TAP CHi KHOA HQC DAI HQC V A N LANG Nguyin Lgc
MO HINH TRir6NG D^I HQC SANG T^O TRONG T H I KY XXI
MODEL OF CREA TIVE UNIVERSITY IN 21" CENTURY NGUYENL0CC)
TOM TAT: Bdi viit de cgp din bdn chdt cua mo hinh truang dgi hgc sdng tgo nhu mpt xu thi canh tdn quan trgng cua gido due dgi hgc cda thi ky XXI. Viec phdn tich mS hinh nay tgp trung vdo viic ldm sdng td bdi cdnh vd nguon gdc ciia khdi ni^m tru&ng dgi hge sdng tgo, tie do chi ra nhung thdch thue doi hoi gido d^ic dgi hgc truyen thSng phdi thay ddi.
Nhimg thdch thuc nay dugc dgt ra b&i cdc nhdn td nhu cdc nhd cung cdp dich vu gido d^c khdc, sinh viin vd ngu&i su d{ing lao dpng vd cdng nghi f^&i Mo hinh tru&ng dgi hoc sdng tgo dugrc the hi^n vai ndm dgc trung, do Id: Gid tri qudn ly cSt loi mgnh me;MSi quan /i|
ben ngodi nhd tru&ng phdt trien; NguSn tdi chinh da dgng; Trung tdm hgc thugt vimg chdc vd Vdn hda kinh doanh tich hap. Dgc bi$t, bdi bdo cho rdng di tra thdnh tru&ng dgi hoc sdng tgo, bdn thdn cdc tru&ng dgi hpc cdn phdi suy nghT lgi vai tro vd vi tri cua hp trong cdc ITnh vifc gidng dgy, nghiin cuu, chuyen giao kien thicc vd qudn ly.
Tur khoa: tru&ng dgi hgc sdng tgo, gido due dgi hgc truyin thong, dgc trung eua tru&ng dgi hpc sdng tgo.
ABSTRACT: The paper has indicated the nature of creative university model as a critical innovative trend of higher education in 2P' century. The analysis of such model focuses on clearing the context and origin of creative university definition, then according to that, point out challenges which forces traditional education to change indeed. Those challenges are stated by factors such as providers of other educational services, students and employers and new-tech. There are five features represented: Strong steering core, Developmental periphery. Diversified fiinding base. Strong academic heartland and Integrated entrepreneurial culture. Especially, it is assumed that to become a creative university, universities, themselves have to reconsider their roles and position in sectors of teaching, researching, knowledge exchange and managing.
Key words: creative universities, traditional higher education, features of creative university.
1. D^^T VAN DE ddy khdng lau va gdn day thu hut dupe sy Ciing vdi nhi^u xu the canh tan khae chu y cua cac nhd nghien cuu d Viet Nam.
nhau tiong giao due dai hpe, vide phat tridn Do vdn dh cdn khd mdi me ndn thdng tin v6 md hinh tmdng dgi hpc sdng tgo cdc nghien cuu lien quan con it di, tan mgn, (Innovative University) dupe bdt ddu cdch khac nhau va ddi khi la mau thudn nhau.
(•) GS.TS. Nguyen Pho Vi^n tnxdng Vien Khoa h9c Giao dye Vi?t Nam, EmaU: dr.nguyenhci
TAP CHi KHOA HQC SAI HQC VAN LANG S6 03/2017 Do vgy, bdi vidt nay cd myc dich tim hieu
thdm cdc thdng tin vd md hinh trudng dai hpe sang tgo, dac bidt cd gdng phdn tfch rd ban chdt cua md hinh nay, giai thich sy cdn thidt cua md hinh, nhung canh tdn xay ra ddi vdi edc chdc ndng chinh cda trudng dai hpe ciing nhu each thuc qudn ly eua md hinh nay. Mac du dupe coi Id dupe khdi xudng tu Mj? vd Anh qude, edc ludn diem duac ndu ra trong bdi nay ehu yeu dupe tdng hpp tu cdc nghidn cdu lidn quan den ly ludn vd thyc tidn vdn hdnh cua td ehde Lien hidp cac trudng dai hpc sdng tgo chdu Au (EClU-European Consortium of Innovative Universities), [10].
2. NGUON GOC VA DINH NGHIA Khi xet vd ngudn gde md hinh trudng dgi hpc sang tao, ngudi ta hay dd cap ddn sy xuat hien cua cde nhom (Clusters) hop tdc giiia cac trudng dai hpc vdi cdc cdng ty doanh nghidp trong viec thue ddy nghidn cihi khoa hpc vd sdn xuat. Sy xuat hidn cda nhdm hpp tac ddu tidn thudng dupe nhdc ddn Id sy hop tac eiia Trudng Dgi hpc Stanford (My) vdi Cdng ty Hewlett- Packard d Thung lung Silicon. Nhdm hap tac nay da tao ndn viee lam cho sinh vidn tdt nghiep, tgo nen manh ddt mdu md eho canh tdn, cho sdng tgo. Didm mgnh cua hinh tiiuc td ehde ndy la tdp hop dupe nhidu ngudn lyc khae nhau nhu cac chuyen gia ve luat, vd kd toan, cdc nha dau tu mao hidm, va duang nhien la cdc chuydn gia hpc thudt. Mpt vi dy khdc la sy khdi xudng cua nhom hop tac Cambridge. Sau ndy, dya trdn ndn tang sdng kien ndy, Trudng Trinity College thupc Trudng Dai hpc Cambridge da thdnh l^p Cdng vien Khoa hoc Cambridge (Cambridge Science Park).
Cdng vidn khoa hpc ndy eung cdp cac dieu kidn nghidn cuu cho sinh vien mdi tdt nghiep. Sang kien ndy da thue ddy su tdng trudng cua doanh nghiep cung nhu cac canh tdn, sang tao nham nang cao chat luong vdn con ngudi, thu hut sy hop tac eda cac ddi tdc khde nhau.
Khi ban vd trudng dai hpc sang tgo, Clark cd dinh nghia nhu sau: "Tru&ng dgi hpc sdng tgo (Innovative University/
Entrepreneurial University) duac dinh nghta Id tru&ng dgi hgc mong muon vd co gdng thich ung dSi v&i cdc diiu kiin moi truang luon thay ddi Dd la ndi din cdc tru&ng dgi hpc muon thay ddi. mudn dieu chinh sir mgng cua nhd tru&ng phit hgp v&i nhiing gi dang xdy ra trong mSi tru&ng cua ho".
Theo Clark, cae trudng dgi hpe sang, tao xuat hien vdi nam dgc tnmg ea bdn sau:
Mgt gid tri qudn ly cot loi mgnh me (A Strong Steering Core): cdc trudng dai hpc mudn thay ddi, khdng thd dya vao quan ly truydn thdng (ydu kem). Hp cdn phai trd ndn nhanh hon, linh hoat, tap trung hon tiong vide thich ung vdi cac nhu cau cua mdi trudng cda hp;
Mdi quan hi bin ngodi nhd truang phdt trien (A Developmental Periphery):
cac tiudng dai hpc mudn thay ddi, can phai CO cff chd thiet Igp mdi quan he vdi the gidi ben ngodi. Hp phai vupt qua eae ranh gidi truyen thdng. Hp can phai thidt lap cac dan vi to ehde dgc biet dd lam nhu vay;
NguSn tdi chinh da dgng (A Diversified Funding Base): ede trudng dai hpc muon thay ddi, can cac ngudn lyc de thye hidn. Hp dgc bi$t can cd tu chu cao trong sd dung vdn. Vi vgy, hp cd de md
TAP CHi KHOA HQC DAI HQC VAN LANG Nguygn L$c rdng ngudn tdi chinh (vd trd ndn it phy
thuOc eda chinh phd);
Mgt trung tdm hgc thudt mgnh me (A Strong Academic Heartland): ede tnrdng dgi hpe mudn thay ddi, can cd edc dan vi hpc thugt chap nhan mdt ndn vdn hda kinh doanh. Cde don vi ndy dupe khich Id sdn sang phdn dng tich cue ddi vdi thay ddi;
Mgt nin vdn hda kinh doanh tich hpp (An Integrated Entrepreneurial Culture):
trudng dai hpc mudn thay ddi, can cd mdt vdn hda "chdp nhdn thay ddi", mdt dao due lam vide vd nhiing nidm tin cua toan nha tiudng la trd thanh danh tinh cda td chdc [1].
D I ldm rd ndi dung cua dinh nghia nay edn phdi tra ldi hai cdu hdi chinh: Nhijng bidu hidn nao eho thay mdi trudng gido due dai hpc dang thay ddi?; Trudng dgi hpc sang tao phdi cd gdng nhu thd ndo dd thich img vdi nhung dieu kidn thay ddi dd?
3. NHtJNG THACH THtTC TRONG MOI TRU*dNG GIAO D y C DAI HQC
Mdt sd tac gid da phdn tich vide cdc tiudng dgi hpc ddi mdt vdi nhimg thdch thdc nhu sau:
Trude hdt trudng dai hpc bi thach tiidc bdi cdc nhd sdn xudt ra kien thuc khdc.
Cho du ed mudn hay khdng, cde trudng dai hpc phai thua nh^n rang hp khdng cdn la nhd san xuat tri thdc duy nhdt nua. Tri thuc dupe san xudt td nhidu td ehuc da dang:
ngoai cac trudng dgi hpc, co cac nhom tao y tudng (Think Tank), cde cdng ty kinh doanh, phong thi nghidm eua chinh phu.
Cac tiudng dgi hpc dang bj thach thuc bdi sinh viin vd ngu&i su dung lao dong.
He thdng gido due dai hpc da trd thanh hd thdng dgi ehung, dd la mpt thdnh tyu to ldn.
Nhung didu ndy ngu y rdng hdu hdt sinh vien tdt nghidp se khdng trd thdnh hpe gia hoac chi lam vipc trong edc trudng dai hpc.
Hp se ed nghd nghiep ehuyen mdn va hp ddi hoi cac trudng dai hpc phdi cung cdp eho hp ehuong trinh ddo tgo hieu qua cho hoat dpng nghe nghidp chuydn mdn d6.
Ddng thdi, ngudi sd dyng lao ddng chi c6 the ho tip cac trudng dgi hpc cung cdp eho hp nhihig sinh vien tdt nghiep phij hpp vdi nhu cau su dyng.
Cae trudng dgi hpc dang bi thdch thdc bdi cdc nhd cung cdp dich vy gido due khdc. Cac nha cung cap djch vy giao dye mdi, thudng la eae td chuc vi Ipi nhudn, khi tham gia vdo thj trudng giao due mang theo mpt dinh hudng nghe nghiep manh me va sin sang canh tianh vdi cac trudng dai hpc.
Cac trudng dai hpe dang bi tiidch thdc bdi cdc cdng nghe m&i. Cdng nghd thdng tin va cdng nghd tinaydn thdng (va dac biet la cdng nghd vidn thdng) cd the cflng co tac dpng dang kd ddn he thdng giao due dai hpc. Vi vdy, cdc td chuc cung cdp giao due cd the thay ddi dang kd dd sinh vien co nhieu lua chpn han.
4. NHUNG CACH THlTC CAN BOI MOfI BE T R d THANH TRU'OfNG BAI HQC SANG TAG
Nhung thach thdc vda ndu trdn doi hoi edc trudng dai hpe phai cd gdng thich dng.
Dd tid thdnh trudng dgi hpe sang tao, cdn phai suy nghT lgi vai trd vd vi tri cua hp (titc la tid thanh sang tao vd linh hogt kinh doanh) tiong it nhdt ba lmh vyc sau day.
Nghien cicu: Ddi vdi nghien cuu, cac tiudng dai hpc edn phai hidu rdng hp khdng cdn ngudn duy nhdt tao ra phdt minh vd sang tao. Trong bdi canh cua nen kinh td tri
TAP CHI KHOA HQC BAI HOC V A N LANG So 03 / 2017 thuc CO rdt nhidu nha sdn xudt kidn thdc
mdi, thudng cd ngdn saeh rdt ldn, tat cd hp ddu cd gang tao ndn didm manh thieh hpp cho minh trong ea sd ha tdng eda tri thuc loan cau. Cdc trudng dgi hpe ed thd tid thanh mpt tiong nhinig bp phdn thu^c mgng ludi rdng ldn han vd cdn phdi phat trien cac mdi quan he chidn lupc vdi cac nha sdn xuat khac, kidn thde khae; Nghien cdu ngdy nay khdng cdn la mpt hoat ddng khdp kin. Do sy phuc tap cda vdn dd ddt ra tiong trong nhidu chuong trinh nghidn cdu ngay nay, vd vi cdc chi phi nghidn edu lien quan, nghidn cdu ngdy cdng trd nen mang tinh chdt chia si ngudn luc (ngudn lyc tri tue, ngudn lyc tdi chinh va ngudn lyc vdt chat);
Trudng dgi hpc can tim kiem quan he ddi tde chien lupc. Trudng dai hpc ndn tuang tdc chat che han vdi cac nha san xuat kien thdc khdc. Didu nay ngu y mot cdch tidp can hodn todn mdi vd quan ly nghidn edu, vdi trpng tdm Id: quan he ddi tac chidn lupc, chia se cac ngudn luc, tim kiem eae bdi canh vdn dd mdi. Cdc trudng dai hpc tiidnh cdng trong tuang lai sd Id nhflng trudng bidt each tgo ra mdt sy hi^n di^n cho chinh minh trong vide thay ddi bdi cdnh van dd, vd cdng tac vdi cac td chdc khac (bdng each ehia se cac ngudn lyc);
Cac trudng dai hpe sdng tgo edn cd khd ndng phat tridn cdc he thdng gia tii dupe dinh hudng theo hop tac va ndng dpng.
Trong y nghia ndy, eae trudng dgi hpc sdng tao gdn cd ban chdt gidng nhu khai niem ve eai gpi la "doanh nghiep ed gid tii cao"
(The High-Value Enterprise).
Dgy vd hgc: Khdng the phu nh^n rang cd sinh vidn vd ngudi su dung lao ddng ngay cdng ydu cdu ky ndng nghd nghidp
han la vide truydn tai kien thuc nhu tiude day. Hp cd nhidu quan tam ddn cac k5* ndng qua tiinh hon so vdi npi dung cda cdc lmh vuc kidn thdc (phdt tiidn qua nhanh). Ngodi ra, cac didu ki^n thi trudng lao ddng bdn ngodi cdc tmdng dgi hpc yeu cdu ngudi hpc phdi dupe trang bi bd k J ndng khac vdi nhdng ky ndng truydn thdng. Vi vdy, cdc trudng dai hpc phdi ddi mat vdi nhflng thach thuc dd xac dinh lai y tudng cda vdn de hpc tap. Didu ndy khdng phdi Id dd ddng.
Hp phai lam didu ndy nhu thd ndo? Khdng chi don gidn bdng cdch tap trung vdo ddo tao nghd, md cdn phdi kdt hpp edc gia tri truyen thdng cua gido due khai phdng va tap hop cac ky ndng qua trinh nghe nghiep.
Cae trudng dgi hpc sang tgo khdng chi gido dye ede nhd tri thdc han ldm truydn thong.
Hp can cung cdp thdm cac ky ndng mdi, dd Id: ky ndng sdn sang thay ddi, \i:^ nang da mdn, ky ndng cdng nghd thdng tin va truydn thdng, khd nang hpc tap va ky ndng xa hdi; Do sy thay ddi dieu kidn mdi trudng nhu vay cac trudng dai hpc can suy nghT lgi va xac djnh lai vai tid giao dye eua hp.
Nhidu nhd nghidn cdu cho rdng, cac trudng dai hpc cdn thyc hidn bude nhay chuyen td ddo tgo ehuyen gia vi mon hpc sang ddo tao ngu&i lao dgng ed chuyen mdn nghe nghiip. Cdc trudng dgi hpc sdng tao da ddt ra muc tidu dd thyc hidn dieu nay.
Chuyen giao kiin thuc: Cac trudng dgi hpc sang tgo cdn dde biet thanh cdng tiong nhidm vu thu ba cua trudng dai hpc vdi cdc hinh thdc nhu cdng vien khoa hpc, trung tdm chuydn giao cdng nghd, cac chuang tiinh idng dp (Incubator Program) vd quy vdn ddu tu lidu lmh (Venture Capital Funds). Cdc trudng dai hpe sang tgo dd hpc
TAP CHi KHOA HQC DAI HQC VAN LANG Nguygn LQc dupe nhflng bai hpe quan trpng td cdng
vide nay. Ngudi ta cho rdng, "chuydn giao cdng nghd dupe thyc hidn hidu qud nhat bdi su chuydn ddng cua eon ngudi". Chuyen giao kidn thuc xudt hidn de lam vi?c tdt nhat khi no dupe thuc hien nhu "mdt mdn thd thao ddng dpi". Chuydn giao kidn tilde khdng phdi la mot qud truih ma tiong do kidn thde dupe giiJ bdn trong trudng dai hpe, va ehi ddn vdng eudi mdi duac dua ra thd gidi bdn ngoai. Chuydn giao kidn thdc, diing ra cd thd dupe coi nhu Id mdt tid choi md tiong thdi gian dd, qud bdng di chuydn lien tyc gifla cdc cdu thd, va tat cd cae cdu thd phdi nd lyc hpp tdc mdi cd the gidnh dupe chidn thdng. Vi vay, mpt lan nua, tipng tam la ve sy hpp tac vd ehia se cae ngudn lye.
5. QUAN L ^ TRONG T R U * 6 N G D ^ I HOC SANG TAO
Cdc trudng dai hpc sdng tao phdi suy nghT lai va xac dinh lai vai trd, vi tri cda hp, chdp nhdn thdch thuc ma hp dang phdi ddi mat. Hp CO the hpp tac tiong "Mgng ludi kien thde" mdi, hp sin sang chia se ngudn lyc, dgt mue dieh dao tgo ngudi lao dpng ed kidn thuc chuyen mdn, va hpp tdc ddy du tiong qua trinh chuyen giao kidn thdc hien dgi. Nhflng thach thdc tu mdi trudng ludn thay ddi budc cdc trudng dgi hpc sang tao phai tim kiem, thay ddi eae he thdng va quy tiinh mdi vh qudn ly. Cd hai khia cgnh can xem xdt d ddy.
Khia cgnh thie nhdt, su qudn ly cua cdc trudng dgi hpc sang tao cdn cd khia cgnh ben ngodi ^External Dimension). Vuon ra ngodi pham vi nhd trudng, kdt ndi, ehia se cdc ngudn lyc, tdt ea ddu lidn quan ddn mpt he thdng vd phong each qudn 1;^ - hudng ra
ngodi. Cdc trudng dai hpc sdng tao cSn cdng nhidu cda sd thdng vdi thd gidi bSn ngoai cdng tdt. Hp can sy linh hogt dd cd the thich dng vdi nhflng ca hdi mdi xudt hidn. Hp can ed ndng lyc dd chdp nhan mpt lupng ldn cae md hinh quan he vdi mdi trudng. Khia cgnh quan ly ben ngoai nay ngy ^ nhdn mgnh vao chien lupc ty didu chinh. Didu nay bao gdm khd nang td chdc, qudn l;^ cua cac dan vi, td chdc dupe phdn cdp. Quydn ty chd ldn ddnh cho eae don vi tu td chue cho phep hp thich dng mot each chuydn ngdnh vd tap trung vdi diSu ki^n cda mdi trudng hogt ddng cda hp va do do tao ra nang lyc thich dng Idn vd da dang vdi the gidi ben ngoai ddi vdi trudng dai hpc nhu mdt tong the.
Khia cgnh thu hai cda he thdng quan ly trudng dgi hpc sang tao, khia cgnh ben trong (Internal Dimension) - Hdn quan den ede quy trinh npi bd cda trudng dgi hpc.
Khia cgnh nay nhdm gidi quydt cac nhu cdu quan tipng cho cac trudng dai hpc sang tao dd tgo ra mpt "vdn hda kinh doanh tich hpp" (Integrated Entrepreneurial Culture), mOt nen van hoa tdng thd trong do sy thay ddi va hanh vi sang tao dupe chdp nhan nhu la nguydn tdc ldm vide cua trudng dai hpc. N^n vdn hda sdng tao hpc thugt khong dd ddng tao ra dupe. Nhung cde trudng dai hoc sang tao cd nhieu each dd thye hien, eae trudng dai hpc sang tgo d% ra ke hoach tuong tdc vd chu ky kidm sodt, tiong do cac don vi ty td chdc khac nhau cd the lien h | vdi Idnh dgo trudng dai hpc.
6. Ktl LUAN
Vipc phdt tridn mo hinh trudng dgi hpc sdng tgo dang la mOt xu thd qude te rat ddng duac quan tdm. Mac du cdn mpt sd ^
TAP CHI KHOA HQC BAI HQC VAN LANG
kidn chi trich (Mdt sd nhd nghidn cdu cho thich img tdt vdi sy thay d6i cua mdi rang cac tiidng dai hpc sdng tao/ kinh trudng, chia sd ngu6n lyc, vupt khdi pham doanh dang Idm nhihig dieu sai trdi. Theo vi nha trudng, tdng cudng hpp tac, djnh cac tdc gia nay, cdc trudng dgi hpc sang tgo hudng ddo tgo ngudi lam vide chuyen di ngupc lgi nhihig gid tri hpc thuat tiuyen nghidp,... Vi^e trien khai md hinh trudng thdng, die hien chu nghia ea hdi trong dai hpe sdng tao tiong thyc tien ddi hdi can gidng dgy va nghidn cdu, chi quan tam ddn cd nhung nghien cdu sau sdc han dh cd th^
vide kiem tidn vd do do thyc hidn tdt ed cdc dua ra nhihig khuyen eao phd hpp vd mdc hogt dpng khdng cdn thidt ben ngoai.), song dd cung nhu npi dung dp dyng vdi timg md hinh ndy chda dyng nhieu yeu td tieh qude gia cu thd, tiong dd cd Vipt Nam.
cye cua mdt trudng dgi hpc tuong lai nhu TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Clark, B. (1998), Creating Entrepreneurial Universities, Organisational Pathways of Transformation,, Oxford/New York: Pergamon Elsevier.
2. Gibbons, M. (1998), Higher Education Relevance in the 2f Century, Association of Commonwealth Universities.
3. Gibbons M. et al. (1994), The New Production of Knowledge, the Dynamics of Science andResea rch in Contemporary Societies, London: Sage.
4. Massy, W.F. et al. (1996), Resource Allocation in Higher Education, Ann Arbor: the University of Michigan Press.
5. Neave, G. (1998), During the seminar 'Innovative Universities', 19-20 May, The Netherlands: University of Twente.
6. Office of Adviser to the Prime Minister (2011), University innovation clusters (Draft Concept Paper).
7. Slaugther, S. & Leslie L.L. (1997>, Academic Capitalism, Politics, Policies and the Entrepreneurial University. Baltimore: the Johns Hopkins Press.
8. Trow, M.T. (1996), Markets and Accountability in Higher Education, a Comparative Perspective, Higher Education Policy, 9.
9. Van Vught, F.A. (1992), Governmental Strategies and Innovation in Higher Education, London: Jessica Kingsley.
10. Lidn hidp cac trudng dgi hpc sdng tgo chdu Au (ECIU-European Consortium of Innovative Universities) dupe thdnh Igp vdo ndm (1997), xem eciu.web.ua.pt.
Ngdy nhgn bdi: 25/05/2017. Ngdy bidn tap xong: 21/5/2017. Duy$t dang: 02/6/2017
