la sy ghi nhan hang ngan cac chuan mue qude te dudi nhieu hinh thiic khac nhau [2].
Ngudn cua luat qudc te cung ngay cang dugc md rdng them. Ciing vdi 5 ngudn co ban nhu quy dinh tai dieu 38 (1) cua Quy che ve Tda an cdng li qudc te la dieu udc qudc te, luat tap quan qudc te, cac nguyen tac chung eua phap luat qudc te, quyet dinh tu phap, cac an pham da dugc xuat ban [3], cac quy dinh khdng cd tinh rang huge phap li (luat mem) ngay mdt phat trien [4, tr.26]. Mae du eae quy dinh nay khdng phai la ngudn chinh thiie cua luat qude te va khdng dugc eoi la van ban phap luat nhu each tiep can cua phap luat thuc dinh nhung cac van ban luat mem nhu nghi quyet, tuyen ngdn, khuyen nghi, hudng din, quy tac hanh nghe do nha nudc va cac chu thi phi nha nudc khac xay dyng ddng vai trd quan trgng trong trat ty phap
li qude tl. Ngoai ra, cac van ban luat mem khdng chi gdp phin hinh thanh eac quy pham, chuin myc ve nhiing vin dl toan ciu mdi xuat hien ma edn la dilm khdi diu quan trgng cho qua trinh xay dyng he thdng dieu udc hay tap quan qudc tl. Trong nhiiu trudng hgp, luat mem chinh la cdng cy de giai thich, lara ro them eac ngi dung cua mdt van kien phap li cy thi [5, tr.1-75]. Ching ban, Tuyen ngdn vl Quyen cua ngudi khuylt tat do Dai hgi ddng Lien Hgp qudc thdng qua nam 1975 chinh la sy chuan bi cho sy ra ddi cua Cdng udc qudc te ve Quyen cua ngudi khuyet tat duge thdng qua vao nam 2007. Tat ea eac co quan dieu udc ciia Lien Hgp qudc diu da thdng qua nhieu binh luan chung hay khuyin nghi ve mdt sd van de cu the nhim giai thieh them cae dieu khoan duge quy dinh trong tung edng udc.
Cd the ndi, budc phat trien quan trgng nhat cua luat qudc t l hien dai chinh la qua trinh chuyen ddi tir chd chi coi nha nudc ia chu the duy nhit sang vi8c ghi nhan sy tham gia cua nhiiu ehii the va thiet ehe khac nhau vao qua trinh dilu chinh cac mdi quan he phap li quoc tl. Do tac dgng ciia qua trinh toan cau hda va tu nhan hda, cac chu the phi nha nudc ngay eang cd nhiiu mdi quan he tuong tac ban vdi chinh nha nudc trong toan bg qua trinh xay dung chuSn mye, giam sat va thyc thi phap luat qudc te bao gdm ca dam phan va phap dien hda phap luat, xay dyng he thdng cac van kien luat mem, van dgng chinh phu kl kit, phe chuin va thuc hien dieu udc qudc te. Ket qua ciia qua trinh chuyen ddi nay la ben canh vai trd eua nha nudc thi cac nhan td phi nha nudc nhu td chiic qudc te, khu vyc, td ehire phi chinh phu, cac doanh nghiep va tham ehi ca cae ea nhan ngay cang tham gia nhieu hon vao he thdng phap luat qude te nhu la nhiing ehii the mdi.
2. Lu^t quoc te va vai trd ciia cac to chirc quoc te
Cae td chiie qude te (dac biet la cac td chiic qudc tl lien chinh phu) la nhiing chu thi ddng vai trd quan trgng trong nin chinh tri qudc tl
N.TT Hdi/Tgp chi Khoa hgc DHQGHN: Lugt hgc. Tgp 34, So 3 (2018) 81-87
thdng qua viee tham gia vao boat ddng hoa giai, giai quyit xung dot, gm giir hoa binh, an mnh qude t l ciing nhu qua trinh diilt lap trat tu phap li. Thyc tien phap li qude te trong thdi gian qua da ghi nh§n nhieu ddng tieh eye cita cac td chuc qude tl vao qua hinh dilu phdi, quan tri cac vin de toan cau. Ndi each khac, cac to chuc qudc t l da ddng vai trd nhu la mgt phuang tien, mdt diln dan ya la chu the tich cue giiip cac qude gia giai quyet nhung van de ma cac qude gia khdng thi tu minh giai quyit [6, tr.33-35].
Vdi nghia la mdt cdng cy, nhieu qudc gia thanh vien eoi td ehuc qudc t l la dia chi d l thyc hien cdc myc tieu cua minh trong qua trinh giai quyit xung dot, tao lap hoi binh, tham ehi^dl gay anh hudng din qudc gia khae. Vdi nghTa la ' mgt dien dan ehung, cac td chiie qudc te la noi dien ra hdi nghi, ddi thoai de cae qudc gia cung thao lu§n vl nhiing ehu dl quan tam chung.
Nhieu td chiic qude te nhu Lien Hgp qudc, Hgi chii thap dd va trang luoi lilm dd qudc tl, WTO da rat thanh edng trong viec td ehiic cac diln dan nay. Ngoai ra, td chiie qude te ciing la mgt ehu the tich eye tham gia vao qua trinh trg giup, cai thien ddi sdng cho moi ca nhan. Cae td ehiie qudc te hoat dgng trong ITnh vye nhan dao la mdt vi du.
Dat biet, td chue qudc tl la nhihig chu thi true tiep tham gia vao qua trinh xay dyng, thyc hien phap luat qudc t l bao gdm ca viec dam phan, ki ket, thdng qua hay sda ddi, bd sung dieu udc quoc tl. Cae td ehiie nay la noi ket ndi, phoi hgp vdi cac qude gia trong qua trinh xay dyng, thdng qua dieu ude qudc te, ddng thdi yeu ciu qudc gia thyc hien tdt nghTa vu ciia minh ddi vdi phap luat qudc te. Ke ea khi cac dieu udc da cd hieu lue thye thi, td chdc qudc te la eo quan thiic day va giam sdt viec thyc thi dd. Cae td chiic qude te nhu Quy tien te qude tl, Ngan hang the gidi, dac biet la Lien Hgp qude va cae td chiic khu vyc nhu Td chiic An ninh va Hgp tac chau Au, Hiep hdi cac nudc Ddng nam A, Td chiie cae qudc gia chau My, Td chirc ehau Phi thdng nhat,... ddng vai trd dang kl trong qua trinh nay. Liy vi du trong he
thdng Lien Hgp qudc, mdt trong nhiing nhiem vu CO ban cua td ehiic nay chinh la gdp phin xay dyng phap luat qudc tl, dac bi?t la Iuat qude tl vl lihan quyin [7]. Lien Hgp qude va cae CO quan ehuySn mdn cua td chiic nay la co quan sang lap ra nganh luat qudc te ve nhan quyen. Day eiing la co quan tryc tiep tham gia soan thao, thdng qua hang tram dieu ude tuyen ngdn, tuyen bd vii cac van kien phap li lien quan, thanh lap cac eo che, thii tye gidm sat dl tdn trgng, bao ve va thyc thi quyen con ngudi d cap dg toan eau. Cae td chiic qudc te khae nhu Td chiic Thuong mai The gidi da thilt lap dugc he thdng chuan mue va tham quyen giai quyet tranh chap thuong mai qudc te nham dieu chinh vin d8 lgi ich giua cae qudc gia ciing nhu cde thiet che phi nha nude trong quan h? thuang mai qudc te. Cac thilt chi tai chinh nhu Quy tien te qudc te hay Ngan hang the gidi deu da md rdng pham vi dieu chinh cua minh den cac ITnh vye khde ke ca ITnh vyc nhan quy8n hay trong xay dyng hgp tdc vdi cac qude gia, dac biet la qudc gia dang phat hiln [8]. Chinh nhd sy tham gia tich cue eua td chiie qudc te ma pham vi cua luat qudc tl cimg dan dugc md rdng hon.
3. L u | t qudc te va vai trd ciia cac to chuc phi cbinb phu (NGOs)
NGOs la mdt trong nhung ehu the phi nha nude cd nhiiu anh hudn^ din qua trinh phdt trien cua phdp luat quoc te trong thdi gian viia qua. Trong vai thap ky gan day, NGOs da cd budc phat trien kha manh me ca d cap dg qudc te va cap do qude gia. Cac thiet che nay ngay cang tham gia nhieu hon vao cac dien dan phdp 11 qudc te. Steve Chamovitz cho rang "neu nhu khdng cd cac td chiic phi chinh phu thi vai trd ciia phap luat qudc te se kem phan quan trgng hon trong qud trinh phat trien cua loai ngudi"
[9, h-.147]. Su tham gia cua NGOs ttong he thdng phap Iuat qudc te duge the hien d nhieu gdc dg khac nhau bao gdm tit viec tham gia thiic day sy thanh lap hay tham gia vao eac hdi nghi qude te, tham gia xay dyng quy pham,
N T. T. Hdi / Tgp chi Khoa hgc DHQGHN: Lugl hgc. Tap 34. So 3 (2018) 81-87
chuan myc phap li qudc te, xay dyng dieu udc mdi hay thuc diy, giai thich, ap dung va gidm sdt vi?c thye thi phdp luat [10]. Ngay tir khi mdi ra ddi, Lien Hgp qude da ghi nhan vai ttd cua NGOs ttong eac boat ddng ciia minh thdng qua quy dinh tai Dieu 71 eua Hiln chuong: "Hdi ddng kinh te va xa hgi cd thi thi hanh mgi bi?n phdp d l hdi y kien nhiing td ehiic phi ehinh phu phu ttach nhiing van de thudc tham quyin ciia Hgi ddng". Sy tham gia ciia NGOs nhu la mdt chu the tich cyc cua luat qudc te duge nghi nhan d nhieu ITnh vyc khac nhau cua nganh luat nay. Chang ban, hen ITnh vyc phdp luat qudc te ve nhan quyen, NGOs da tham gia khd tieh eye va ttd thanh mdt phan quan ttong cua bd mdy nhan quyen Lien Hgp qudc. Nhieu td chirc phi ehinh phii edn duge ttao quy che tu van va quan sdt vien [11] cua Lien Hgp qudc, nhd dd da dugc phep tham du ede hoat ddng qude tl v l nhan quyin [12]. Hon thi nua, NGOs cung cd tac dgng ddng ke din qua trinh xay dyng va giai thich cac ehuin mue, dilu ude nhan c|uyln eiing nhu giam sat qua trinh thyc thi cdc dieu udc ndy ca d cap do qudc te va qude gia. Trong thue te, nhieu NGO da cd ddng gdp tryc tiep vao qua trinh soan thao nhieu van kien qudc te ve nhdn quy6n nhu la Cdng udc qudc te ve cdc quyen dan sy ehinh tri, Cdng udc qudc te ve eae quyen kinh te, xa hdi va van hda; Cdng ude qudc te ve xda bd mgi hinh thiic phan biet ddi xir vdi phy nu, Cdng udc qudc te ve quyen tre em [10].
Ban than NGOs dugc phep cung cap thdng tin cho cae uy ban cdng ude vl nhan quyen ve tinh hinh thyc hien mgt dilu udc ey the tai cac qudc gia thdng qua eo che bao cao bdng (shadow report) hoac dugc true tiep tham dy eac phien hgp ve nhan quyen cung vdi qudc gia vdi tu each la quan sdt vien [13],
NGOs la mgt chu thi tham gia vao boat dgng giai thich phap luat. Chang ban, nam 1984 NGOs da tham gia xay dyng Nguyen tac Siracusa - mdt nguyen tac giiip lam rd them ndi dung va pham vi cua van de tam dinh chi va ban che quyen dugc quy dinh ttong Cdng udc qu^c t l vl cdc quyin dan su, ehinh tri 1966 [14]. Them vao do, NGOs da tham gia tich eye vao qua trinh vdn ddng dl thanh lap ede thiet
chi qudc t l mdi nhu Toa an Hinh sy qudc t6.
NGOs ciing tham dy cdc phien xet xii tai Tda dn hinh sy qudc tl, Td ehiic thuang mai qudc te hay tda an khu vye vl nhan quyen vdi tu cdch la dai dign cho nan nhan hay vdi tu edch Id "bgn ciia tda an" (Amici curiae). Chang h ^ nhu, Tda an nhan quyen chau Au cho phep td chiic phi chinh phu dugc giri khieu ki6n va ttd thanh
"ban ciia tda dn" ttong cac vu xet xu nhan quyen cdn Tda dn nhan quyen chau Phi ciing cho phep to chiic phi chinh phii dugc gui khieu kien ddi vdi cac vi pham ve quyin con ngudi [15,tr.l47].
Vdi nhirng boat ddng tich cyc cua minh, vi thi phap li cua NGOs trong h? thdng phap luat qudc te dugc fhl hien d ca hai eip dO viia la mgt phdp nhan, vita la mdt ehu thi cd nang lyc tham gia vao ttong qud trinh phdt trien ciia phap luat qudc tl.
4. Su' tham gia ciia ca nhan vao b | tbong phdp luat quoc te
Vdi sy phat trien cua nganh lugt qudc te ve nhdn quyen, vai ttd ciia ca nhan vdi tu each la mdt chii the mdi da duge ghi nhan. Nhieu hgc gia cho rang ban than cd nhan cd quyin va trdch nhiem tryc tilp Hen quan ttong qud trinh xay dyng va thye thi phdp ludt nen da cd sy chuyen dich ve vai ttd cua ca nhan ttong luat qude te tir chd ehi eoi Id "ddi tugng" sang la "chu thi" eiia lu§t qude tl [16]. Viee ghi nhan cd nhan nhu la nhCmg chii the mdi cua luat qudc te dugc the hien rd ttong mdt sd nganh lu^t nhu luat nhan quyen va luat hinh sy qude tl. Bdng chiing ve sy tham gia ed nhan nhu la chu thi eua luat hinh sy qudc te cd thi thiy ttong pham vi dieu chinh cua Tda hinh sy qudc te ve Nam Tu cii, Tda hinh sy qudc tS ve Rwanda va Tda hinh sy qudc te [17]. Tren IThh vyc nhan quyen, cd nhan la mdt ehu the cd the tham gia vao co chi khieu ki$n ca nhan cua mgt sd co quan dilu udc qudc tl va khu vyc ve nhan quyin. Chdng h?n nhu, tten CO sd mdt sd dieu kien nhit dinh, ca sdu co quan dilu udc nhan quyin cila cac cdng udc ca bdn diu cd tham quyin xem xet khiiu ngi va
NT T. Hdi / Tgp chi Khoa hgc DHQGHN: Lugl hgc. Tap 34. So 3 (2018) 81-87
khang thu cua ca nhan [18]. Cdng udc Chau Au ve nhan quyen eho phep cd nhan la cdng dan cua qudc gia thanh vien cdng udc giri khieu kien len Tda an Chau Au vl nhan quyin [19].
5. LuSt qudc te va vai trd ciia cac doanh nghiep Mdt thiet che phi nha nudc khae cung dugc coi la chu the mdi dang ngay cang cd nhieu anh hudng den eae mdi quan he phap li qudc te do cde doanh nghiep, dac biet la tap doan xuyen qude gia. Doanh nghiep dugc ghi nhan la thiet che quan ttgng ddng vai ttd khdng chi tten ITnh vue kinh te ma cdn ca ITnh vyc chinh tri, phap li qudc te [20]. Stephen Tully cho rang tap doan, doanh nghiep cd the tham gia tryc tiep vao hinh thanh luat tgp quan qudc te, xay dyng cac van kien luat mem hay eae dieu udc qudc te, tham gia giai quyet cae ttanh chap qudc te [21].
Chang han nhu, tten lmh vyc luat bien, Cdng udc cua Lien Hgp qude ve luat bien cho phep cac nha thau vd doanh nghiep de ttinh ttanh chap len Tda dn qude te [22]. Tren ITnh vyc luat mdi trudng qude te, ehinh cdc doanh nghiep da ciing tham gia xay dyng Cdng udc Lien Hgp qudc ve bien ddi khi hau ciing nhu cdc vdng dam phdn vl Nghi dinh thu Kyoto [23, tr.l69].
Cac tap doan, doanh nghiep eiing duge coi la nhiing ehu the quan ttgng tren ITnh vyc luat nhan quyen. Hien nay, ede chuan myc qudc te ve ttach nhiem nhan quyen cua doanh nghiep da budc dau dugc xay dyng theo hudng eoi doanh nghiep la mgt chu thi tich eye.
Trong nhiing nam gin day, LHQ da xay dung, thdng qua dugc mdt sd van kien va co che lien quan den trach nhiem quyen con ngudi cua doanh nghiep nhu: Thda udc Toan cau (2000); Dy thao Quy tic vl trach nhiem cua cac Tap dodn xuyen qude gia va cdc doanh nghiep khae ddi vdi quyen eon ngudi (2003); Cac Nguyen tie hudng ddn ciia Lien Hgp qudc ve doarih nghiep va quyin con ngudi dugc Hdi ddng Nhan quyin LHQ thdng qua theo nghi quyit 17/4 ngay 16/6/2011. Dac biet, hien nay ban dy thdo cdng udc cd tinh rang budc phap li vl quyen con ngudi va trdch nhiem ciia doanh
nghiep da dugc Nhdm edng tac md cua Lien Hgp quoc soan thao [24]. Khi cdng udc nay dugc thdng qua, vai ttd ciia doanh nghiep nhu la mdt chii thi chiu ttach nhiem tdn ttgng quyin eon ngudi se duge chinh thiie ghi nhan.
6. Ket Iu3n
Tyu trung lai, nhieu nghien eiiu gan ddy eho thay rang, cho du luat qudc te la do qudc gia xay dyng nen, cdc thiet ehe phi nha nudcngay cang cd sy tham gia nhieu hon vdi tu each la nhirng chii the mdi vao he thdng phap luat qudc te. Ben canh nha nude, cac thiet che phi nha nudc nhu td chiic qudc te, td chiic phi ehinh phii, ca nhan hay doanh nghiep da khdng cdn gidi han pham vi hoat ddng eua minh ttong ITnh vye tu ma da ttd thanh nhiing chu the nang ddng, tich eye trong trat tu phdp li qudc tl. Ndi edeh khde, luat qude t l dang cd sy ty chuyin ddi nhim md rdng pham vi dilu chinh sang eac thilt ehe tu nhan mdt edeh trye tiep hoae gidn tiep. Tuy nhien, cOng can phai nhan manh lai rang eho dii cac thilt che phi nha nude dang la nhiimg ehu the mdi vd nang ddng, dieu nay khdng he lam anh hudng hay lu md vai trd eiia eua chu the nhd nudc. Ban thdn thiet chi tu nhan hay phi nha nudc khdng thi thay thi dugc vai trd cua nha nudc. Nha nude van tiep tye la chii the ehiu trdeh nhiem ehinh trong toan bd qua trinh soan thao, thdng qua, ki ket, phe chuan va thyc thi luat qudc te.
Cho den nay, sy ghi nhan vai trd cua ede chii the tu nhan van chua du de xac dinh nghTa vu phap li manh me va hieu qud cho cac thiet che nay. Trdch nhiem va quyen lyc cua cdc chu the phi nha nudc can dugc tiep tuc phdp dien hda. Chang han, hien nay sy tham gia cua cd nhan vao phdp luat qudc te chu yeu chi vdi tu edch la ddi tugng nhieu hon la chii thi [25, tt.l48]. Ddi vdi cde td chirc phi ehinh phu, mac du rniie do anh hudng khd rdng rai nhung vi tri phdp li cua cac td ehiic nay ciing chua thyc sy ro rang. Hien van chua ed quy dinh phdp li qudc te nao ve tu each phap nhan cua
N. T. T. Hdt / Tgp chi Khoa hoc DHQGHN- Ludi hgc. Tgp 34. S6 3 (2018) 81-87
NGO va cung chua cd mdt khudn khd phap li hieu qua nao quy dinh cy the ve each thitc hgp tdc giiia td ehire phi chinh phu va cac thiet che phap li qudc te khde. Ddi vdi doanh nghiep thi mire do anh hudng ddi vdi ede ITnh vyc phap luat qudc te ciing cdn nhieu ban che. Mac dil doanh nghiep cd quyen luc kinh te rat ldn nhung chii the nay chua dugc trye tiep tham gia vao qua trinh soan thdo hay bd phieu thdng qua dieu udc qudc te. Cd the ndi, lien quan den vai trd cua cac tap doan, doanh nghiep ddi vdi mgt sd nganh eiia luat rdiu luat qudc te ve nhan quyen, thi chu the ndy van cdn hoat ddng trong mdi trudng chan khdng ve mat phap li vi rang, luat nhan quyen van chua dua ra dugc cdc quy dinh cd tinh rang budc tryc tiep ve trach nhiem phap li eho doanh nghiep. Do vay, viee ghi nhan vai trd ciia cdc ehii the phi nha nude trong phap luat qudc te van dang trong qua trinh dugc tiep tuc xay dyng va hoan thien.
Tai lieu tham kbao
[1] Alina Kaczorowska, Luat cong phap quoc te (Public International Law) (^XB Routiedge, 2010).
[2] Milena Sterio, Su phat trien ciia phap luat quoc te (The Evolution of International Law) (2008) Mang ludi nghien ciiu khoa hoc xa hpi (Social Science Research Network).
[3] Quy che cua Toa an cong ly quoc te, dieu 38(1), [4] Alina Kaczorowska, Luat Cong phap quoc tc
(Public International Law) (NXB Routiedge) [5] Alina Kaczorowska, Luat cong phap Quoc te (Public
Intemalional Law) ( NXB Routiedge, 2010).
[6] Henderson, C, Tim hieu ve luat quoc te (Understanding international law), NXB Wiley- Blackwell,2010.
[7] Lien Hop quoc da thdng qua hon 550 dieu udcvl nhieu ITnh virc khac nhau nhir nhan quyen, ti nan, nioi truong, luat bicn Xenr Vai tr6 ciia Lien Hop qudc trong phap luat quoc te {Role of the United Nauons in International Law) Bdi viei co tgi dia chi.
<ht^'//lreaties.un.org/doc/source/events/2011/Press_ki t/fact_sheet_5_english.pdf^ (tmy cap ngay 4/9/2017).
[8] Gemot Brodnig, Ngan hang liie gidi va nhan quyen' nhiem vu bat kha thi? (The World Bankand Human Ri^ts: Mission Impossible'') (2005) <
http://www,hks harvardedu/cchrpAVeb%20Woridng%
20Papers/BrodnigHR&WoridBank,pdf>.
[9] Steve Chamovitz, T6 chiic phi chinh phii va luat qu6c t l (Non-Govermental Organizations and Intemationat Law) trong sach ciia in Andrea Bianchi (chu bien), ThiSt ch6 phi nha nuac va ]u(it quoc tg (Non-State Actors and International Law) (NXB Ashgate, 2009).
[10] Xem, Cenap (^akmak, Xa hoi dan sir trong luat quoc tg va Chinh tri the gicd' Dinh nghia, khung khai mpn va vin de (Civil Society Actors m the International Law and Worid Politics: Definition, Conceptual Framework, Problems) (2007). Tai h§u co tai dia chi:
<http://www humansecurity gate way com/documents' GPFIJCSLcivilsocietyactorsmtemationallaw.pdf*
(tmy cap ngay 4/9/2014)
[11] Hoi dong Kinh te va Xa hoi da thong qua mot s6 nghi quyet nhu Nghi quyet 1996/31 ve moi quan he tir van giQa Lien Hop quoc va to chiic phi chinh phii.
[12] Vi du, tai HQI nghi quoc te ve nhan quyen lan thii hai tai Vien nam 1993, hon 1500 to chiic phi chinh phii da tham du.
[13] Lien Hop quoc, Nghi quyet 1996/31 vemoi quanh?
tir van giua Lien Hop quoc va cac to chuc phi chinh phu (Resolution 1996/31 on Consultative relationship between the United Nations and non- governmental organizations) (1996); Hgi dong ohSn quyen Lien Hgp quoc. Sir tham gia ciia to chiic phi chinli phu vao Hoi dong nhan quyen (NGO Participation in ihe Human Rights Council). Tai lieu CO tai dia chi'
<http://www ohchT.org/EN/HRBodies/HRC/Pages/
NgoParticipation.aspx> (truy cap ngay 4/9/2014).
[14] Steve Chamovitz, To chiic phi chinh phii va luat quoc te (Nongovernmental Organizations and Inlemational Law) ,Tap chi luat quoc ciia My (American Journal of International law) so 348 (2006).
[15] Steve Chamovitz,T6 chiic phi chinh phii va lu?t quoc te (Non-Govermental Organizations and International Law) trong sach ciia m Andrea Bianchi (Chii bien), Thiet che phi nha nuoc va luat quoc te (Non-State Actors and International Law) (NXB Ashgate, 2009).
[16] Robert McCorqodale, Ca nhan va h$ thong phap ly qu6c 16 ( The Individual and the Intemational Legal System) tn>ng sach ciia Andrea Bianchi (chii bien), ThiSt che phi nha nu6c va luat qu6c tS (Non-Stale Actors and Intemalional Law) (NXB Ashgate, 2009).
[17] Nguyen tac ve trach nhiem hinh su ciia ca nhan duoc quy dinh tai dieu 7 (I) ciia Quy chS vl Toa hinh su v6 Nam Tu cu, dieu 6(1) ciia Quy chi vl Toa hinh su Rwandava Quy chi Rome vl thanh lap Toa dn hinh sir quoc tS.
N T. T. Hdi / Tgp chi Khoa hgc DHQGHN: Lugt hgc. Tap 34. So 3 (2018) 81-87
[18] Lien Hgp quoc, Thu tye khiiu ki^n cua cic co quan nhan quyen (Human Rights Bodies - Complaints Procedures). Tai Ii|u co tai dia chi-
<htlp.//www2,ohchr.org/english'bodies/petitions/ind ex.htm#commimcications>, (truy cap ngay 3/9/2014)
[19] Cong uoc chau A u v l Nhan quyen.
[20] Stephen Tully, Doanh nghiep va vi$c xay dung phap Iuat qu6c tS {Corporations and International Law Making) (NXB Mantinus Nijhoff, 2007).
[21] Stephen Tully, nt
[22] Xem Cong uoc Lien Hi?p qu6c vl lu^t bien 1982.
[23] StephenTully,nt tr.l69.
[24] Xem, Dir thao s6 0 ve van ki$n rang bupc phap ly trong luat quoc tl vl quyen con nguoi vl hoat dong ciia tap doan xuyen quoc gia va cac doanh nghiep khac. Tai lieu co tai dia chi https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCo uncil/WGTransCorp/Session3/DraftLBI.pdf (Truy cap ngay 9/9/2018).
[25] Alice De Jonge, Tap doan xuySn quoc gia va Luat quoc te (Transnational Corporations and Intemalional Law) { NXB Edward Elgar, 2011).
International Law and the Role of Non-State Actors
Nguyen Thi Thanh Hai
Institute of Human Rights, Ho Chi Minh National Political Academy 135 Nguyen Phong Sac. Cau Giay. Hanoi, Vietnam
Abstract: This article explores the development process of the International law and changes in its scope and subject over the recent decades as a result of the changes in intemational economical, political and legal orders. By analysing the role of non-state actors such as intemational organizations, NGOs, corporations and individuals, this article argues that states, though remaining important, are no longer the only subject. The article shows that the Intemational law is also regulated by non-state actors.
Keywords: Intemational law, subject, non-state actor.
