JOURNAL OF SCffiNCE OF HNUE Social Sci., 2012. Vol. 57, No. 6, pp. 75-79
Y T H t r C CA NHAN TRONG TAC PHAM CHI PHEO CUA NAM CAO N g u y e n T h i K h a n h Ly
Tnfdng Cao ddng San La E-mail: [email protected]
Tom tat. Qua kiet tac Chi Pheo, Nam Cao da the hien mot each sau sac van dl y thiJc ca nhan. cu the la ndi dau drin. luyel vpng cda Chf Pheo khi bi cu tuyet quyen lam ngUdi. Day cung mdt trong nhirng bieu hien cua y thiic ca nhan trong cac .sang tac ciia Nam Cao trUdc Cach mang thang Tdm
Tifkhda: Y thUc ca nhan. Nam Cao, Chi Pheo, quyen lam ngUcfi.
1. Md dau
Trong van dan Viet Nam hien dai noi chung va dong van hoe hien thUc phe phan noi ri6ng, Nam Cao la ngUdi din sau va phai trai qua nhieu thang tr§m ong mdi khang dinh duoc vi tri ciia minh. De co dUdc diiu iy. Nam Cao chon mot loi di, each kham pha, goe nhin rieng vl d6i tUdng. Viit vl nhitng ngu6i tri thu'c tieu tu san hay ngUdi nong dan Vi$t Nam trUdc each mang. Nam Cao khong chl quan tam den cau chuyen v6 doi kho ma ong con phat hien ra mpt vin d l hit siic dau ddn va nhiie nhdi la y thiic ca nhan ciia con ngudi bi phu nhan mot each tuyet ddi. Mot trong nhiJng tac pham tieu bieu cho v4n d l nay la truyen ngan Chi Pheo. Trong dd, y thiic ca nhan the hien d viec Chi Pheo - nhan vat trung t3m ciia truyen bi cong ddng day ra khdi thi gidi loai ngUdi, quyit khdng cho han CO bat cii mdt cd hdi nao dUdc quay trd lai lam ngUdi.
2 . N o i d u n g n g h i e n c i h i
2 . 1 . TuT c h u n g h i a c a n h a n d p h i t O n g T a y d e n y t h d c c a n h a n t r o n g t a c p h a m Chi Pheo c u a N a m C a o
TEf xa xUa con ngUdi ta sinh ra da cd y thiic ca nhSn. Dd la y thiic sU khac biet ve tinh each, tai nang, ve d e p . . . rieng ciia mdi ngUdi. TUy nhien phai din khi giai ckp tU san ra ddi, phat trifi'n gan vdi sif hinh thanh va phat trien ctia san xu§t hang hda, tU hflu ve tU lieu san xuat, nhit la cupc each mang tU san Phap thi chu nghia ca nhan gan vdi mot y thiic ca nhSn hoan toan mdi mdl thuc su ra ddi.
Y thiJc ca nhan khi dd khong cdn ddn gian la y thUc ve sU khac biet cua ban than ma la f thdc v l sU ddc lap, tU chii, tu do va binh dang cua mdi ngUdi. Dieu dd co nghia 75
Nguyen Tlli Kliiinh l.y
hi, tfll Cil m o i njiUtti (l(3u cci quyii'ii. (if lam chii Itiy m i n h , k h d n g hi phu t h u d c vao ai; tUdc VL- Uf Uf(int'., nynn Uuin. CLf l i u . . Irifdc phiip l u a l ; b i n h dang IrUdc qudc gia va xa hpi,C(
ni'Iii;i vu \ u l i u c h n h i c m nhif iihiiu.
() ilufi kl I I u n j ' tl;ii. njuft'i V i c l Nam chUa biel den tU lUt'lng nay. Phai ddi den nhifng iKini dull Ilk' kl X X . kin in;i vun Ima phifOng Tiiy. dac b i e l la van hda Phap theo got chan
\ . i i n lififc l i u i i \ u ( i ViCi Nam, cluing la m d i du<fc hie! den m d l t h i i IU IUdng ca nhSn hoan loan ni(fi iin.\ kliac li;in vdi van hda Iruyen Ihdng la tU IUdng ca nhan tU san. Dudi anh hudng ciia IU luVing ea nhan n i d i , ho Ihfly cii iihan m i n h c d siic m a n h , c d kha nang thay ddi van nienli eua m m h . u) q u y i n dUdc khanj.' d i n h ban ihan. dUdc ldn trpng, dUdc song Ihal \(U loni' i i i m l i . difde Uf do phal t n e n nhan each va tin n a n g . . . 'liit ca nhflng tUtUdng do da Mill;' dui \ a tii den pha vd IU lUdng phong kicn ed Iruycn.
'I'u' lUdn;; ea nlian k h d n g chi lam thay doi t l i c n mao d d i sdng van hda ma con anh hu'dng, lac ddng manh me den van hpc V i i j l N a m . N d i r d ihanh m d l I r t m g nhflng ddng life ihue day qua I r i n h hien dai hua nen van hoc cung nhU.su phal irien phong phii, da dang va lUe i d eua \An hoc. dae biel la giai doan \^)?<0 - 1945. D d n g g d p mdl phan quan trong cho
\ a n hoc giai doan na\ lii d d n g viin hpc hien thUc phe phap irong dd cd nha van Nam Cao.
2.2. Y thu'c ca nhan trong tac pham Chi Pheo
2.2.1. Tieng chiVi ciia Chi Pheo it doan van md d a u tac p h a m - mot an so day thach Ihirc
Y ihue ca nhiin dUPe Ihc hien lap trung qua nhan vat trung tam ciia lac pham la Chi Pheo va ngav IU dau tac phiim da dUdc lam ndi bai Icn qua doan van ngdn ghi lai tieng chfli ctia han. Tieng chui ciia mdl thang say rUdu nao cd y nghia gi nhUng lara sao tieng chui ay lai cfl khien ngUdi doe thiiy nhflc nhoi. NgUdi ta thay doi tUdng cue tiing chiM ay di iLf cao xudng thap, lfl xa den gan, tfl chung chung trflu tfldng den cu the: "Irdi", "ddi",
"ca liing Vu Dai", "cha dfla nao khdng chfli nhau vdi h5n", "dfla chet me nao de ra than h^n". Han da chfli i5l ca. khong trfl mdl bat cfl mot doi tUdng nao nhflng la lung thay, dap lai tieng chfli ay la mpl sfl im lang tuyet doi. Mdt ben la cd nhan ngUdi dang ra sflc chiii, mdt ben la khoang vang Iang vd cung. Hai sfl doi lap iy tao ra mpt khoang each, rao can vd hinh tach Chi Pheo va cpng ddng ngUdi ra thanh hai the gidi khac nhau, khdng the xtm nhap. Vay diiu gi da tao nen khoang each khdng the keo gSn kia? Co diiu gi an d k sau tieng chfli dau ddn, k h k khoai cua ke say? Diiu nay dUdc dan he md d nhihig doan van tiep theo ghi lai cudc hanh trinh co dpc, met mdi cua mot ke su6t ddi lim dudng tsd ve kiip con ngUdi.
2.2.2. Cuoc hanh trinh ddn doc cua y thtic ca nhan
Cuoc hanh trinh Sy bit diu tfl cdi ngudn xuat than cd ddc cua Chi Pheo. Ngay tif khi sinh ra han da bi chinh cha me cua minh phu nhan quyen Iam con. DSy la vao mfit
"budi sang tinh sUdng" np, Chi Pheo dot ngdt xnk hien trong trang thai ' * t i ^ tru6ngj(a
Y thifc cd nhdn trong tdc phdm Chi Plieo (iia Nam Cao
xam ngSt trong mdt vay diip dc ben mdt Id gach bd khdng". Cai quyen ldi Ihicu nhiil cua mdt con ngudi sinh ra trong edi ddi niiy la dUdc biel ai dii sinh ra minh nhUng Chi Pheo da bi tudc mfit. Han xutil hicn nhU mdl ke lac loin hi day ra ngoiii ria xii hpi: khong cha mc, khdng hp hiing thiin thich, khdng IhUdc diil ciim diii, iham ehi khong ca que hUdng, bao bpc dfla Ire ty chi lii mdl sd khdng khdng Id, Hiin Idn Icn nhd viio sU cUu mang ciia nhflng ngUdi dan lUdng thien, nhung dicu dd cung chiing dUdc lau, han sdm rdi viio canh phai di lam thue, lam mUdn de Idn lai. NhUng cd le ihang ngiiy dd lai lii nhflng ngiiy hanh phuc eua Chi Pheo bdi du la hen mon nhung ngUdi la ciing dii ihuc hiin nhu ihuc mdl con ngUdi. Vay ma chiing dudng 5y Vi\l va nhung binh an ay chang dihic bao lau. Tal ea kel ihuc vao cai nam hiin hai mUPi ludi, di lam canh dicn eho nhii Ra Kicn.
C) vao ldc con ngifdi la bat d5u y Ihflc. khiil khao vl linh yeu ehan chinh vii hanh phuc Ifla ddi thi Chi Phct) hii bi eon quy dam due lii bii ba nhii Ba Kien xiim pham Idng IU trpng ca nhan vii khien hiin bi cUdp di quyen lif do eua eon ngudi. Chi Pheo da budc phai di 6 tu. Tac gia khdng ke lai nhflng Ihang ngiiy Chi Pheo di lii mii chi mieu la ket qua cua quang ddi hy la hdn da bi lUdc di cai hinh dang ctia mdl eon ngUdi den mflc mdi dau ngUdi lang Vu Dai "chang ai biet han la ai". Bdi vi eai dau han gid da "trpc Idc", rang thi "cao trdng hdn", mat thi "den ma rdi cang cang", hai mat "gUdm gUdm", chiec qudn nai den thi chdng an nhap gi vdi eao ao lay viing, lai ciing td ra kech cdm vdi "cai nguc phanh, ddy nhflng net cham ird rdng, phUdng vdi mpl dng thay Ufdng cdm chuy". Bp dang Sy du bao mpt tam hdn da Ihay dd'i. Vii qua diing nhu the: "Hiin vl hdm IrUdc hdm sau da thdy ngdi d chp udng rUdu vdi thil chd sudt lfl IrUa eho din xl chieu . Rdi say khudt, han xach mpt cai vd chai den cdng nha ba Kiln, gpi tan ten luc ra mii chfli". NhUng ma Chi Pheo khdng phai la ddi thii ctia mdt ke nhU Ba Kicn - bdn ddi liim long ly, lai liim chanh tdng, ba hdi tien chi lang Vu Dai, chanh hdi ddng ky hao, huyen hao, Bae ki nhan dan dai bieu, "khet tiing ca trong hang huyen". Bdng ban chdt cao gia, Ba Kien da de dang diiu khien dUdc Chi Pheo, bien han thanh tay sai cho minh. Va tfl ay, thay vi di ben ria cudc song con ngUdi, Chi Pheo da bi day han vao vUc tham ciia loai vai. Cung vdi nhflng cdn say trien mien, ban than Chi Pheo cdn khong nhan ra chinh minh: "cai mat han khong tre cung khdng gia; nd khdng cdn phai la mai ngUdi: nd la mat ciia mdt eon vat la, nhin mat nhflngcon vat cd bao gid biet tudi?". Tren khudn mat dy chi ghi ddu nhflng tan tich cua nhflng ldn rach manh chai "an va", "flc hilp", "pha phach", "dam chem", "mUu hai". Tudi ciia Chi Pheo dUdc danh dau bdng seo vdn, ngang khdng thfl tU cdn tam hdn dUdc danh diu bang nhflng manh clt da ban cho quy dfl. Cai hien hflu ma mdi ngUdi vdn cd de ngUdi ta bill minh tdn tai la cai the ghi bien tudi. Chi Pheo cung khdng cd. Ngudi lang Vu Dai da day han ra ngoai bang each khai han vao hang dSn lUu tan, ISu nam khdng ve lang. Tat ca qua khfl da qua md nhat va xa xdi trong ki flc ciia Chi Pheo. Gid dSy ddi vdi hdn chi la nhflng cdn say triln mien, menh mong, vd tan. Hdn hi ngUdi ta tudc di nhan hinh, nhan U'nh din mflc khdng cdn y thflc dUdc sfl tdn tai d ddi cua chinh rainh, khdng biet rang minh da la con quy dfl cua lang Vii Dai.
Ca lang Vu Dai, ai ciing sd va tranh hdn bdi vi ngfldi ta da khdng coi han la mot 77
Nguygn Tlli Khanh Ly
con nguili. Nhiing hinh nhu Irong siiu Iham coi tifim Ihilc kia, Chi Pheo vln them dUOc giao lidp biii the cho nen hiin chili nhu "nguili say riiou hat". Den day ta hieu dUOc fey ciia doan van dfm lien khi Chi Plico hicn Icn trUdc mat ngufli doc nhu la mdt fo s6 diy Ihach Ihuc. Iliia ra sif im liing kia Ihe hien thai dfi til chfli, khflng chap nhan cua tSpthe con nguili vil hoa ra liCng chili kia lii kel qua ciia sU hk hmh khi ma nhan hinh, nhSn til*
bi tudc doat, ciia nfli uiin lie khi ma khat khao giao licp bi cU tuyet. Chu nhSn cua tieng chui iiy dau dim khi iiii viio hoang mac cfl don ii chlnh nOi ma hjn da dUdc tim thSy vjlfti Icn. lieng chill kia ehinh lii tieng kiiu cilu nhUc nhoi nhai vc quyen dUdc lam ngUdi.
Nhung may man Ihay. tren cuoc hanh Irinh ddn doc ay, Chi Pheo da nhin thSy chlit linh Sling d phia cuoi eon dudng va ngUdi thap len ngu6n sang dd la Thi Nd. Mac dii la mol ngUdi dim hii xau xi lai con dd hdi, nha ngheo lai con co dong giflng ma hii nhung day lai lii kc duy nhal d Ihc gidi ngUdi khong quay lUng lai vdi Chi Pheo, Thi khflng sd, khong nhin Chi Pheo nhu mflt con quy dii mil lai con IhSy cd Ihc mang lai tinh thUdng cho hdn I'al ca nhitng diiu rat binh di jy da giiip cho ban chat ngUdi tudng nhU da bi vui lip dudi bun nhil Irfli day va khien cho Chi Pheo Ihly minh cd the hi vpng xac lap lai quyen liim ngudi eiia minh.
'I\iy nhien ca nhan Thi Nd chUa dii kha nang de chong lai sdc manh cua mot tap the ngudi da quy6t coi Chi Pheo la quy dil, da nhit dinh phii nhan gia tri la ngucfi cua Chi Pheo. Ni6m tin Vila nhdm len da bi dap til, khat vgng vifa nay nd da lui tan. Canh cUa tx5,:
ve the gidi loai ngUdi vUa hii md da ddng sap trudc mat. Con dudng phia trUdc trd nSn t6i tam va be tac.
Y IhUc ve khat vong liim ngudi trd lai cung la khi Chi Pheo y thilc dUdc ndi tuyet vgng va dau ddn ciia viec bi phii nhan tuyet doi quyen lam ngudi. Cang khat khao trd lai the gidi loai ngUdi, Chi Pheo cang cam thiy be tac. Chi Pheo da bi day vao "tinh hu6ng nghiet nga, tudng nhu mot nghich ly cugc ddi: Mu6n tdn lai thi phai luu raanh. Muon sflng thi phai chet" (Dd Ngoc Thflng). Chi Pheo - mdt ke da hi xa hdi vd nhan dao tudc doat triet de tren mgi phudng dien tit nhan hinh den nhan linh gid day lai chinh la ngUdi til' quyet dinh tudc doat di su sflng ciia minh. Ngay til liic ddi chSn ctia cdi tidm thilc dda Cbi Pheo den nha Ba Kien, giet Ba Kien vk tU ket lilu cudc ddi minh ciing chinh la Iiic Chi Pheo khang dinh dUdc y thdc ve quyen dUdc lam ngUdi ciia rainh. Chi Pheo chet di nhung ndi khac khoai: "Ai cho tao lUdng thien? Lam thi nao cho mil dUdc nhiing vet raanh cha|
tren mat nay?" lai chua bao gid dilt. Do II mdt bi kich day dau ddn cda mdt con ngUdi nhin thiy gia tri ngUdi cda minh bi cudp raa khdng lam the nao lay lai dUdc. Cdn nhien • vln de con phai ban them sau cai chit ciia Chi Pheo nhdng cd mflt su that la trong hoan*
canh ly, chi cd cai chet radi giup Chi Pheo d lai ben kia ranh gidi cua coi ngddi, giiip han dUdc lam ngUdi va cung giup cho ngudi doc tin tudng d gia tri vinh hang cua nhflng conjj
ngudi lUdng thiSn. "
78
Y thifc cd nhan trong tdc phdm Chi Pheo ciia Nam Cao
3. Ket luan
Khdng ngflng (riin Ird vc sif sdng ciia con ngudi. Nam Cao luon ludn cd gang di lim ldi giai dap cho cau hdi lam ihl nao dc y thflc ca nhan cua mdi ngudi deu dUdc khdng dinh. Mac du trong the gidi quan ciia minh khi dd. Nam Cao vdn ehua chi ra dUde mdl dudng hudng thda dang de y Ihflc ca nhfm cd the giai phong ra khdi ldn bi kich ciia Ihdi dai. Nhung vdi truyen ngdn Chi Pheo, Nam Cao da idy linh yeu thUdng, su Iran (rong quyin con ngUdi de sang lao nen mdl hinh lUpng nghe thuat ed "liem nang vUOn lfl dicn hinh ldi sieu mdu" (Iheo Dang Anh Dao - [2J) va khien cho Cbi Pheo ird Ihiinh mdl kiet tac nghe thual.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
[1] Lai Nguyen An, 2008. Phgm trii chu ngbia cd nbdn ctia tu tudng phuang Tdy trong Slf li gidi cua Phan Klidi. Tham luiin Hdi thao khoa hpc "Ly luan van hpc Vict Nam thi ky XX", FGioa Ngfl van, IrUdng Dai hpc Su pham Ha Ndi.
(2] Dinh Tri Dung, 1992. Bi kich iifytbifc - Net ddc ddo trong cam hCfng nhdn dgo ciia Nam Cao, in trong Nghi tiep ve Nam Cao. Nxb Hpi Nha van. Ha Ndi
[3] LUdng Hdng Quang, 1999. Ddn tri vd su hinh thdnh vdn hda cd nhdn. Vien Van hda va Nxb Van hda Thdng tin. Ha Ndi.
[4] Bich Thu (tuyen chpn va gidi thieu), 1999, Nam Cao tdc gia vd tdc phdm. Nxb Giao due, Ha Ndi.
ABSTRACT
Personal rights as expressed Chi Pheo by Nam Cao
The character in the masterpiece Chi Pheo express their deep feelings regarding personal issues. Specificly, the pain and despair of Chi Pheo was presented when he was not allowed to express what were felt to be personal rights. This is one example of the expression of personal values that were expressed in works by Nam Cao before the August Revolution.
