Social Sci., 2015, Vol. 60, No. 5. pp. 29-33 This paper is available online at http://sidb.hnue.edu.vn
CHUC NANG NHAN VAT CHEO CO (JlJ GOC NHIN TU SU HOC) Le Tra My
Khoa Ngu Vdn, Trudng Dgi hoc Su phgm Hd Ndi
Tom tat. .\'han vat cheo cd la mpt kieu nhan vat "kep". vfla la ngUdi diln trd. vfla la ngiidi dan trd. Vdi chtlc nang dien tro. nhan vai tham dii vao cau chuyen. cd quan he ve mat logic hinh ddng vdi cic nhan vat khac ciia cau chuyen. Vdi chflc nang dan trd. nhin vat trd thanh ngUdi ke chuyen. gian each vdi chinh minh va vdi bin than cau chuyen. Tinh chit "kep"
nay lam cho cheo trd thanh mpt kieu til sU rit ddc dao.
Tii khda: Nhan vat cheo cd, chflc nang. tU sU hpc.
1. Md dau
Cheo cd vin dddc bilt din nbU mdt hien lUdng van hda iruyen thdng ddc dao cua Viet Nam Cd rat nbieu cic cdng trinb nghien cflu da dk cap nhilu phUdng dien cua cheo nhd mpt binh thflc nghe thuit san khau cd tinh chii tdng hdp [I, 3]. Ci bai viel nhd nay, chung tdi dit vin de nghien cflu nhan vat cheo nhu mdt yeu id cua kich ban cheo, ngtiia la tfl pbUdng dien vin hoc. Kbi nghien cflu nban vat cheo, chung tdi kbdng hfldng din cac die diera hay cac binh thflc the bien nhan vat.
ma soi ctiilu nhin vat tfl phudng dien cbflc ning id sii.
2. Noi dung nghien cihi
Tfl phddng dien leich bin, cheo cd dddc xep vao the Ioai van hpc kich Tuy nhien, cung can phai thiy, kbdng cd cai goi li kich ban cheo theo nghia chung ta hieu ve kich bin nhd hien nay.
Cic tich trd dUdc luu truydn trong din gian, vl sau dddc ghi chep lai, cac ban ghi cung khdng boin loan gidng nhau. Die biel, do tinh flng dien nen ed khi ed nhflng ban ghi xen ke nhieu cau chuyen nbanb vio tich hoic xen ke nbilu doan hat ma chii de rat xa vdi ticb. Nghien cflu cheo tfl phUdng dien vin boc, chiing tdi diia tren nhflng vin ban da dddc cac nha sUu lira ghi chep lai. Ve mil hinb thflc, tdch ban cheo mang nhflng die trflng cua vin hpc tdch. Trong kich ndi chung, do die irUng the loai, hau nbd khdng cd nhin vat ngfldi ke chuyen (d cac the kicb co dai cd dan ddng ca ddng vai tro din chuyen). Kich ta ndi cudc sdng dang dien ra chfl khdng phai cupc sdng dddc ke lai nhu trong truyen. \ ^ g tjong ntiin vat ke chuyen, nen trong kich cie yeu td nhfl mieu ta, ke. lUdc thuat.
binh Iuan... bi ban che trong ldi thoai trdc tilp cila nhin vat hoac chi xuat hien trong phin cbi din san kbiu. Trong bd cue tdch ban cheo. la chi thiy cic ldi thoai cua nhin vat. khdng cd kieu nhan vat din ddng ca de din chuyen. Tuy nhien. nhieu ngUdi lai edng nhin ring cheo co Iai thudc loai Ngaynhanbai- 15/12/2014 Ngay Dban dang: 20/4/2015
Lien be: Le Tra My. e-mail: nhimtimy@ gmai 1 .com
Le Tra My
sin khau ke chuyen. Dilu gi khiln cho nd trd thinh sin khiu ke chuydn? Ke chuyen thi phai co cac yeu td din chuyen. Trong rapt vd cheo khdng phai hoan toin kbdng cd nhin vit dan chuyen.
Cd mdt kieu nhan vit dep dam hoac ndi ldi giio diu xuit hidn trUde khi ndi dung vd thiic sii bat diu, trong suot vd dien nd hiu nhU khdng xuit hien trd lai. Kieu nhin vat nay chi tdn tai trong dien xUdng, trong nhflng tinh hudng bieu diln cu the, nd boan loan khdng cd lien be vdi ndi dung vd dien. Kieu nhan vit niy khdng nam trong pham vi nghien cflu ciia chiing tdi.
Cheo li san khiu ke chuyen bdi nd vfla raang ban chit eua kich vfla raang ban chit ctia truyen. NhU tren da ndi, kich ban cheo khdng cd nhin vit ngfldi ke chuyen. De vfla hien thi cau chuyen qua Idi thoai nhin vit, vfla din dat ciu chuyen, cheo cd da tich hdp trong nhin vai cua no chflc nang ke ihara gia vio sii ben, ke thUc thi hanh ddng vdi chflc ning ngUdi ke' chuyen.
Nhin vat cheo cd li mdt kieu nhin vit "kep", vfla la ngUdi dien trd. vfla li ngUdi din tro Tinh Udc Ie ciia san khiu dan gian eho phep nhin vit cheo vfla nhu la dang "sdng", dang trong diln irinh cua ddi sdng lai vfla taeh minh ra khdi cau chuyen dl ke vl chinh no. Chinh tinh chai
"kep" nay lam cbo nhan vat cheo khac vdi cic nhan vat kich thuin tuy. Khi thflc hien chflc nang diln trd, ve cd ban nhan vat cheo vin gifl tinh chat ciia mdt nhin vit kich: la mdt vai diln trong ciu chuyen, tham dU sfl kien, hinh dpng cua nhan vii thuc diy dien lien sfl Iden. Nhin vit se lii mdt nhin td lao kich tinh. lao dd eang ciia hanh ddng kich. Neu chia eic ddn vi cot truyen thanh cac ddn vi cd chflc ning cdl yeu va cic ddn vi cd cbflc nang xuc tic (theo R, Barthes) thi nhan vit diln trd luc nay la rapt thanh td ddn vi chflc ning cot yeu, Nhan vit cd quan he ve raat logic hinh ddng vdi cic nhin vat khac eua eau ehuyen. Mat khac, cd khi nhin vat cheo lai trd thinh dtJn vi chflc nang xtic tic, Nd lira giam hoac tang tdc tiln dd sU kien, dfl bao linh hudng, gia tang • thanh phin Ifldc thuit, gidi thieu. binh luan... Luc do. nhan vat cheo cd sfl gian each vdi chinh vai dien trd cua rainh, nd thdc hien chflc nang din trd. Nhin vat thoat vai, dflng ngoai cau chuyen, dflng ngoai nd. each xa nd de ke vl chinh nd
Kha ning din trd cua nhin vat cheo co the hien d viec nd cd the dflng ra ke lai eau chuyen ma nd triic tilp tham dii, Nhin vat tu thuit. tu xdng danh bao linh, tfl binh luin vl hinh ddng hoac nhan cich ciia cbinh minh,
Hiu hit eac vd cheo cd diu cd man xflng danh bao tinh nhin vat. Kieu xUng danh nay trd thanh mdt khudn hinh (trinh thflc), mot ddn vi tU sU ciia the loai. Day la ldi xdng danh ciia Chu Mai Than (vd Chu Mdi Than):
Van hang xung klidch Tli hdi hdi xudn Tdi ho Chu len ggi Mdi Ihdn Dd hoc hit. thdng kinh qudn si(
Tudi dd cao nhd ihdi lgi khd Ddng IrUdng phu .sinh chiia gap thdi.
Day la ldi xflng danh ciia Tdn Dan (vd Tdn Manh - Tdn Trgng):
Huyen Vinh Gia que ngu Chinh thuc ldi ten ggi Tdn Ddn Hien the nay sdm dd tit Iran Smh Tdn Mgnh ludi cdn triing nUdc Hiim vi ndi con cdn be dgi Phdi tim ngUdi ndng dd sdm hdm.
Cac man xflng danh nay, nhan vit ke vl tai Hch xuat than, gidi thieu sd lUdc ve ban thin, s6 30
thich. gia c a n h . . . D i y la nhflng doan Ifldc thuit giup ngddi xem dinh hinh san ve nhan vat. Man xUng danh bao linh la rapt each chi dan ve n h i n vit, giup ngfldi xem d l d i n g t i l p thu cau chuyen cua vd d i l n . Cd khi, ngay trong man xdng danh. n h i n vat cdn neu nhflng dii dinh, nhflng toan tinh.
d^ bao tinb huong v i sfl kien. Dieu nay iao nen sdi day lien be gifla p h i n md diu vdi nhflng ldp tiep sau l i m cho cdl truyen kich dfldc lien raach.
Qua tdi thoai, nhan vat cdn Ifl n h i n xet, binh luan v l minh. Trong vd Quan Am Thj Kinh, vfla b u d c ra s i n khau. Thj Mau da tu phdi biy:
The tnd Mdu tdi mang tieng Idng Id Dd dua cdm gid len chiia tit mUdi ba.
O vd Kim Nham, luc gia dien, Siiy Van lU ndi v l canh ngd v i tinb net cua minh:
Thien hg ddn loi hdt hay dd lg Ai Cling ggi ldi Id ed d Siiy Vdn Phu Kim Nham .\ay ddm Trdn PhUdng Nen den ndi dien cudng rd dgi.
Trong cac vd cheo cd. viec lii danh g i i . binh l u i n ve minh dUdc thdc hien chu yeu d cac vai d i o lecb, kep ngang hoac c i e vai cd tinh chit hai Thudng dd la tiing ndi tu gieu rainh. Nhan vat T r i n PbUdng (vd Kim Nham) tU "vach mat" minh l i ke cau danh, edt liy tiing lira, ra chdn tbi thanh chi dc k i l r a mdi an chdi:
Toi. Trdn PhUdng que d Ddng Ngdn Ld cit phli litng mien tinh Bdc Nhdn smh thich chi Ldi t d rdi lai muon cdu danh Due he nhi sdm sUa hd hdnh Ra thdnh thi cdu danh tdy tieng Di indl minh dt Id hudn hd (hat sap chdi) Bat thang he..
Bgn cung ldi lii vdn nhdn chdi hdi Rap ldm phUdng
Hdo dia ta chdi.
D i l u d i n g lUu y la nhan vat tU binh luin ve minh khdng phai xuit phit tfl quan diem e i n h i n raa la tfl c i c h nhin cua dU Iuan. Van la Idi thoai cua nhan vat, nhflng dd la phat ngdn cua mdi y thflc Idiac, vfldt kbdi cai tdi cua n h i n vit. D i l u nay lien quan d i n sU dinh hinh tu lUdng, tinh khuynh hudng trong cheo N h i n vat cheo l i n h i n vit mang tinh Ioai binh, thudng dUdc td d i m mdt net tinh c i c h , mang dac trUng ve loai, Tfl binh luin (thUc c h i t l i bi binh tuin) la each de cd dinh d i e diem n h i n vat, Tuy nhien, day khdng phai sii tfl y thflc eiia con ngfldi, nhan vit cheo khdng p h i i loai n h i n vii tu y thflc m i chii yiu van la Ioai nhan vat hanh dpng. Chung loi cho rang hinh thflc ddi thoai phi y thflc ca n h i n nay t i radt sfl each dieu trong d i l n xUdng cua s i n khiu dan gian n h a m chuyen lai nhflng dinh hfldng g i i iri cua dao dflc truyen thdng.
Chflc nang d i l n tro va d i n trd thdng nhit trong mdt nban vat. Cd the n h i n ra su kel hdp nay qua budng ddi thoai trong nhflng trUdng doan ddi thoai ciia n h i n vit. Khi dien trd, n h i n vat ddi thoai vdi c i c n h i n vit khac cua ciu chuydn - chiing tdi gpi la sfl hfldng ndi. Khi d i n trd, n h i n vit ddi thoai vdi ngUdi xem (ngddi nghe ke chuyen, ngUdi dpc h i m an) - chflng tdi goi l i sU hudng ngoai. Cd khi trong cung mdt ldi thoai. n h i n vat vfla hudng ndi vfla hudng ngoai. M i n X i trUdng - m e Ddp, Idi thoai cua me Ddp sau khi cd Idi gpi cua xa trfldng nhu sau:
Le Tra My
Chi em di, I Cd con phdi khd vi con M iJiy chdng phdi gdnh giang sdn cho chdng . |
Thitdng chdng nen phdi him than | Ndn ai cd hdt viec quan ddn hd
Lang Id ehdng mot minh ldi Xung quanh hdng xdm cdng ddi ha ngUdi Tdi ndl ra sd chi em cUdi
Thdnh de len ngdi Chang gidu gi me Ddp Id ldi Tu\ hinh dung mieng ndi dang cd Khdclf din nhd Ddp mdi bd ru Mieng chao khdch nhiing cdu nhU cat Ngdy hdm nay .xUdng ca luc due Dung md len cung phung idm tro.
- Md ldi lgi cd ihd rdng.
Md tui cd liing lgi ddi hdi Mgt xd Ung bau chdng phdi ehdi Mgc dgc vang liing ehung bdn cdi Kim flianh ddng dd khdp ddi ndi Tre gid ai ndy deu nghe hieu Ddn xd ddu ddu phdi cii nhdi Tren dudi quyen hdnh lay cdl ddt Mdt minh mot chiiu thdnh ihdi ngdi - Tlnki ihay, ggi gi con a?
Doan thoai niy cho thiy. trUflc khi ndi vdi thay xa, me Ddp tii ke ve minh cho ban dan thien ha. ldi tu thudt nay kbdng hUdng tdi tinh huong triic tiep ti sd gap gd giua Xi trUdng va me Dop.
Mac nhien cd sU tham dU gian tilp cila kieu ngfldi thfl ba (ngUdi nghe chuyen) trong Idi thoai cua nhin vit me Ddp. Min niy cbi cd bai nhan vit trUc tiep xuat hien. Me Ddp khi thl ndi vdi ngilW xem, khi thi ndi vdi xa IrUdng. Xera ca man dien nay se thiy hfldng thoai tien tue thay ddi. Cung luc ldi thoai cua nhin vit thflc hien hai chflc ning: ldi ke va Idi nhan vat.
Nhflng doan thoai hddng ngoai li tUdng ddi phd biln irong cheo. Nd lira cho sin khiu cheo hit sflc gin gui vdi ngUdi xem, tang cUdng tinh tfldng tac ngUdi diln va ngUdi xem. NgUdi xem cd the thera cic tieng de de tiep tdi nhin vit. Xet vl kit ciu trin thuat, nlu coi vd dien nhu mgl ciu true ciu, nhflng doan thoai niy Ii nhflng thanh phin phi sU kien, cd tac dung nhfl nhflng thanh phin bd trd. lam rd cac thanh phan ehu yeu Iam nen ngfl phip lii sii. Nhflng doan thoai din chuyen ndi tren lam chim Iai nhip dd cua sii kien. bd sung cae thdng tin, gay hflng thu bing cic im hfldng thim mi (hai. bi thUdng,..) Nd tic ddng rit hieu qua tdi in tddng, cam nhan eua ngUdi xem.
Vdi chflc nang din ird, nhin vat cheo cdn cd ihe sing tao nhflng Idp cheo ngoai tich rat hnh hoat. Trong cheo cd cd nhflng ldp cheo ngoai lich. nghia la nhflng doan xen. cd khi khdng may an nhap vdi diln tiln sfl kien (vi du nhflng Idp he, nhflng doan ea ngdi cdng dflc, nhflng doan giao dau...). Trong vai trd ngUdi ke chuyen, nhan vat cheo ed khi keo dai hoic rut ngin ldi Iddc thuat cua minh (phu thudc tinb flng diln), cd khi nd ke ban mdt ciu chuyen Ichac khdng nim trong logic su kien ehinh eiia vd diln. Vi du. ddi sanh ldi xflng danh ciia nhan vat Thien SI (vd Quan Am Thi
Kinh) trong ban chep ciia Trin Viet Ngfl [1] vdi ban chep cua Hi Van Ciu [2] thiy ban eua Hi Van Cau nhan vat ke thdm radt doan ve chuyen Tfl Thflc gap tien.
3. Ket luan
Tinb chat "kep" trong cau true chflc nang nhin vit cheo vfla tao ra sfl ddc dao, hip din cho nhan vit cheo vfla cho thay tinh chil Udc le trong bieu hien, sfl co gian cua trd dien so vdi lich truyen. NhU vay, xet tfl phUdng dien chflc ning cd the nhin ra cau true dac thu cua nhin vat ddng thdi tbay dUdc vai trd ciia nd trong sfl thara gdp vao cau iriic tao nghia ndi chung cua tac phim.
Tinh chat "kep" niy lam cho cheo trd thanh mdi kieu tu sU rat ddc dao, lira nen mau sic die trflng cua san kbiu dan gian Viet Nam.
(^) Nghien ciiu ndy dUdc ldi Ird bdi Quy phdt tridn khoa hgc vd cdng nglie Quoc gia (NAFOSTED) irong de ldi md so VllLl-2012.02.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
[1] Trin Viet Ngfl sUu tim va gidi thieu, 2006. Quan Am Tlii Kinh (cheo cd). Nxb San khiu. Ha Ndl.
[2] Ha Van Cau, 1976. Tuyen tap cheo cd. Nxb Vin hda.
ABSTRACT
Functional of the character in traditional operetta (View of narratology) The character in traditional operetta is "double" charater type, they both act and lead the play. In terras of acting, characters take part in the story and they are action - logically related to other characters. With regards to leading the play, characters becorae narrators, so they are distant with themselves and the story also. The "double" properties of character raakes traditional operetta become a type of unique narration.
Keywords: The character in traditional operetta, regards, narratology.
