. NGHIEN C&a
m
NHO GIAO VA Sir ANH HiniNG CUA NHO GIAO DEN GIAO DUC A VIET NAM HIEN NAY
N G U Y I N T H ! THANH V A N Tnfjlng flat hoc Sif pham HI NAI 2
Tom tdt: Nho gido Id mpt hpe thuyit ra ddi vd ton tgi den nay dd han 2000 ndm. Nho gido dnh hddng din nhiiu nUde phuang Odng nhu Hdn Qudc, Nhdt Bdn, Trieu Tiin.... trong dd cd Viet Nam. Ld hpc thuyet tdn tgi Idu ddi d Viet Nam, Nho gido dnh hUdng sdu sdc din tdted ede Hnh vtfc trong ddi song xd hdi cua Viet Nam. Stf dnh hUdng ndy dupe thi hiin trin nhiiu phueJng diin, ddc biit Id trong linh vtfc gido due trudc ddy cung nhu hiin nay. Bdi viit phdn tich stf dnh hUdng cda tu tudng Nho gido din gido due d Viet Nam hiin nay.
Ti/kboa: Nho gido; Gido due; Khong Ttf.
(Nhdn bdi ngdy 10/5/2016; Nhdn kit qud phdn biin vd chlnh sda ngdy 02/6/2016; Duyet ddng ngdy 24/6/2016}
1. Oat van de
Nho gido la mdt hpe thuyet ra ddi va tdn tai den nay dd hdn 2000 nam. Nho gido da dnh hudng den nhilu nude phuong Odng nhu Han Qudc, Nhit Bin, Trilu Tiln,,.. trong dd cd Vilt Nam. Ld hpe thuyet tdn tai Idu ddi d Vift Nam, lai la tutudng eda giai d p phong kiln ngUdi Vift, eho nin Nho gido Inh hddng Idn d i n t d tddng ciia Vilt Nam. SU Inh hddng nay dupe t h i hien tren nhieu phddng difn, ddc bift Id trong ITnh vyc gido due trudc day cung nhU hifn nay, Trong bai v i l t nay, ehung tdi trinh biy mot vai n i t v l dnh hudng eiia tu tudng Nho gido ddi vdi giao dye d Vift Nam hien nay.
2. Stf latfc ve t d tufrng Nho g i l o
Nho gilo dUdc ra ddi d thdi Xudn Thu do Khdng Td (551 -479TCN) sdng lap. KhongTdtin Id Khdng Khdu, tuldTrpng Ni. Ong sinh ra d lang Khde Phy, nudc Ld trong mdt gia dinh nhd. Que hUdng nude Lo eiia dng Id nc^
bdo luu nhieu di sdn v l n hda eda nha Chu. Khong Td II ngddi ndi tieng ham hpe, hpc rdng, bilt nhilu. Qng tdng day: "Hpc md mdi budi tap, chang cdng thich d? {Khi hpe da t i n tdi rdi) cd ban (cdng chi hudng) d xa nghe tieng m l tim lai ( d l bdn ve dao If vdi nhau) ching cdng vui u?
Nhung neu khdng ai bilt tdi minh md minh khdng hdn giln thi ching eung quin t d ul" ("Hgc nhi thdi tap chi, bdt diic duyit ho? HUu bdng tuvien phuang lai. bdt diic Igc hd, nhdn bdt tri nhi bdt udn, bdt diic qudn tdho?") [1]. Vd dng da tdng ndi: "Trong mdt xdm chdng mudi nhd, at cd mdt ngudi trung tin nhU Khau ndy, nhung ching cd ai ham hpe nhu Khau nay" (Thdp thdt ehi dp tdt htfu trung tin nhu Khdu gid yin, bdt nhu Khdu ehi hiiu hpc dd) [2].
Trude bdi d n h thien ha dai loan, khdng cd ki cuong, Khdng Td chu trUOng ldp lai phap che, kl eUdng cda nhd Chu. Khong Td da hf thdng hda nhdng t u tudng md dng cho Id eda cac tien thdnh ldm cd sd cho hpc thuyet Nho gido. Sau dd, Khdng Td da tham gia ehinh sU v l thUc thi
mdt so chinh sach, khiln d i n trd n i n thuin hdu. Mong udc cda Khdng Td la diing giao dye de xd hdi dddc binh tri, d d d "nhdng ngUdi gid cd deu dupe an vui, ban be tin cay ta, vd tre thd dlu ddpc thuang yf u, day do" (Ldo gid an chl. bdng htfu tin chi. thiiu gid hodi chi) [3].
Sau khi dng mit, tU tudng cCia dng da dUdc d c t h i hf hpc trd ke thda. Ndm 221 trude cdng nguyen. Tan Thdy Hoang thdng nhit Trung Qudc va dp dung chinh sdch eai tri bing phdp lult h i t sdc ddc dodn vd khic nghilt, sd dyng chinh sdch "phan thu khanh nho" (ddt sdch nhd Nho), d l ddng bao lye tieu dift Nho giao. O i n thdi Hdn Vd De, Nho gido duac ddc tdn, trd thanh he tU tudng chinh thdng c l v l chfnh tri vd dao ddc cda Trung Qudc, Nho giao d dc^ Han da dupc biln ddi nham phyc vy d c vucmg trilu Trung Hoa, Cdng t d thdi Hdn, Nho gido da ehi phdi vdn hda Trung Hoa, lim nen tdng eho vifc xdy dyng vd bdo vf che dp phong kiln Trung Qudc sudt hon hai nghin nam Ijch sd.
Nho giao lay con ngUdi ldm trung tam, Nho hpc quan nilm tfnh thiln cda eon ngUdi gdm: Nhdn, NghTa, Le, Trf, Tin hay cdn goi la Ngu thudng. De thUe hien Ngu thudng, mdi ngUdi phdi thye hifn Tam cUOng, Ngd luan.
Tam cUOng Id ba mdi quan hf ed bdn ciia xa hdi: Vua - Tdi, Cha - Con, Chdng - Va. Ngu luan la nam mdi quan hf: Vua - Tdi, Cha - Con, Chdng - Vd, Anh - Em, Ban b l . Ngu thddng la bdn tinh eCia eon ngUdi. Ngay td khi ra ddi, Nho giao dd cd nhieu diem khac bift can bdn vdi tU tudng eua cac tdn giao khdc, nhat Id van d l con ngUdi.
Nho giao r i t chd trpng day dao ldm ngUdi, gilo dye eon ngudi khiln cho con ngudi td dc thdnh thifn. Cd the thiy, dao lam ngudi theo quan nilm Nho hpe Id dao lam ngUdi trong xd hdi phong kien nhUng nhdng quan nifm dao ddc do da giiip xd hdi phong kiln phdt triln, cdng vdi nhdng mat ti'ch cdc cda nd, Nho gido da Inh hudng rdng khap d i n ede ndde chau A, va t i l p tyc anh hudng cho den ngay nay.
Sfil2g-THANGfi/2016*35
Q NGHIEN COU^
3. Anh hddng cda Nho giao dl'n giao due d Vilt Nam hien nay
3.1. Anh hudng cua tUtUdng Nho gido din dgo ldm ngUcd trong gido due d Viet Nam hiin nay
Giao due Nho hpe dac bift ehii trpng d i n dao ddc, gido dye dao lam ngddi. Nho giao dao tao ra nhdng con ngudi ii tudng, phdt trien todn diln khdng chi cd t i i ma cdn ed ea dao ddc de thu phuc ldng dan, lam gUdng cho din tin theo, noi theo, ddng thdi gido hda ddn chdng.
Nho hpc eoi vile gilo due dao ddc, hlnh thdnh va hodn thien nhan each con ngddi la van di trung tam dddc dat len hdng dau. Xet d i n eung, giao due la gdp phan hinh thanh nhdn cdch, trong dd dao ddc la d i gdc va eung II mue dich cda sU nghifp gido dye.
Khong Td da tdng ndi: "Ngdy xUa, ngudi ta hoe la vi minh, ngdy nay hpe Id ngudi" [Co ehi hge gid vi ki, kim chi hgc gid vi nhdn) [4]. Cd the thay, hpe la trau ddi kiln thdc, trau ddi pham each cho ban than ngay mdt tdt dep hdn, giiip ich cho chfnh bdn than minh. Ngoai ra, hpe Id de giup dd mpi ngddi, dau tien Id nhdng ngudi than, ngudi xung quanh minh, sau la gidp dd eho xa hdi, eho dan, cho nddc. Do vdy, mue dfch eda giao dye la phdi trau ddi bin thdn, hoan thifn nhdn cdch.
o f hoan thifn ve tinh d c h d n thye hifn tu thin.
Mudn tu than vifc dau tien d n thye hien dilu Hilu.
Khdng Td khuyen d e vua chiia vd ngUdi ed trong trach phai sda minh, t d trdeh minh, t d hpc. Trong Ludn Ngd, Khdng Tddd tdng ndi:"Con em (thanh niin) dtrong nha thi hilu thdo vdi cha me, ra ngoai thi kfnh nhudng bdc huynh trUdng, than trong Idi ndi ma thdnh thye, yeu khap mpi ngUdi ma gan gui ngUdi nhdn ddc; lam dupe the vay roi ma cdn dU sde thi se hpc vdn (tde hpe Thi, Thu, Ll, Nhac, Djch...)" [Di ttf nhgp tac hiiu. xuat tae de.
can nhi tin. phiim di chung nhi thdn nhdn; hdnh htfu dU Itfc tdc dihge vdn) [5]. Ldi ndi eiia Khdng Td chda cd mpt trilt li nhan sinh ehinh trj vd xa hpi. Hieu, le vdn la nhdng dieu eCia tu dUdng dao ddc ea nhan trong gia dinh da trd thanh tinh edch nhu^g cCia cdng ddc quan trpng tdi sd thjnh suy ciia qudc gia. Gia dinh nhd vay mdi thdc sU Id nen tang cua qudc gia. Sy tu than trdthanh mdt viee can bdn ching nhdng cho ed nhan, ma edn eho cd gia dinh vd xa hdi, cho d i t nude. Mpi vifc cda d nhdn deu anh hudng h i t thay den nhdng ngUdi xung quanh vd xa hpi.
Quan nifm tat ed con ngddi sdng trong xa hdi d l u phai tu thin, binh dang vdi nhau v l dao ddc v l n cdn nguyen gid tri trong vile gido dye v l dao tao con ngddi ngdy nay. Vi vdy, trong sd nghifp gido due va dao tao d nudc ta hiln nay, ngoai vile trang bj, nang eao tri thUe hilu bilt khoa hpe kT thult cho con ngUdi, nang cao tam hilu biet v l t h i gidi, thi can phdi chd trpng gido dye dao ddc, vda la yeu d u tien quylt vda la myc dfch lau ddi trong chiln lUpe dao tao eon ngudi.
3.2. Anh hudng eua tutu&ng Nho gido din phUang phdp gido due d Viet Nam hien nay
Vdi phuang cham coi dao ddc Id trung tam ciia giao dye, Nho giao dac bift d l cao phuang phap day vd hpc
trong q u i trinh tiep thu tri thdc Vdi each day hpc tro ciJa*
minh, Khong Td ludn khang djnh: "On lai nhdng dilu cfl ma b i l t ddpc dilu mdi, nhu vdy cd the ldm thiy duac"
(On CO nhi tri tdn, khd divi suhi) [6].
"On cd nhi tri tan" Id phuong phdp gido due co bSn trong tU tUdng Nho giao ve gido due. Thyc hanh di^u nay, ddi v6i ngUdi hpe la yeu eau hp hang ngdy eln phSi hpe di hpe lai, dpc kT va xem xet lai tat el nhdng di^u da dupe hpc, thudng xuyin dn tap nhdng ^eu thay da day, thdc hanh nhutig dilu da dupe hoc de ed kiln thtfc vClng vang. Sau khi dn tap, dpc va xem xet kT nhdng dieu thay day, t d do ed the khdm pha, suy x l t nhdng dieu nufi;
khdm phd nhdng tri thdc t d viec dn tap nhdng dieu dl ddOc hpe trudc dd. Theo Khdng Td, ngUdi hpe dao phil thudng xuyen luyfn tap cho nhuin nhuyen tinh thing, cho tinh than t h i m minh mIn sdng sudt. Hpe la qua trinh khdng ngdng tim tdi, hpe hdi, khong ngdng dn luyen, tl do ITnh hdi, t d gide cdng cd nhdng kiln thdc da hoc vi ning cao nhan thdc cua bin than, ddng thdi phll dpc lap suy nghi d l phat hiln ra nhdng dilu mdi mf, Hpcli giai doan dau t i l n d l nhan thdc sd vit, nhan thdc the gidi xung quanh, t i l p dd phli cdng cd dilu da hpc diiclc,;
tfch luy duac kiln thdc di xly dung mdt xa hdi tot dep.
Sau khi hpc va thuc hi^n nhdng dieu da hoc, Khong Td cdn y i u elu ngddi hpe can phdi tap trung suy nghi d l CO duoc lai ich t d nhdng dieu minh da dUdc hoc.
Khdng Td ndi: "Kf ndo khdng phdt phan di tim hilu thi ta khdng md (gidng cho); khdng rang td y kiln (mu5n ndi ma khdng dupe) thi ta khdng khai phat cho. Ta ven cho mdt gdc rdi md khdng tu suy nghT tim ra ba gdc kia, thi ta khdng day eho nda" [Bat phdn bdt khdi, bdtphibSt phdt Cd nhdt ngung, bdt di tam ngung phdn, tdc bit phuc dd) [7]. Ody la phuang phdp giao due cd tinh gdi mil, nhin manh vao nang lyc ed nhan von cd eiia ngUdi hoc, nham khuyen khfch ngddi hpc phdt huy tinh dpc ldp,d|y manh tinh sang tao eua minh, ddng thdi t h i hifn tfnh chd ddng sang tao ciia ngUdl hpe trong qud trinh tJlp thu nhdng kiln thdc mdi.
Khdng Td vdi cdch day hpc la phli dpi din khi hoc trd suy ngim, tim tdi, sau khi suy ngam, tim tdi van khdng tim ra dupe Idi gili thi mdi gidng gili, nhd viy hpe trd mdi cd kiln thdc thdc su chac chan. Cd thf thay, hpe khdng nhdng phdi cham ehi, dn luyfn, hpc di hoc 1^1 nhdng dieu da dUde thay truyen bio eho md quan trorig hdn Id phdi b i l t suy tu, li giai, lap ludn ve nhdng dieu da dupe hpc Hpc phdi thudng xuyen kit hpp vdi suy nghT dpc lap, hpc phdi suy ngam tim hieu nhdng d i m6i.
Hoc phli gan lien vdi suy nghl de truy xet nguydn nhin, nguon gdc, hoc de nam vdng nhdng nguyen If trong diS sdng xa hdi, nhdng quy t i c d c h dng xd d l trd thanh ngudi CO tri thdc, dda ra dupe nhdng kit luan mang tfnh h i thdng. Khdng Td ndi: "Hpe md khdng suy nghi at md ldi (khdng hilu), suy nghT ma khdng hpe It mft mdi" (Hpc nhi bdt tutde vdng, tU nhi bdt hge tdc dai). Hoc ma khdng suy nghT thi chf khiln cho dau dc trd n§n thy ddng, suy ngam, tim tdi giup cho vifc hpc dupe md rpng,
• KHOA HOC GIAO DUG
. NGHIEN cum i
hieu sau sac nhdng tri thdc da duac hpe. Hpe tap k i t hpp vdi dao slu suy nghT se gidp eho con ngddi khdm pha dUde nhC^g chan trdi mdi.
Nhdng nam g i n diy, nude ta dang thye hien cdng cudc doi mdi giao due, doi mdi phuang phap giang day d l ngudi hoc cd the t y tim tdi, suy ngam, trong dd cd phUdng phdp hoc k i t hpp vdi thye hanh, chd ddng, sang tao dupc ddng dao mpi ngudi quan tdm. Hiln nay, rat nhieu trudng hpe d Viet Nam da thuc hien phuong phip ndy. PhUdng phip gido dye nay da thUc sU gidp ngudi hpc khdng chl nam bat bdi gidng nhanh vd chac chin, ma con tao ra thdi quen ddc lap suy nghT eung vdi phUc^g phap t u hpc, t y nghien edu, tU giai quyet van de.
Td do, se giup ngUdi hpe phdt t r i l n tdi da nang ldc bdn thdn, b i l t d c h dya vao nhdng gpi y eua thay d l md rdng thfm, ldm phong phu t h i m nhCftig kiln thdc da dddc hpc.
Bin eanh phuong phap hpc k i t hdp vdi thye hdnh, giao due Nho hpe edn d l cap den phUdng phdp tao d m hdng eda ngudi hoc, ddi thoai gida ngudi day vd ngudi hpe, gida ngudi hpeva ngUdi hpe eung ed tdc dyng phdt huy tdi da tinh ndng ddng va sang tao eda ngUdi hpe.
Ddy la qua trinh tuang tde, hpc hdi lan nhau gida ngUdi day v l ngddi hpc, gida ngddi hpc vdi ngddi hoc chd khdng phli chi la sutiep nhan thy dpng, mot chilu nhd hifn nay. Ke thii^ bai hpe ndycho phUdng phap giao dye hien nay se gdp phan tao ra Idp ngUdi chd ddng thich dng vdi cd c h l thj trudng, ddp dng tdt nhu d u thyc tien cda dat nUde.
Tronggiaodyetruylnthongtheotinh than Nho hpe edn mdt phUdng phap ed y nghTa vd cdng quan trpng ddi vdi nen gido dye Vift Nam hien nay, dd Id phuang phdp nlu guang. Phuang phdp nay dac bift quan trpng vi nd cd sdc t i c ddng manh me vdo y thdc ngUdi hpe bang chinh tam gddng ciia ngudi day. Ngddi day khdng chi Id ngudi truyln dat tri thdc md cdn la t i m guong sang ve tu dudng dao ddc de hpc sinh noi theo. Qua dd, ddt Cd sd eho viee giao due truyen thdng trong gido dye, ddo tao eon ngddi. Trong dieu kien nudcta hien nay, khi nhdng bilu hiln vf suy thoai pham chat dao ddc eiia mdt bd phdn trong dpi ngu nhdng ngudi day hpe dang
gia tang thi viee nghiin edu trd lai nen giao due truyen thdng, tim hieu va dp dyng phUdng phdp n l u gUdng la vifc rit d n thiet va ed y nghTa.
Gilo dye Nho hpe edn t h i hiln tinh than hpc khdng biet met mdi eua Khdng Td. NgUdi thay ludn II tam guang sang cho hpe trd noi theo va hudng tdi. Ngudi thay ngoai vifc t y tu than ve mat dao ddc, tu dddng pham chat ngudi thay. Ngudi thay khdng nhdng khdng ngdng ndng cao trinh dp, cap nhat nhdng thanh tdu, k i t qud mdi trong chuyen nganh cda minh de truyln dat eho hpe sinh. Ngddi thay cdn hddng tdi vifc gly cam hdng eho ngUdi hpc, t h i hifn tinh than hpc khdng ngdng nghi eua Khong Td.
Phddng phdp gido dye eiia Nho hpc da di lai cho nen gido due Viet Nam hien nay nhdng bai hpe ed gia tn
4. Ket luin
Nho gido la mdt hpe thuyet chinh trj xd hpi cd t d thdi CO dai, tutudng Nho giao eCia Khong Td anh hudng d i n mpi mat cda ddi song xa hdi, trong do dnh hudftig khdng nhd d i n gilo due con ngudi trong xd hdi phong kien, vd den nay Nho gido van dang anh hudng d i n ddi sdng eda moi ngUdi dan trong xa hpi Viet Nam hifn dai.
TAI L I I U THAM KHAO
[ll.Chu Hy, (1998), TtfthUtdpchtf, Nguyen Ddc Lan djch vd chu gili, NXB Van hda Thdng tin. Ha Noi.
[2], Tran Olnh Hupu, (1996), Din hiin dgi ttf truyen thong, NXB Van hda Thdng tin. Ha Ndi.
[3]. Vu Ngpc Khanh, (1985), 77m hiiu nin gido due Viet Nam trUdendm 1945, NXB Gilo due. Ha Ndi.
[4]. Tran Trpng Kim, (2001), Nho gido, NXB Van hoa Thdng tin, Hd Ndi.
[5]. Nguyfn Hien Ll, (1992), Dgi cUang Triit hgc Trung Quoc, Tap 1,2, NXB Thdnh phd Ho Chi Minh.
[6]. LeVan Qudn, (1997), Lich stf Triit hgc Trung Quae, NXB Gilo dye Ha Npi.
[71. Tran Trpng Sam - Kieu Bach Vu Thuan {bien djch), Duong Hong - VUang Thanh Trung - Nhifm Dai Vien - Luu Phong (chu djch) (2003), TtfthU, NXB Quan dpi Nhan dan.
CONFUCIANISM AND ITS IMPACT ON CURRENT VIETNAMESE EDUCATION
Nguyen Thi Thanh Van Hanoi Pedagogical University 2 Abstract: Confucianism was a doctrine, existed for more than 2,000 years, with great Influence in many Eastern countries such as South Korea. Japan, Korea,... including Vietnam. As a long-term survival theory in Vietnam, thought of theVietnamesefeudai lords,Confucianismdeeply affected all aspectsofVietnamesesociallife.Thisinlluencewasreflected in many ways, especially in education. The paper analyzes the influence of Confucian education in Vietnam today.
Keywords: Confucianism; education; Confucius.
Siil29-THANQ6/2016*37
