48 NGON NGiJr& 001 SONG SO 1+2(183+184)-2011
NGON NGQ VA VAN HOA
M 6 I TRl/CmG TU NHIEN, V A N H O A V A CON NGUai NAM BO TRONG TAC PHAM SON NAM
-^'QUA T H A N H NGLf, TUC NGLf
1. Md dau
Thanh ngtr, tyc ngtr (ThN, TN) la kho tang kinh nghiem, triet li, dao due cua mot dan tgc. Ben canh dd ThN, TN ciing phan anh dugc nhung net dac trung rieng cua timg vung, mien ve cac mat van boa, lich sir, ngdn ngir. Khi van dyng ThN, TN vao trong sang tae, ehung ed tae dung tdi hien sinh ddng va chan thuc ve vung ddt ma nha van dang mieu ta. Cung vdi viec mieu ta dae trung van hoa, lich su, qua ThN, TN nha vdn edn ed the phan anh hien thye xa bgi, phan anh ca tinh eua ngudi dan d mot vung, mien.
Son Nam la nhd van da lam dugc dieu dd.
Bai viet nay khao sat cac ngi dung tren qua ThN, TN ma Son Nam van dung trong mot sd tac pham van xudi va cdng trinh bien khao nhu. Huang rirng Cd Mau, Bd Chiia Hon, Hinh bdng cii, Xdm Bau Lang, Dong bdng song Ciiu Long - Net sinh hoat xira va Vdn minh Miet Vuon. ^
Trong cac tac pham tren cua Son Nam, chiing toi tam thdi thong ke dugc kit qua tin s6 sii' dung ThN, TN nhu sau:
+ Tong sd thanh ngir, tuc ngu' dugc sii' dung:
683
+ Tan so xuat hien: 1175 \kn.
TS NGUYiN VAN N 6 - DUONG TH! THU HANG (Dai hoc Can Thd)
2. Noi dung
2.1. Tdi hien thiin nhien, ddt trdi Nam Bd mot thai md coi
Vdi but phap ta thye va ngdn ngtr mdc mac, dung di. Son Nam da tai hien mot each sinh dgng thien nhien, dat trdi Nam Bg cua nhiing ngay cdn hoang so. Qua thdng ke, chung tdi da thu dugc ket qua kha thu vi la cd khoang 30 ThN, TN mieu ta dae diem thien nhien eua noi nay tren tdng sd 689 ThN, TN dugc sir dyng vdi sd lugt xuat hien la 90/1168. Cd thi kl ra mot sd ThN, TN nhu: cdy nhd la vudn, chim keu vugn hdt, ddng khdng mong qugnh, nude man ddng chua, chim trdi cd nude, cd bay thdng cdnh, khi ho cd gdy, hdi gidc thiin nhai...Chinh nhd nhirng ThN ndy ma ve nguyen so cua mot sd vung dat d Nam Bg nhu huyen hoac, hap dan hon:
{\) "Sau khi roi khdi ghe trudng qudn, tuy thi rdt bdng so hgc nhung hdn vdn binh tinh.
d chdn khi ho co gdy, ke thi rdt so hgc nghiem nhiin la nhd thdng thdi"
(Mdi tinh ddm lai, tr. 613) {2) "O hdn Cd Tron giiia vdi vinh Xiem La, dng Tit Thdng co hd quen cd loai ngudi vd lodi ngudi hdu nhu ciing quen rdng minh
S6jl+2J183+184)-2011 NGON NGU & OOl SONG
49 vdn (bd ng^a) dugdi. du chiiu, du chen bdt.Thirc an de kiim. cdy nhd Id vw&n ".
(Van minh miet vudn, tr. 409)
"... ran ri voi thugc vdo logi chim trai cd nir&c, ai bdt dugc ndy hudng, khdi ddng thue cho so kiim lam"
(Con ran ri voi, tr. 298)
"Chii xdch cdi den pin chgy ra ngodi rgi xudng dja. Nude due ngdu pha Iron vdi biin den. Hdng ltd sa so cd Idc, cd tre cd viing vdy toan ldi trd nguge "
(Dang xdm minh, tr. 379) Rimg U Minh cdn la noi quy ty hang chuc san chim Idn nhd. Ndo la san Cai Nude, san Thdy Quan, san Thu Nhirt... dy la chua ke cdn sau d trong rimg, chua ai dat chan den, tung vung rgng hang tram thude vuong, hang van con chim bay vl day "...
chung nd sanh sdi ndy nd tgo lap mdt thi gidi rieng biet ndo nhiet, d khdp nhdnh cdy vd mat ddt". Cung vdi ca, chim cdn phai ndi den rat nhieu ngudn lgi khae nhu: ong, luon, ran, rua, ehudt... chung gdp phdn tao nen net dep hoang so ciing nhu sy tru phu cua mot vung dat mdi. ThN chim trdi cd nude vdn chi nhirng ngudi ray day mai dd, thich cuge sdng ty do ty tai ciing dugc nha van su dyng d nghTa den de mieu ta sy ddi dao, da dang cua cac ngudn Igi. Dd la sy van dyng mot each hgp tinh hgp li va cung that ty nhien,
• sinh dgng.
Cdy nhd Id vudn gdn nhu la mdt eau ndi eua mieng cua ngudi Nam bd. Nd thi hien dugc niem ty hao cung nhu Idng bilu khach.
Cir cd khach den nha thi tat ca nhiing thir can thiet cho mdt bira tiec dan sa nhu ga, ca, trai cay, rau cai...deu cd the ty tue duge trong nha. Dieu nay cd the khdng diing vdi tat cd nhung nd lai diing vdi da sd. Ngay xua, mdi nha thudng cd rieng cho minh mdt khoang vudn, mdt cai ao nho nhd. Vudn cd thi khdng du Idn de trdng nhieu loai cay an trai, nhung ciing du vun ludng rau, trdng mot vai loai cay ma minh yeu thieh va nuoi mot
vai eon gd tha rong. Dieu nay ta cd thi hinh dung qua ldi nhan vat ba huong trudng Neo trong truyen ngan Birc tranh con heo.
"An sdng rdi cdn ban vi minh an chiiu.
Mdy chuc ndm qua minh sdng bdng nghi nuoi gd. vit bira nay an mdt biia thod thue.
Tdn kem gi? Cay nhd Id vu&n md "
(Biic tranh con heo, tr. 116).
Mot ngii canh khae:
"Hi! Uong rugu thien hg phiin. Ne. nem sdng thiiu gi! Cdy nhd Id vu&n. Rau ram.
rau hiing cdy, rau hung liii... ne dua leo, ne dt" (Biic tranh con heo, tr. 119)
Va nhilu ThN, TN khae da mieu ta mdt each sinh dgng ddi sdng cung nhu qua trinh ton tai va phat trien cua nhilu loai dgng vat.
Chang ban ThN sanh sdi ndy nd trong ngii canh: "Trudc do, vimg ndy ddt thdp, vdi cdnh ddng rdng mdi gde hon 60 ki - Id - met, chiu dnh hudng ngap lut hdng ndm, ddn cu thua thot, ehudt sanh sdi ndy na, tha hd sdng vdi cd non" (DBSCL - Net sinh boat xua, tr. 211). Hay la cau TN cd Idn nudt cd be dugc nha van su dyng d nghTa den da mieu ta mot each sinh dgng ddi sdng eua gidi thuy sinh nay: "Phia hg luu phdn Ion dien tich bun lay, dm thdp, khi hdu khdc nghip. Ddt ndng Idn hdi tgo them phen.
Mudi rndng nhiiu, lang quang vd Id cdy muc ddy ddy, tdm cd sinh sdi, cd lan nudt cd be, chim chdc vd ran an cd". (DBSCL - Net sinh boat xua, tr. 11)
Qua that cung vdi nhung doan Xa canh nhe nhang dung dj, ThN, TN trong sdng tac cua Son Nam da gdp phan khdng nhd trong viec tai hien hinh anh eua thien nhien, ddt trdi Nam Bg mot thdi md cdi vdi tdt ca nhting chi tiet, dudng net sinh dgng cua nd.
Dd la mot mien Nam hay cdn ngu yen trong hoang sa, vdng ve, noi edn tilm dn biit bao nguy hiem va thaeh thirc ddi vdi con ngudi.
Nhung dat ay, thien nhien ky cung that tho mgng va day hua hen, hoan toan cd thi sudi am tam hdn xa xu cua nhiing luu dan bang mot cuge sdng km no va diy du.
50 NGON NGUr&06l SONG SO 1+2 (183+184)-2011
3.2. Phdn dnh thuc trgng xd hdi
Cung vdi viec mieu id thien nhien, dat trdi Nam Bg, ThN, TN trong sang tac eua Son Nam edn gdp phan lam tai hien mot each sinh dgng hien thye xa bgi mien Nam qua timg giai doan lieh su nhat dinh. Dieu nay dugc the hien qua mot sd ThN, TN nhu:
be quan tod cdng, me lin di ddan, len voi xudng chd, Idc ddi cam diii. ddt cii ddi ngudi mdi, nhdt ben do nhi Id ren...
Trudc het vdi hai ThN rciy day mai do va nay a mai ddi, nha vdn da tai hien lai eugc sdng du canh du cu ngodi y mudn eua ngudi ndng dan Nam Bd. Xuat than la ndng ddn nen hon ai bet hg dm ap mdt khat vgng den chay Idng: cd ddt cam diii. Cd dat thi mdi ed the an cu va lae nghiep, mdi cd the cd dugc eugc sdng thai binh an lae. Sy ddi khdng nhu hg ma ude. "Coi bd bd con minh ngheo hon ngodi hdn Cd Tron ciia Idi. Ao qudn khdng cd. Afinh mdy bi ghe khuyet an Id ldi thdm nien. Nhd cua xieu queo, nay d mai ddi..." (Hdn Cd Tron, tr 530). Tae gia li giai van de nay tir nhieu nguyen nhan: "... khdng nen nhdn dinh rdng ngudi khdn hoang hie dy qud lirdi biing, thich nip sdng du muc ray ddy mai do Ddt hoang edn nhieu nhung mudn Idm ruong thi It nhdt phdi cd vdn, nhdn cdng. ndng cu" (Van minh miet vudn, tr 380), hoac la "... Idm sao chimg ta quen dugc hinh dnh thdm thiet cua ngudi td dien a Hdu Giang ihdi Phdp thugc... mudn dinh cu nhirng phdi ray day mai do vi cd the bi dudi ra khdi dien hoac lu y Iron ng, khdng biet liic ndo" (Van minh miet vudn, tr. 393).
Trong nhieu tae pham bien khao vilt vl ddng bang sdng Cuu Long ta bat gap mdt tu ngfr kha quen thugc "nha da", nha eua nhirng ta dien mien Nam thdi bdy gid. Nbmig rat mia mai vi dd khdng phai la nhiing ngdi nha kien ed dugc lam bang da ma day ehi la nhung cdn ehdi lap la rach ndt, xieu veo, tam bg. Neu yen on thi hg a edn klidng thi dap, thi da nd di va tiep mot cuge rdy day mai dd mdi.
Khdng it Idn trong cac sang tac van hgc.
Son Nam da ggi lai hinh anh cua nhting ngudi ndng dan sdng ddi sdng du canh du cu nay. Dd la chu Tu Due (Sdng Ganh Hao), Tu Binh Thuy, Hai Cd Dd (Nhut pha son lam), Tu Hung, Tu Cdn, Bay VTnh (Chuyen rimg tram)... Khdng cd rugng de lam, khdng ed dat de cat nha huge hg phai sdng lang thang, phieu dat tir con sdng nay sang con sdng khae, tir canh rimg nay den canh rimg kia bang cac nghe ddn cui lau thue, lay td ong, bay chim, bat ran... Chang thi ma trong Ddng bang song Cuu Long - Net sinh hoat xua tac gia nhac den cau TN ddt cU ddi ngudi mdi nhu mot cau tha budn, mot tieng thd dai chua chat ngan ngam. Ndng dan la ngudi true tiep khai thae nhting manh dat hoang vu lam mudi mdng, ran ret; phai chiu dyng hiim tha sdu bdt de den khi dat rugng thanh hinh thi lai bi nhting ke den sau lam tien nhieu cua lap muu cudp lay. Thanh thu ra ngudi cd cdng lai trd thanh ngudi ta dien lam cdng tren chinh manh dat ma minh da vat va lam nen. Cd khi the tham ban la bi dudi ra khdi lang. Khdng dat de lam va do vay hinh anh ngdi nha vdi ngudi ta dien Nam Bg chi Id mdt mT tu cd trong ma ude:
".. .ngudi ngheo uoe mo eugc sdng sung liic vdi ngdi nhd cot sdt keo dong, vdi ghe trudng ki, dii luc sogn" (Van minh miet vudn, tr. 364).
De cap den cuoc sdng ngudi ndng dan, nha van cung khdng quen phoi bay nhting thdi hu tat xdu vdn la he qua tryc tiep cua xa hdi thye dan. Trudc het la nan lir dd ludng bao gdm ed bae, rugu che, hut chich va gai.
Vdi ThN nay, nha vdn vira mieu ta nhiing te nan trong xa bgi duong thdi vua phan anh chinh sach cai trj tham dge cua ebl do thye dan. " Vd ngn tir do tuang cimg tu do de ra nhiiu dich vu nudi sdng nhieu ngudi, nhung gidu nhut vdn Id chu thdu, vd gidi chire lien quan an hdi Id" (DBSCL - Net sinh boat xua, tr. 110). Mot te nan khae cung dugc nha
SO 1 +2 (183+184)-2011 NGON NGU" & 0 6 l SONG 51
cd mdt ddng logi d ngodi mom da choi voi kia. Dieu dy chung ta khdng nen trdch ai cd, chdng qua la hdi gidc thien nhai"
(Hdn Cd Tron, tr. 524) r (3) "Co gdi a Rach Gid them ddi sdng d miet vudn "Me mong gd thiep ve vudn; An bdng bi luge dua hudng nau canh ", cd gdi miet vudn lgi e nggi khi Ha que, theo chdng Idn chdn chim keu vuffn ltd"
(Van minh miet vudn, tr. 387)
O ba ngtr canh tren rd rang khdng phai la doan tac gia mieu ta dac diem cua mot vung dat ma day ebl Id ldi cua nhan vat ty ndi ve minh (1), ldi ngudi ke truyen tran thuat ve nhan vat (2), ldi eua ngudi lam bien khao ndi ve nep sdng eua eu dan d mot vung dat (3) nhung cae ThN nay da tai bien tinh chat hoang vu cua vung dat phuang Nam trong nhirng ngay dau md cdi.
Khdng dimg lai d dd, nhirng dae diem ve khi hau, thd ngoi eua vung ddt nay ciing duge nha van mieu ta qua nhieu ThN, TN.
Chang ban:
{\)"Miin Ddng Nam bg den hdi ddu thi ki XX timg ndi danh vdi ma thieng nu&c doc. Noi ddt dd, ddt xdm md thuc ddn khai ihdc cdy cao su trong budi ddu "
(Ddng bang sdng Ciru Long - net sinh boat xua, tr. 18)
(2) "Phia Rgch Gid - Cd Mau la ddt xdu, xua kia it vudn luge, nu&c man ddng chua, con ngudi "chdn cdng ddng phen, qudn do mdc thich (thich) "
(Ddng bang sdng Cim Long - net sinh boat xua, tr. 13)
(3) "Sdng bdng nghe vudn it ddm mua ddi nimg nhu nghe rugng, gap mua to ndng chdy thi cir vd nhd md nghi. Ld dira che phu, sdn mdt rugi, bdu khdng khi chung quanh
nhd dugc dieu hda"
(Van minh miet vudn, tr. 308)
Mua to ndng chdy, nude man ddng chua, ma thieng nude ddc da tai hien mot each day du nhdt tinh ehdi khdc nghiet ve khi hau, ddt dai cua dit rung phuang Nam ddi vdi ddi
sdng cua nhirng luu dan. Khi hau mien Nam ehi cd hai mua mua va ndng, ngoai nhiing canh ddng phu sa mau md thi van edn rat nhieu dat dai hoang vu vi nhiem man, nhiem phen dang chd sy khai pha cua con ngudi.
Rimg thi menh mdng bat ngan cang lam cho khi hau trd nen am thap ban. Trong kbi dd, khi bau am thap lai la dieu kien de mudi mdng ran re dua nhau sinh sdi nay nd. Tac gia ggi dd la son lam chuong khi, la ma thieng nude ddc. Chung khdng ehi gay khd khan ddi vdi cdng dn viec lam cua con ngudi ma cdn tac dgng tryc tiep den sue khde cua bg. Khdng it lan trong cac truyen ngan cua minh, tac gia nbdc den chimg benh phong (Hoang Mai - Huong rung, huong cd Ban - Ngdi mg chdn dimg) nhu mot he qua trye tiep khi ma con ngudi bugc phai sdng trong dieu kien khi hau khdc nghiet do anh hudng cua nude dge rimg thieng.
Nam Bg la vung ddt cd sdng ngdi, kenh rach ehang chit. Dieu kien tu nhien nay da anh hudng rat Idn den sinh boat va san xuat cua ngudi ddn. Ben canh dd, he thdng sdng ngdi, kenh rach cdn cung cap nhting ngudn lgi vd cung phong phu, ddi ddo. Trong eac cdng trinh bien khao cung nhu trong cac sdng tae van hgc. Son Nam da ndi den kha nhieu ve dae diem nay:
"Ngdy qua, ngdy lgi.
Chiee be trdi len trdi xudng theo nu&c l&n nu&c rong. Hai cha con Tu Dire ngdi cu rii ben chudng ng "
(Sdng Ganh Hao, tr. 809) Hoae la:
"Ve cdu thang dudi bin, tuy theo nu&c l&n hay rong md ngudi ngdi tren bdc thang cao hay thdp rua chen, Idm cd, giat qudn do, Idm rira. Cdu vi sinh ciing cat gan do, vgt d ue trdi theo ddng nude"
(Van minh miet vudn, tr. 331)
Do ed he thdng sdng ngdi, kenh rach ehang chit nen eu ddn noi day cd thdi quen cat nha ven sdng, ven kenh. Hdng ngay thuy trieu len xudng va ngudi dan cung thugc
52 NGON NGUT & 0 6 l SONG SO 1+2(183+184)-2011
long gid giac cua timg con nude. Cir mdi khinude Idn Id cac boat dgng van chuyen, tudi tieu, tam rua, giat giu lam rgn rang cd mot khue sdng. ThN nude len rdi nude lgi rdng vdn cd y nghTa chi sy bien thien cua tao vat dugc nha van rut ggn thanh nude Ion nude rdng de mieu ta dae diem con nude d vung dat phuong Nam.
Tinh chat hoang so, vdng ve tiem an nhieu nguy hiem ddi vdi ngudi di khai pha cua vung dat mdi cdn duge the hien dam net qua ThN hiim tha sdu bdt. ThN nay da timg tdn tai kha phd bien trong ldi dn tieng ndi hang ngay cua ngudi mien Nam. Ben canh nhirng khd khdn do kbi bau, dat dai, rimg ram, sdng nude gdy ra cho eon ngudi thi sau va egp la hai mdi de dga Idn ddi vdi sinh mang cua hg. Va ThN hum tha sdu bdt trong sang tae ciia Son Nam vua ggi len nhiing hiem nguy bat trae vua ggi len mot ndi cam thuang sau sac ddi vdi biet bao sd phan con ngudi da cd sd phan khdng may.
"Nhiiu vimg hoang vdng, tudng nhu chua ai den nhimg thdy rdi rdc ndm ba ndm md vd chu, lu bao gid. chua ki nhiing ki hiim tha sdu bdt chit ngodi sdng cdi, giiia rirng hoang" (Ddng bdng sdng Cim Long- Net sinh boat xua, tr. 45).
Mot ngu canh khae:
"- Ong mudn thg cdu sdu ndo chua?
"... khd lam, hg biet rdng nhirng ke bi hiim tha sau bdt, chdng bao gid vi nhd
hudng nhang khdi"
(Con sau eudi cung, tr. 308)
Nan nhan cua sau va egp ehae bin khdng it. Chang the ma nhimg nhan vat nhu dng Nam Hen (Bat siu rimg U Minh Ha, Con sau eudi eiing), dng Tu Ta Lon (Tho nui Ta Lon) luon mang trong long mot noi cam bodi sau sac; thuang nhd td tien, nhting ngudi da cd cdng md cdi, nhiing ngudi khdng may tren budc dudng muu sinh bi hiim tha sdu hdt. Hg la nhiing luu dan din day, cu ngd la minh se duge dat nay chd che, ddn nhan trong su than thiet tri am giiia mot ben la
ngudi vdi than phan cd don luu lac vdi mdt ben la dat hay cdn bi lang quen trong hoang vdng. Thuc te khdng nhu nhirng gi hg da mong mudn. Nhin chung, ThN hiim tha sdu bdt khdng chi ggi len nhiing sd phan ham hiu va niem cam thuong sau sdc trong long mgi ngudi ma cdn dac ta nhiing khd khan, nguy hiem cua mot vung dit mdi.
Vugt qua nhiing khd khdn trong budi diu khai pha, con ngudi da cd thi ty tin dl hinh thanh nen nhung sd dat cd bay thdng cdnh, chd chgy eong dudi.
"He thdng kinh ddo Ngd Ndm. Ngd Bdy, Ngd Tu, Vinh Phu, Vinh Trgch, kinh Bgc Lieu - Cd Mau ciing lam nhiem vu ndi tren.
Ddy moi Id vimg ddt xirng danh co bay thang cdnh ".
(Van minh miet vudn, tr. 381)
"Ddi muai mdi nhd Id, vdi ba gde dira khdng trdi, nggn Xeo Bdn xa ra nhu vdy do.
Chung quanh Id cdnh ddng cb bay thdng cdnh nhung day nan kim, d rd, cd dng. Cd Idng bdng, trich, cum num bay lugn tdi ngdy".
(Bac vat xa bdng, tr. 73) Trong sang tac cua Son Nam, ThN cd bay thdng cdnh dugc nha vdn lap lai den 11 lan.
Tat ca da ggi len sy menh mdng ve dat dai d noi ndy. Dat qua rgng nhung ngudi thi van cdn thua that, "Ngodi cdc dia danh vita ke thi nhiing viing cdn lgi dugc xem Id huyen bi, khi sdng vdi ngudi d Miet Vudn hoac ngudi a mien Ddng Nam phdn. Li do chdnh Id duang giao thdng khd khdn, dat qud rgng, ngu&i qud thua, dudng xe lira khdng cd, ducmg xe hoi qud it so vdi dien tich ddt dai".
,(Van minh miet vudn, tr. 368)
Cac ThN cdy nhd Id vuon, chim trdi cd nude, ggo trdng nude trong, hdng hd sa sd, rimg vdng bien bgc... mieu ta kha bao quat sy tni phu cua dat rimg phuong Nam.
"Luon ludn hieu khach, trgng khach, nhd cira du chd cho bgn be den an d. Nhiiu hd
so 1+2 (183+184)-2011 NGON NGU & 0 6 l SONG 53
vdng vo tam qudc, nhting ke ndi nhieu hg cho la hang khua mdi mua mep khdng dang tin cay. Dac biet tai nang va nhan each cua con ngudi chi dugc cdng nhan bang hanh dgng chir khdng phai qua ldi ndi. "Ai ciing nhu ai, tdi ndng cdn thi thd d viec phd rirng Idm rugng gidi, due do phdi bieu hien d ldi cu xir vi tha, khdng ich ki, khdng chdp nhdn nhirng ke ndng thuyet bdt ndng hdnh"
(DBSCL - Net sinh boat xua, tr. 50). Dam rdi bd noi chdn nhau cdt rdn eua minh de dan than vao vung dat hoan toan xa la rd rang d hg cd tinh each that manh me. Con ngudi mien Nam la nhiing con ngudi nang dgng, bat khuat, yeu tu do, khi bi ap hue hg san sang lay cai chet de ddi lay ty do cho minh. Dieu nay dugc the hien rd qua cau TN Ninh thg tu bdt ninh thg nhuc.
Khi eugc sdng bat dau on djnh va phat trien thi ciing la luc eac loai hinh tdn giao khae nhau bat dau xuat hien va khdng ngimg truyen ba. Nhung con ngudi mien Nam vdn nhan ai, hien hoa, thuy chung, sdng chan boa trong tinh lang nghTa xdm thi viec theo tdn giao ndo khdng phdi la van de quan trgng.
Dieu quan trgng la tdn giao ay cd vu cho tam Idng lir bi bdc di cua con ngudi: "Tdn gido ndo ciing tdt. mien Id cd xiiy cho tinh nhdn logi. Idng tii- bi bdc di, Idm Idnh Idnh dit, khdng dimg vii lire vd quyen thi di Idn hiep ke ngheo" (Vdn minh miet vudn, tr. 408). Va trong cuge sdng bg thudng ludn nhac nhau:
"Thuang ngudi nhu the thuang than (ndi Id "thuong thdn nguoi (ndo) khdc thi thdn la "). thi on bdt cdu bdo, trdng khi trdn khi khiiyil, nude khi lan khi rdng..." (DBSCL - Net sinh boat xua, tr. 48). Trong cuge sdng, hg ludn tin tudng vao quy luat nhan qua, lam ac gap ac, keu ggi con ngudi nen biet hudng thien va phuc thien, phai lu Idm dirdng idnh.
"Nhiiu ngirdi tirng hogt ddng ddc lire hdi phong trdo Duy Tdn d Nam Bd da thdm mil.
nuong theo dgo Cao Ddi di tu tdm duong tanh" (DBSCL - Net sinh hoat xua, tr. 176).
Con ngudi trong tat ca sdng tac eua Son Nam khdng ehi la eon ngudi khai hoang lap ap ma cdn la con ngudi chien dau giti gin bd cdi que huong. Khi dat nude cd giac ngoai xam thi ciing la luc tinh than bat khuat, gan da, dung cdm, yeu ty do cua hg duge trdi day mot each manh me nhat. Tinh than ay cd khi dugc the hien d tam trang uu thdi mdn the, cd khi dugc the hien bdng hanh dgng quyet liet, san sang xdng pha trdn mgc, phoi gan trdi mat de quyet tu vdi ke thu. "Neu vdo khoang ndm 1930 vung Rgch Gid - Cd Mau khdng cd phong trdo khdng Phdp thi den eudi ndm 1940, ngudi ddn dugc dip phai gan trdi mat, khdi nghia thira liic thuc
ddn Phdp lung lay tan cdi re (ben chdnh qudc gap chien tranh vdi Due, d Ddng Duong phdi ddi phd vdi qudn phdt xit Nhut, lite giac Xiem), ddng ke nhirt d viing Vinh Hung, Vinh Phu (Rgch Gid), Cd Sd (Sdc Trdng) " (Vdn minh miet vudn, tr. 400).
Trong phong each lam viec, ngudi mien Nam cdn la ngudi chiu thuang chiu khd. Vi sinh ke cua gia dinh hg san sang that lung budc bung: "Su chi lieu trong gia dinh cd khi CO gidn, gap khi lua mdt miia gia dinh vdn tgm sdng niu that lung bugc bung, ddu sao cUng cdn ggo vd cd la hai sdn phdm di tim a dia phuang" (Vdn minh miet vudn, tr.
390). Hg khdng ngai vat va, khd khdn du phai dung mui cbju sao, .chijr thuohg chiu khd, mac du benh hoan cung cd gang lam viec. "Mang binh sdt rit nhung vdn dai ndng dam mua vi neu ndm dudng site thi chirng ndo mdi lap dugc co nghiep nhd be cho bdn thdn vd cho con chdu. " (DBSCL - Net sinh boat xua, tr. 199)
Phan anh tinh each ngudi mien Nam, Son Nam khdng phai ehi thye bien mdt thao tac la td hdng. Ben canh nhiing cai tich cue thi cung cd nhirng mat tieu circ eua nd. ThN mdu me cd bgc da neu len mot te nan va Id nguyen nhan eua mgi sy ngheo nan va thit bgc. Ben canh nhiing ngudi vd tu, sin sang thu nhan kha nang hgc vin it di cua minh
54 NGON NGiJ & Odi SONG SO 1+2(183+184)-2011
Cling cd khdng it ngudi dau ddt hay te ban laddt hay ndi chit. "Bdy gid phdt triin logi hd truyen, ddi ddp nhau vi dien tich, nhiiu cdu nhuan nhuyen, nhung lam truang hgp Id dot hay noi chir''' (DBSCL - Net sinh boat xua, tr. 108). Ngudi Nam Bg vdn thich hat thich hd va hd ddi dap trd thanh net dac trung van boa cua vung sdng nude Ciru Long. Hd ddi dap ki nhat Id de trdng thdi gian nen trong khi chd dgi tim y phu hgp de hd ddi lai thi ngudi ta thudng cd nhiing eau hd lap chu ylu dl lip thdi gian nhung phai phu hgp ve van dieu. Nhirng cdu hd lap nay thudng lay trong dien tich Trung Hoa nen ddi khi cung cau ki sao rdng, hay ndi each khae la ddt hay ndi chit.
Ban chat eon ngudi khdng phai la mdt eai gi do tTnh tai va bat bien. Xa bgi thay ddi va phat trien se cd nhiing tac dgng nhat dinh den tam li va tinh each cua con ngudi. Nhu cau cang tang thi tat yeu se dan den su danh ddi du day la sy danh ddi ve nhan each. ThN hu than mdt nit da phan anh thye trang nay, khi mot sd ngudi d que ra thanh phd da khdng cuang dugc trude bao nhieu sy thu hut cua cuge sdng thj thdnh. "Nguai tir qui ra thdnh thi, lan hdi thay ddi, nhiiu ngudi hu than mat net. Nghe mdi ddm dugc di cap tdi trong bdi phii "Cd Gia Dinh", trudc khi Le Vdn Khdi khdi binh ddi Minh Mgng"
(DBSCL - Net sinh boat xua, tr.l09). Cung ed ngudi trd nen trdo trd, sdng phang, lanh lung trong quan he kim tien, "... lite dd tod bd Bgc Lieu khdc ndo ehg bdn che chdo, he tiin trao thi chdo muc" (DBSCL - Net sinh boat xua, tr.^ 154). Hay te hai hon cd ngudi mdi qudc cdu vinh, nhu "Cha rugt cdu Hai Id ngudi mdi qudc cau vinh, cdu Hai nhd dd md dugc thuc ddn Phdp cho di du hgc" (Vdn minh miet vudn, tr. 405).
3. Qua ThN, TN, Son Nam da thye su lam sdng day hinh anh thien nhien, dit trdi Nam Bg mot thdi md cdi. Dd la mot thien nhien hay con chim trong hoang so, dm u, vang ve, tiem an nhieu hiem nguy nhung
cung vd cung tru phu va nen tha. Ben canh dd, qua ThN, TN nha van da tai hien mot each sinh ddng hien thye xa bdi va con ngudi mien Nam qua tung ehang dudng lich su. Dd la hinh anh cd don cua nhung luu dan tren budc dudng tha phuong lap nghiep, de rdi khi dat rugng da thanh hinh hg van tiep cuge sdng ray day mai do ma nguyen nhan chinh la sy ap buc cua dia chu va thye dan.
Ndi ve hg. Son Nam da khdng quen tai hien hien thuc ddi sdng tam bdn cua hg. Dd la mot the gidi tam bdn phong phu, hien lanh, ludn nudi khat vgng va sdng bet minh vdi khat vgng ay. ThN, TN cung gdp phan giiip Sdn Nam mieu ta nhting dac diem tinh each eua ngudi Nam Bg vdi ca nhting uu va nhuge diem.
A. Tai lieu tham khao ^ ^ ' " -'' 1. Nguyen Vdn Nd (2005), Ddu dn tu nhien, vdn hod vd con ngudi trong thdnh ngit vd tuc ngir Nam Bd, TC "Ngdn ngii &
Ddi song" sd 9 (119) 2005, tr 24-28.
2. Tran Ngge Them (2004), Tim ve bdn sdc vdn hda Viet Nam, Nxb Tdng hgp Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh.
3. Nguyen Due Tdn (2002), Tim hieu dge trung vdn hod - ddn tdc ciia ngdn ngii vd tu duy ngudi Viet (Trong sir so sdnh vdi nhirng ddn toe khdc), Nxb Dai bgc Qudc gia Ha Ndi.
B. Tdc pham San Nam
1. Huong rimg Ca Mau (tap truyen ngdn, 934 trang), Nxb Tre, 2008.
2. Ba Chua Hdn (tiiu thuyit, 434 trang), Nxb Tre, 2005.
3. Hinh bdng cii (truyen vita - in cimg vdi tap truyen Biin cd miin Tay, 386 trang), Nxb Tre, 2006.
•^.Xdm Bau Lang {truyin ddi, 396 trang), Nxb Tre, 2007.
5. Ddng bang sdng Cun Long - Net sinh boat xua & Van minh miet vudn (02 quyin bien khdo in chung, 423 trang); Nxb Tre, 2007.
(Ban Bien tap nhan bai ngay 19-12-2009)
so 1+2(183+184)-2011 NGON NGOr& 001 SONG 55
van de cap den dd la nan me tin di doan."Ngudi ddn niii Ba The qud me tin di doan, hg khdng ddm luc Igo vi sg kiip sau ddu thai khdng dugc. Ddo vdng Id dn cdp ciia Trdi F^a/... " (Kho vang, tr.'590).
Lam than ta dien, ndm nao du an da la mimg, ndi gi den chuyen kha gia rdi lam giau, bdi vi "Sd liia mudn ciia chii dien bi ndo cUng phdi dong cho dii ba tram gig. The thi cue nhgc trdi mot ndm trudng dang ndng cdm cd, ddm mua nhd mg chi cdn ldi cd 20 gig md thdi. Md trong dd cdn phdi dong liia mudn Irdu, cdn phdi trd tien cdng cdy thi du ndi gi" (Con nhd ngheo, tr. 6). Dd la luc dugc mua, khi mat mua tinh cdnh ngudi ndng dan cang khdn khd hon. ThN bdn vg dg con cd the chi la mot each ndi qua, nhung khdng phai la khdng ed can cu cua nd.
Khdng ed gao dn, bugc bg phai chgn giai phap tinh the, dn trudc trd sau, vay ng ndng ldi de rdi khi khdng cd kha nang tra ng, hg phai dem con di d mudn khdng cdng cho nha ngudi. Nhu vay, vdi cac ThN: bdn vg dg con. lir dd ludng, me lin di doan. vay ng nang ldi. dn truac trd sau nha van da phan anh mot each sinh dgng hien thye eugc sdng den tdi eua ngudi ddn Nam bd trong giai doan bay gid.
Va cac ThN be quan tda cdng, len voi xudng chd. Id Ihdi Id van, cdng dn viec Idm, mdi cd hai trdng lai cho ngudi dge mot cai nhin bao quat ban ve thye trang xa hdi.
Chinh sach be quan tod cdng cua trieu dinh Hue da lam tri tre nen kinh te dat nude trong mdt thdi gian dai ma hau qua nang ne nhat la de dat nude mat dan ve tay thye dan Phap.
Thye dan Phap xam luge Nam Bg, xet ve mot phuang dien nao dd hg cung da lam thay ddi rd ret bg mat kinh te mien Nam thdi biy gid, ehang ban cae day phd, cac eon dudng, ddng kenh khdng ngung duge md mang va xay dimg. Tuy nhien, vdi ban chat
"... dn .xdi & thi. khai ihdc thugc dia vdi muc dich lam gidu cho mdt nhdm lu bdn ki nghe hoac cdng li thuang mdi" (Van minh miet
vudn, tr. 369), thye dan Phap da khdng it lan lam cho ngudi dan ban xii phai ganh chiu canh Id thdi Id van, len voi xudng chd. "Nhin vdo ldi sinh hogt a phia Hdu Giang hdi cuoi thi ki XIX, ta cdn thdy trong vdng ddi muai ndm, nhieu ngudi liin tuc len voi xuong chd, khi ra ehg lam ddn tit chiing, liic xudng thuyen Idm chii ghe thuong hd" (DBSCL - Net sinh boat xua, tr. 29). Cdn nhirng ngudi thap cd be mieng phai chiu canh that nghiep dai ban, phai bd gdi ngdi nha coi con cho vg di mua ban tdo tan,"... trong ngd hep ndy ai hay la cd mdt bdu trdi tha mdng. Vdi dng chii nhd thieu cdng dn viec lam dang rii nhau ddnh ddo lgc, ngudi thua eugc phdi eong ke thdng tren lung" (Hinh bdng cii, tr.
285). Dd la chua ke khi cd chien tranh the gidi, ngudi ndng dan phai chiu cung luc mdi cd hai trdng: "Khi chiin tranh thi gidi thir hai sap ket thiic, Phdp ddu hdng Nhut, ngudi nude ta mot co hai trong " (DBSCL - Net sinh boat xua, tr. 222).
Nhin chung, hang loat ThN, TN dugc nha van su dung de mieu ta ve bien thye xa hdi mien Nam thdi bay gid giup ta hieu them eugc sdng cua ngudi-dan mdt thdi md cdi.
3.3. Phdn dnh cd linh ciia ngudi miin Nam
Ca tinh mien Nam hay tinh each mien Nam, each ndi nao cung dung va nd dugc lam sang td qua mot sd tinh tir: nhan hau, nghTa tinh, binh di, bat khuat, dieu nghe, hao hiep, dung cdm, sang tao... Ngudi mien Nam thudng mang trong minh mot hay nhieu tinh each dang yeu ay. Nhirng eu dan ngudi Viet ddu tien d ddng bdng Nam Bg da phan la nhung luu ddn, vi nhieu li do khae nhau ma hg phai rdi bd que huong xir sd den nuong than noi eudi dat ciing trdi. Cd ngudi ra di theo che do dinh dien eua nhd Nguyen, hg ed the la binh linh hoac la nhiing ngudi ngheo lam phu khai hoang; cung cd ngudi la ndng dan ra di vi khdng chiu ndi sy ap buc bat cdng cua bgn dia chu d que nha; cung ed ngudi la nhung tu nhdn bj luu day, nhung
56 NGON NGUr 8c 0 6 l SONG
s o 1+2(183+184)-2011 tay giang bd phieu bat... Nhin chung, hg lanhung ngudi thugc tang lap dudi cua xa bgi (ed mdt bg phan rat it la quan lai va tri thire giau ed vdo Nam vdi muc dich lam giau, md mang co nghiep) ngheo nan, ddt nat chir nghia khdng ddy Id me. ThN nay eho ta hieu them ve mat bang bgc van eua cu dan Nam Bg thdi bay gid. Hg it bgc va cung khdng thich thu lam vdi chuyen bgc hanh. Cuge sdng d mot vung dat mdi cdn biet bao chuyen phai lo toan va ddi phd thi chuyen hgc hanh Id mdt eai gi dd qua xa vdi ddi vdi hg. Mac du chir nghia khdng ddy Id me nhu vay, nhung d hg khdng thieu nhting pham chat tdt dep ma khdng phai ai cung cd.
"Ngudi khdn hoang thudng Id chir nghia khdng day Id me, khdng rdnh cdch ngdn thdnh hien, idnh khi ndng ndy, bgc true lam khi din muc thd bgo, nhirng sau khi gidi thich thi vui ve thdng cdm. Ai hiiu Idm Id ndi gidn ngay'. (DBSCL - Net sinh boat xua, tr.
51)
Cd don noi xu la que ngudi nen trong bg bao gid cting canh canh mot ndi niem nhd que huong, ngudn cdi. Ndi nhd ay cgng vdi viec phai khdng ngimg ddi phd vdi thien nhien hoang da ty nd da binh thdnh trong hg mot nhu cau ket giao bang hiru. TN lir hdi giai huynh de hay ngii hd lir hdi giai huynh de phan anh nhu cau tinh than nay ciing nhu net dac trung van boa cua con ngudi noi day.
Hg thich giao du, gap go va ket ban vdi mgi ngudi. Trong quan he img xir vdi ban, bg cting dat ra nhieu tieu ehi: uy tin va bdn lien chi giao mgc khd vong. Du sang du hen nhung vdi ban be trudc sau van nhu mdt, hg khdng ua nhiing ngudi sdng vd thuy vd chung: "Thich Idm quen vdi ngirdi ngheo.
giiip dd ke sa co thdt the. ddng thai chdn ghet nhirng ke thay Idng doi da, ke xu ninh, ngudi quyen luac "phii ninh"" (DBSCL - Net sinh boat xua, tr. 51)
Con ngudi mien Nam cung la con ngudi sdng het minh vdi hai tieng dieu nghe. Dieu nghe la chii ma Son Nam hay dung, nghTa
cua hai chir nay dugc nha van giai thich nhu sau: "Dieu la dgo ndi trgi ra, nghi la nghia ndi trgi ra", cd tbi hilu dieu nghe la dao nghTa v$y. Yih danh gia mot con ngudi hg khdng lay tiln bac, xuit than, danh vgng lam tieu ehi ma van de Id con ngudi dd cd biet dieu nghe hay khdng. Tae gia viet: "Gid tri con ngudi khdng d lien bgc, huyet thdng nhung Id d thdi do tich cue "lam nguy bat ciru mac anh hiing" (ddi vdi ddng logi).
"ban tien chi giao mac khd vong" (ddi vdi bgn be). Vd ddn Tdy Idm diin chii md khdng biet dieu nghe thi chua phdi Id sang trgng"
(Van minh miet vudn, tr. 407)
Di lien vdi tinh each dieu nghe ay la tinh than trgng nghTa khinh tai. Con ngudi trong sang tae cua Son Nam la con ngudi da sdng vd hanh xir het minh vdi cai nghTa cao quy ay. Co sd eua van de nay dugc li giai tir chinh eugc sdng cua hg. Trdi dat bao la, con ngudi chua quan tam lam den van de sd hiiu, ai lam duge nay hudng. Dieu quan trgng la Idm sao cd the tdn tai trong mdt mdi trudng thien nhien cdn qua nhieu bat trae va hiem nguy. Phai gan bd, yeu thuang, tuong than tuong ai, giup da lan nhau: "Trong xdm ddu ghet nhau vi phong cdch ti hiim, nhung khi toi lua tdt den ddu hdn tung tiin ra Id ngudi lan can den ciru giup, chua ndi ldi chuyen tdn liim, ddo huyet" (DBSCL - Net sinh boat xua, tr. 49). Hg giup ngudi hoan toan vdi tinh than vd tu khdng vy lgi. Hai cau TN: kien nghia bdt vi vd dong gid va thi dn bdt cdu bdo da cho ta thay rd net tinh each dang yeu ddng quy nay cua hg. "Trinh Hoai Dite nhac den "sikhi hien ngang", cd le ggi chuyin iing hd Nguyin Anh xua kia, nhung theo tinh thdn cdu vdn "lap luc xa hoa, si khi hien ngang" ta hieu Id "Kien nghia bat vi vo dong gia" chudng cdng bdng le phdi"
(DBSCL - Net sinh boat xua, tr. 50).
Bdc tryc, ndng tinh, ndi la lam cung la nhimg net tinh each ndi bat cua ngudi miln Nam. Trong quan he iing xu, hg thieh ndi thing, ndi ngay vao van de khdng ua kilu
