NGHIEN c i r u - TRAO DOI
LUATHOC SO SANHVAC/iY GHEP PHAP LUAT:V^Di PHUONG PHAP LUAN
VECAl CACH H § T H 6 N G PHAP LUATCOAVlfT NAM
NGUYiN VAN QUANG*
Tom tk: Bai viet ban ludn mat so vdn di ca ban lien quan din viec sir di/ng cdng cv ludt hoc so sdnh trong cai cdch he thong phdp lugt. trong do mpt sd vi du lien guan din cai cdch phdp luat cdng noi chung. phdp luat hdnh chtnh ndi rieng dw/c dua ra di rrunh haa. Bdi viit truac hit lap luan rang, viec sir dung phuang phdp luat hoc so sanh khong dan thudn chi Id sa sdnh cdc quy dinh phdp lual ma cdn gdn phdp lugt vai boi canh xd hqi cia nd di thvc hifn viec so sdnh. Ciing vai noi dung nay, bdi viit quan tam din vifp sir dung phuang phdp lugt hoc so sdnh trong hoat dgng cai cdch phdp lugt !dgc biet la vdn de cdy ghep phdp ludt) vd dua ra nhOng kit ludn ve kha ndng vgn dung kinh nghiim phdp lugt nudc ngodi pha hap trong cai cdch he thdng phdp lugt cua Viet Nam.
TH khod: lugt hoc so sdnh; cay ghep phdp lugl; cdi cdch phdp lugt; phdp lugl cdng; phdp lugt hdnh chinh.
Nhdn bii: 16/02/2016 Hodn thanh biin lap: 03/6/2016 Duyet ddng: 17/6/2016 Abstract: This paper discusses same fundamental issues in relation ta the utility af comparative law as a tool of law reform in which some examples of reforming public law in general and administrative law in particular are given to support the discussion. The paper first argues that any comparative law study should not be simply a study of the law per se but also of the law in its social context. Together with this, the paper focuses on a discussion of Ihe utility of comparative law in law refonn (especially the issue of legal transplant) and then draws several conclusions on the possibility of applying relevant foreign experiences for reforming the legal system of Vietnam.
Keywords: Comparative law; legal transplant; law reform; public law; administrative law.
Paper receipt date: February 16', 2016 Publication approval date; June 17', 2016
C
M each he thong phap luat noi chung, phap luat hanh chi'nh ndi riSng 6 Viet Nam cung nhu a cic nuac dang chuyen doi khac la qud tiinh lau dai, ddy thach thilc, doi hoi nhi6u no luc di tim k i t o cac giai phap phu hop voi dieu kien dac thu cua moi qu6c gia. DS thuc Men duoc nhiem vu ntog ne nay, luat hoc so sanh da duoc xem 14 cong cu CO the trg giup cho cac nha cai cich trong viec tim ra nhung giai phap thio gS vuongEditing completion dale: June 3
mic, th6ng qua viec nghien cuu, tim hieu kinh nghiem nuoc ngoai. Cach tiep can nay dugc dac biet nhin manh trong b5i canh hoi nhap qudc te sau rgng va toan ciu hoa hien nay. Nelken da khing dinh: "Vay mufin phdp lual ciia nuac ngoai duac nhin nhgn la
mpt phuong cdch di day nhanh qud trinh tim
* Tign sT luat hQC, ph6 gi4o su Tnr6ng Dai hQC Lu^t Ha NOi
TAP CHl LUAT HOC s 6 5/2016
NGHIEN CLJU - TRAO 001
kiim cdc gidi phdp ve phuang dien phdp ludt cho cdc van di tirang tu xdy ra a nuac minh - mot qud trinh duac khuyin khich bai nhiing dp luc cm viec nhdt the hod phdp luat do loan cau hoa mang lai .
Luat hoc so s^nh hien dai ra doi vao nam 1900 khi Hoi nghi qu6c te ddu tien ve luat hoc so sdnh dugc t6 chiic tai thii do Paris ciia Cpng hoa Phap.'^' Tuy nhien, cr phucmg dien la phuong phap luan cho viec nghien cuu, xay dung va hoan thien phap luat, luat hpc so sanh vin duac xem nhu "con trong giai doan thu nghiem".'^' Lien quan d6n viec sir dung luat hpc so sanh voi tinh chat la cong cu dk cai each phap luat, tranh luan v^ van dk cay ghep phap luat (legal transplant) vin ti8p tuc diln ra.'"^^ 6 goc dp khai quat nhat, c^y ghep phap luat dugc hieu la viec dua vao he th6ng phap luat cua mgt nuac nhung quy dinh phap luat va thiet che cua he thong phap luat nuoc ngoai vai muc dfch lam cho nhung quy djnh phap luat va thiet che do van hanh trong he th6ng phap luat ctia quoc gia mmh. Day dugc xem la mpt trong nhung phuang each tuong doi pho bien dugc sir dung trong tien tnnh cai each phap luat 6 ca cac nuac phat trien va dang phat trien. Dii quan diem cho rang cac quy dinh va thiet che phap luat cua nucrc ngoai co the cay ghep vao he thong phap luat trong nuac da dugc ung hp tuang doi rgng rai song dieu nay van dang vap phai sir phan doi cua kha nhieu hpc gia. Vl vay, viec tiep tuc ban luan ve nhung npi dung cot yeu cua !i luan ciia luat hpc so sanh va viec su dung luat hpc so sanh trong thuc tien de lam sang to quan
di^m cho rSng cdch thiic tiep can luat hoc so sanh CO thd ho trg cho cdc nha cai cach luSt phap ciia Vi?t Nam cQng nhu cac quoc gia dang chuyen doi khac trong viec thuc hien'*' dugc muc tiSu cai cdch cua minh \h dieu caa thiet. Dat vin dk nay trong b6i canh cai cich phap luat hanh chi'nh - ITnh vuc phap lu^t co npi dung lu6n dugc xem la gdn bo chat chS vcri dieu kien kinh te, chi'nh tri - xa hpi, \%
hoa cu the cua moi quoc gia lai cang duge dac biet quan tam.
1. Phirong phap luat htjc so sanh trong nghien ciru lu^t hoc: Ban luan ve each thu-c so sanh luat
Trong tac ph4m "Giai thieu luat hpc so sanh", hai tac gia Zweigert va Kotz da chi ro, v£ ban chit, luat hpc so sanh la "su so sanh phap luat cua cac quoc gia khac nhau tren the giai".*^' Tren ca sa quan niem ve luat hgc so sanh nhu vay, co the khang dinh rSng luat hpc so sanh da tra thanh m6t phuang phap nghien ciiu luat hpc co vi tri, vai tro quan trpng. Phuang phap luat hpc so sanh CO nhiSu chuc nang khac nhau va mot trong s6 do la chiic nang ho trg cho hoat dgng lap phap. Ve vin de nay, hai tac gia Zweigert va Kotz da khSng djnh: "Khong tM xdy dung duac nhitng dao lugt co gid tri neu nhu khong co su tra giup cua lugt so sdnh cho da duai hinh thuc Id nhimg nghien cuu chung hay nhUng nghien cim chuyen s&u lien quan din chii di cu ihi". Ve khi'a canh nay, tac gia Koopmans cung cho rang "bdng viec hoc hoi kinh nghiem tic cdc quoc gia khdc, chdt luang he thdng phdp lugt cua quoc gia minh CO the dugc cai thien".
TAP CHi LUAT HOC S 6 5/2016
NGHIEN cCrU-TRAO OOl
De luat hgc so sanh thuc su phat huy dugc vai tro cua minh nhu da n6u tren, cSu hoi dugc dat ra la cin so sanh phap luat cua cac qudc gia khac nhau nhu the nao? CSu hoi nay da gay ra nhieu cugc tranh luan ca ve ngi dung ciing nhu phuang phap luan trong gidi nghien cihi luat hgc ndi chung va nhiing ngudi quan tSm chuyen s§u den luat hgc so sanh ndi rieng tren the gidi. Dua ra
"chin nguyen tac co ban cua phuong phap luat hgc so sanh" cd kha nang giup nhfl-ng ngudi nghien ciiu thu lugm dugc cac ket qua nghien cuu so sanh cd chat lugng, tac gia John C. Reitz ket luan ring, ddi vdi nhiing chuyen gia ve luat hgc so s^nh, viec dan thuan chi md ta phucmg phap luat hgc so sanh la cdng viec kha don gian nhimg van dung nd tren thuc te lai la cdng viec rat phitc tap.'" Theo Reitz, de cd the van dung dugc phuang phap luat hgc so sanh mgt each thanh cdng, nguoi nghien ciiu khdng nhiing phai lam chu dugc khdi lugng thdng tin ve phap luat cua cac qudc gia can so sanh ma cdn ca vS bdi canh xa hdi rdng ldn hon lam nSn tang cho cac quy dinh phap luat dd tdn tai."'
Ket luan neu tren ciia Reitz da minh chiing rd net cac luan didm da dugc nhieu hgc gia lau nay dua ra ring cac nha nghien cira su dung phuang phap luat hgc so sanh bit budc phai cd each tiep can md, theo dd so sanh phap luat khdng don thuin chi la so sanh ban than cac quy dinh phap lu?it dii day dugc xem la cdng viec trgng yeu. Mark Van Hoecke va Mark Warrington da giai thich diSu nay mdt each ngin ggn rang chung ta
khdng thS hiSu cdc quy dinh phip lu$t mgt c4ch thiu dao chimg nao chua dat chiing trong bdi cSnh c\i thd, trai rgng vi ca lich su, kinh te-xa hgi, tam li va tu tudng lam nen tang cho nhihig quy dinh phap luat dd tdn tai."' Ndi each khac, phap luat va xa hdi trSn tit ca cdc phuong dien Uch sir, chinh tri - xa hdi, kinh te, van hoa cd mdi quan he gin bd chat che vdi nhau. Vi vay, de cd dugc nhiing kit qu^ nghien ciiu so sanh thoa dang, ngudi sii dung phuang phap luat hgc so sanh khdng thi tu gidi han viec so sanh ddi vdi ban than cdc quy dinh phdp luat va phai chd y den ca ndi dung phap h lin nhiing ndi dung nam ngoai phuang dien phap li.
Cd thi thiy ring viec dua ra nhan dinh chung neu tren li tuong dii de dang nhung sir dung each tiip can "phap luat trong bdi canh cu the" trong mdi nghien ciiu luat hgc so sanh thuc ti la cdng viec vd cung phitc tap. Tren thuc te, khdng phai ngudi nghiSn ctm nao cung cd dieu kien hiiu biit diy dii vi bdi canh cu thi ma dua tren dd cdc quy dinh phap luat se van hanh. Chinh vi vay, trong nhiiu nghien ciiu luat hgc so sanh, khdng it trudng hgp cac tac gia da dua nhttng kit luan cd tinh chit vd dodn, thieu nhiing can cii, co sd khoa hgc ve mdt ndi dung quy dinh phdp luat nao dd. Hem nfla, ngay ca khi cd y thitc cin phai sir dung each tiip can "phdp luat trong bdi canh cu the"
trong cdc nghien ciiu luat hgc so sanh, ngudi nghien cihi ciing phai ddi mat vdi viec xac dinh nhflng ndi dung bdi canh nao la phu hgp di cd thi hieu dugc chi'nh xdc va diy du quy dinh phdp luat eua mdt qudc gia khde.
TAP CHl LUAT HOC s6 5/2016
NGHIEN c i i u - TRAO OOM
Giai quyit dugc vin di ndy khdng phdi la cdng viec don gian va nhftng ngudi nghien Cliu luat hgc so sanh thudng de bi Ung tilng khi phai xem xet hang loat cdc yiu td nhu quy dinh cua phdp luat ngi dung, phdp luat thli tuc, CO ciu h$ thing toa an, bdi cdnh hien phdp, lich sir phdp ludt, van hod phdp luat, bdi cdnh kinh te -xa hgi...; mirc do phil hgp ciia cdc vin di nay eung khdc nhau mj' thude vao timg ngi dung cu the.
Ddi vdi linh vue phdp luat hdnh ehinh (ndi rieng) va phap luat cdng (ndi chung), cdc yiu td lich sir, bii cdnh chinh tri - xa hgi va he ni tudng phdp li la nhimg ndi dung cin dugc djc biet chii trgng khi nghiSn ciiu a gdc do luat hgc so sdnh. Theo tdc gid Schwarze: "Phdp lugt cdng gan vai nhiing yiu to cdu triic can bdn cua nhd nuac. Biiu ndy co nghia Id so vai cdc ITnh vuc phdp luat khdc, phdp luat cong bi dnh huang sdu sdc hem bai cdc yiu to ndm ngoai phuong dien phdp ll gan vai truyen thdng lich sir, phong cdch chinh tri vd nhiing he tu luong dgc thii. He qud Id, a dien rang han, so vai cac khdi niem cm phdp lugl lu, cdc khdi niem cua phdp lugt cong Ihuang duac hinh thdnh b&l niem tin, gid tri vd cdc i niem mang tinh chdt dgc thii quoc gia, Chi co thi duac ndm bdt duac noi dung dich thuc ciia chiing khi cdc yeu to nhu dnh huong ve chinh Iri, sice ep xd hoi, hieu qud, hieu luc ciia hien phdp vd cdc yiu td khdc duac linh din",'-^^^
Thuc tiln cho thiy, cd dugc day du kien thirc cho nhirng phdn tich phdp li chinh xdc, khach quan ve chii de cu the nao dd trong he
thing phdp luSt cila mgt quic gia dat hroi boi canh cua quic gia dd 1& ySu c^u thdch thirc doi vdi nhiSng ngudd nghiin ddi tugng dugc xem Id "ngudi nuoc ngoi dgi vdi h? thing phdp ludt ma ho dan|
nghiSn ciiu. Khdng thi cd hiiu biit ddy dn, chtnh xdc ve cdc quy djnh phdp luSt cSng nhu thiet che phdp If ciia mgt qudc gta nSu nhu khdng cd diy dil va chinh xdc cac thdng tin phii hgp liSn quan den bdi cdnh chinh m, xa hdi, lich sil, phap li nin tang cho cae quf,, dinh phdp ludt va thiit chi phap li dd tdn tflis Di ddp ling ydu ciu nay, ngodi nhiing d&i>
hdi cd tinh chit quyet dinh khdc, viec nam viing va lam chu cdng eu ngdn ngfl diln djt phdp luat nudc ngoai Id yiu td rit quan ttgng cho su thanh cdng cua cdc cdng trinh nghiSn ciiu ludt hgc so sdnh. Thuc tiln d nudc ta cho thiy, da cd nhung cdng ninh nghien ciiu luat hge so sdnh trong dd ngudi nghiSn ciiu ci ging phan tich, ddnh gid cde yen to boi canh nin tang cho sit tin tai vd van hdnh ciia cdc quy djnh va thiit ehi phap lujt va day thuc su la nhitng nghien ciiu ludt hgc so sdnh cd gia hi cho thuc tien lap phap va thi hWh phdp luat cua Viet Nam. Tuy vay, van con khd nhiiu nhiing nghiSn eiiu ludt hgc so sdnh cua cdc tac gia d Viet Nam chi dimg lai d viec md ta vd so sanh ngi dung eac quy dinh phdp luat cua nudc ngodi, bd qua viec phdn tich, nghiSn ciiu xac ddng nhflng ndi dung lien quan vi bii cdnh. Cac nghiSn ciiu nhu vay mdi dap iing dugc viec cung cap thdng tin phdp luat nudc ngodi chii chua thvc su sii dung luat hgc so sdnh vdi tu each Id cdng a>
di cai cdch phdp luat.
TAP CHl LUAT HOC S6 5/2016
NGHIEN Ciru - TRAO DOI
Tdm lai, cdch tiip can "phap ludt trong bdi cdnh cu thi" trong nghien ciiu luat hgc so sdnh ddi hdi nghien ciiu khdng nhiing chi phan tich, so sanh bdn than cdc quy dinh phdp ludt ma edn la mdi quan he giiia phap luat va xa hdi. Cach tiip can nhu vay cho phep chung ta thuc hien nhiing nghien ciru lujt hgc so sanh hieu qud, phuc vu nhieu muc tiSu, chiic nang ma cac nha nghiSn ciiu mudn hudng tdi.
2. "Cay ghep phap lu^t" va cai each phap luat: Mgt vai van de phuong phap luan
2.;. Tinh khd thi ciia "cdy ghep phdp lugt"
Nhu da phan thfch d trSn, ludt hgc so sdnh cd nhiiu muc tiSu va chiic nang khdc nhau va mdt trong sd dd la cdng cu de hd trg cdc nha cai cdch phdp luat trong qud trinh xdy dung va hoan thien he thing phap ludt cua moi qudc gia."" Vi vay, dieu quan trgng ddt ra la lam thi nao di cdng cu ndy dugc sit dung hieu qua trong hoat ddng cdi cdch phdp M L DS trd ldi cdu hdi ndy, cdc vdn dS li ludn vi ciy ghep phdp ludt (legal transplant) va viec sit dung ciy ghep phap luat trong thuc tiin da thu hut dugc su quan tam cua cac ngha nghiSn cuu cilng nhu nha hoat ddng thuc tiln trong Imh vuc phdp ludt.
Thuat ngu ciy ghep phdp luat la "con de" cua nha luat hgc noi tiing Alan Watson va dugc sit dung ldn diu tiSn trong tac pham
"Cdy ghep phdp ludt: Mgt cdch tiSp can ddi vdi luat hgc so sanh" cua dng. Nhu da trinh bay d u-en, theo Watson, ciy ghep phap ludt la viec dua cac quy dinh phap luat hoac he thing phdp ludt cua qude gia nay vao qudc gia khdc nhdm muc dich lam cho cdc quy
dinh hay he thing iy van hanh dugc d quic gia tiep nhan. Cum tit "ciy ghep" d day dugc sir dyng tuong tu nhu trong van cdnh ciia viec ciy gep cac bd phan trSn co the ciia con ngudi. Khi thudt ngii nay ra ddi, vin de ciy ghep phdp luat da trd thanh chu de cua nhiiu cudc tranh luan vdi cac y kiSn trdi chiiu vi vdn di lieu cd thi cay ghep dugc phap ludt; hay ndi cdch khdc, lieu viec dua cac quy djnh phdp ludt ciia mdt qude gia khdc vdo he thing phdp luat cua quoc gia minh cd thi la mgt phucmg cdch hihi hieu dS cai cdch phdp ludL^ '
Tiip can tir gdc do lich sir va tap trung vao linh vuc phdp luat tu,"'' Watson iing hd manh me kha ndng cd the su dung cdy ghep phap luat trong hoat ddng cai cdch phdp luat. Ong cho ring day la phuong cdch dugc su dung phi biin tit thdi kl xa xua ciia lich sir va khdng dinh hoat ddng cay ghep phdp ludt la mdt qud trinh xd hdi cd the de dang thuc hien. Theo Watson, mdt qudc gia ndo dd cd thi "nhap khiu" phdp ludt tit mdt qudc gia khdc cd nhiing diiu kien khdc biet vdi qudc gia minh, tham chi kS cd khi qudc gia dd cd trinh do phdp luat cao hon vdi nhung khdc biet vi chinh tri."*' Ong tin ring nhung gl ma cac nha lap phdp nSn hgc hdi til he thing phap luat nudc ngoai thdng qua cdng cu ludt hgc so sanh dd chinh la "y tudng" - cai cd thi chuyen giao duge vdo he thing phdp ludt cua quoc gia minh. Chfnh vi vay, theo quan diim ciia Watson, viec ciy ghep thanh cdng phap ludt ciia nudc ngoai vao he thing phap luat ciia nudc minh khdng phu thugc vao viec hieu biet
TAP CHl LUAT HOC s 6 5/2016
NGHIEN cifu - TRAO 001
"bii cdnh chfnh tri, kinh ti, xa hoi cda phdp ludt nudc ngoai", du rdng neu cd dugc nhflng hieu biit do thi cdng viec nay se dugc thuc hien hieu qua hon."'' Minh chiing cho luan diim ciia minh, Alan Watson dua ra vi du vi trudng hgp cua Nhat Bdn d thdi ki Minh Tri, quic gia nay da nhap khiu phdp ludt nudc ngoai khi ban hdnh Bg ludt hinh su, Bd luat ti tung hinh su (nam 1882) va Bd luat dan sir (nam 1889). Theo Watson, cac nha lap phdp cua Nhdt Bdn da thanh cdng trong viec vay mugn phap ludt cua Phdp va Diic khdng phai vi li do hg cd hieu biet vS bdi canh chinh tri cua nhflng quy dmh phdp luat d hai quic gia nay, ciing khdng phai do Phdp, Diic cd bii cdnh chinh 0:1 giing Nhdt Ban ma chi bdi vl li do Nhat Bdn mong mudn nhap khiu phap luat nude ngodi.
Tuy vay, li thuyit vi cdy ghep phdp luat cia Watson dd bi nhiiu nha nghien cira ludt hgc chi trich, tiSu biiu la Pierre Legrand.
Legrand eho rdng trong cum tir "ciy ghep phdp luat", Watson da tdi gian "phdp luat"
thanh "nhung quy dinh" vd "nhung quy dinh" thdnh "nhiing tuySn bd mang tinh dinh di khdng hon khdng kem" vd bd qua su tac ddng ciia bdi canh ddi vdi cay ghSp phdp luat."" DSi vdi Legrand, cdc quy dinh phap luat khdng chi la nhiing gi nhu Watson da ttinh bdy, bdi le mdt quy dinh phap luat cd yiu td cit ldi Id "tinh quy tac" va ban than yen to nay Id sir ddc thti ve van hod.' VI vdy, theo Legrand, cac quy dinh phap luat khdng thi "dich ehuyen" tit qudc gia ndy sang qudc gia khac dugc do yen td cdt ldi
cua nd - "ti'nh quy tSJc" khdng "song'S^
dugc trong hdnh trltth dich chuySn tirl thing phdp ludt nay sang hS thing phdp'li^
khdc; ndi cdch khdc, cay ghdp phdp luSfcl diiu khdng thi.""
Mdt tdc gid khdc eung phd phdn'1 thuyit cay ghdp phdp luat eila Alan Watsdii la Dupre - tac gia cdng trtnh nghiSn ciiu heii quan din cdy ghep phap lugl trong boi eddh cua Hung-ga-ry - quoc gia cd he thdng ph%. .p | luat dang chuySn ddi. Theo tdc gid ndy, khfi •'.' niem "cdy ghdp phdp ludt" do Watson (fti ra viia hep lai vira ldng leo, ddc biet khi dSt trong bii canh he thong phap luat cua cdc quic gia trong giai doan chuyen ddi. Li thuyit ctia Watson hep bdi vi dng chi tiSp can vin di til khfa canh lich sir va gidi han nghien ciiu cua minh trong pham vi cdc vin di cua phdp luat tu; trong khi do, li thuyit nay con khd ldng leo vi nhiiu ket luan ma Watson dua ra dugc trinh bay khdng chat che va tuu chung lai ehung thiiu tinh thuySt phuc.'™'
Tuy vdy, Dupre cung thita nhan nhflng gid tri cua If thuyit vS cdy ghep phap ludt ciia Watson va xem day la xudt phdt diem de H gidi nhflng vin de trong he thing phap luat cua cac qudc gia trong giai doan chuyin ddi.'^" Khdng nhu Legrand - tdc gid cho ring viec ciy ghep phdp luat nhu U thuyit ciia Watson dua ra la diiu khdng the, Dupre thiia nhan tinh phd biin cua viee cdy ghep phdp luat trong qua trinh cdi cdch phdp ludt do cd cdch tiip can kha rdng rai dii vdi khdi niem "ciy ghep phap luat". Doi vdi Dupre, lap ludn cua Legrand phdn bdc
TAP CHl LUAT HOC s6 5/2016
NGHIEN Ctru - TRAO DOI
lai ll thuySt "ciy ghep phdp luat" la dua trSn y niem ddi lap vdi li thuyit ciia Watson chii khdng phai trSn co sd cua thuc tien cdi cdch phdp ludt vd khd cue doan.'^^' Trong bii cdnh chuyen ddi, Dupre cho rdng tren thuc tS, "cay ghep phdp luat" da trd thdnh cum til khdi qudt chi bit cii nhung anh hudng ndo cua he thdng phap luat bSn ngoai ddi vdi qua trinh xay dung phdp luat va bat cir su
"dich chuySn" nao cua phdp luat ra khdi bien gdi eua qudc gia.'^" Ddng thdi, chia se quan diim vdi tdc gia Gianmaria Ajani, Dupre cflng cho rdng cum tir "cdy ghep phap luat" khdng chi bao hdm cdy ghep cdc quy dinh phdp luat ma cdn cd cd cdc md hinh thiit chi.'^"' TrSn ca sd do, tdc gid nay cho ring, ti-en thuc ti, cd rit nhiiu each thiic diln dat khdc nhau nhu vay mugn, tiep nhdn, anh hudng, ciy ghep hay md phdng ddi vdi nhttng dnh hudng cda phap luat vd thiit chi phdp If nudc ngoai ddi vdi qua trinh cai cdch phdp luat.'^"
Quan diim cua Dupre xem cay ghSp phap luat nhu mdt thudt ngft chung dd phdn dnh thuc ti phd biin ciia vice hgc hdi kinh nghiem nudc ngoai trong cdng viec ciia cac nhd ldp phdp trong qua trinh cdi cdch phdp ludt ciia qudc gia minh. Vi vdy, cay ghep phdp luat Id hoat ddng diSn ra phd biSn, binh thudng chit khdng phai la dieu khdng thi nhu lap luan ciia Legrand. NghiSn ciiu ve su phdt triin cua he thong phap luat Ddng Nam A Andrew Harding hodn todn cd If khi dua ra nhan dinh: "Nhu Alan Watson da chi ra. y tuang cua mot dao lugt hodn hodn co the chuyin giao vd cdy ghip thdnh cdng tit qudc
gia ndy sang quic gia khdc: Cdc qudc gid a Ddng Nam A da lam chinh xdc cdng vi?c ndy
, , , - - " (26)
tit hdng tram nam nay .
Nhdn dinh neu B-Sn cua Harding dugc minh chiing rd rang khi xem xSt mrdng hgp ciia Viet Nam vd cdc cdng trinh nghiSn cilu ciia nhiiu hgc gid Viet Nam cung nhu nudc ngoai diu chia se diiu ndy. Gillespie - chuySn gia nudc ngoai cd nhieu cdng tnnh nghiSn cira vi phdp ludt Viet Nam da timg nhdn dinh: "H^ thdng phdp lugt duang dgi cua Viet Nam duac xiy dung tren ca sa cita nhitng hoat ddng ciy ghep phdp lugl trong lich sir bdt ngudn tir Trung Hoa, Plidp, Liin Xd ca va gdn ddy la tir Bdng A vd cdc nudc phuong Tay".'^^'
2.2. Cdy ghep phdp lugt thdnh cdng vd nhimg vdn di ddi vdi cdi cdch phdp lugt
Thiia nhan kha nang cd thi cua ciy ghep phdp ludt, cdc nha lap phdp diu cd mdi quan tdm chung la lam thi nao de ciy ghep thanh cdng phap luat. Ndi cdch khac, trong hoat dgng cdi each phdp ludt, cac nha lap phdp ludn phai ddt ra cau hdi lieu nhftng de xudt, sdng kiin cdi each phdp luat dua H-Sn ca sd kinh nghiem phdp luat cua nudc ngoai cd nSn hay khdng nen dugc dp dung. Chia se dieu ndy, Zweigert va Kozt da ddt ra hai vin di chung cho cdc nha cdi each ludt phdp md theo cdc dng hg bugc phdi giai ddp khi quyit dinh lua chgn cac gidi phdp de xudt dua trSn kinh nghiem ciia nudc ngoai.'^"
Thil nhit, lieu cac giai phdp dugc de xudt cd dugc minh chung vi tinh hieu qua cua nd d chi'nh qude gia dang dugc hgc tap kinh nghiem. Vdn di thu hai liSn quan dSn ti'nh
TAP CHl LUAT HOC s 6 5/2016
NGHIEN cifu - TRAO OOl
kha thi ciia di xuit dd dat trong bdi canh ciia quic gia tiip nhan kinh nghiem. Hai van dS mang tinh cit loi nay ludn dugc xem Id xudt phat diSm cho bit cu nghien ciiu nao lien quan din viec vay mugn kinh nghiem luat phdp ciia nudc ngoai.
Nhan manh tim quan trgng cua luat hgc so sdnh, Kahn-Freund - mdt nha luat hgc so sanh nii tiing khdc dac biet quan tam den vai trd ciia luat hgc so sdnh vdi tu each la cong cu di cdi cdch phap ludt, trong dd cd hoat ddng ciy ghep phdp ludt. Ong cho ring, cdy ghep phdp ludt la diSu cd the thuc hien dugc va nd giiip Ich cho hoat ddng cai each phap ludt, tuy nhien day khdng phdi la hoat ddng gidn dan.'^" Luat phdp bam rS sau vao cdc thiit chi xd hgi va vi vdy, cac yiu ti xa hdi bit budc phdi dugc phan tich, ddnh gia trong qud trinh cdy ghep.' ' Kahn- Freund da nhic din If ludn ciia Montesquieu va cho ring cd nhflng nhdm yen td cd thS tdc dgng den sir thanh cdng cua ciy ghep phap ludt. Trudc hit la cac ySu td vS dia li, xa hdi, kinh te va van hod. Cdc yeu td chi'nh tri la nhdm thii hai va nhac din yeu to nay dac biet nhin manh din su khdc biet giua
"moi trudng cdng sdn chu nghia va mdi trudng phi cpng san chu nghTa", den cdc loai hinh dan chu vd din vai trd cua cdc nhdm lgi ich cd ti chitc trong xay dung va duy tri cdc thiit chi phap If.''" Ddnh gia vai ttd cua cdc nhdm yeu td tac dgng nay ddi vdi ciy ghep phdp luat, Kahn-Freund da lap ludn ting, trong qud trinh cay ghep phdp luat, cdc yiu td dia li, kinh tS va xd hgi cd thi trd thanh nhttng yeu ti khdng cdn nhiSu
Sir tdc dgng nhung cac yiu t i chfnh tri, d ^ cd vai trd rat quan itrgng.''^' Thed Freund, cd nhiing riE ro, Uik bai trong qa trinh ciy ghSp phdp to$t v4 bit cii ai cd;|
dinh vay mugn phdp lu$t nadc ngoai ^ca^'l phdi nhdn thiic dugc nhOng rui ro, bai."" Do v4y, sil dung phucmg ph% lii^ * hgc so sdnh cho hoat ddng cai cdch ph^-^
luat thong qua ciy ghep phap luat ddi hdi nhttng hiiu biit vc quy dinh phap luat cua, nudc ngoai vd bdi canh, dac biet la bdi cdhb 'I chinh tri cua chung.""' .j" •'
Li thuySt ve ciy ghep phap luat eto'"
Kahn-Freund trong thdi gian khoang mot thap ki trd lai ddy da dugc nhdc dSn trong nhttng cong trinh nghiSn ciiu ve ciy ghep phdp luat d cac qudc gia cu the, trong dd cd cdc cdng trinh nghiSn cira cua cdc tdc gia nudc ngoai va Viet Nam vi hoat dgng xay dung phdp luat cua Viet Nam."*' Cde cong trinh nghiSn ciru nay diu thtia nhan rang cac yiu ti dnh hudng den cay ghep phdp luat nhu Kahn-Freund dua ra nhin chung diu phil hgp vdi viec trien khai bat cii hoat ddng ciy ghep phap luat nao."" Hon nfta, cac cong trinh nghiSn cilu nay cdn tiep tuc phat triin nhung vin di li luan cd gid tri hen quan den ciy ghep phdp ludt ma Kahn- Freund da dua ra.
Trong cong trinh nghiSn ciiu cua mmh, Gillespie da nhan dinh ring gid tri ciia 11 luan vi ciy ghep phdp luat ma Kahn-Freund dua ra chfnh la quan diim cua dng vS "mdc do cd thi cdy ghSp" trong cdi cdch phdp luat."" Do phdp ludt cd mil lien he gdn bd vdi mdi trudng ma nd tin tai, mac dii miic
TAP CHl LU/\T HOC s 6 5/2016
NGHIEN ctru - TRAO OOl
do ciia mdi liSn he nay tuy thugc vao tirng trudng hgp cu thi va trong qud trinh cdy ghep phap luat, mdt sd quy dinh phdp luat cd khd ndng "dl ddng tdn tai" hem nhflng quy dinh khdc; ndi cdch khac, miic do cd the ciy ghep phdp luat cd su khdc biet."*' Dieu nay dugc minh chiing bdi thuc tien cay ghep phdp ludt diln ra d nhiSu nudc, theo dd mirc do thanh cdng cua boat ddng nay tuy thugc vao timg trudng hgp cu the.
Gillespie da tdng hgp II ludn ve cay ghep phap luat cua Kahn-Freund va cdc nha xa hdi hgc phdp ludt sau nay. tren ca sd dd chi ra ba co sd di nhan biet cdc yeu td kinh te - xd hdi anh hudng den su thdnh cong cua ciy ghep phdp luat bao gdm:' '
1) He tu mdng chfnh ui - phap If: Su thdnh cdng cua cdy ghep phap ludt phu thugc vao vdn di heu cac quy dinh phdp luat dugc cdy ghep cd "an ra" vdi he tu tudng chi'nh tri phdp If cua cdc nudc tiep nhdn cdc quy dinh phdp ludt do;'
2) Phan chia quyin luc: Viec vay mugn phdp luat bi anh hudng bdi ciu true quyin luc cua cdc nudc nhap khiu phap luat - ySu ti chi ra cdch thiic ma cac nha lap phap, ddi ngu cdng chirc quan II va cac thdm phdn sif dung quyin luc nha nudc de xay dimg va thuc thi phdp luat;'""
3) Cdc nhdm lgi Ich trong xa hpi: Su thanh cdng cua viec cay ghep phap luat phu thugc vao su ling hg cda cdc nhdm lgi Ich dac biet d quic gia tiip nhdn phap luat.'"^'
Nhu dd ghi nhan d trSn, theo Watson, cdy ghep phdp luat la cdng viec tuong dii de dang va nhu vdy qud trinh nay dudng nhu
khdng chiu su anh hudng, tdc ddng bdi cac yen td nhu Kahn-Freund da chi ra. Su khdc biet giua Kahn-Freund va Watson nhu chinh Watson da giai thich la do su khdc biet ve muc dich va cac cdch tiip can cua hai tdc gid.'"" ThSm vao dd, nhu tdc gia Stein da chi ra, do Kahn-Freund va Watson tap trung ehu
^ din cdc vin di khac nhau nSn hg da cd nhftng kit ludn vd quan niem khdc nhau ve vin di ciy ghep phdp luat.'""'
Nhu vay, diiu de nhan thiy la viec chip nhan hay khdng chap nhdn quan niem cua Watson hay Kahn-Freund phdi dat trong boi canh cu thi vd cin nhan thuc rdng quan niem cua moi tdc gia ddi vdi van de cay ghep phdp luat deu cd nhftng hat nhdn hgp II. Thua nhdn ti'nh phi bien ciia ciy ghep phdp ludt cin phai nhan thuc rd rang se la sai lam khi vay mugn bat cu quy dinh hay thiet chi phap luat nao cua nudc ngoai ma khdng cd nhftng hiiu biit cin thiet vi viec nhftng quy dinh hay thiet chS phdp ludt dd van hdnh nhu thi nao trong bdi canh chinh tri, kinh te - xa hgi, van hod phap li ciia nd cflng nhu tfnh khd thi cda viec tiip nhan quy dinh hay thiit che phdp luat dd. Chi'nh vi vay, viec dp dung bat cu kinh nghiem ludt phdp nao cua nudc ngoai vdo Viet Nam diu phdi dugc xem xet mdt cdch cin trpng.
Thuc tiln hch sir lap phap hien dai ciia Viet Nam da chimg kiin khong it nhung thit bai ciia viec vay mugn quy dinh va thiet che phdp ludt nudc ngodi. Chdng han, hang loat nhftng quy dinh ve quySn va nghTa vu ca ban cua cdng dan trong Hien phdp ndm 1980 cua Viet Nam la su sao chep tit HiSn
TAP CHl LUAT HOC s 6 5/2016
NGHIEN Ciru - TRAO 001
phap nam 1977 cua LiSn Xo cu. Thuc tS da cho thdy khi vay mugn nhung quy dinh ndy ma khdng dua trSn can cu ciia nhftng phdn tich boi cdnh kinh ti - xa hgi xdc ddng da lam cho nhflng quy dinh nay chi la nhftng quy dinh tin tai tren gidy va khdng cd khd ndng thuc hien dugc.'""
Cung cin nhin manh ring, quan niem eua Kahn-Freund vi "miic dg cd thi cay ghep dugc" trong ciy ghep phdp luat cd nhiSu diem hgp h. Diiu hiin nhien la khdng phdi tat ed cdc kinh nghiem phap luat cua nudc nggai diu cd thi van dung dugc thdnh cdng B:ong bdi cdnh phdp \i cia Viet Nam. Ndi cdch khdc, cdn nhan thllc rdng, nhftng di xuat, kien nghi di hoan thien phdp ludt cua Viet Nam cdn dugc xay dung trSn co sd nhflng kinh nghiem cia phdp ludt nudc nggai cd the cd kha ndng dl dang tiSp nhdn han.
Trong ITnh vuc phdp luat hanh chfnh ndi rieng, phap ludt cdng ndi ehung, cdu hdi ludn dugc ddt ra khi dat vdn di ciy ghep phdp luat la lieu phap ludt hanh chfnh (hay phdp luat cdng) cd thS ciy ghep duge nhit Id trong bii canh cay ghep phap ludt cia quoc gia cd diiu kien chinh tii - xa hgi khdc biet so vdi quic gia tiSp nhan. Vdi tu each la dii tugng cua luat hgc sg sdnh, phdp ludt hanh chi'nh ndi rieng vd phdp luat cong ndi chung thugng dugc xem la ITnh vuc phdp luat dugc hinh thdnh bdi cdc net ddc trung khd cd thi so sdnh dugc vdi nhau. Chang han, tdc gia Schwarze chi ra ring, "so vdi cdc linh vuc phdp lugt khdc, phdp ludt cdng chiu su anh huiing bdi cdc yiu Id vuat ra ngodi yiu td phdp li nhu truyen thdng lich
sir, chinh tri vd cdc h? Itf tudng d rmee i mgnh me hcm"}-^^^ .Koopmans ciing cho i^g, so vdi phdp lu^t tu^ phdp- luat cdng thdng thudng cd nhung dje .tjang mang dam tfnh quoc gia han.*"" Hai tdeigid Robin Greyke vd John McMillan da ehia sfr quan diim nay trong mdt nghiSn ciiu so sdnh phdp luft hdnh chfnh cia Australia vd todonesia vd khdng dinh rdng he thing phdp lujt hWi ; chinh cua mdt quic gia cd nhflng djc trtrag;
riSng biet phan dnh nhflng yeu td ve lich %U, chi'nh tri, van hod vd cdc gid tn xa hgi.'"'' Chi'nh vi K do nay ma theo nhu Esin Oriieii va Andrew Harding, hiu hit cdc nghiSn ciiii ludt hgc so sdnh d thi ki XX tap tiling vdo ITnh vuc luat tu, trong khi dd, cdc chi di vi phdp luat cdng, trong dd cd phap luat hanh chi'nh dudng nhu It dugc cac nha luat hgc so sdnh quan tam.'""
Diiu de dang cd thi nhan la Id phdp ludt cdng vdi nhftng dac diim nhu da nSu ti:Sn cd thi lam gidm di miic do cd the ciy ghep cua cdc quy dinh vd thiet che phdp ludt. Ndi cdch khac, cdc nhd lap phdp ed the se vap phdi nhiiu rdo cdn khi tiin hanh ciy ghep phdp luat cdng. Diiu nay ddc biet diing khi cay ghep cdc quy dinh vd thiit chi phdp luat gifta cac quie gia cd tiuyin thing phdp 11, chinh tri - xa hdi khac nhau. Tuy nhiSn, dii thiia nhdn nhftng khd khan nhu ti-Sn cd thi tao ra rao can n-ong qud trong qud ttinh cay ghep phdp luat ndi chung, phap ludt hanh chinh ndi rieng, eac nghiSn cim vS so sanh, cay ghep phap lu^t hdnh chi'nh vd cde di xuat cd lien quan ttong qua trtnh cdi each phdp ludt vdn gift nguySn tinh thuc tien.
TAP CHl LUAT HOC S6 5/2016
NGHIEN ciru-TRAO 001
Trudc hSt, nhu da nSu d phan ttSn, "cay ghep phdp luat" cin dugc hiiu ttgng bdi canh tuong ddi rgng. Viec vay mugn bat cii y tudng phdp luat nudc nggai nao md chung cd the ggi y cho cac nha lap phdp cia qudc gia tiip nhan giai phdp cho he thdng phap luat cia qudc gia minh deu cd the dugc xem la "ciy ghep phdp luat".
Dieu hien nhien la cac nha lap phdp Viet Nam khdng thS cay ghep ca he thdng phap luat hanh chi'nh phuang Tay (ttong dd bao gdm ca phdp luat ndi dung, phdp luat thi tuc vd thiit ehi phap ludt), my nhien, diSu cd thi thuc hien dugc la due nit nhung y mdng tu he thing phdp luat dd va nhung bai hgc tu thuc tiln phap luat cua cdc nudc phucmg Tay cd thi ggi md cho cac nha lap phdp Viet Nam each thiic hoan thien he thing phdp luat hanh chfnh cua minh.
Chdng han, viec nhan thiy vai trd tuang ddi
"bd trg" cia he thing kiim tra tu phdp ddi vdi boat ddng ban hanh quyet dinh hanh chfnh va vai ttd trung tam cia cae ca quan tdi phdn hanh chfnh da ggi md y tudng ring lieu Viet Nam cd nSn hgc tap md Hnh cia Austtalia de xdy dung he thing eg quan tdi phdn hdnh chi'nh di kiim tra hoat ddng hanh chi'nh ben canh he thing toa dn nhan dan hien dang lam nhiem vu xet xit hanh chinh.
TrSn thuc ti, f tudng xay dung cdc co quan tdi phdn hdnh chi'nh da dugc dua ra trong dS xudt cia Bg tai nguySn va mdi trudng ve rad hinh co quan tai phan vi dit dai vdo ndm 2005 nhim muc dich gidi quyet cac tranh chap dit dai va cdc khiSu kien hSn
quan den qudn U dat dai.""' Vi chile ndng, md hinh dugc di xuit rdt giong vdi md hinh CO quan tai phdn hanh chfnh chuySn nganh d Austtaha. Vi v$y, dii vdi cdc nha ldp phdp Viet Nam, viec nghien citu vd di xuat van dung kinh nghiem phdp luat cia cdc nudc phuang Tdy nhu Austtalia vi van dS td chuc eung nhu hoat ddng cia he thdng co quan tai phdn hanh chfnh Id diiu cd y nghia thuc tien sau sic.
Thir hai, dh thua nhan ring nhftng khdc biet vi ttuyin thing chfnh tti - xa hgi cd thS gay ra nhiing rao cdn cho viec ciy ghep phap luat song viec thao gd nhftng rao can khd khan ndy la diiu cd thi thuc hien dugc.
Cdch tiip can "phdp luat ttong bdi canh cu thi" nhu da phdn ti'ch d tren se dugc su dung di giai dap vin di cdt yiu dat ra la lieu ed nSn van dung kinh nghiem phap luat nudc ngodi di giai quyit vin di cua Viet Nam vd niu cd thi viec van dung do dugc thuc hien d mile do ndo. Chang ban, di xuit dp dung md hinh ca quan tai phdn hanh chinh cia Australia vao Viet Nam chdc chin se gap phai hang loat nhftng rao can vS nhdn thuc, cdu triic bg mdy nha nudc, eg sd phdp II cung nhu cdc yiu ti khdc hd trg viee triin khai hoat ddng cua he thdng co quan nay. Diiu hiin nhiSn Id he thing eg quan tai phan hanh chi'nh cia Australia cd the van hanh tit trong md trudng phdp 11, chinh tti- xa hdi cia Australia nhirng van di md hinh ndy cd thi phil hgp vdi diSu kien cu the cia Viet Nam d mile dp nao edn can dugc xem x6t, nhit la nhflng vin di lien quan den
TAP CHl LUAT HOC s 6 5/2016
"u ' ;(«(•.
NGHIEN ciru - TRAO 001
m
"j5(ia«<S-j>i''.-'f'•'.'iMt-'"
nhftng npi dung phiic tap vS chi'nh tti, td chuc quyin lire, he tu tudng. Tat ca nhftng khuc m i c neu trSn diu cin dugc xem xet ki ludng va tren co sd viec xem xet, phan tich dd, nhftng vdn de liSn quan den viec cay ghep md hinh co quan tai phdn hanh chinh c i a Australia vdo diiu kien cu the c i a Viet Nam se dugc gidi quyet.
Thu ba, khi danh gid kha nang cay ghep nhung y tudng phdp ludt nudc nggai, dac biet la ttong ITnh vttc phap luat cdng ndi chung va phdp luat hanh chi'nh ndi rieng, cin dat trong b i i cdnh todn cdu hod hien nay. Trong b i i canh nay, hang loat cac II ludn cdn ban nhu "phdp quyin", "phan chia quyin luc", "dan chu", "quan tti hieu qua"...
dudng nhu diu duge cdng nhan tai nhieu qudc gia khac nhau tren t h i gidi, ngay cd cdc nudc cd truyin thdng chi'nh tti, phdp II khac biet. Chi'nh diiu nay da tao diSu kien thuan lgi cho vice thuc hien cdc nghien cuu so sdnh va d i xuit lien quan din cdy ghep phap luat trong linh vuc phdp ludt cdng.
Nhd ludt hgc so sdnh ndi tiing Esin Oriieii da chi ra rdng: "Ludt hoc so sdnh cua the ki XX dudng nhu da lang quen hodn todn cdc chu di ciia phdp ludt cdng nhu ludt Men phdp, ludt so sdnh, thgm chi ki cd lual hinh su... Trong diiu kien mdi cua budc chuyen mang tinh loan cdu ddi vdi vdn di ddn chit, phdp quyin vd nhdn quyen, cdn thiet ngay bdy gid phdi ihuc hiin viec nghien cuu so sdnh cdc cdc khdi niem vd thiet chi cua link vuc phdp lugt cdng"} '
Nhu vay, trong diSu kien hien nay.
nhung khac b i f f v i h ^ t U i tuftng, phip ludt str da dang ve cau truc:phdn chia qnySn;' dudng nhu de dsingf d^€re-xo:d idida.va quan tara chung ngay d^ng dugc ^ ch%
nh^n d c d c nudc ed sv kh&: biSt-vS ddi sotig:
chinh tti - xa hgi. Trong IBih vuc phap lu^t cdng, mdt lan nfta, nha lugt hgc so sdnh Orucu da chi ra rdng: Da cd r i t nMiu y tudng va su anh hudng dugc chuySn giaoi tdc dgng iSn nhau gifta Hga Kji va chdu Aa|
ttxmg bdn thdn chau Au va gitta Hoa Ky, chau Au va Ddng Nam A. Vi vay, kit qiia cuii ciing se cho ra ddi mgt hS thing phdp ludt cdng mang tinh chat hdn hgp."^' Chfnh diiu nay lam cho viec nhit thi hod va Mi hda hod phdp luat ngay cang ttd nSn hien thuc va nhung rdo can liSn quan ttong qua Binh ciy ghep phdp ludt dudng nhu khdng cdn la vdn de ldn ddi vdi cdc nha ldp phdp tren the gidi. Vdi nhflng lap ludn nhu vdy, ed thi khing dinh ring, viec nghiSn cira so sdnh vd dua ra cdc d i xuit ttong ITnh vuc phdp ludt cdng ndi chung, phdp ludt hdnh chi'nh ndi riSng nhdm muc dich xay dung va cdi cdch he thing phdp luat c i a Viet Nam la van de cd tinh thuc tien sau sac.
Tdm lai, thuc hien nghiSn cuu so sdnh ddi hdi ngudi nghiSn cuu phdi cd cdch tiSp can phdp luat ttong bdi cdnh cu the. Cdch tiip can nay yeu c i u rdng cdc nghien cilu so sanh phdp luat khdng chi tap ttung vao ban thdn cdc quy dinh phdp ludt md cdn la mdi lien he gifta phdp ludt vd xa hgi, bdi le khdng t h i cd nhttng hiiu biit day du vS phdp luat n i u nhu khong ddt chiing vao bdi
64 TAP CHl LUAT HOC s 6 5/2016
NGHIEN Ciru-TRAO 001
canh cu the cua no. Luat hgc so sanh co nhieu muc tiSu va chiic nang khac nhau, trong do noi bat horn ca la vai tro ciia no vcti tu each la cong cu h6 trg cho hoat dpng cai each phap luSt. Vk khi'a canh nay, ca phuong dien If luan iSn thuc tiln d6u khang dinh rang viec cay ghep cac quy dinh va thih che phap luat la hoat dgng co tfnh kha thi. Tuy nhien, can luu y rang cum tu "cay ghep phap luat" can dugc hieu a nghTa rgng, theo do bat cu anh huong nao cua cac y tuong phap luat nuac ngoai doi voi hoat dgng xay dung phap luat deu co the dugc xem la da co sir xuat hien cua "cay ghep phap luat". Them vao do, cay ghep thanh cong quy dinh va thilt che phap luat khong phai la cong viec don gian va muc do thanh cong cua hoat dgng nay phu thugc vao tung truang hgp cu thk. Vl mat If thuylt, each tilp can "phap luat trong boi canh cu the"
CO thi cho chiing ta phuong each phti hgp dl cky ghep thanh c6ng cac quy dinh va thilt chi phap luat. Cach tilp can nay cung c4p cho cac nha luat hgc so sanh thong tin hiru fch dl giai dap cau hoi co nen hay khong nen ap dung nhirng dl xuat hen quan din viec c4y ghep phap luat nuac ngoai. Vi vay, each tilp can nay cin dugc su dung de xem xet, danh gia kha nang ciy ghep cac y tucmg phap luat nuoc ngoai de hoan thien phap luat cong noi chung va phap luat hanh chfnh noi rieng cua Viet Nam. Cung can luu y ring, vl mat If thuylt, co the de dang phan ti'ch, mo ta ve each tilp can "phap luat trong b6i canh cu thi" trong ciy ghep phap
luat, thuc tl da chiing kiln khong it nhiing thdt bai lien quan din ciy ghep phap luat 6 nhilu qu6c gia khac nhau. Tuy nhien, dii cac y tuong vl cay ghep phdp luat nuoc ngoai cin dugc dl xuit mot each can trgng, cac nha lap phap da va dang nhan thay nhilu uu thi cua hoat dgng ciy ghep phap luat trong bii canh toan ciu hoa vh quoc te hoa hien nay. Day cung chfnh la vin de ma cac nha lap phap Viet Nam cin quan tam trong cong cugc cai each he thong phap luat noi chung, phap luat cong va phap luat hanh chfnh n6i rieng cua Viet Nam./.
(l).Xem: David Nelken, "Legal Transplants and beyond: of Disciplines and Metaphors", trong: Andrew Harding and Esin Oriicu (chu bien), Comparative Law in the list Century, 2002, Ir. 26 - 27.
(2).Xem: Peter De Cruz. Comparative Law in a Changing World, 1995. tr. 14. Da co them thong tin vh lich su luat hoc so sanh xem: Konrad Zweigert va Hein Kotz, An Introduction to Comparative Low. 1998, tr 49 - 62.
(3).Xem: Konrad Zweigert va Hein Kotz, sdd, tr. 33.
(4).Xem: Otto Kahn-Freund, "On Uses and Misuses of Comparative Law", 1974, 37 Modern Law Review;
Alan Watson, "Legal Transplants and Legal Reform", 1976, 92 Law Quarterly Review; Eric Stein, "Uses.
Misuses - and Nonuses of Comparative Law", 1977 - 1978, 72 North Western Law Review; Pierre Legrand,
"The Impossibility of Legal Transplants", 1997. 4 Maasinchl Joumal of European and Comparative Law.
(5).Xem: KZweigert va H Kotz, sdd, tr. 6.
(6).Xem: Tim Koopmans. Courts and Political Institutions:
a Comparative View, 2003. tr 4.
(7).Xem: John C. Reitz, "How to Do Comparative Law", 1998, 46 American Joumal of Comparative Law, tr. 635.
(8).Xem- John C. Reitz, tldd. 635.
(9) Xem: Mark Van Hoecke va Mark Warrington,
"Legal Cultures, Legal Paradigms and Legal Doctrine:
TAP CHi LUAT H O C S 6 5/2016
NGHIEN ciru-TRAO OOlJ
Towards a New Model for Comparative Law", 1998, 47 Intemational and Comparative Law Quarterly, tr. 496.
(lO).Xem. Jurgen Schwarze, European Administrative Low, 1992, tr. 86.
(1 D.Xem: Zweigert and Kozt. sdd, tr. 16 - 17; M Bogdan, Comparative Law, 1994, tr. 28 - 30; Peter De Cruz, Comparative Law in a Changing World, 1995, tr. 19 - 20.
(12).Xem: AlanWatson. sdd, Ir. 2 L
(13).Xem: Alan Watson, "Legal Culture v Legal Tradition", trong: Mark Van Hoecke (chu bien), Epistemology and Methodology of Comparative Law, 2004, tr. 1.
(14).Xem: Alan Watson, sdd, tr. 79.
(15).Xem: AlanWatson, sdd, tr. 79.
(16).Xem: Pierre Legrand, tldd, tr. 1 1 3 - 114.
(17).Xem: Pierre Legrand, tldd, tr. 117.
{18}.Xem: Pierre Legrand, tldd, tr. 113.
(19).Xem: Catherine Dupre, Importing the Law in Posi-Communisi Transitions: the Hungarian Constitutional Court and the Right lo Human Dignity, 2003, tr. 4 0 - 4 2 .
(20).Xem- Catherine Dupre, tldd, tr. 40 - 42.
(21}.Xem: Catherine Dupre, tldd, tr. 4 1 . (22). Xem: Catherine Dupre, tldd, tr. 42 (23).Xem: Catherine Dupre, tldd, tr. 42.
(24).Xem: Catherine Dupre, tldd, tr. 43. Dupre da trich din: Gianmaria Ajani, "By Chance and Prestige:
Ugal Transplants in Russia and Eastern Europe", 1993, 43 Amencan Journal of Comparative Law, tr. 93.
(25) Xem: Catherine Dupre, tldd, tr. 47 - 48.
(26) Xem: Andrew Harding, "Global Doctrine and Local Knowledge: Law in South East Asia", 2002, 51 International and Comparative Law Quarterly 35, tr. 45.
(27).Xem: John Gillespie, "Globalisation and Legal Transplantation: Lessons from the Past", 2001. 6 Deakin Law Review, tr. 286.
(28).Xem: Zweigert va Kozt, sdd, tr. 17.
(29).Xem: Otto Kahn-Freund, "On Uses and Misuses of Comparative Law", trong; Otto Kahn-Freund (chii bien). Selected Writings, 1978, tr. 318 - 319.
(30) Xem: Otto Kahn-Freund, sdd, tr. 299 - 300.
(31).Xem: Otto Kahn-Freund, sdd, tr. 300.
(32).Xem: OtlaKahn-Fceund, sdd, tr. 300.
(33).Xem: Otto Kahn-Freund, sdd, tr. 319.
(34).Xem: Otto Kahn-Freund. sdd,lr. 319. i (35).Xem: John Stanley Gillespie, Transplanting Commercial Law Reform: Developing a ' Rule of Law' in Vietnam, 2006; Ph^m Duy NghTa, ' T i l p n h ^ pMp luat nutic ngo^i - thin CCT va thSch thiic cho nghien cuu l$p phSp". Tgp chf nghiSn cuu lap phdp, s6 5/2002. tr. 5 0 - 5 7 .
(36).Xem: Penelope Nicholson, Borrowing Court Systems: the Experience of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. 1945 - 1976, PhD thesis, the University ofMelboume, 2000.tr, 25.
(37).Xem: John Gillespie sdd, tr. 2 1 . (38).Xem: John Gillespie sdd. tr. 22.
(39).Xem: John Gillespie sdd, tr. 26 - 28.
(40).Xem: John Gillespie sdd, tr. 26 - 27.
(41).Xem: John Gillespie sdd, tr. 28 (42).Xem: John Gillespie sdd, tr. 28.
(43).Xem: Alan Watson, sdd, tr. 79 - 84.
(44).Xem: E Stein, tldd, tr. 203.
(45).Xem: Thai VTnh ThSng. Lich su lap hien Vi?!
Nam, 1997, tr. 53 - 54.
(46).Xem: Schwarze, sdd.
(47).Xem: Tim Koopmans, sdd, tr. 7.
(48).Xem: R Creyke vS J McMillan. "Comparing Australian and Indonesian Administrative Law", trong: R Creyke, J Disney \k J McMillan (chu bien).
Aspects of Administrative Review in Australia and Indonesia, 1996, tr. 8.
(49).Xem: Esin Oriicu, The Enigma of Comparative Law: Variations on a Theme for the Twenty-first Century, 2004, U-. 171 - 172; Andrew Harding, "Comparative Public Law: Some Lesson from South East Asia", trong: Andrew Harding and Esin Oriicu (chu bign), Comparative Law in the 21st Century, 2002, tr. 253.
(50).Xem: Se co ca quan tai phdn chuyen phan xit ve dat dai?, ngu6n: http://www.thanhnien.com.vn/nha- dat/se-co-co-quan-tai-phan-chuyen-phan-xu-ve-dat- dai-138414.html, truy nhSp ngay 25/2/2015.
(51).Xem: Oriicu, sdd. tr. 172.
(52).Xem: Onicu, sdd, tr. 173.
TAP CHi LUAT HOC S6 5/2016
