NGHIEN CCrU & UNG DUNG
HE THONG THANH NGff, TUC NGff CO CAC TIT CUNG T R U O N G NGHTA DUNG 1(AY DUNG BAI TAP DAY
M d RONG VON TUTTHEO CHU DIEM d TIEU HOC
ThS. Huynh Kim TirtfngVI Truimg Bgi hpc Bong Thip SUMMARRY
There are close relationship between word meaning and topically teaching of vocabulary extension. Topically teaching of vocabulary extension in primary school actually is teaching of word meaning using demonstrated objects (example sentences) or memo, further extension is association;
it means that language is touch systematically. Idioms and Proverbs have extremely advantages in the role of demonstrated objects, especially Idioms and Proverbs containing synonyms and similar sense words. Idioms and Proverbs system that containing these synonyms is very copious and is ideal data base for developing exercise system for topically vocabulary extension in subject of
"skills of word and essc^ " in primary school.
Tir khod: ngir li$u, thdnh ngjr t^c ngit, trudng nghia, luy?n tir va cdu, md rpng von tu.
Ngdy nh^tt bah 10/4/2014, ngdy duy^t ding: 25/4/2014.
1. Moi lien hf cua trudng nghfa vdi vifc day md rgng von tiJr theo chii diem trong phan mdn Luyen tir va cau
TCr ton t?i trong dau con ngudi khdng phai la nhiing yeu td rdi rac ma la mdt he thdng.
Chung dugc sap xIp theo mdt hf th6ng lign tudng nhdt dinh. Gitta cac ttt vdi nhihig ttt khae cd mgt net chung lam ngudi ta nhd den nhihig tu kia. He thong do dugc gpi la trudng nghTa, nd dugc tao ra ttt mgt tu mang nghTa goe. Nhd quy luat nay ma ttt dugc tich liiy nhanh ehdng ban.
Cung nhd quy luit nay, ttt mdi cd thl van dung dugc trong ldi ndi. Khi stt dyng, nhd he thong lien tudng nay cua trudng nghTa, hpc sinh (HS) nhanh chdng huy dpng, lua chgn dugc tu ngir phu hgp vdi yeu cau giao tigp. Day hgc md rpng von til (MRVT) dugc xay dung dua vao cac quy luat lien tudng khae nhau cua trudng nghTa.
Bifn phap dupe sur dyng phd bien nhdt, cd tinh chdt nguygn tdc trong MRVT d tieu hpc (TH) la MRVT theo chu diem. Theo tung chii diem bai hpe eua SGK cac tilt luyfn tir va cau (LTVC) cung cd nhimg bai MRVT tuong ung nhu vay. Chdng han, d chu dilm "Cd«/( chim 10 . TAP CHi THlfTBI GIAO OgC-Sd 105-5/2014
hda binh " (TVS, tap 1). LTVC cd cac bai MRVT vdi chu de: "Hda binh " (tudn 5) va "//«w nghi - hap tdc " (tudn 6). Cac chu d l n^y dugc bi6n soan theo chu diem "Cdnh chim hda binh ". Nhu vay, mdi chii dilm bai hpc ctta SGK thi phan mdn LTVC cd the cd cac bai MRVT theo cdc chu de khae nhau xoay quanh chii diem ay. Hay vdi ehii diem Chim choc (TV 2, tgp 2), HS co the biet cae tir ng& gpi ten eac loai chim: chim son ca (bai tap dgc: Chim son ca vd bdng hoa cue trdng), dai bang, da dieu, bo ndng (bai tap dgc:
Thong bdo cua thu vien vudn chim), sag, chim lieu dieu, chim beo beo, chim chia vdi, chim se, ehim sau, chim tu hu, chim cu mdo (bai t$p dpe Ve chim), chim thien nga, chim ka puc (bii tap dgc: Chim rung Tdy nguyen), con cd, con cuoc (bai t^p dge: Co va Cudc), cac tir ngtt mieu ti hinh dang, mau sdc, tieng keu, hoat dgng cOa mpt so loai ehim: chim dai bang chan vang mo dd, bay thign nga trdng mu6t, nhihig con chim ko puc minh dd chdt va nhd nhir qua dt... (bai tap dpe: Chim rirng Tdy nguyen)
Moi chii diem d day cung dugc xem nhu mpt ttt goc. Ma theo dd, v6n ttt ngCS- ciia HS sS
NGHIEN CirU & UNG DUNG
dugc md rgng dan theo tu goc dd. NghTa la mdt t^p hgp nhQng tir d6ng nhat vdi nhau ve ngir nghTa da dugc hinh thanh. Qua dd, m$t trudng nghTa cung dugc t^o ngn nhd m6i quan he lign tudng giQa cac tii', sau khi hgc MRVT theo chii diem 63L cho. Nhd the, von ttt ngft eua HS se phong phu, gdp phan phyc vy cho vifc hgc t|ip cac phan mdn va giao tilp trong mdi tnrdng hoat ddng Itta tu6i.
Din day ta thdy: vifc d^y MRVT theo chu dilm cd lien quan mat thiet din hien tugng ddng nghTa va trai nghTa ctta tir. Chung ta da bilt tu dong nghTa va trai nghTa la hai hifn tugng xay ra giOa cac tu thugc cung mgt trudng nghTa. Cac ttt dong nghTa cung ndm trong mOt trudng nghia va cd chung vdi nhau it nhdt mgt net nghTa nao do, dong thdi khdng c6 ngt nghTa nao logi trtt nhau.
Trai nghTa la hifn tugng xay ra gitta eac ttt thugc cttng mgt trudng nghTa. Hifn tugng trai nghTa chi xudt hifn khi phSn hda mgt trudng nghTa Idn thanh hai hay nhilu trudng nghTa nhd hon cd y nghTa trai ngugc nhau. Hay ndi each khae, dong nghTa va trai nghTa cd moi quan hf vdi nhau, la nhQng bieu hifn eye doan cua hai quan hf dong nhdt va doi l^p trong m$t trudng nghTa. VI le trgn, ta cd thl khdng djnh MRVT theo chu dilm cd lien hf vdi vdn dl trudng nghTa.
Nhu v^y, vifc d^y HS MRVT theo chu dilm d TH thyc chdt la dgy tu ngtt theo trudng bieu vgt ho$c trudng bilu nifm va md rgng hon ntta la trudng lien tudng, cung cd nghTa la day ngdn ngtt theo hf thong. Vi mdi quan hf nay, cac thanh ngtt, tyc ngtt (TNTN) cd chtta cac ttt cung trudng nghTa chinh la mgt nguon ngtt lifu het sttc ly tudng dl xay dyng hf thong bai tap gdp phan hinh thanh tot hon von ttt vyng va each ihuc stt dyng von tu d6 cho HS TH.
2. TNTN cd cac tir ciing trudng nghia Theo each hieu da duge mpi ngudi edng nhgn thl thanh ngQ la mOt loai td hgp cd djnh, bin vung ve hinh thai - cdu tnic, hoan chinh, bdng bay ve y nghTa, dugc su dyng rgng rai trong giao tiep hang ngiy d$c bift la trong khdu ngu.
M$c dii mang tinh co djnh ve hinh thai- eau tnic
nhung trong thyc te six dung TNTN chung ta van gap nhihig each dimg thanh ng& cd sy bien doi bang nhilu hinh thue nhu; thay thl bdng tu cung nghTa, ttt gan nghTa, ttt cung tnrdng nghTa... Cac hmh thue thanh ngu dy cd thl phan thanh cac logi:
a. TNTN dupe thay the bdng tic cung nghm:
cac bien thg nay cd nghTa co ban khdng khae gi vdi y nghTa cua thanh ngG goc, ma neu ed thi chi khae d sdc thai phong each- bieu cam do sac thai cua tu ngft dong nghTa dugc thay the mang lgi. Vi du: dir nhu hum (khdu ngii") - dir nhu cpp (trung tinh); Gid mit gid diec (trung tinh) - gia dui gid diic (phuong ngu) v.v...
b. TNTN dirge thc^ thi bdng tir gdn nghTa:
c a e biln the TNTN loai nay ed y nghTa bieu trung CO ban khdng cd gi khae vdi y nghTa bieu trung ciia TNTN gdc. Neu cd thi chi khae nhau vl mttc dg stt dyng, hoac sdc thai bilu cam do cac ttt ngtt gdn nghTa thay thg mang lgi. Chang han, khi mgt ngudi dang lay lia lia trudc mgt ngudi nao dd thi dung thanh ngtt Igy nhu ti sao;
cdn khi vai nhu the thi ngudi ta s6 dung vdi nhu tisao cho phu hgp ngi dung thyc te can dien dgt.
c. TNTN dugc thay thi bdng tir ngic cung trudng tir vung - ngu- nghTa: Cac cap TNTN cd quan hf biln the nay trudc hit khae nhau ve mttc do phd bien, quen dung. Cac TNTN goc dupe thdng dung hon. Tuy nhien cac bien thl TNTN dugc tao ra trong kha nhilu trudng hgp stt dyng cd them sdc thai y nghTa phu va sac thai nhan manh, sdc thai bilu cam d% phuc vy nhu cau dien dat cy thl trong tttng hoan eanh. Chang han, de danh gia ngudi nao dd la hien vdi thai dg coi trgng, ngudi ta dimg thanh ngii^ hien nhu but, khi cd thai do eoi thudng thi dung biln thl hiin nhu phong ddt. Ttty theo sdc thai cu the eua mau den va cua vat ma ngudi ta dung thanh ngtt. Noi vl sdc mau den khae nhau cua nude da, ngudi ndi cd the dung thanh ngu den nhu cu sung (hay cd tam thdt, ddng hun. cpt nhd chdy, cudc, qug v.v...). Cdn thanh ngu den nhu muc la ndi ve dgm tdi mitmung....
d. TNTN cd y nghTa gidng nhau: Cac TNTN
TAP CHiTHifTBiGlAO DMC-S6105-5/2014 • t l
NGHIEN CUD & UNG DUNG
nay cd y nghTa bilu trung gdn nhau dugc dua mpt mdt mpt cdn- mpt sdng mpt chit; que cha trgn hinh anh lam co sd khae nhau. Neu ehung ddt td- que hirong bdn qudn...
cd cdu true gidng nhau thi cac thanh td edu tao 3. He thdng cac TNTN cd chua cic tir thugc cac trudng ttt vyng- ngu nghTa khae nhau. ciing tnrdng nghTa c6 the diing lam ng& lifu Vi du: ra ddu ra dua- cd ddu cd dudi; bira com de x&y dung bai tSp MRVT theo chfl dilm bica chdo- bira no bira ddi; mdt sdng mdt mdi- trong phSn moD LTVC
TNTN cd cac til cung nghTa
Mat long mat da-mat Idng mat rudt; vao hang hum- vao hang egp; mieng hiim gan tho- mif ng egp gan thd; du nhu egp- dCr nhu hum; cudi len lung h6- cudi len lung egp; quan son mudn dam- quan son nghin dam; them nhd dai- them chay nude mieng; tre khong tha gia khdng thuong- tre chdng tha gia ehdng thuong; xuat khau thanh thi- xudt khdu thanh chuang; ngang bang so thdng- ngang bang so ngay; ich quoc lgi dan- ich nude lgi dan; ^ia mu gia diic- gia dui gia diec; dao non lap bien- dao nui idp bien; ndm dang chudi- nam ddng can; binh hung tudng manh- quan hiing tudng mgnh; dong h^i dong thuyen- cung hdi cung thuyin; con rong chau tign - con rong chau lac.
TNTN cd cac ttt gan nghTa
Dau ddu nhdc dc - dau ddu buot dc; vg le con thgm- vg mgn con riSng; vg dudng cho huou chgy- vgch dudng cho huau chay; ha Idng ha dg- mat Idng mat da; bay muu tinh ke- bay muu lgp ke; com dum com ndm- com diim com gdi; chem to kho man- ehgt to kho man; bd mdi bdt bdng- tha moi bdt bdng; dd dai dd chupt- nOra doi ntta chuOt; Sn ngay ndi that- an ngay ndi thdng; an dung ngdi r6i- an dung ngoi roi; giiJa dudng dirt ganh- ntta dudng dirt ganh; het ra lua- thet ra lua; mang eon bd chg- dem con bo chg;
mat u may chau- mat u may e; bdng vay phai Itta- ngang vai phai Itta; ngSy nhix phong- dimg im nhu phdng; tro mat Ieh- giuong mat Ich; dSy mau an phan- vay mau an phan;
nhu ran mat dau- nhu ran mat ddu; lay nhu te sao- van nhu te sao- vai nhu te sao.
TNTN duge thay the
bang ttt ngtt
cung
Danh dep bac- danh ddng dep tay; khinh nhu rac- khinh nhu m6; dat lanh chim dau- ddt lanh cd dau; dau dudng xd chg- dau dudng cu6i chg; ddu cua tai nheo- ddu cua tai Ich- ddu eua tai dia; mung nhu bdt dugc cua- mttng nhu bdt dugc vang; mua bom bao dgn- mua bom gid dan; venh rau cao- vinh rau trg; vS rdn them chan- ve ret them chan;
rudt de ngoai da- bung de ngoai da; qug ddi lot cdng- cu dOi l6t cdng; t6i mdt toi mui- tdi may tdi mat; long lang da thu- long lang dg sdi; tren trdi dudi dat- tren trdi dudi be;
trdi danh thanh vat- trdi danh thanh dam; tren rang dudi dai- tren rang dudi kh6; trong ga hoa cudc- trdng ga hda cao; tdc ddt edm dui- thudc ddt edm diii- manh ddt edm diii;
thoc cao ggo kem- cam cao ggo kem; chd nhay ban dOc- chd ng6i ban dpe; trai gid trd trdi- trai ndng trd trdi; nhat phdn phai huong- nhgt phdn phai son; khua mdi miia m6p- khua mdi^mua md;_an no vac nang- an no ganh n^ng; ciiai nhan dg the- cuu dan dg the;
do nhu dd vong- dd nhu dd ta; mua quan ban tudc- mua danh ban tudc; chiem khg miia thdi- chiem khe mCia ung; hien nhu but- hiln nhu phdng ddt- hien nhu cue ddt.
TNTN cd eung y nghTa
ail thua ndi thieu- an gian ndi doi; an dom ndi dat- an khdng ndi cd; ra ddu ra dua- c6 dau cd dudi; gdn ddt xa trdi- gan k l mieng Id; nhdm mdt bude qua- nhdm mdt lam nga;
an chung d dung- an chung d lgn; an song ndi gid- an to ndi Idn; bira com btta chao- bua no bua ddi; mdt sdng mgt mai- mgt mdt mgt cdn- mgt song mgt chit; quan hoi v6 pheng- quan hdi vd lenh- hdn quan hdn quan; que cha ddt t6- que huong bdn quin; v5 mat ve may- td son diem phdn; chju ddm an xdi- co song c6 chit; bdt mui chua sgch- mieng cdn hoi stta; tay hdm chia khda- quyln thu quyen bo; ke tam Igng ngudi nura can- mpt chin mpt mudi; gdp gid thanh bao- tich tieu thanh dgi.
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12 • TAP CHi THIET BI GIAO DMC-sd 1 0 5 - 5 / 2 0 1 4
