JOURNAL OF SCIENCE OF HNUE DOL 10.18173/2354-1075.2016-0030 Educational Sci., 2016, Vol. 61, No. 3, pp. 81-92
This paper is available online at http,//sidb.hnue.edu.vn
BOI DUONG T U DUY PHE PHAN CHO HOC SINH THONG QUA HOAT DONG GIAI BAI TAP THI NGHIEM
TRONG DAY HOC V A T LY 6 T R U 6 N G PHO T H 6 N G
Nguyen Quang L i n h \ Do Hitdng Tra''
^Trudng Dgi hpc Supham, Dgi hpc Thdi Nguyen '^Khoa Vgt li, Trudng Dgi hoc Suphgm Hd Ngi
Tdm tat. Mfit trong nhflng muc lieu day hoc ciia nhilu quoc gia iren ihl gidi la day HS trf duy, trong dd cd trf duy phe phan Cd nhilu each de bfii drfdng va phat trie'n tU duy phe phan ciia hoc sinh. Bai viel quan lam den viec phat trien trf duy phe phan cua hpc sinh thfing qua hoat dfing gidi cac bai tap thf nghiem irong dgy hoc vat li d irudng irung hoc phfi' ihdng.
Tit khda: Trf duy phe phan, bai tap thf nghiem, dgy hoc Vai If.
1. Md dau
Trf duy phe phdn la mdt kT ndng trong dd ngrfbi hge suy nghi chu dgng hrfbng tdi nhflng van de va tinh hudng phflc tap dfla tren nhflng suy nghT, quan diem vd niem tin cua minh. Ngrfbi hgc cd the kie'm djnh nhflng suy nghT, quan diem va niem tin cua minh bang cdch tfl khdm phd, trf dat ra cae eau hdi va trf di tim can tra Ibi cho nhflng cau hdi dd.
Trf duy phe phdn dbi hdi ca kT ndng lap Iuan Ian kT ndng giai quyel van de. Tren thrfc te hai kT ndng nay bo sung va cung cd the thay the eho nhau. Vi vdy, drfa ngflbi hge vdo hoat ddng gidi quyet van de la cd hdi tot nhat de ren tfl duy phe phdn.
Trong day hgc vat If, BTTN vdt tf (sau day ggi tal la BTTN) Id bai tap sfl dung thf nghiem de quan sat hay thu thdp so lieu nhdm gial thfch mgt hifn irfbng vat If, tim ra hay xdc nhan moi quan he gifla eac dai Iflbng vat If nhat dinh. Do vdy, hoat ddng giai BTTN thfle chat Id qua trinh tfl duy bien chflng bao gom de xuat gial phdp, thu thap thdng tin, phan tfch vd ddnh gid cac thong tin thu thdp dfldc nhdm lam sdng td va khang djnh lai tfnh dung dan cua gidi phdp nghien cflu. Van de bai bao chung ldi quan tam la Lam the ndo dfla ngfldi hgc vao boat ddng gidi quyet van de trong cdc BTTN nham ren tfl duy phe phan cho hgc sinh?
2. Noi dung nghien cthi
2.1. Ttf duy phe phan va phat trien ttf duy phe phan
Tfl duy phe phdn bao gib cung di kem vdi tfl duy sang tao, dd la mdt cap pham tru khdng the tach rbi. Vi vay, de phat trien TDPP gido vien can cd chu y xdy dflng dfldc cac bdi tap thf nghifm Ngaynhanbai 15/12/2015 Ngay nhan dang: 20/1/2016
Lien he: Nguyen Quang Linh, c-mail: [email protected]
Nguyen Quang 1 .inh. Do Hudng Tra
cd tfnh sang lao. Mdt bai tap tao nhieu ed hdi cho HS phat trien trf duy sang tgo thi cung cd nhieu cd hdi giup hg phdt ttien TDPP. Gido vien ed the tudn theo eac brfdc xdy drfng BTFN nhrf sau:
- Lrfa chgn mgt hoac mdt so bai lap xudi phdl (BTXP) - Giai cdc bai tap xuat l?hal
- Phdn tfch hien trfdng vdl li, gid thiet, Ibi gidi, ket qua eua BTXP
- Van dung cdc nguyen tde eua phrfdng phap ludn sdng tao de xdy drfng cdc bdi tap mdi bang each tra lbi cae cau hdi sau:
Cd the dien dal bai lap theo each khac khdng? Cd the Irfdc bd hdde thay doi dfl kifn cua bai tap thanh bai lap mdi dfldc khdng? (Nguyen tdc Iinh dpng)
Cd the thay doi mdt so dfl kien de hien ifldng trong bai mau thuan vdi dinh Iudt vat If, thay ddi gia thiet thanh kel Iudn vd ngfldc Iai de tao thdnh bdi tap mdi drfdc khdng? (Nguyen tac dao ngrfdc)
Cd the thay doi mdt so thdng so eua bai tap de thanh bdi tap mbi? (Nguyen lac thay doi thdng so hda-lf)
Co the tdng mfle dp phan nhd cua BTXP? (Nguyen tdc phdn nhd)
Cd the ehuyen bai tap thanh bdi tap long qudt hdn? Cd the srf dung them bdi tap cd Hen quan de xdy drfng bai lap mdi khdng'' (Nguyen tdc kll hdp)
Cdthe thay dd'i hinh dang cua doi trfdng' (Sfldung trong tbiet ke, che tao md hinh-Nguyen tac linh ddng)
Yeu cau phat trien TDPP phu thudc vao mflc do tham gia vao hoat ddng gidi quyet van de trong BTTN cua hge sinh. Yi vay, de thuan tien eho viee xay dflng cdc BTTN nhdm phdt frien TDPP cua HS, chung tdi phdn loai BTTN cdn cfl theo mflc do boat dgng trong tien trinh giai quyll van de, theo dd cd the chia bai tap thf nghifm thanh 3 dang sau:
Dang 1: Bai tap nghiem Iai he qua cua mot thuyet, mgt dinh luat vat li
Day la dang bai tap ma ngfldi nghien cflu da biet trrfde ket luan dung cua bdi tap, tuy nhien can tien hanh cae thi nghiem dd mdt Ian nfla, trong dieu kien hifn cd de cung co them tt'nh diing ddn eua thuyet, djnh Ii vat li hoac eung co niem tin vao khoa hge cua ngflbi nghien eflu. Loai bai tap nay thrfbng drfdc sfl dung nhdm muc dieh kiem tra tfnh dung dan cua nhflng ket qua vfla drfa ra tfl con drfdng suy luan Ii thuyet
Dang 2: Bai tap kiem tra gia thuyet
Ddy la dang bdi tap thrfbng drfdc drfa ra sau khi HS nghien cflu mgt bien tfldng, mdt dai Iflbng vdl tf nhflng chi cd the suy ludn, pbdng doan ve hien tflbng, mdi quan he gifla cdc dai Ifldng vdt If md chfla the khdng djnh dfldc tinh dung dan cua gJa thuyet. Khi dd can phai Chflc hien mpt thi nghiem nhdm kie'm tra tinh dung ddn cua cdc gia thuyel dflbc dfla ra. Loai bdi tap nay dfldc sfl dung khd nhieu trong qua trinh day hpc, nd giup qud trinh day hpc bdt kho cflng hdn, HS cd nilm tin hdn trong qud trinh chiem ITnh kien Chflc.
Dang 3: Td quy luat da biet xac dinh inot dai ttfdng vat li
Day Id loai bdi tap khd phd bien nhflng nd chi dfldc dung chu yeu d cdc hoat ddng ngodi gid hgc nham kich thfch tfl duy, phdl trien kT nang, tinh sang tao, tfl lflc eua HS.
Viec phdn chia cae dgng BTTN nhfl tren giup GV thuan Idi hdn trong qud trinh xay dflng va sfl dung ehung trong qua trinh day hgc. Vdi dgng I va dang 3 thi thrfbng dUde sfl dung trong cac gib thrfc hanh, trong eac gib hoat dgng ngoai khda, boat dgng trai nghiem sdng tao hay giao cho HS Idm tai nha, cdn dang 2 thi thrfbng drfbc sfl dung ngay tren Idp, trong qua trinh HS tim hieu cac kien thflc mbi.
Bdi dudng tu duy phe phdncho heic .sinh iheing qua hogt dgng gidi hdi ldp thi nghiem .
Nhfl vay, xdy dflng BTTN can can cfl vao cac BTXP va cac dang cua BTTN.
2.2. Phat trien ttf duy phe phan q u a hoat d o n g giai B T T N 2.2.1. Xay dtfng ngi dung BTTN dap dng yeu can phat trien TDPP
Cdn cfl vao cac dang cua BTTN, vao cdc yeu cau ve mflc do phdt trien tfl duy phe phan cua BTTN, chung ldi de xual qui trinh xdy dflng BTTN vdl If nhfl sb dd hinh 1 •
• Xac djnh muc tieu BTTN Lira chpn BTXP
Giai cac bai tap .xudt phai va phan iich hifn nrcnig \at Ii. gia ihiel. Ioi giai. kli qua cua BTXP Xac dinh loai BTTN
Xac djnh mflc dd cua BTTN Bien ddi BTXP Bien sogn BTTN Tien hdiih llu nghifm
• Hoan t]ii?n BTTN
Hinh 1: Sd do cdc bttdc xdy ditng mot BTTN Btfdc 1: Ltfa chon bai tap xuat phat
Nghien cflu muc lieu day hoc can dal va he thong bai tap trong tai lifu gido khoa, saeh bdi tap, cac loai sach tham khao khdc nhfl cdc de thi, cdc bdi tap tren Internet, hay cdc bai lap trong cdc cdng trinh khoa hoc da dflbc cdng bo, thdm tri Id nhflng kien thflc ma GV cd dflbc lfl thflc lien, tren cd sd do, GV lfla ehgn BTXP.
Btfdc 2: Xac dinh muc tieu cua mdi BTTN
Nghien cflu chfldng trinh va ngi dung tf ihuyet de xdc djnh muc lieu ve kien thflc va kT ndng cb ban ma HS can ndm vflng trong va sau khi tim hieu mdt npi dung kien thflc cu the. Trong dd, dac biet chu y tdi muc lieu phat trien TDPP cho HS.
Btfdc 3: Xac dinh loai BTTN va mvic do cua moi BTTN
Tren cd sd xdc djnh muc tieu ve kien thflc va kT nang cua tflng bdi hgc d bflbe 1, chung toi di xac djnh cac Ioai BTTN se sfl dting cho lflng bai hgc hay tflng ndi dung hgc cu the. Can xay dflng bai tap djnh tinh hay dinh Iflbng, dbn gian hay phflc tap. Moi loai can bao nhieu bai Id phu hbp. Sau khi xac djnh dfldc ioai BTTN, chung ta di xet ndi dung chi liet cua tflng loai BTTN cu the. Tren cd sd dd xac djnh cau true cua hf thong BTTN cho tflng bai, tflng phan hay tflng chfldng.
Neu xay dflng he thong BTTN thi can xdy dflng ma ttan hf Chong de gan trgng so (Cfldng tfl nhfl khi GV ra de kiem tra hay ra dl thi) de dam bao dflbc muc tieu de ra.
Budc 4: Thu thap ttf lieu, dir lieu de bien soan
Tt( BTXP, giao vien sfl dung cac nguyen tac sang tao de chuyen BTXP thdnh cac BTTN. Tfl lieu, dfl lieu thu thdp ve eac BTXP dflbc edng nhieu, cang da dang thi vifc bien soan BTTN cang 83
Nguyen Quang Linh, Do Hrfdng Tra
nhanh, eang cd ehdt lfldng va hieu qua. Vi vdy, can phai danh mdt thbi gian thich dang cho viec sflu lam cdc lfl lieu, dfl lieu nay mdt each hdp li. Cdc trf lieu nay de tim nhat la cdc bai tap da cd sdn, nhflng bdi lap ay ban dau cd the ddn thuan chl Id nhflng bai tap tinh loan hay giai thich hien tfldng. Cdn cfl vao mue tieu can dal (d day Id phdt trien TDPP cfla HS) GV se chuyen nhflng bai tap ay ve dang BTTN thda man eae nguyen tde xay dflng mgt BTTN va muc tieu can dat dfldc khi HS giai bdi tap ndy.
Sau khi dd thu thdp dfldc nhilu thdng tin tfl nhieu nguon khac nhau. Qud trinh bien span se dfldc tien hanh, qua trinh nay cd the gom nhieu bfldc nhb nhrf: Lfla chgn bai tap, cdi tien bai lap dd cho phu hbp (neu can); xay dflng Ibi gidi; sap xep cdc bai tdp nay thdnh nhdm lfl de den khd, tfl dbn gidn den phflc tap.
Budc 5: Tien hanh thi nghiem
Ddy la brfdc ma GV Idm chfl khdng phdi cfla HS, GV cd the tien hanh cdc thi nghifm nay b nha, b trflbng hay b phdng lbi nghiem. Tfl dd la ddnh gid dfldc linh kha thi cua BTTN ma minh da dfla ra, chi nhflng bai tap nao cd tinh kha thi mbi dfla vao he thong de sfl dung. Bflbe nay nham loai bd nhflng BTTN kbdng the thflc hien dfldc, nhflng bai tap cd dd sai sd qua ldn va dieu chinh nhflng bdi khdc sao cho phu hdp nhal. Ngoai ra khi tien hdnh Chi nghiem GV mbi Ifldng hit dfldc cac yeu t6 anh hfldng tbi kit qua cua bai tap md minh dfla ra, ngodi ra nd cung la mdt cd hdi de GV tim them cdc tbi giai cho bdi tap ciia minh.
Btfdc 6: Hoan thien BTTN
Sau khi dd chgn Ifla drfbc nhflng bdi lap phu hbp, GV can cd nhflng dieu chinh hbp li va sap xep Iai cdc bai tap nay thanb cac nhdm, cd the xdp sip theo mflc do tfl de den khd hay theo dbn vj kien thflc. Ra soat Iai he thong cac BTTN de dam bao sfl can doi gifla cac loai bai tap, sfl phu hbp vdi trinh dp, nang irfe va dieu kifn hien ed cua HS. Trong giai doan nay GV cd the sfl dirng ma trdn de de tifn trong qud trinh sdp xep hf thong bai tap.
2.2.2. Cac mdc dp yen can cua bai tap thi nghiem vdi viec phat trien TDPP
Tuy thudc vao mflc do yen cau ve phrfdng an thi nghiem, ve tien trinh lam thi nghifm ma cac yeu cau ve phat trien trf duy phe phan d ngfldi hgc trong cac BTTN cd khac nhau. Nham giup GV d£ dang hbn trong qua trinh xay dflng, lfla chgn BTTN va lien hfldng dan HS giai BTTN sao cho phu hdp vbi nang lflc HS, ndng tflc GV, dieu kifn cd sd vat chat nhd Irfldng,... Drfa vao mflc dp cua boat ddng giai quyet van de, chung tfii chia BTTN thanh ba mflc dp yeu cau Cflbng flng vdi yeu cau phat trie'n TDPP tfl thap den cao:
Bdng I. Bdng so sdnh cdc mtic dp yeu cdu cua BTTN Mu'c do
1 2 3
Phuong an Co Khong CO Khong CO
Yeu cau Dung cu
Co Co Khong CO
Tien hanh Co Co Co
Phan ti'ch k^t qua Co Co Co
- Mdc do 1: Cho thiet bt. cho phfldng an thiet ke thi nghiem, HS tien hanh tbi nghifm, thu thap va xfl Ii kit qua. (HS dal cac eau hdi khac nhfl vl each thflc tien hanh TN, cdc ket qua thu dflbc va phan boi cae kel qua cac ban/nhdm khdc).
- Mdc do 2; Cho thiet bi thi nghiem, yeu cau thiet ke phflbng an thi nghiem, cien hanh thi nghiem, thu Ihap va xfl If ket qua (Dfla ra cae phflbng dn khdc nhau, bfldng den edi mdi, HS phai xem xet kT mgi van dl, mgt thdng tin lien quan, kie'm tra cdc gid djnh trfldc khi tien hanh TN).
Bot dudng lU duy phe phdn cho heic .sinh thdng qua hogt dung gidi bdi lap thi nghiem ..
- Miic dd 3: Drfa ra tinh huong, khdng cho Ihiel bj, khdng cho phrfbng an thiel kl, yeu cau Ifla chgn thiet bj, thiet ke phrfdng an thi nghiem, lien hanh thi nghifm. thu thap va xfl If ket qua (HS phai suy Iuan, nhdn xet, danh gid de drfa drfdc van dl cdn giai quyet. drfa ra drfdc cac phfldng an thi nghiem. HS phai truyen dat dfldc y tfldng, cdc quan die'm, cac gidi phdp cho ngfldi khdc mdt cdch rd rang, cd Idgic).
Mflc do 1 la mflc dp Ihap nhat ve cd hpi phat trie'n TDPP cua HS, thiet bj thf nghiem da dfldc cho san gan nhfl tbanh cae bd thf nghiem hoan chinh (vi du nhfl nhflng bd tbi nghiem trong phdng thi nghiem d cdc trflbng phd thdng Viet Nam hien tai), eac phfldng an thf nghiem cung dflde trinh bay cu the nhfl mgt hrfdng dan Angorit, vi vdy vdi mflc do nay cac HS mbi bdt dau ldm quen vdi BTTN bode cac HS yen deu cd the Iam dflbc.
Mflc do 2 Id mflc do cao hdn, du dfldc cung cap thiel bi thf nghiem nhrfng HS phai trf thilt ke phfldng an sau dd lien hanh thi nghiem, thu thap va xfl If ket qua. O mfle dd nay, tinh "md" cua bai todn da drfgc day len cao hdn, dac biet GV ed the drfa ra thiel bi nhieu hdn ede thiel bj can thiel de HS ed the drfa ra drfdc nhieu phrfdng an hdn va cung lam HS bi "nhieu" trong qua trinh xay dtfng phtfdng an thi nghiem. Ngay ca khi da cd phtfdng dn roi HS vdn phai dat cdu hdi: Dung cu bai tap dtfa ra de' lam gi? Sao khdng can dung den nd? Trong cdc phtfdng an tren, phfldng an nao toi flu nhdt? ... Dieu nay giup TDPP va TDST cua HS cd cd hdi phdt trien rat manh me.
Mflc dd 3 la mflc do cao nhat vl yeu cau phdt trie'n TDPP, HS dflbc drfa vdo cdc tinh huong va vdi mdt yeu cau cu the nhflng khdng dtfdc cung cap mot thiet bj thi nghiem. mdt phtfdng dn thi nghifm nao, hay den ngay cd viec gidi han kien thflc ciing khdng. Dieu ndy ldm tinh "md" cua bdi loan dflbc dfla Ien mfle eao nhat. va eung lam cho tfl duy cua HS dfldc day Ien vbi nhieu thae mac d mflc cao dp. Do dd HS de rdi vdo mdt "trrfbng hon loan" vdi cdc eau hdi nhrf: diing thiet bi nao?
dung nhrf the nao? cd nhflng each nao?... de gidi quyet dflbc bdi loan.
Nhfl vay, d mflc do bai tap cang eao thi cb hdi phdl trien tfl duy eho HS cang nhilu nhflng nd cung dong nghTa vdi srf ddi hdi vl ndng ltfc cua HS, ndng Irfe eua GV hay dilu kifn cb sd vat chat ciia nha trrfbng cdng eao.
2.2.3. Day hoc BTTN vat Ii nham phat trien TDPP va TDST Tiin trinh day hgc BTTN
BTTN khdng chi dflng lai trong pham vi van dung nhflng kiln thfle da hgc md cdn giup bdi dfldng cho HS TDPP, ren luyen kT ndng thflc nghiem, gan kien thflc If thuyet vdi thflc tifn.
Khong the ren luyen TDPP cho HS mdt each ddn Ie ma phai dtfa HS vao cac hoat ddng nghien cflu, gan qud trinh phat trien TDPP vdi boat ddng nghien eflu, giai quyet van dl. Thrfc chat cua hoat ddng giai mdt BTTN vdt li cung irfdng tfl nhrf qua trinh gidi cdc bdi tap thdng tbrfdng khdc, nd bao gom nhieu cdc boat ddng thdnh td, md d dd HS phdi dong thbi van dung nhieu loai tfl duy trong dd cd TDPP.
Tuy nhien, BTTN vat Ii la mdt dang bai tap cd nhilu cd hdi hdn de ren luyfn va phat frien TDPPdHS.
Bii'u hiin ciia tu duy phi phdn qua hogt ddng gidi bdi tap thi nghiem
Theo Robert Ennis: TDPP la sfl suy nghT sau sac, nhay cam, thflc te va hflu fch de quyet djnh niem tin hay hanh ddng [8].
De cap tbi cac bieu hifn cua TDPP trong day hge vat If, cho tdi nay chfla co cdng trinb nghien cflu nao nhflng cae bieu hifn TDPP trong cde chuyen nganh khdc hoac cae bieu hien TDPP chung cho cdc nganh tbi dd cd mgt so tdc gla ngbien cflu. Cu the nhfl: Nam 1995 K. B. Beyer neu len 6 dde diem thiet yen cua ngfldi cd TDPP [I ]. Sau dd, ndm 2003 M. Lipman dfla ra 3 bieu hifn cua ngflbi cd TDPP (sd dd 2) [2].
Nguyen Quang Linh, Dd HudngTra
• Tiep nhan tlnh huong
• Phat bieu vande
• )tav di/ng pliiTOTg an tie" hanh Ihi nghidm
• Xaydi/ng phucmg an lira chon dung cu thi nghier
•Xaydvngptn/onganbotfithinghi^m
• Xay di/ng pliupng anihmhapiollju
• nm kiem/ iL/a chon/ die tao dung cy Itii nghidm
•6dlrithiiigh(?m
1 • n^n hanhthinghifrtithuthapsdii^u
• Xirly ket qua vabi^n luan
I • lira chpn liinli ihirc trinh bay
• Thieike bai tnnh bay
• Trinh bay va thao luan
Hinh 2. So do tien trinh dgy hpc BTTN
B I E U H E £ N C U A TU* D U Y P R E P H A N
(1) Khdng c6 thdnh kien,
(2) Biet van dung cdc tliu chudn,
(3) Co khd nang tranh lu§n,
(4) Cd khd nang suy luan,
(5) Xem xet van de ti>
nhieu phuong dien khac nhau,
(6) Ap dung cdc thu thuat tu duy.
(1) Dua ra duac cac phdn dodn hay cdc lap luan, (2) Cd su tu d l l u chinh suy nghT cua bdn thdn, (3) Cd su nhay cam tnrdc boi canh
(1) D u a ra diroc nhiing cSu hoi ve mSt qud trinh, m&t sy vat h a y mot hien t u o n g vat li, mot thiet bl. mot b o thi nghiem vat Ii,
(2) D u a ra cac luan cu Irong qua frinh lap luan ve mot van de nhat d|nh,
(3) D a n h gia d u o c cac quan diem cua nguoi khac, (A) Dieu chinh ^ k i e n vd hoat d3ng c u a minh khi nhiing thong bn moi d u o c tim ra, (5) Chon d u o c p h u o n g dn toi u u t r o n g qud trinh giai q u y l t van Se,
Hinh 3. Sd do so sdnh cdc tieu chi TDPP cua mot so tdc gid
Bdi dudng IU duy phe phdn cho hgc smh thdng qua hogt deing gidl bdt lap thi nghiem...
Tfl viee nghien cflu cac bieu hien cua TDPP va nghien cflu ve ddc diem qua trinh day, hgc mdn vat li d trflbng phd thong, tdc gid nhdn thay TDPP cua HS trong day hoc BTTN vdt li dfldc bdc Id thdng qua 5 bieu hien cd bdn sau.
(1) Dfla ra drfbc nhflng cdu hdi vl mdt qud trinh. mdt sfl vdt hay mgt hien Irfdng vdl li, mdt thiel bi, mdt bd ihi nghifm vat If;
Mdi van de ma HS phdt hien ra deu dtfdc dien dat bang cac cau hdi, cdu hdi md HS dtfa ra chflng td HS da cd nhflng thdc mdc vdi stf vdt, hien tflbng hay mdt qud trinh vat If ndo dd, nd cung chflng td HS dd cd stf phe phan.
(2) Dtfa ra cac ludn cfl trong qua trinh lap Iudn ve mdi van de nhat dinh;
Khi phe phdn cdi da cd HS phai dfla ra eae Iuan cflthuyet phuc De cd eae ludn efl tot can phai nhin thay dflbc moi quan he logic gifla cdc thdng tin va eac thdng tin dd phdi dflbc thu thdp drfdi nhieu gdc do khdc nhau.
(3) Ddnh gid dflbc cac quan diem eua ngflbi khdc;
Viec danh gid quan diem cua ngfldi khdc cung chi ra rdng HS da phe phan nhflng ludn efl cua cdc quan diem khae. Mudn vay HS phai cd srf phan biet gifla cdc suy dien logic cd the chap nhan drfdc va khdng the chap nhan drfbc, hieu nhflng khdc biet trong cdc kel Iuan, gid thuyel, thrfbng xuyen hdi quan diem cua ngrfbi khdc vd no Itfc de hieu cd nhflng gid dinh vd hdm y cua hg, nhan ra dtfdc nhflng sai lam frong quan diem cua ngtfbi khdc, nhflng thien lech ed the trong cdc quan diem dd, va nguy cd cua vifc djnh gid cdc bdng chflng mdt each sai lech do dnh hrfdng cua ede quan tam cd nhdn.
(4) Dieu chinh y kien vd hoat ddng cua minh khi nhflng thdng tin mdi dfldc tim ra (ddc biet chflng phu nhan thdng tin cu);
Khi thay dflbc cdc ludn cfl thuyel phuc hdn, HS khdng bdo thu, co bdo ve y kien ciJ ma cd srf dieu chinh y kien va hogt ddng cua minh. Dieu ndy cung cho thay rdng HS da hieu cdc y kien bieu Id cae mflc dd khac nhau cua .sfl tin cay, dd nhdn thflc ve gid trj va gid tri eua moi thdng tin.
(5) Chgn drfdc phrfdng dn tdi flu trong qud trinh gidi quyet van de.
Dieu nay cho thay HS nhdn thfle rang cdc van de trong thflc tien cd the cd nhieu hdn mdt phrfdng dn va nhflng phrfdng dn do khdc nhau ve mdt vdi phtfbng dien va cd the chgn ra phtfdng an loi tfu nhat (tuy rang, trong mgt vai trrfbng hdp Id rat khd khan). Nd eho thdy HS da biet phe phan cdc phtfbng an, drfa ra dflbc flu die'm. nhfldc diem cua chung, rdi tfl dd dfla ra phfldng dn tdi flu drfa tren tieu chi cua minh.
2.3. Phan d'ch ket qua thu dtfdc
Cdc BTTN dflbc soan thao drfa tren cac tieu chi nhfl: Bai tdp gdn vbi cdc kien thflc cu the, bai tap cd linh thflc tiln, bai tap ed iinh khd thi, bai tap tao cb hdi phat trien trf duy cho H S . . . . sau dd tien hanh thrfc nghiem trong thbi gian 10 tuan vbi 6 bai tap thi nghiem va thu drfdc kit qua rdt khd quan ve sfl phdt trien TDPP cua HS. Trong bai vilt ndy ehung ldi phan tfch TDPP eiia HS qua 01 bai tap dfldc thrfc hien vdi 2 nhdm HS (moi nhdm 5 HS) la HS ldp IOAI trrfbng THPT Vilng Cao Vift Bac - Tinh Thdi Nguyen - Viet Nam.
2.3.1. Xay dtfng bai tap xac dinh do cao toa nha
* Btfdc 1: Xac dinh muc tieu
+ Ve mat kien thfle: Neu dfldc dac diem, tinh chat, cac cdng thflc ed ban cua mdt chuye'n dpng cd dbn gian
+ Ve mat kT ndng- Thiel kl drfdc phrfdng dn thf nghiem nham xdc djnh mdt dai Iflbng vdl If;
87
Nguyen Quang Linh. Dd Hrfdng Tra
do dac, Ihu thap drfbc cdc so lieu ed lien quan; trinh bdy drfdc ket qud thi nghiem; ddnh gid drfdc phrfdng an, ket qua thi nghiem cua thdnh vien khdc trong ldp.
+ Ve mat thdi dd" Cd tinh Chan yeu Ihich mdn hoc, cd thdi dp Iich cflc trong hgc lap, cd dc quan sal cac bien Iflbng vdl li Crong cugc sdng.
+ Ve mat tfl duy: Phat trien dflde TDPP trong qua trinh hgc.
* Budc 2: Lua chon bai tap xuat phat
Mdt ngrfdi dflng tren dinh eua tda nhd, tba rdi mdt vien sdi nhd. Ngflbi ay do dflbc Ihbi gian rdi cua vien sdi la 2,2s. Tinb chieu eao cfla tda nha.
- Phdn tich bdi tap: BTXP Id mdt BT Iuyen lap cd the tim thay dl dang trong SGK hay cdc saeh tham khdo cua HS. HS dp dung edng thfle ve sfl rdi Ctf do' h -^ -zgl^' tfl dd ed the xdc djnh drfdc dd eao h Cd the. thu dtfdc cdc dfl kien cua bai tap bang cdc thao tdc thflc, chdng dung ddng hd bam gidy do dflbc thbi gian rdi. Trong thrfc te, cd the xdc djnh do cao tda nhd bang mdt so phrfdng an khac nhfl dung bdng nang, xem ban thiet ke,.
* Btfdc 3: Xac dinh loai bai tap, mu'c do bai tap
Can cfl vao trinh do HS va eae dieu kien hien cd. chung toi xac dmh mflc dd bdi tap can dat la mflc dd 3; Dang bai ldp can xdy dtfng Id dang 3.
* Btfdc 4: Bien dd'i BTXP va bien soan BTTN
Sfl dung nguyen tac linh ddng (thay ddi dfl kien cua bai lap xuat phal) ed the biln ddi thanh BTTN nhtf sau:
"Mdt budi chieu, hai ban An va Binh di dao trong khudn vien trrfbng, hai ban tram trd khen ngdi chilu cao cua tda nhd ki tiic xd trrfbng minh. Bong An dflng lai trrfde day ki tflc xa va hot Binh: Theo ban toa nba nay cao bao nhieu met' Hm hay giup Binh trd ldi cdu hdi ciia An".
* Btfdc 5: Tien hanh thi nghiem
Chung tdi ban ddu dfla ra 05 phfldng an vd lien hdnh gidi quyet yeu eau cua bai tap theo cdc phrfdng an nay. Sau dd chung tdi hodn thifn, bo xung cac phrfbng an drfa ra, Ioai bd nhflng phflbng dn kbdng thfle te. Cuoi cung. chung tdi thu dfldc cdc phfldng an khd thi nhfl dfldi ddy
- Phfldng an I. Di tim thiet ke (ban ve) cua ngdi nhd bdng cdch ten hdi cd hieu trrfdng;
- Phtfdng an 2: Dung bdng nang do chieu cao ciia Ida nha dfla vao tam giac dong dang, vdi ede dai Iflbng nhfl hinh ben, chieu cao cua tba nha dflbc xac dinh bbi: . Dung eu thf nghiem la mdt chile gay bang tre dai khoang 1-2 met va mdt chiec thfldc day dai khoang 5 met.
- Phfldng an 3. Dung tam gidc dong dang nhflng khdng can dung bdng ndng md ngam bang mdt. Dung cu ihf nghiem nhfl trong phfldng dn 2 vd them I chiec thrfdc thdng ddi 20cm, mdt dng chi.
- Phfldng an 4. Dflng tren dinh Ida nha tha rdi Ifl do mdt vdl roi xae djnh ehieu cao tda nhd dfla vao thdi gian rdi:
h — -gt^. Dung cu thi nghiem la mdt hdn sdi nhd, I dong ho bam giay (cd the dung dien thoai thay the).
•I- Phflbng an 5: Dung day rpi Dung cu thi nghiem la mdt hdn sdi nhd vd mdt dng ddy chi.
+ Phflbng an 6: Do chieu cao dfla vao qua bdng bay bdm khi hidro. Dung cu thf nghiem la mdi qua bdng bay bdm khi hidro, thfldc thdng I met vd I dng chi.
Ben duelng tu duy phe phdn cho hgc sinh ihe'mg qua heigi de'mg gldl bdi tdp ihi nghiem...
* Btfdc 6: Hoan thien bai tap
Tfl viec thflc hien eac phrfbng an dfla ra, ehung ldi phan tich cdc dfl lieu va hoan thien bai tap vdi de bai va Ibi gidi eu the
2.3.2. Dien hien tien trinh day hoc
Sau khi hoan thanh viec xdy dflng BTTN d tren, boat ddng giai BT drfdc dmh hrfdng theo lien trinh day hoc dd de xuat
Brfdc I: HS tilp nhdn bdi tap lfl GV va phat bieu vdn de: Ldm the nao xdc dinh dfldc dd cao tda nha kf tuc xd?
Bfldc 2: HS dfla ra phfldng an tien banh thf nghifm; phfldng an tfla chgn dung cu thf nghifm;
phfldng dn bo trf thi nghiem va phflbng an thu thdp sd tieu
O bflbe nay, cbung tdi chia Iam 3 giai doan nhd: Ban dau HS lam viec cd nhan nhdm hoan thanh cdc yeu cdu tren, sau dd HS se drfa ra thao tuan vdt nhdm minh va cudi cung nhdm HS se thdng nhat cac phfldng dn va Ihao ludn trfldc tdp. Trong qud trinh Idm HS drfa ra drfdc td'ng edng 4 phtfdng an (phrfdng dn 1. 2, 4 va 5 dd drfa ra d tren).
Btfdc 3: HS tim kiem/ Irfa chgn/ che lao dung ctr thi nghifm d ngodi thrfc te sau dd bd tri thi nghiem, tien hanh thi nghiem thu thdp sd lieu theo phrfdng dn da drfa ra, eudi cung xfl li kit qud va bien Iuan. Trong qua trinh thrfc hien ede phrfdng an tren, nhdm HS do Thang lam nhdm trfldng dd de xudt them 01 phrfdng an mdi (do chieu cao I ldng nhd lay lam chud'n rdi chup dnh toan bd Ida nhd, sau dd tinh ehieu cao tda nha theo tl Ie cua tang I Ida nhd)
Brfdc 4: HS ehpn phrfdng an trinh bay (I nhdm bao cdo bang trinh bay PowerPoint, t nhdm trinh bay bang tranh, anh dan cren giay); sau dd HS Chile ke bai trinh bay vd cuoi cung trinh bdy va thao ludn trrfde Idp.
2.3.3. Ket qua thtfc nghiem
Vdi bai tap tren, HS thrfc hien nbiem vu trong cac bdi tap theo tiln trinh day hgc da neu d tren frong 1 tuan. Sau I tuan. cac nhdm HS se trinh bay bdo cao cua minh ve ket qua thi nghiem, tfnh kha thi, rfu, nhrfdc die'm cua tflng phtfdng dn thf nghiem.
Dien bien cua qua trinh hgc drfdc ghi lai bdng viec quay video. Dfla tren phdn tfch bdng hinh, cung nhrf phdn lich ho sb hgc tap dd phat eho HS cho phep xdc djnh drfbc cdc bieu hien cua TDPP cua moi HS trong qua trinh thflc hien nbiem vu de giai quyet vdn dl.
Hinh 3. Hpc sinh tien hdnh thi nghiem vd bdo cdo ket qua
Nguyen Quang Linh, D6 Hrfdng Tra
Ngodl ra, vife thu thap eac dfl lieu thong qua phieu danh gid dong dang va phieu tfl danh gia cua mdi HS cung cho phep khdng djnh them eac dfl lieu qua phdn tich bdng hinh va phdn tfch ho sb hpc lap.
Tdt cd cac bieu hifn eua TDPP dflbc danh gid theo cdc tieu chf da de xuat d binh 2.
Vdi bai lap tren, chung ldi thu dflbc ket qua dflbc ttinh bdy irong bang 2.
TT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Bang 2.
HS Diep Thanh Thudng
Diep Thang
Uyen Trang Tuyen Phan Chan
(ei qua danh gid TDPP cua HS qua bai "Do chieu cao tba nha"
Diem Diem qua
phieu theo dot(a)
4,7 7,3 6,0 3,0 8,6 5,3 5,3 3,0 5,3 3,0
Diem tu danh gia (b) 6,0 8,0 7,0 5,0 8,0 7,0 7,0 5,0 7,0 5,0
Diem trung binh danh gia dong dang (c)
6,6 7,5 8,0 5,4 9,0 6,0 6,1 6,0 7,0 6,1
Diem nhom khac danh gia(d)
8,0 8,0 8,0 8,0 8,0 7,0 7,0 7,0 7,0 7,0
Diem cuoi cung (g)
5,4 7,5 6,5 3,9 8,5 5,7 5,7 3,9 5,8 3,9
-Di?p
" D i f p Trang Chan
"Thanh - Thang
Tuyen Thyang Uyen Phan
B a i l Bai2 Bdi3 Bai4 Bai5 Bai 6 Hinh 4. Diem so TDPP cua HS gua cdc BTTN
Boi dudng tu duy phe phdn cho hetc .sinh themg qua heigl ddng gidi hdi tap thi nghiem...
Trong dd:
a x 7 - l - 6 x l + c x l + ( i x l 10
Vbi 6 bai tap thf nghiem chung tdi thu dflbc ket qud nhrf dd thi hinh 4.
Qua kit qud thu drfdc cbung tdi nhan thay trong qua Crinh hpc BTTN hau het TDPP cua HS deu drfbc phat Crien. Tuy nhien, srf phat trien nay la khdng deu b cdc HS kbac nhau. Cd nhflng HS thi TDPP phdc trien ro ret (Phan, Thfldng, Chdn, Uyen), cd nhflng HS thi TDPP phat trie'n khdng dang ke (Difp). Tuy nhien vbi kit qud nghien cflu thu dflbc, cho phep bfldc dau khang djnh rang neu thiet ke dflbc BTTN thda man eae yeu cau da dat ra (hinh I) va to chflc boat dgng day hgc theo tien trinh da dl xuat (hinh 3) thi TDPP cua HS se drfdc phdt trie'n.
3. Ket luan
Qua bdi tap tren ta nhdn thay qua hoat ddng giai BTTN vat If, va nlu gib hpc dfldc id chflc lot thi nd se la ddn bay, tao ra dflbc mdi trflbng giao liep hieu qua, mdi trflbng hoc tap Cich cflc va qua dd, phat trien TDPP cho HS, dong thbi GV cd the danh gia kel qua cua boat dpng hpc. Qud trinh nay cdn HS gdn kiln tbflc trong sdch vd vdi thrfc tien ngodi cude song, gan If ihuyet vdi thflc hdnh, tfl do HS thay drfdc sfl mudn hinh mudn ve ngodi cudc song, moi bai loan trong cude song cung nhfl trong qud trinh hgc tap thfldng cd nhieu each gidi quyet, van de ddt ra la mol ngflbi phai tim ra that nhieu phflbng an gidi quyll, xem xel, danh gia cdc phfldng dn dd, tfl do Irfa chgn cdch toi rfu nhat doi vbi minh ehinh Id each ren TDPP. Thdng qua BTTN cdn ren cbo HS nhieu ki ndng thiel thflc nhfl: ki ndng lap Iudn, ki nang giai quyet van de, kT ndng quan sat, ki ndng dat edu hdi, kT ndng phan ti'ch, danh gid, kT nang thflc hanh...
BTTN, do ddc thu cua minh, ed nhieu cd hdi ren TDPP cho HS, qua dd, ren nhan cdch cho ngflbi hgc nhfl tfnh ddc lap, srf ltf ehu. Tuy nhien de sfl dung BTTN Crong Chflc tien mdt each hifu qua thi can ddi mdi muc lieu dgy hgc (chu Crong vdo ddnh gid nang Iflc), cdn cd cb che cu the giup GV khai thac hifu qud BTTN trong day hgc, can cd ed ehe khuyen kich HS lam BTTN,... Trong tiidi gian tdi, tai Viet Nam BTTN se dfldc sfl dung rdng rai trong hoat ddng trai nghiem sang tao cua HS va chung tdi se cd gang danh gid sfl phat trien TDPP cua HS trong thdi gian dai hdn vdi nhieu doi tfldng HS hbn de khang dinh manh me hdn nfla sfl phal trien TDPP eua HS qua hoat dgng giai BTTN vat If.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
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Nguyin Quang Linh, Dd Hudng Trd
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ABSTRACT
Solving experimental exercises in the teaching physics - An effective tool to foster critical thinking of secondary school students One of the goals of education in many countries in the worid is to teach students thinking, including critical thinking. There are several ways to promote and develop students' critical thinking This article focuses on developing students' critical thinking through experimental exercises in the leaching physics in secondary schools
Keywords: Critical Thinking, experience exercises, leaching physics.
