Mot so giai phs^ hd tro sinh ke
gop phan giam ngheo ben vtmg tai tinh Ha Giang
N g u y ^ M^nh DQng Tmh Li\' Ha Giang
HA Giang lA tinh miin niii, biin gidi, cpc BAc ciia Td qudc, cd diin tieh tp nhiin tiin 7.900 km2, dan sd trin 85 v ^ ngudi/19 dan tpc, trong dd dan tpe thiiu sd chiim gAn 90%; dia hinh hiim tid, chia cAl manh, giao thing di lai rAt khd khan, Ihiiu nude va dAt san xuAt. Tinh ed 10 huyin, 1 tiianh phd/193 xa, phudng, th| trAn vdi 2.071 thin, td dan phd, trong dd cd 140 xa dac biit khd khan thupe Chuong tiinh 135 eiia Chinh phu; 07/11 huyin nghio thupe chuong trinh 30a eiia Chinh phii, cd 7 huyin/34 xa, thi ti^ biin gidi tiip giap vdi 2 tinh VAn Nam vA QuAng TAy, Tmng Qudc vdi chiiu dAi dudng bi^n gidi h i n 277,5 km.
1. Ket qua cdng tac giam ngtieo tai Ha Giang Trong nhiing nam qua, xda ddi, giam nghio lA chii truong Idn va nhAt quAn, xuyin sudt eiia Dang vA NhA nude ta nhAm cAi thiin ddi sdng vAt chAt vA tinh thAn cho ngudi nghio, thu h^p khoAng cAch vi trinh dp phAt tri^n giua cAc viing, miin vA giiia cAe dAn tpc. BAo cAo chinh til Dai hpi XII ciia DAng nhAn manh "DAy manh giAm nghio bin viing, nhAt lA cAc vung d^e biit khd khan vA ed chinh sAch dAc thCi d i giAm nghio nhanh hon tiong ddng bAo dan tdc tiiiiu sd. Chii U-png cAc giAi phAp tao diiu kiin vA khuyin khich hp nghio, cAn nghio phAn dAu tp vuon lin thoAt nghio bin viing".
QuAn triit sAu sAc chu tiarong cOa DAng, Tinh uy, Hdi ding nhAn dAn tinh HA Giang da ban hanh Nghi quyit chuyin d i vi Ihpc hiin Chuong tiinh mgc tiiu qudc gia
^Am nghio bin vung tiin d|a bAn tinh giai d o ^ 2016- 2020; tiiAnh lAp Ban chi dao vA triin khai tiigc hiin Chuong tiinh h6 tip xAy dpng nhA d eho ngudi cd cdng, cgu chiin binh nghio vA hd nghio cAc xA biin gidi bAng hinh tiiiic xA hpi hda; ban hanh vA triin khai thgc hiin d i An niia tiiiu eon dai gia siic, d i An 01 tiiiu tAn -ti mAng xAy dgng dudng giao Ihdng, thuy Ipi, cAc cdng tiinh thiit yiu cho nhan dAn bang hinh Ihiic nhA nude vA nhan dAn eting lAm. Chinh quyin cAe cAp cp thi hda va xAy dpng k i ho^ich giAm nghio b i n virng cho cA giai doan 2016-2020 vA timg nam.
Giai doan 2016-2019, tdng vdn dAu tu cho edng tAe giam nghio lA 2.508 tj ddng, hong dd vdn dAu tu ciia nhA nude lA 2.008 tj' ddng, vdn huy dOng xA hdi hda trin 500 ty ddng, ddi sdng v^t chAt cua nhAn dAn cAc dAn tOc dupe cAi tiiiin dAng ki, tiiu nhAp binh quAn dAu ngudi tAng hi 15,92 tiiiu ddng/ngudi/nAm (nAm 2016) lin 22,8 tiiiu ddng/ngudi/nAm (nam 2019), miic tAng binh quAn 12,72%/nAm. CAc chinh sAeh uu tiin va ngu6n vdn dAu hJ eua NhA nude da gdp phAn tiiay ddi
diin mao ndng thdn miin niii, da ed 38 xa dai chuAn ndng thdn mdi, 94,4% sd hd dupe su dgng diin. Kit cAu ha tAng kinh t i xa hdi dupe quan tam dAu tu:
100% sd xa cd dudng d td din tmng tAm, trong dd 88,1% lA dudng nhpa, b i tdng, 100% cAc thdn cd dudng di dupe xe co gidi, 30% dudng trge thdn dupe Cling hoA. Eidng thdi, edng tAc giam nghio trin d|a ban ti'nh dat dupe kit quA dAng khieh li, ty li hp nghio giai doan 2016-2019 giAm binh quAn trin 4%
mpt nAm, til 43,65% nAm 2016 xudng cdn 26,73% nAm 2019. Qua do, gdp phAn ciing cd thim niim tin eua nhAn dAn ddi vdi vai tid lAnh dao ciia DAng, sp ehi dao, diiu hAnh cua NhA nude.
Bin canh kit qua dat dupe, cdng tac giam nghio d Ha Giang cdn gap khdng it khd khan, phAn hda glAu - nghio ed xu hudng gia tAng, nAm 2016 chinh lieh giua nhdm thu nhAp eao nhAt vA tiiAp nhAt lA 5,33 lAn, d i n nAm 2019 tang lin 8 lAn. Hp nghio vi thu nhAp lA chii yiu, chiim 94,2% tdng sd hp nghio da chiiu, tj Ii hd can ngheo cdn cao, chiim 14,3% tdng sd hp va nhiiu khA nAng tid tiiAnh hp nghio khi bj Anh hudng cua tiiiin tcU, dich binh; t^ le hp nghio lA ddng bAo cAc dAn tdc tiiiiu sd chiim 99,46%. Kit quA giAm nghio ehua ben vtmg, sd hp tai nghio, phAt sinh nghio hang nam cdn tuong ddi cao, giai doan 2016- 2019, cd 13.563 hp lAi nghio vA nghio mdi phAt sinh, chiim 34,73% sd hd thoat nghio, tiong dd tAi nghio 1.396 hd, phAt sinh nghio mdi 12.167 hp. Nguyin nhAn chii yeu dan din nghio do xuAt phAt diim vi kinh t i - xA hpi tiiAp; dieu kiin tir nhiin khdng thuAn Ipi, dAn eu phAn bd khdng tAp tmng, ngudi dAn tiiiiu kiin tiiiic vA kinh nghiim lam An; nhiiu con, thiiu lao ddng;
nhiiu hu tuc, tap quan lae hAu; dae biit la tAm ly tg ty, cam chiu cAnh sdng khd khAn, nghio ddi, khdng mudn vuon lin de cAi tiiiin cuOc sdng. tii^ ehi ed
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NGHIEN CLTU mpi bd ph^n nhan d t o cAc dAn tpc tiiiiu sd cd tAm l>
y lai. irdng chd vAo NhA nuoc. cd ngudi khdng mudn thoat nghio d i dupe hudng nhung chinh saeh uu dAi ciia DAng, Nha nuoc.
2. M9t sa glal phap bl trr sli* ke m Pbu il^m nghea ben v n i tai Ha Gian trMn thai gian ttl
Thu nhAt, dAy manh c < ^ lac tuyin tmyin, nAng eao nhAn tiiiic cua nhan dAn vi cdng tAc giAm nghio, lAm cho tiAn tiiAn ngudi r^hio. hp nghio hiiu rd dupe nguyin nhAn gAy nghio xuAt phAl tir cAc diiu kiin kinh t i - xA hpi, chu khdng phai do sd phAn.
Nghio xuAt phAl tu nhiing nguyCn nhAn eg tiii: Do thiiu kiin tiiiic, diiu kiin. phuong tiin lAm An. do lAp quAn lac hAu. do ddng eon. nil ro irong sAn xuAt. ddi siSng... Vl vAy. con ngudi hoAn toAn ed thi vupt qua dupe ddi nghio khi hiiu rd nguyin nhAn va ed biin phAp khAc phge. Tu nhAn thuc diing s i giiip eho nguPi nghio CO niim tin vAo cupc sdng, vao tuong lai. cd y ehi, ngh| Igc vuon lin chiin tiiAng cAi nghio. Day lA diiu ed y nghia quan tiT?ng. vi nd chinh lA tiin d i vA eo sd d i phat huy tinh ehii dpng. sAng tao, tich cge cua ban than ngudi nghio trong phAt triin kinh ti, \-uot qua ddi nghio.
Thu hai. rA soat. dAnh gia thpe trang. tiim nang. Ipi thi va phan vung d i ed ehinh sAeh, giai phap eg thi
(i) Ddi \oi viing cao nui da thupc 4 huyin: Meo Vac. Ddng van, Yin Minh. Quan Ba. Day lA 4 huyin nghio thude chuong trinh 30a, trong viing quy hoach Cdng vien d|a chAt loAn cAu eao nguyin da Ddng Van, diu lA cAc huyin biin gidi vdi 2I/xA, 89 tiidn biin gidi, diiu kiin tp nhiin cua viing khAe nghiit, giao tiidng di lai khd khan; dAt sAn xuAt ^lia tiiiiu. vira xAu, tiiiiu nuoe sAn xuAt vA sinh hoat, vi co bAn cAy luong thue chu yiu la cay NgP va chi gieo tidng dupe 01 vg/nAm;
Irinh dd dan tii thAp, tdn tai nhiiu hiJ tgc, tap quan lac h^u, ngudn vdn tin dgng chinh saeh rAt khd hAp thg va hiiu quA su dgng vdn %ay khdng cao, ty li hp nghio nhiiu nhAl so vdi cAc huyin. thAnh phd tiong tinh, huyin cd ty li hp nghio cao nhAt lA Ddng VAn 48,25%, huyin thAp nhAt lA Quan Ba 33.35%; tiiu nh^p chu yiu tir san xuAt ndng lam nghiip vA mpt phan nhd tir dich vp, du l|eh; nhimg hd thoAt ngheo ed thu nhAp ehii yiu tP sAn xual ndng nghiip rAt de tAi ngheo hoAe phat sinh nghio khi hp gap thien tai, bAo lu, mAt mua, hoAc dau dm. rui ro... Do v§y, ddi vdi vung nAy cAn ed nhPng ehinh sAeh eg the: 6n dinh dAn cu, dac biit la cae thdn. xa biin gWi; dAo lao nhAn lire trong linh vpe du l|ch. dtch vg. phai triin du l|ch edng ddng, hAi nghiim, homestay; hd trp c ^ tao dAt sAn xuAt, han e h i nia Udi, bae mAu; hd tirp gidng, vat tu ndng nghiip, tang cudng tap huan chuyin giao khoa hpc ky ihuai theo hinh tiiuc eAm lay, ehi viie; Ipa chpn, xay dgng nhiing md hinh mAu ed khA nang nhAn rpng;
han chi din muc ,ang cudng cdng lAc Imyin thdng. t i ^ ^ ^^^ ^hA mAp nhAt sp irdng chd. y '^'/^^^'"V. a&n sii dpng nude, Cdng ddng: ^y^^^y^"' , ^ ^ cAn t^p hung vdn vay Un dpng cWnh sAch. \ i lAu da. ^ ^ ^^^ ^^
cho edng tAc giAo dgc - dAo tao, chdnS ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
^ y - C ^ U ^ t r d ^ c t i i ^ - ^ - - ' - " ^ ^
^ n ^ i r o n g n d i d ^ ^ ^ a h ^ - - ^ ^
hinh cd dd ddc Idn, giao Ihdng d. la k h ^ f , f ^ ^ " ^ ^ xuyen cNu Anh hudng ciia tiiiin ta., sat ^^^^'^J S . diiu kiin vi dAt dai. tp nhiin tiiich hpp phAI Tin CAC cAy trdng ed giA til kinh t i cao nhu: Chi. cAy C liiu, dAc biit la THAO quA, cAy lua nuoc, dAu tuong . bao tin vA phAt hiin rtmg h^ nhiin, rimg phdng hd, ning kinh ti; trinh dp dAn hi khA ddng diu.
VPng nAy cAn cd chinh sAch h6 tn? dAo t^io nghi, giai quyit lao dpng tai chd va lam viic lai cac khu, cgm cdng nghiip trong va ngoAi tinh; dAp ling ngudn vdn vay tin dpng uu dAi; tiiu hiit cAc doanh nghiip, hpp lAc xA liin kit sAn xuAt, c h i biin ndng lAm sAn tiieo chu6i giA tri. H 6 tig sAp xip, di chuyin cAc hp ti-ong viing nguy eo sat Id, IQ quit.
(iii) Ddi vdi cAc huyin vung tiiAp, g6m tiiAnh phd Ha Giang va 03 huydn: BAc Quang, Quang Binh, Vj Xuyin. Day lA viing cd diiu kiin tp nhiin thuAn Ipi, tAp tmng nhiiu doanh nghiip Idn. cac khu kinh ti, cgm edng nghiip, eua khAu qudc t i Thanh Thiiy va nhiiu CO sd sAn xuat cdng nghiip, thii edng nghiip, dleh vg nin tao nhiiu viie lAm; dAt dai rdng vA phi nhiiu, UiuAn Ipi cho phAt hiin cAc cAy An quA, cAy edng nghiip lAu nAm nhu c h i va phAt triin kinh t i ddi rimg, san xuAt, c h i biin ndng, lAm sAn. Trinh dp dAn tri trong viing tuong ddi cao va khA ddng d i u . Vi vAy, ddi vdi viing nAy cAn tAp trung: Diiu chinh quy hoach viing phii hpp vdi quy hoach chung cua tinh; dAy manh cdng tae cai each thu tpe hAnh ehinh, thu hut cAc ngudn Ipe dAu tu tir cac doanh nghiip Idn; ehii trpng cdng tAe dAo tao nghi d i dAp irng nhu cAu lao ddng tai cho, dAy manh ehuyin giao khoa hpc, ky thuAt trong ti-dng trot, chan nudi; h6 trp cAi tao vudn tap, ra soAt quy dAt dA giao eho cAc ndng, lAm trudng, cAc td chuc thui phAt triin lAm nghiip nhung khdng piiAt huy dupe hiiu qua d i diiu tiit, giao lai eho nhAn dAn; dAp img nhu cAu vi vdn eho phAt triin kinh t i khdng chi tu NgAn hAng chinh sAch xA hpi mA eAn tiiiit phAi huy dpng cA ngudn vdn eiia cAe ngAn hAng thuong mai vA cAe quy tin dung nhAn dAn.
Thu ba, phAn loai hp ngheo tiieo tPng nguyen nhAn, cd ehinh sach, giAi phap phu hpp v(^ timD dd' I
tupng I (i) Nhdm ddi tupng giA yiu, binh tAt, thi^u lao
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ding, khdng cd vA cd it khA nAng tp thoAt ngheo. cAn I4p tiung cAc ngudn h6 tuy trpc tiip tu nha nude vA cOng ddng, tiipc hiin cAc chinh sAch xA hdi kip thdi d i dAm bAo an sinh xA hpi. Vi lAu dAi, dAy lA nhdm ddi tupng Ihudc diin bAo tip xA hpi thudng xuyin.
(ii) Nhdm ddi tupng hO ed nhan Ipc, cd nhu cAu lao dOng, nhung thiiu hr liiu san xuAt, tiiiiu viie lAm, dAy la nhdm ed khA nang thoAt nghio eao cAn tAp tmng h6 lip vdn vay, hr liiu sAn xuAl, dAo tao nghi, tao viic lAm di thoAt nghio.
(iii) Nhdm ddi tupng hp ludi lao dpng, khdng biit
\6 chuc cude sdng, sAn xuAt, y lai, tidng ehd, dAy lA nhdm khd thoAt nghio do tu tudng khdng mudn thoAt nghio. Do dd, cAn tuyin tinyin, v$n ddng, tiing bude tiiay ddi n i p nghi d i bAn thAn hp phAi tg n6 Ipe, cd gAng vuon lin tiioAt nghio tiirde khi thpe hiin cAc giAi phAp: DAo l^o nghi, hd trp vdn, lu liiu sAn xuAt, niu vAn tiip tgc h6 trp tive tiip nhu hiin nay chi giAi quyit dirpe vAn d i trong ngAn han, tinh b i n virng s i khdng eao, rAt d i tai nghio, vi cAc khoAn hd trp s6 dupe quy ddi tiiAnh cAc mge tiiu tiiu diing trudc mAt.
(iv) Nhdm ddi tupng hp cd lao ddng, nhung khdng biit vA ndi tiing Viit, tAm ly tp ti ngai tiip xiic, ed rAt It khA nang tp tim viic, cAn phAi t$p tiung xda mP ehO, dAn xda bd tAm ly tp ti trudc klii h6 trp dAo tao nghi cd Unh ChAt lao dPng phd thdng, hd trp tim viie lAm, h6 trp gidng cAy trdng, vAt nudi, t$p huAn chuyin giao khoa hpc l^ thuAt theo hudng cAm tay, ehi viie, vAn d$ng lao dpng tii sAn sAng di lao dpng ngoAi tinh.
Thu lu, huy ddng cAc ngudn Ipe xA hpi d i giAm nghio, v$n ddng nhan dAn va doanh nghiip ddng gdp ling hO "quy vi ngudi nghio"; ed ehinh sach djnh hirdng d i cAc doanh nghiip, hpp tAe xa liin kit vdi nhAn dAn dAu hr san xuAt, c h i biin, phat hiin ngAnh nghi phii hpp vdi ngudi lao ddng gdp phAn tham gia thgc hiin mpc tiiu glAm nghio; md rpng quy md vi tin dgng ciia NgAn hAng ehinh sAch xA hpi, tao diiu kiin, dap ihig nhu cAu vdn vay cho hp nghio.
Thii nAm, xAy dpng h i thdng chinh sAch hd trp phAt tiiin sAn xuAt d i ngudi nghio, hp nghio cd tiii vuon lin thoAt nghio (ddi mdi co chi, chinh sach, t^o mil tiudng kinh doanh binh dAng, h6 trp ngudi nghio phAt tiiin kinh t i vuon lin thoAt nghio). TAng cudng cdng lAc thdng tin tiij tiirdng vA xiic tiin thuong m ^ , h6 trp ngudi nghio tiip cAn nhanh hon cAc yeu td sAn xuAt. CAc chinh sAch h6 trp ngudi nghio cAn ehuyin tii hd tip trpc tiip sang hd tip sinh k i la ehu yeu. GAn trAch nhiim eua ngudi dupe hudng Ipi vAo hiiu qua cCia cAe chuong trinh h6 irq. V\^c xAy dpng eAc chinh sAeh, cAc ehuong trinh mdi cAn quan tAm hon d i n vSn d i phdi hpp ngay hi khAu tiiiil k i chinh sAch d i tao eo sd phdi hpp, Idng ghip ti-ong td chuc thpe hiin, nhung khdng Anh hudng tdi tiin dp thpe hiin.
Thu sAu, dAy manh cdng tac khuyin ndng, khuyin lAm, khuyin edng d i tuyin tiuyin vA ehuyin giao tiin bd khoa hpe, ky tiiuAt eho ndng dAn, tiiiic dAy phAt triin manh kinh t i hp, kinh l i trang tiai, cAi lao vudn tap, gAn vdi viic hinh tiianh eae td hpp tac, hpp tac xA;
tao diiu kiin tiiu^ Ipi cho cac doanh nghiip liin doanh, liin kit tiipc hiin d|eh vp "dAu vAo, dAu ra"
cho kinh t i hp gia dinh.
Thu t)Ay, tap tmng nang eao chAt lupng giAo dgc - dAo lao, mang ludi y l i co sd: Nang cao dan tri, xda mu chd vA chdng tAi mii ehp, tAng cudng co sd v^t ChAt, kiin ed hda trudng Idp, dae biit la noi An d sinh hoat cua hpc sinh npi tni. bAn tru dAn nudi. Tao diiu kiin tdt nhAt eho cAc trudng dAn tpc npi Ini dAo tao cAn bp ed tiinh dp eho cdng ddng cAc dAn tOc thiiu sd vA cAc xA dae biit khd khan eiia tinh. Phat huy ed hiiu qua eAc Tmng tam hpc t$p cdng ddng tai cAc xA d i mpi ngudi dAn ed nhu cAu diu dupe tham gia hpe tap nAng cao kiin thue. Tuyin tmyin, v^n dpng timg bude bAi trir cAc tap quAn, hii tgc lae hAu; ciing cd mang ludi y t i eo sd, nang eao chAt lupng cham sdc siic khde ban dAu eho nhan dan.
Thii lAm, nang cao chAt lupng ngudn nhan Ige, dAy manh edng tAe dAo tao nghi gAn vdi giai quyit viie lAm cho ngudi nghio DAo tao vA giAi quyit viic lAm eho ngudi nghio lA gdc ri d i giAi quyit vAn d i giAm nghio bin viing. Thpe t i eho thAy, nhirng ngudi cd hpc vAn cao, cd trinh dp tay nghi s i ed nhiiu eo hpi tim kiim viic lAm vA thu nhAp eung eao hon. Mudn tham gia thj trudng lao ddng, ngudi nghio cAn phAi hpe nghi. Vi v^y, HA Giang cAn cd chinh sach phAt tiiin dAo tao nghi nhAm nang cao chAl lupng lao dOng, dAp ling cdng cude giAm nghioV.
Tai lieu tham khao
Hpi ddng nhAn dAn tinh Ha Giang khda XVll (2016), Nghi quyit ehuyin d i sd:18/NQ-HDND, ngay 21/7/2016 ve phi duyit Chuong tiinh giam nghio b i n viing trin dja bAn tinh giai doan 2016-2020;
UBND ti'nh HA Giang (2017), Quyit djnh sd 870/QD- UBND ngAy 17/5/2017 ban hAnh quy djnh vi quAn ly, thanh toAn va quyit toAn kinh phi hd trp tu ngAn sAch nhA nude theo eo c h i dac tiiti;
UBND tinh HA Giang (2018), BAo cao s6: 458/BC- UBND ngAy 2/11/2018 vi kit quA tiigc hiin Chuong MTQG giAm nghio bin vOng giai doan 2016 - 2018.
UBND tinh HA Giang (2019), Bao cAo sd: 516/BC- UBND ngay 03/12/2019 vi kit quA tiige hiin Chuong MTQG giAm nghio bin vung nAm 2019;
Cgc Ihdng k i tinh HA Giang, kit qua khao sat thu nhAp binh quAn dAu ngudi nam 2019 tinh HA Giang, NXB tiidng ki nAm 2020.
A Tt C H A U * -THAI
