Ly thuyet phe phan cua tnrffng phai Frankfurt
Nguyen Chi Hieu t r S o ? " ' " ; ' ' ' ' u " ' ' ' • * ' •""" ' " ' " " ^ ^ ' " ' " • ' ™ ' * ' « ^ »•• " " ^ S ">=-!' •"? tcil-
rao luu canh ta phuong Tay; dong thcri, trutag phai nay con d, tien phong trong viec chong „ , anh hut^g cfla chfl nghia thuc d„„g, chu nghia thuc chung va thuvit ^ ui.
phan xa hoi cong nghiep phat tnen Tiiy Au tir giac do trilt hoc xii hgi
Ttr khoai Tnrcmg phai Frankfurt, ly thuyl, phe phan; chO ngliTa Mac phucmg Tay l . M o d a u
Trupng phai Frankfun la mgt trao luu tu tuong Icin 6 phuong Tay thl ky XX. Cac dai bieu cua trutmg phai nay dii cl ging phat trien chu nghia Mac nhim phe phan xa hpi tu san hien dai (Ly thuylt phe phan) va chi ra cpn duong khic phuc su no le, tha hoa cfla con nguoi phuong Tay hien dai. Tu tucmg efla truong phai nay co anh hucing rat sau rgng tj phuong Tay, dac biet la o My. No tro thanh co so nin lang.
cuong ITnh eho toan bp phong trap canh ta
* phttong Tay. Bai vilt phan tich nhirng npi dung CO ban cfla Ly thuylt phe phan qua khao stit tu tuijng cua nhung dai bilu cfla truong phai Frankfurt va nhiing anh huiJng vl tu tucJng ciia ly thuylt nay 6 phuong Tay.
2. Ngi dung ciia Ly thuylt phe phan Truong phai Frankfun bit diu cj nucjc Due tit thoi dilm Hprkheimer (1895 - 1973) len giir chuc Vien trucjng Vien Nghien cuu Xa hpi true thugc Dai hpc Frankfurt [5].
Nhung, tren thuc tl, qua trinh hinh thanh cac quan diem uiit hgc cua M.Horkheimer va cac cjng tac vien gin gfli vcJi ong nhu T.W.Adomo (1903 1969), F.Pollock
(1894 - 1970), H.Marcuse (1898 - 1979) va E.Fromm (1900 - 1980) da bit diu diln ra ngay tu nhimg nam 1920. Co thl thiy ring, ba linh vuc khao sat chu yiu cua Ly thuylt phe phiin la; kinh tl vcJi tu each la co so cfla xa hgi; sir phat triln tam ly cfla ca nhan; van hoa [2, tr.l42]. Trong dp, Hprkheimer va cac tn- thlic Due khac da cl ging khai thac tnet hpc Kant, Hegel, Mac va dac biet da ket hpp giua hpc thuylt Mac vcii phSn tam hgc Freud de xay dung nen mgt Ly thuylt phe phan xa hgi. Nhgm trilt gia tai Vien Nghien cim Xa hgi da quay lai vcji "trilt hgc phe phan" cua Kant, vcJi "phuong phap bien Chung" duy tam cfla Hegel; luan giai M l hucjng cfla Hegel dli vcii trilt hoc Mac theo tinh than cua chfl nghia Mac mcji phuong Tay ma G.Lukacs la nguoi khcii xucjng. Doi tupng cua Ly thuylt phe phan chinh la nhflng phan tich raang tinh chit phe phan ve xa hgi tu ban chfl nghia. Nhiem vu cfla ly thuylt do la vach trin cp chl ' ' Tien St. H(ic vien Chinh tri Kliu vuc I DT09I353242I. Email: nguj™chihieuJ5@yahc»,com Khm h,c va Cong ngh; Quoc gia (Nafosled) trong
de tai ma so: 11.6-2013.03. ^
Tap chi Khoa hpc xa hpi Viet Nam, s6 5( 102) - 2016 thdng tri va ap buc cua xa hoi tu ban duong thoi, chi ro ban chat tu tuong he cua no n h ^ giai phong ca nhan, huong tdi xay dung mpt xa hpi hcrp ly. Qua cac phan tich triet hpc xa hpi ciia minh, ca Horkheimer va Adomo deu chi ro "tinh chat cue quyen", dpc doan ciia xa hpi va cua che dp cam quyen tu ban chu nghia, vach ra tinh tat yeu can phai thay doi no. Ly thuyet phe phan muon dem lai cho tnet hpc y nghia thuc tien va vai tro tnmg tam doi voi xa hpi va thong qua do, hua hen xay dung ducrc nhimg moi quan he tot dep hon trong mpt xahpi tuong lai.
Cac nha ly luan cua trudng phai Frankfurt coi tac pham kinh dien dau tien va CO ban ciia Ly thuyet phe phan la tac pham Ly thuyet truyen thong va ly thuyat phe phan (1937) cua Horkheimer.
Horkheimer hieu Ly thuyat truyfin thdng la niem tin tru virng trong khoa hoc tu nhien va dac biet trong xa hpi hpc tu san dua tren tuan diem- khoa hpc rut ra ly thuyfit toan vpn, khong mau thuin ve mat logic tir cac dir lieu cam tinh, kinh nghiem. Theo Horkheimer, giira x§ hpi hpc kinh nghiem 6 cac nuoc noi tieng Anh va triet hoc xa hpi a Dirc khong co khac bifit mang tinh nguyen tac nao trong luan giai ve ly thuyfit khoa hpc. "Tien bp ky diuat 6 thoi dai tu san khong tach rcri khoi chuc nang nhu vay ciia hoat dpng khoa hpc. Mpt mat, boat dpng khoa hpc lam cho cac diir lifiu tro nen hihi ich cho tri thuc co the ap dung, sir dung vdi nhimg dieu ki?n hien co, mSt khac, tri thuc khoa hpc ap dung dugc vao nhung dir lieu"
[9,t.2,tr.l43].
Ly thuyfit phe phan khong don gian chi ra tinh v6 can cir ve mat trilt hpc ciia Ly thuyfit truyfin th6ng thuc chimg ma con co ky vpng vach ra cac co so xa hpi va chirc
nang xa hpi cua no. Sau vai nSm, Horkheimer tiep tue chu de nay trong tac pham "Sir lu mo cua ly tinh" [7, tr.230]
(cuon sach "Gop phan phe phan ly tfnh cong cu" la bo sung cho tac phSm nay). Khi do, ban than Ly thuyet phe phan dugc gia dinh la ly thuyet ve "tir y thuc phe phan ciJa con nguoi": "Tu nhan thiic ciia con ngu6i 6 thoi hien dai khong phai la khoa hpc tu nhien toan hpc the hien nhu than ngon vinh curu, ma la Ly thuyet phe phan vfi xa hpi hien ton phuc tiing thai do quan tam d^n cac difiu kien hgp ly" [9, t.2, tr.l47]. Song, 6 day, each tifip can gial cSp, lich sir cy thfi l£ii vang mat trong tu tuong cua Horkheimer.
Theo Horkheimer va cac hpc gia ciia truong phai Frankfurt, sir tap trung, tich ty tu ban cao do, su quan lieu hoa qui miic trong xa hpi tu ban hien dai da lam tript tieu tinh sang tao, tinh nang dpng, tu chu cua ca nhan va day hp vao trong "mpt the gidi hanh chinh" chat che, nSng ne. "The gidi hanh chfnh hoa" nay cuoi cimg se tien hanh kiem soat toan bg cac ca nhan trong xS hpi va he qua la dan toi su de nen doi voi t\r do, sang tao ca nhan. "Ly tinh Khai sdng" tot dpp trudc day da bj bi6n thanh "Ly tinh c6 tinh phuang tipn" va "chi nhSm tdi myc dich". Cai "Ly tfnh phuong tipn nay" xem con ngudi va thfi gidi chi duy nhat dudi lang kfnh lgi ich, lam cho m6i quan h? giiia cac ca nhan vdi nhau trong xa hgi bj v|t hoa, chi don thuan la nhiing mdi quan h? co tfnh chat trao doi. Horkheimer mu6n nit ra cac bai hpc kinh nghipm va phuang phap luan tir sir thk bai ciia "Ly tfnh Khai sang"
nham tao ra nhimg dieu kien mdi cho mgl khoa hpc khach quan, dudi hinh thiic m^l su phan tich bien chiing ket hgp vdi ly thuyfit tam ly hgc va xS hgi hgc khi nghien cim ve xS hpi duong dai. Chfnh tai day,
Horkheimer va cac dong nghiep cfla rainh cimg da tiln hanh phe phan trilt hpc thue dimg dang nii len tai My liic dp, ding thoi chi r6 nhirng tac dpng ticu cue ctia thl gioi hi khoa hpc hpa va ky thuat hoa cap dp trong chu nghia tu ban dli viji tin tai cfla con nguoi.
Co till khai quat lich sir hinh thanh va phat trien Ly thtrylt phe phan cfla trudng phai Frankfim din giila nhirng nam 1970 qua hai giai doan. Giai dpan thii nhit bit diu tir nam 1930; p giai doan nay Horkheimer, Adomo va Marcuse triln khai tu tucjng, diSnh gia vl chfl nghia phat xit va chfl nghra tu do. Adomo cong khai vilt rang, "quan dilra thuc chiing vl thuc tai"
dupc hpta tit trpng "cong nghe duy ly" cfla cac trai dipt chflng phat xit. Tham chi, toan b? khpa hgc thirc chung cung vcii xu hucjng tean hge hpa va duy nghito ducmg nhu chi
" san phim cfla y thuc tu san va la cpi nguon cflng c6 quan niem "cong cu" vl
; cMn ly, la cong cu thing tri cua cpn ngupi
; dpi vcji tu nhiSn va dli vcji cpn ngupi. Sau : do la qua trinh triln khai cae tu tuijng nay trong "sieu phe phan ly luan nhan thirc" eua hiet hgc tu san (tir Descartes din Husseri) cj Adomo, trotig "phe phiin ly tinh cong cu"
(hi Kant din chfl nghta thuc chflng) o Horkheimer. Giai doan thti hai bit diu vao nhirng tlBm 1960 do la, giai doan miji trong phat trien efla Ly thuylt phe phan. Tir giai do?n phat trien tnroc do, ly thuylt nay giu l^i tu hrcmg phe phan trilt hge dli viji chfl nghta thuc chiing, chfl nghia thuc dung, ehfl nghia duy ly. 6 giai dnan nay, Ly thuylt phe phan phe phin du dgi ehfl nghia Mac X6-vilt, coi no chi la biln thl y thue bi tha h6a cfla mgi xa hpi tieu dung va san xuit hang hpa. Cae dai dien cua Ly thuylt phe phan cilng khap cim each mang khpa hpc - p la
. Nguyen Chi Hilu ky thuat trong dilu kien chu nghra tu ban dpc quyin nha nuijc. Habermas cl xay dung ly thuylt "flinng thap giao tilp" co nhiem vu rainh bien vl raat trilt hpc cho thue tiln cua eac cat each dan chfl xa hpi.
Cung vtJi Marcuse, ong nhin raanh ring, voi tu each san pham efla xa hgi tu san, giai cap lao dgng ducmg nhu khong so huu
"thong thao giao tilp" dl llnh hgi cac tu hrong sieu viet htia hien thuc va hoan toan bi tt'ch hgp vao "xa hgi cong nghiep phat trien". Haberraas muln dua vao "gicji tri thiic CO tu duy phe phan" dl sir dung o ben trong ban than bp may quan ly nha nucjc cac phuong tien hinh thanh du luan xa hgi (tnrcmg pho thong, truong dai hgc, tnryen hinh, trayen thanh, in in, quan ly nha nuoc) chp cac cai each "cip tiln" thep tinh thin cfla "chfl nghia xa hpi dan chfl".
3. Anh hirong cua Ly thuylt phe phin ff phtrcrag Tay
3.1. Binh hudng, dal nen mdng lu lu&ng cho Irao luu cdnh la mdi
Cflng voi phat triln cfla chfl nghia tu ban dpc quyin nha nucjc va each mang khpa hpc - ky thuat di liln vcji nhirng hau qua xa hpi cua UP, nhirng nguoi bap ve Ly thuylt phe phan da di din kit luan vl khai hpan tuyet dli cua y thu:c "ragt chilu" mang tlnh chat thuc chiing, cpng cu, bien hp tu san; y thuc nay dilu khiln y thirc cua dai chung nho pho biln cao nhu ciu nhan tap, "tha hoa" thong qua cac phuong tien tmyen thong dai chung. Theo hp, hy vpng vao kha nSng hlnh thanh y thurc giai cip each mang eua giai cip vo san da hpan toan tieu tan:
trong dieu kien each raang khoa hgc - ky thuat, chi nhung ke gia ll, bg phan sinh vien, tri thuc vcJi tu duy phe phan racji co kha ning loai bo tu duy thuc chimg "mgt chieu", thoat ra khoi khuon khi iy. Hg cho 49
Tap chi Khoa hcpc xa hpi Viet Nam, so 5(102) - 2016 rang, "he tu tucjng X6-viet" dupng nhu danh h^p chfl nghia Mac phe phan bang he tu tucjng giap dieu, thuc chirng, cue quyen va nhap nan y thiie mpi nguoi thanh y thirc
"mgt chilu".
Tu dp, phai canh ta cap tien yeu ciu quay tra lai vcji tu tuong la can tao ra "cam xflc mcJi" [I, tr.S] cfla eon nguoi eo tu duy phe phan, dupc giai phong khoi mpi xilng xich cfla he tu tucjng va dap due tu san, bilt each su dung cac dpn bay efla chinh sach phan quyen uy, thue hien each mang van hoa va tao dung ragt xa hgi hoan loan racJi.
Nhu vay, Ly thuyet phe phan cl ging tro thanh ngpn co eua trap ltm. "canh ta mtji".
Nhiem vu neu Uen dupc Horkheimer thuc hien khong phai dua h-en quan niem duy vjt vl ljch sir phat triln xa hpi, ma bang each khang dinh cac luc lupng tu phat, nhan tap va tha hpa cua san xuit hang hoa che ngu con ngutri va do vay, dong vai tro gilng nhu eac quy lujt tu nhien. Chi eo
"y thuc gia doi" moi luan giai cac lire luting ay nhu cac luc lucjng "khach quan" va eac nha Ly Uiuyet phe phan keu ggi phai khic phpc tinh khach quan cfla chung. Hg hilu chu nghia duy vat la he tu tuong nhit thoi:
khong phai ehfl nghta duy vat lich su ma mgt quan nigm khac se tro thanh co so cho quan niem raoi vl xa hgi va lich su ttpng xa hpi dugc giai phong khoi sir thing tri, tit yeu cua kinh tl. Chu nghia Mac X6-vilt cflng vcJi viec ban thl luan hoa phep bipn Chung va tuyet dli hoa cac quy luat bign chiing nhu cac quy luat vinh cuu va bit bien bi bae bo. Djnh huong nhu vay thl hi|n rat ro trong tac phim "Gop phin phe phan ly tinh cong cu" cua Horkheimer 18 tt.233].
Ong khong muln dung tren lap tnrdng cua giai cip each mang, ma muln tiln hanh 50
phe phan tir lap truong ciia ca nhan "nStn ngoai giai cip co tu duy phe phan" (thtrc la la tri thu-c to san). Vio nam 1937, khi dang song 6 MJ, Horkheimer thuang sil dyng h^
thuat ngir mac xit, nhan thiy chii nghia hi ban la co sij cfla rapi raau thuan, spng ong khpng tira kiem lli thoat 6 each mang v6 san, ma suy luan ve vupt bo mau thuan "y thlic cua ca nhan ve muc dich, tinh tir phat, tinh hpp ly va quan hg Iao dgng co bk trong xa hpi" [9, t.2, tt.l59 -160]. Chmh tfc pham nay cua Hprkheimer va tac phim "Ly tinh va each mang" eua Marcuse chp ph^p noi tcji sir ggn gui efla nhirng ngudi theo Ly thuyet phe phan vtji he tu tudng vo san.
Horkheimer cong khai noi ring, giai cip vo san tao ra lpi ich cho phep nhan thtrc cac mau thuan cfla quan he san xuit d xa hpi tit san va dua din kit luan vl khi nang ciia mpt x i hgi hpp ly hon. Spng, dng lai hoii nghi: "Nhung tinh canh cfla giai cip vo sin ttong xa hOi nay khdng dera Ijii d t a bio nao c;ho nhan thirc dflng" [9, t.2, tt.l62]. Ly thuyat phe phan cho ring giai cip vo san ngay cang khong cd nang lire xay dyng vi linh hgi "y thirc sicu vui;rt xa hpi hign ton", khdng thue su each rajng, chi "gidi tri diiic cd tu duy phe phan" radi la lire lupng cii nang lire phat ttiln va duy tri y thiic cich mang. Hon thl, Hprkheimer cdn khing ditil rang, ndi chung khpng nen dflng tten ljp tmdng cfla giai cip vd san, cho du d nhthig nam 1930 - 1940 dng van ed ky vpng Ly thuyet phe phan trd thanh "phuong di?n tri tug ciia qua trinh giai phdng giai cip vo san"[9, t.2, tr.l64].
Thuc ra, khi luan ehiln vdi Marcuse, Habermas gia dinh ring, khdng phai cic quy luat khaeh quan cfla quan h? san xuit, ma cac quan he chfl quan, hflu thuc giOa cac ca nhan la lire lu(mg cuu roi, dtmg doi
Nguyin Chl Hilu lap vdi "thing tti" cua tinh duy ly ky thuat.
; Nhung, day chi la cong viec cua cac sinh t vien, cua gidi tti dure, cfla mpt sd nha ky hi
•: cotuduyphephan[4, tt.S7, 63, 100], - 3.2. Phe phdn chti nghia Uiuc chtntg va
^ thuyet ky tri
; Theo Habermas, ein phai khudc til menh lenh cfla tinh hpp ly edng nghe vdi to each la yeu td quyet dinh nhung giai phap cua mmh va phai xuit phat to cac chuin tic
• mdi, 15 sdng mdi nhim lara gia tang tu do, I phat ttien nhan each, nang cao tinh ehii
quan. Chi thdng qua phan to eua tu y thire cd phe phan, cac nha ky tri iy mdi cd thl cai bien dupe tam thl cua rainh. Vi khoa hgc ttd thanh lire lupng san xuit chfl yiu, cdn tti thitc cd to duy phe phan la dai dien va san phim cfla nd, nen khdng phai giai cap lao dgng bi nhin chun ttong "y thtic hanh phflc" vl nhung nhu eiu gia dli dupc ky thuat dap ung, ma chinh tti thuc ttd thanh chfl thl cua cae cai each xa hdi. Ly Ihuyet gia ttj lao dpng cua Mae cung hi Habenmas xet lai: khdng phai lao dpng cfla cdng nhan, ma lao dpng ciia tti thuc, khdng phai lao dpng chan tay ma lap dpng M dc mdi ttd thanh nguin glc cfla gia tri, kl ca gia ttj diang dii ttong dilu kien xa hpi cdng nghigp phat triln cap.
0 day, ed the nhan thiy dilm toong ddng va di bigt giira Marcuse ta khuynh va Habemias hilu khuynh ttong khudn khi ttudng phai Frankfiirt. Vdi Marcuse, khdng ai, ke ca ngudi cd to duy phe phan, cd thl dua ra giai dap khoa hpc eho vin de nay.
Con Habermas thi quan niem ring: dudi bien the phe phan efla mmh, nho tu phan to, ban than khoa hpc cd thl tim ra cau toi ldi va cae giai phap miji.
Tuygt dli hda tinh dpc lap toong dli cfla cac hiln togng thupng ting kiln ttfle va
tach biet "tinh rapt chilu" cua cpn ngudi khdng phai to ban chit cua chu nghia to ban dpc quyin nha nude, ma to "y thilc ragt chieu" cfla xa hpi nay, cac dai dien cfla ttudng phai Frankfurt luan giai xa hpi nhp phe phan khai niem "tdng thl". Adomp viet: "-Tdng dil xa hpi khpng thuc hien mdt cupe sdng xa hgi nao d tten bl mat va dli vdi nhiing gi nd hop nhit, nhiing gi nd ciu thanh. Nn san xuit va tai san xuit ban than thdng qua nhihig vdng khau rieng biet cua ntolh" [10, tr.l27]. Mac dit to todng nay dugc phat ttiln ttong cupe luan ehiln chdng l?i chu nghia thuc chung, song nd din tdi viec phu dinh cac quy luat khach quan cfla ddi song xa hpi.
Can luu y tdi nhan djnh neu tten khi xem xet quan he giila Ly thuylt phe phan vdi cac ly thuylt vl xa hdi cdng nghiep d nhung nam 1950 - 1960 cua thl ky XX.
Khac vdi cac ly thuylt thuc chting, to todng ciia ttudng phai Ftankftut ngay to diu da khdng thira nhan ring tinh hgp ly cua xa hpi cdng nghiep phat ttien cao la phuong tign xda bd cae raau thuan cfla nd; ma thua nhan rang chi tinh hpp ly i y la phuong thuc che day va phu dinh hu ao ban chit mau thuan, thuc su phi hgp ly cua xa hdi nay.
Horkheimer toyen bl chfl nghia thuc Chung mdi la kit qua phat Uiln cfla toan bp hg to todng to san. Cac to todng nay dupc ong Wnh thanh cung Adomp ttong tac pham "Bign chting cua Khai sang". Song, cat; tac phim d thdi ki dd cd chung mdt haii che, dd la da khong phe phan gay git cae hau qua xa hpi cua ttin bd khoa hgc - kf thuat ttcing dilu kien xa hdi cdng nghiep phat ttien. Dimg lai d viec phe phan iy thuyet thuc chiing rapi va "ly tinh cdng cu", Hprkheimer va Adomo raac dit chuin bj cho tac phira ctia Marcuse vl mat ly luani
51
Tap chi Khoa hpc xa hpi Viet Nam. s6 5(102)-2016 song chua chuyen sang phe phan cong khai ban than xa hgi phi hgp ly chi dua tren "Iy tinh" do. Marcuse da thuc hien dieu nay vao gifla nhiing nam 1960 va sau do, ong tro thanh nha tu tudng noi tieng va quan phuong ciia phai "canh ta mdi" d My va d Tay Au.
3.3. Phe phdn xa hgi cong nghiap phdt triin Tay Au tir gidc do triet hpc xa hoi
Tiep thu tinh than "phe phan" ciia Mac, cac dai dien cua trudng phai Frankfurt da tien hanh phe phan xa hpi cong nghiep phat trien, vach tran cac iiinh thiic bieu hien dac thil ciia tha hda hien dai va n6 lire luan giai nguyen nhan lam xuk hien tha hda do [3, tr.94 - 99].
Van de ve khoa hgc va ly tfnh khoa hgc - ky thuat, ve irng dung khoa hpc vh mat ky diuat va nhimg he qua vSn hoa xa hpi ciia no da thu hut sir quan tam cua tat ca cac dai dien ciia trudng phai Frankfurt. Hp xuk phal tir tu tudng cua Mac va khoa hpc nhu luc lugng san xuat true tigp va luu y tdi vai tro ngay mgt tang cua khoa hpc trong phat trien xa hpi. Sau do, xuit phal tir each mang khoa hpc - ky Ihuat diln ra d IhS ky XX, cac dai di?n cua trudng phai Frankfurt co thai dp lieu cue d6i vdi each mang khoa hpc - ky diuat, vi gid day nd da trd thanh phuong lien quan phiet hoa n6n kinh le cua phan ldn qu6c gia phucmg Tay, phuc vu cho sy lu duy Iri loai hinh van minh da trd nen loi Ihdi - van minh tu san. Theo hp, each mang khoa hpc - ky thuat (tire la khoa hpc iruyen lhdng va tinh hgp ly noi chung) khong lach rdi khoi cugc chay dua vu trang va kel qua tat ySu cua no la chien tranh ciing lat ca nhimg gi bilu hien cho khat vpng quyen iuc. Tir do, kkt iuan chung ciia cac dai dicn irudng phai Frankfurt la: viec day manh each mang khoa hpc - ky thuat 52
trong dieu kien van minh tu san co nghia \i day manh "con me sang tam th§n cua IV tfnh dita. ro", ma he qua cua no chinh la nan diet chimg cua chu nghTa phat xft.
Trudng phai Frankfiirt khudc tii nfa^
thiic va tien doan khoa hgc ve cac quy lual khach quan va vh kha nang phat triSn xfl hgi. Habermas trinh bay quan niem cua ong ve khoa hgc va ky thuat nhu "hp tu tuong":
ni6m tin vao tien bg khoa hpc va kJ thugt.
vao phat triSn tien bg ciia luc lugng san xuat la mpt kieu "y thiic gia ddi" khong muon nhan thay nhiing mau thuan ciia ti^n bp. Xet tr8n phuong dipn lich su tu tudng, CO the nhan thay nhiing biSn thl khac nhau cua chli de nay tir khai nipm "hgp Iy" cua M.Weber cho tdi quan di8m "xS hgi h^u cong nghipp" trong xa hgi hpc My. Nhung, dac thil ciia cac nha ly luan trudng phai Frankfurt la thai dg phu djnh, "phe phdn"
triet de hon doi vdi cac hien tugng cua chii nghia duy ly tu san dua tren co sd xet 1^
hgc thuygt Mac vh he tu tudng. Hp tuyen bo rang, siic manh cua sy phe phan cho phep pha lan mang ludi nhtmg quan ni?ni bi gan ghep tir ben ngoai, v6n bi nhao n^, che lap cac mau thuan xa hgi khach quan va do vay ckv dua vao siic manh iy.
Marcuse dua ra trong tac phdm "Con ngudi mot chieu" mot luan dilm mdi, Iuan diem do tuyet doi hoa vai tro ciia cdc phuong tien truyin thong dai chiing nhu cong cu nhao nSn y thiirc va hanh vi cua con ngudi trong xa hgi cong nghipp phdt trien.
Luan dilm nay da co d Horkheimer vS Adorno d mpt chimg muc nao do, song n6 thudng bj che khudt trong vipc phe phin chil nghra duy ly thuc chiing va trong vifC tuypt doi hoa chung chung khai ni?m
"thong tri". Hp khong nam bdt dugc tinh dac thil cua cdc yiu t6 mdi d xa hgi cong
Nguyin Chi Hilu nghiep phat ttiln va ciia tiln bd khoa hgc -
ky Uiuat, da diy chung xudng hang thu yiu.
Thuc ra, hg tiln hanh phe phan cac ly thuyet thuc chting mdi vl xa hdi cong nghiep phat ttien, chii khdng phe phan ban than xa hpi cdng nghiep phat triln.
Ndi tdra lai, tinh thin phe phan xa hdi to ban ehu nghia eiia Mac dupe eac dai dien ciia tordng phai Frankfurt nd lire ap dung vao viec phe phan nin van mmh cdng nghiep phat ttien, thdng qua phan tich cd phe phan hien tugng each mang khoa hoe - ky thuat va nhtmg he qua van hda xa hpi ciia nd. Cach mang khpa hpc - ky thuat diipc nhin nhan la qua ttinh lam cin epi, giet ehet gidi tu nhien va san xuit, cpn ngudi va xa hpi bdi chinh ban than cpn ngudi. Day la tting chudng canh tinh chting ta ve nhirng hg qua nhan van khdn ludng do qua stmg bai tiln bp khpa hpc - ky thuat ma lang quen di gidi h ^ cua nd.
4. Banh gia sff bg vl Ly thuylt phe pbin Xuat phat to luan dilm cpi ly tinh nhu lire: lupng sang tap ra ljch su, eac nha tu todng ciia tmdng phai Frankfurt cho ring toan bg ljch sir "Khai sang" phuong Tay la san pham ctia ly tinh theo tinh thin cua ehii nghia duy tam cl diln Dire.- la dang ly tinh tv tri va "tv lap phap", dera gan ghep cae quy lujt cua ramh cho gipi Uf nhien. Tdm lai, bi in thue sir ttong can benh ciia ly tinh khai sang la quan niem duy tara ciia ly tinh ve ban than rauih. Vi vay, theo Ly thuylt phe phan phuang thitc duy nhit dl chira ni nd la budc chuyin sang lap trudng chti nghia tv nhien cua ttirdng phai Frankfurt.
Cac d?i dien cua mrdng phai Frankfurt chp rang ldi thpat duy nhit khpi bli canh khung khiep hign tai etia con ngudi va cua xa hgi cdng nghiep phat ttiln la ha thip ly tinh xudng cap dg nhan to dilu tilt mpt each tv
nhien hanh vi con ngudi (gidng nhu ban nang), khdng tach ly tmh minh ra khdi gidi tv nhien, khdng nhin nhan gicii tu nhien nhu khach the, ma ling nghe nhthig nhip dieu va hea nhip vdi nd.
Caeh mang khoa hpe - ky thuat dupc eac dai dien cua ttudng phai Frankfiut quan niem la nhan t l bao triim len tit ca rapi mat ddi sdng eon ngudi va xa hdi - kinh ti, chuth tri, van hda, quan he giiia ngudi vdi ngudi, y thiie va ttr y thiic cnn ngudi. Cach m?ng khoa hpc - ky thuat ed tiln sir to thdi tien ttian thoai, kep dai nhilu thl ky, kit thuc va dat tdi dinh dilm d thl ky XX. Bay la qua ttinh hmh thanh toan bd thl gidi dli topng bap quanh con ngudi, tpan bp thl gidi van hda xa hpi, qua dp cpn ngudi dli mat vdi tinh ting thl (tptalitaet) eua nhihig lien he va quan he vd eimg da dang bi ttung gian hda bdi ly tinh va hi nd chl djnh nhu cai bilu thj khat vpng quyin luc.
Theo chiing tdi, khdng phai tv ttian khoa hpc, tv than ky ttiuat ma quan niera tieu cue ve tien bp khpa hgc - ky thuat din lli sdng cua CPU ngudi hien dai (eu Uil la ehii nghia duy khoa hpe, chtl nghia duy ky ttiuat, Uiuylt ky tti, te simg bai dong tiln, ctia eai vat chit, bap lvc v.v.) mdi tap ra mpt lli sing phati van hda nhan van tmyln Uilng. Nhimg Uianh tvu khoa hpc va ky Uiuat da lam Uiay ddi dang ke bd mat cua ttil gidi va cita cpn ngudi. Nhimg hau qua tich cue ciia cupe each mang cdng nghe la rit da dang. Sue manh ky Uiuat da rad ta nhirng kha nang to IcJn cho sv phat ttiln tinh ttiin Uiep cac phuong hudng khae nhau nhit. Tuy nhien, tv Uian ky Uiuat khdng kcio Uieo su tiln bd ttong linh vvc van hda va tinh Uiin - dao diic..., con ngudi cd nguy co danh mit bd mat ciia rieng rainh khi dli raat vdi sue manh eiia ky ttiuat. Ndi each khac, niu tuyet 53
T^p chi Khoa hoc xa hpi Viet Nam, so 5(102) - 2016 doi hoa sire manh loan nang cita nhting thanh tuu ky thudt, thi con ngudi co the vo tinh danh mat nhirng gid tri nhdn van, nhu nang lire thau hieu va dong cam vdi nguoi thdn, khdi niem ve cdi thien va cai ac, dieu ndy keo theo sir phi nhan van hoa quan he xa hgi va quan he cua cd nhdn vdi nhau.
Ben canh nhflng dong gop ddng ghi nhan (phal trien chii nghia Mdc tren nhilu Iuan diem CO ban cho phii hgp vdi xa hgi phuang Tay hien dai, nhan dien ve ly ludn cac m6i quan he xa hpi tu bdn chii nghia duong thdi, vach ro ban chat bdt binh dang, co chl "cue quyen" ciia no, hudng con ngudi cd nhan tdi mpt th\rc tien xa hpi tfil dep hon, giai phong ca nhan khoi su de nen, kilm soat ciia "thl gidi hanh chfnh hoa", khdi "thl gidi ky thuat hoa cao dp"...), thi Ly thuyei phe phan ciing bj phe phan manh me, khong chi tir cac nha macxil chinh thong, ma con tir phia cdc nha mac xft mdi phuong Tdy. Theo cac nha maexit chfnh thfing, Ly thuyll phe phan xa hgi cua trudng phai Frankflui co tinh chdt
"duy tam, lu san", vi no chdng cho thay mfii quan hp hiiu ca ndo vdi thuc tien each mang va vi thl, Ly diuyet phe phdn chi lam cho phong trao each mang trd nen bi co lap va suy yeu di. G.Lukacs - (cha de ciia chu nghia Mdc mdi phucmg Tay) dua ra nhdn xet, Uiong qua hinh anh dn du: cdc Uianh vien cua trudng phai Frankfurt dang s6ng trong "mgt khdch san hang sang" va tu ban cong ciia khach san, vdi Iy rugu ngon tren tay, hg ngdm nhin su khon ciing ciia ihl gidi.
Dau vdy, mgt trong nhung dong gop to Idn ciia Horkheimer va cac dai bilu ciia Ly thuyet phe phan ciia trudng phai Frankfiirt Id xac dinh dugc vdn dl "c6l tir" cua xa hgi phuong Tay hien dai - Id su tha hoa tinh than ciia con ngudi va co gdng tim con dudng, bien phdp khdc phuc sir tha hoa do.
54
5. Ket luan
Tiep thu tinh than "phe phan" ciia Mac cdc dai dien ciia trudng phdi Frankfiirt d3 tien hdnh phe phdn xa hgi cong nghiep phat trien, da vach tran cac hinh thiic bilu hi?n dac thil ciia tha hoa hien dai, da no lire luan giai nguyen nhan Idm xuat hien tha hoa do.
Chil nghia Mac phuang Tay (hay chii nghia Mac mdi) d Frankfiirt cho thay mpt each tilp can va phat trien dgc dao hgc thuyll Mac trong dieu kien vdn minh cfing nghiSp hien dai. Nghien ciiu di sdn ly luan cua truong phai nay cho phep chung ta hilu ro hon ban Uian hgc thuylt Mac va nhiing vdn de x3 hpi ngay nay ddt ra cho tu tuong mac xil.
Tai lifu tham khao
[1] A.Schmidt (1973), Cdm xuc gidi phong, Frankfurt a. Main.
[2] Nguyin Chi Hieu, D6 Minh Hgp (2013), Chil nghia Mdc phuang Tdy - trudng phdi Frankfiirt, Nxb Ton giao, Ha Npi.
[3] Nguyen Chi Hieu (2013), "Tnrdng phai Frankfurt va anh hudng chinh trj t^i Phucmg Tay", Tap chi Ly ludn chinh irj, so 3.
[4] J.Habermas (1969), Ky ihudl vd khoa hqc nhu Id "h§iu lu&ng", Frankfurt a. Main.
[5] J.Habermas (1969), Phong trdo phdn khdng vd cdi cdch dgi hoc, Frankfurt a. Main.
[6] M.Horkheimer (1931), Th\rc trgng triet hgc xa hgi vd cdc nhi^m vu cua mgt Vi?n Nghien cuu Xa hgi, Frankfurt a. Main, [7] M.Horkheimer (1947), Su lu md cua lj
linh. New York.
[8] M.Horkheimer (1967), Gdp phdn phe phdn ly linh cdng cu, Frankfurt a. Main.
[9] M.Horkheimer (1968), Ly Ihuyil phe phdn, 1.1, t 2, Frankfurt a. Main.
[10] Th.W.Adomo (1969), Vi logic cua ly Ihuyet khoa hqc xd hdi - CUQC tranh lugn ve chu nghia thuc chung trong Xa hgi hgc Due, Neuwied - Berlin.
