NHIN M Wty&l
Mot so mo hinh khai thac l(hoang san lien virng TREN THE G l d l
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ong nghiep khai thac khoang sin la mpt nganh quan trpng ddi vdi phat trien kinh td cDa mdi qudc gia, bdi chfnh nganh nay cung cip nguyen lieu can thidt cho cdng eudc edng nghiep hoa dat nude.Ngay nay, trong khi xem xet cap giay phep khai thae khoang sin, cac qud'c gia ed tai nguyen deu yeu ciu cae edng ty khai khoang phii cam ket thuc hien bien phap khai thac ben vdng. Mat khac, khai thae ben vdng la chien lupc eua nganh edng nghiep nay nham de eao tin nhiem eua minh bang each nang eao nang lue van hanh cong nghiep khai khoang cung nhu cac md hinh khai khoang ben vdng.
Nganh edng nghiep khoang sin tren the gidi bit dau dd cap den phat then ben vdng vao khoang 1996 tai cac cupc hpp eua Hdi ddng Kim loai va Mdi trudng Qud'c te (ICME), mdt td chde gdm 30 Cdng ty khai khoang Idn qudc te ed tru sd ddng tai Ottavi^a, Canada. Nim 2000, mdt Hidn chuong Phat trien ben vdng eho nganh khai khoang dupc soan thao va dupe Hpi ddng ICME thdng qua Hien chuong nay, la mpt edng eu thdng tin xa hdi nhung lai khdng du de lam thay ddi nhdng quan diem chdng ddi trong nganh edng nghiep.
Khai khoing ben vdng gdm ed 6 vi'n de chu ye'u: Quin ly chi't thii (di't da thai, quing dudi, cic chi't thii dpc
hai); Quin ly nang lugng; Trao ddi thdng tin khdng hoing; Phdi hgp vdi cac td chde, ca nhan bdn ngoai khu md; Quan he vdi ngudi dan bin dja;
Da dang sinh hpe.
De dim bio thuc hidn hidu qui nhdng van de tren, ngudi ta xdy dung nen nhdng cdng eu nhu la he thdng cae bien phip thuc hien, he thdng kiem tra, bio cio thuc hidn, hudng din bio cdo, bidn bin dinh gia vd hudng dan ky thuit.
Phat tridn bdn vdng ddi vdi cic edng ty khai khoing la phii dd ra dupe nhdng giii phap de thuc hidn khai thac ben vOng nhu: Ldi keo cpng ddng quan tdm ddn xdc djnh vj trf, mat bang md, nha miy tuyen rda v i thuc hien nhdng sang kidn khai thac ben vdng; Tim kiem, cam ket va ho trg ddi thoai vd sin xuat kinh doanh cua hp; Khuyen khi'ch thuc hien xuyen sudt trong cdng ty dd dat dugc quan ly tai nguyen ben vdng; Tien hanh mpi hoat ddng sin xuat kinh doanh vdi dp hoan hao eao, minh bach va tinh than trich nhiem; Bio ve sdc khoe, an toan cho ngudi lao dpng va cdng ddng, ddng gdp vao sing kidn nham thuc day sin xui't kinh doanh, sd dung va tai sd dung khoang sin mpt each an toan than thien vdi mdi trudng; Tim cich giam thieu de'n mdc thi'p nha't anh hudng cua hoat ddng sin xua't den mdi tardng va da dang sinh hpc thdng qua
eae bude phat trien, td tham dd den ddng cda md; Hpp tae vdi cpng ddng de hp quan tam phat bieu nhUng vin de lien quan ddn eae md bj bd hoang va eac md da khai thac het quang;
Tiep tuc hoan thien dieu hanh thdng qua dng dung edng nghe mdi, phat minh sang kidn va dng dung tdt nhit trong mpi gdc canh cua hoat ddng sin xuit...
Ufa hinh Cong ty Than lilawaira giam sddung nddc idn nha't Sydney Cdng ty Than lllaw/arra eua BHP Billiton khai thae him Id tai 3 md d vung lllawarra va Wollondilly, each Sydney gin 80 km ve phia Nam.
Sydney thieu nudc va ngudi dan d day phii tuan theo nhung qui djnh tidt kiem sd dung nude. Md Appin sd dung mpt lupng nudc dang ke, khoing 1.600 m3 mdi ngay. Cdng ty phii tim each giim thieu sd dung nudc. Nim trong chien lupc giam tieu thu nude, mdt nha may Ipe thi'm ngugc trj gia 6 trieu AUD dugc xay dung de xd ly va tai sd dung 2.300 m3 nude moi ngay.
Nam 2007, Cdng ty Cip nudc Sydney edng nhan thanh qui nay da giim dugc 660 m^ nude saeh moi ngay va cip cho Cdng ty lllaw/arra giai thudng giam sd dung khdi lugng nudc ldn nha't. Cdng ty lllavi/arra ed ba md la Appin, Appin/ West, West Cliff va Dendrobium - va hai md chuan bj di vao khai thae - West Cliff va Port Tdi nguyen vd Mdi tradng | Ky 2 - Thang ft/2010 4 3
Kembla. Cdng ty sd dung 1.300 lao dpng true tie'p de khai thac than md chit lupng eao.
Md md trong nam 1962, md Appin Colliery la mpt trong nhdng md diu tien d Oe ap dung cdng nghe khai thae cdt dai theo phuang d dp sau 550m, khai thac than md cdng, chat lupng cao tu mach than Bullin. Dap bui va lam mat la nhdng khau sd dung nhieu nude nhat.
Bang each ehuyen hoa nude ngim nhiem mudi nhe dd sd dung lai tai chd va cap eho cae md gin kd, nha may cd the giim lupng nude ngpt lay tu Cdng ty cap nudc Sydney tdi 2.300 m3 nude mdi ngay Hien nay, nha may van hanh vdi cdng suit 1.450 - 1.800 m3/ngay. Nha may nang eao chit lupng va giim dp man cua nudc trong md va cho chay vao sdng Nepean. Nude mudi hien tai dugc chuyen den mpt diem x i , tuy nhien nha may cd kd hoaeh lam mudi la sin pham phu eua minh de ban.
Nha may Ipc nudc hien dai eua Cdng ty la nha may dau tien Ipai nay d lllawarra, ap dung edng nghe va chu trinh hien dai dem lai Ipi feh lau dai eho khai thac md, eho edng ddng va mdi trudng xung quanh. Cdng ty se tidp tue tang lupng nude tai che va thu hdi lai, eung se tim kie'm nhung cdng nghe de tidt kiem nudc d md than nay.
Tai sd dung dat deed thu nhap, bao ve moi tnfdng cho cpng ddng
Guinea
Trdng cay hat dieu tai md khai thae cat trudc day da dem lai thu nhip ben vung cho nhdng ngudi phu nu cua mpt cdng ddng Guinea heo lanh. Ddng thdi, cung bao ve mdi trudng cho c i dit dai va ngudi dan d day.
Cudi nim 2005, Quy Alcoa cung cap vdn eho Hdi Phu nd dd khdi phue 10 ha md cit. Md cit dugc khai thac de li'y cit xay nhd vd cae edng trinh xay dung khie. Qua trinh khai thac md da pha hu9 rdng, di't rdng d day vd gay ra su xdi mdn dat, khai thac Id thien cung ri't nguy hiem cho c i ngudi lin sue vat. Nhieu tai nan va td vong d§ xiy ra bdi nhdng hd, ranh khai thac nay.
Trdng cay khdng eh? khdi phyc hd thuc vat va bao vd mdi trudng ma edn dem iai thu nhip ben vdng i\i viee bin hat dieu. Phu nd cua cpng ddng d Bintimodia chju trach nhidm cham sdc cdy va thu hoaeh hat moi nam. Thu nhip dugc phdn phdi cho cae thanh vien tham gia.
Mo hinh Alcoa tiep tuc gid vai tro di dau vephuc hdi dat d Oc.
Alcoa dugc coi la Cdng ty di dau trong phue hdi vung md tai bang Tdy Oe va bang Victoria. Tai Tay Oc, Alcoa da phue hdi 430,2 ha dat sau khi khai thae quing md. Muc tieu chu ydu eiJa chuong trinh phue hdi la gay dung lai he sinh thai rdng bach dan vdn cd d ddy trudc khi khai thic. Mdt cau thanh eo ban eua mue tieu nay ia phue hdi 100% dp phong phu thue vat eua rdng bach dan.
Khu vuc phue hdi lai dugc kidm tra sau 15 thing de so sinh dd phong phu thuc vit vdi cic khu vuc khdng cd khai thic gin do. Od phong phd niy thay dd'i tdng nam bdi didu kidn cua cic mua trong nam lam anh hudng de'n mdc dp gieo hat trong Idp dat be mat va t^ le mpc mam. Kiem tra cho thay dat dugc 96% dp phong phu thuc vit trong khu vuc khdi phue.
Khdi phue he ddng vit ia mot ydu td quan trpng khac trong phue hdi he sinh thii. Kiem tra he dpng vat tai
khu vue phue hdi eho thi'y 100% loai cd vu, 90% loai chim va 78% loai bd sat da den dinh eu tai khu vue nay Mpt ydu td quan trpng khac da thanh cdng trong chuong trinh phue hdi vung di't md la lien kdt vdi kd hoach khai thac. Cdng viec khdi phue dupc giam ddc sin xuat didu hanh va muc tieu la dp phong phu cae he dpng thue vat dugc dua vao muc tieu sin xuat.
Td khi bat diu khai thae nam 1963, Alcoa da khdi phue dupc 12.594 ha d Tay Oc va thu dpn 15.222 ha khae. Trong nim 2005, Alcoa khdi phue dugc 5,6 ha tai Anglesea. Kiem tra sau 18 thang khdi phue thiy dp phong phu thue vat cao hon so vdi khu vuc hoang khdng khai thac gin diy.
Chuong trinh khdi phue Anglesea trong nam 2006 tap trung vao khu vuc da dugc khdi phue lin diu hon 20 nam trudc, trdng loai cay vdn khdng cd d day Khu vue nay da dugc thu dpn saeh va dupc khdi phue bing each sd dung nhdng ky thuat khdi phue mdi, bao gdm chuyen dd'i true tiep Idp dit be mat de kfeh thfch su nay mim trd lai cua thue vat bin dja.
Trong nam 2005, Chfnh quyen bang Victoria cdng nhin thanh cdng eua chuong trinh khdi phue mo Anglesea, trao phan thudng Strzelecki cho thanh cdng tren.
Chuong trinh Tay Oe dugc Chuong trinh Mdi trudng cua Lien Hiep Qud'c va Hiep hpi qudc td ve khdi phue sinh thai cdng nhan la mpt trong nhdng chuong trinh khdi phue sinh thii tdt nhi't tren the gidi.
1^6 hinh cam Iret vdi cpng ddng dja phifdng d tinh Monduildri, Campuchia:
Tdi nguyen vd Mdi tradng I Ky 2 - Thang ft/2010
Trong thang 9 - 2006, BHP Billiton va Mitsubishi Corporation ky mpt thoi thuan tham dd khoang sin vdi Chfnh phu Hoang gia Campuchia.
Thoa thuan cho phep tham dd bauxit va danh gia tiem nang dd xay dung mpt nha may luyen alumin d nude nay Cam kdt trach nhiem ehu yeu cua nha may dau tu la hd trp cpng ddng dia phuong ve y te, an toan va mdi trudng. Cam kdt nay dugc thue hien theo ehuan muc qudc td, ket hgp vdi cac luat phap va tieu chui'n qudc gia va qud'c te. Thuc su thi d di't nude nay edn thidu nhidu cac quy dinh luat phap hoac nhdng quy djnh da ed cdn thieu tinh chat ehe.
Campuchia la thach thdc Idn ddi vdi BHP Billiton, bdi dat nay nude da trai qua cupc chien tranh thim khde va nan diet chung keo dai nhieu thap ky. Mondulkiri la tmh Idn nhit va dan cu phan tan nhit cua Campuchia.
Nhung vin de nay da inh hudng den phat trien eua tmh va lam eho ngudi dan cang ngheo khd. Trudc khi tien hanh tham dd, mpt danh gia tac ddng xa hpi va mdi trudng thuc hien ed tham khio y kien cua cpng ddng dja phuong, chinh quydn va eac td chde chfnh phu. Ban nghien edu tap trung vao cae ndi dung y td, an toan va mdi trudng ma edng ddng dang dd'i mat d tinh nay va BHP Billiton ed the lam tdt nha't nhu the nao trong khi han chd dupc cac tic ddng. Xac djnh dugc nhung thach thdc nhu sau: Giim thieu rui ro do bom min eija chie'n tranh de lai. Cae nhdm chuyen gia thao gd min phai giao due va nang cao nhan thde vd nguy hie'm do nd bom min eho cdng ddng; Tang cudng tiep can djch vu y td dja phuong dd'i vdi cpng ddng ngheo, coi day la mpt phan cua chuong tinh ben vung nham dap dng yeu ciu y td; Hd trg
cac td ehdc phi ehinh phd trong viee thue hien chuong trinh giao due va huan luydn ve y td, quin ly tdi nguyen va ndng nghiep ben vdng;
Oem lai cdng i n viee lam va huin luyen tay nghe cho ddn dja phuong.
Du dn tidn hdnh danh gia tac dpng mPi trudng vd xa hpi, bit dau tuydn ngudi dia phuong de huan luyen.
Phdi hgp chat chd vj5i Bp Nang lugng va Md (MIME), Bp nay cd cae nha dja chi't cdng tac tai hien trudng va vdi Trung tdm Khai Md Campuchia (CMAC) nhim giim eac rui ro den mdc tdi thieu.
Cung vdi cpng ddng trien khai 3 du an chu yeu: HP trg thao gd bom min de lam giim rui ro va td chde dao tao cho ca ngudi d trong va ngoai khu vuc du a'n d tmh Mondulkiri.
Trudc day, ngudi dia phuong ttm cich thio gd bom min ehua nd d l dua ra khdi edng ddng hoac bdn phd lieu, nghd nguy hidm nay da din tdi nhdng tai nan nghiem trpng. Tap huan cinh gidi bom min eua CMAC bao gdm loai trd va thio gd nhdng bd phan nguy hiem da lam rui ro va nang eao tinh an toan eho edng ddng; Ho trp cdng ddng tidp can vdi y te thdng qua giao due va phit trien y thde lim chd thdng qua td ehdc Health Net International giup ndng cao cham sdc sdc khoe ddi vdi ngudi dan, ning cap cac tram y td vdng sdu, dao tao dpi ngu y te dia phuang, cung ci'p cic thidt bj dd tidp can v i lam viec vdi cic bp tpc tieu sd vdng sau; Bp Giio due Campuchia chpn 139 tre em kem phat trien va md edi cho tham gia mpt du an giao due, du dn nay nham hudng eho cic em tdi mpt tuong lai trd thanh nhdng thanh vidn cda gia dinh va cdng ddng d tinh Mondulkiru.
Thong qua Hpi Chd thap dd Oan Mach lam viec d Campuchia de nang cao dan tri, eung cip nudc sach cho cpng ddng. Tap trung cung cip thiet bj Ipc nude an toan, huan luyen va eung cip thiet bj Ipe nudc cho cac gia dinh va thong qua mang ludi Hpi Chu thap dd dao tao tinh nguyen vien, eung td ehdc dao tao y te.
A/d hinh nuoi de tren dat da khoi phue sau irhilihai thac bauxit:
Vien Bauxite Jamaica va Vien Inter - American ve Hpp tae Ndng nghiep cung hpp tac trong mpt du an 5 nam phat trien nuoi de thjt trj gia 3,3 trieu USD tren manh dat da dupc khdi phue sau khi khai thac bauxit d Mocho, Clarendon, Jamaca.
Mue tieu eua du an la thue day nganh ndng nghiep dupc coi la mpt tieu ehi eho phat trien ben vung va dao tao ky nang ein thidt de tao ra ngudn thu nhap eho eu dan d Mocho.
De la ngudn cung cap thit quan trpng d Jamaca, va phai nhap khau de dap dng nhu cau. Mdi nam, nudc nay nhap khoang 4.500 tan thjt de trj gia 4 trieu USD. Ndng dan dupe hpc each chan nudi dpng vat va quay vdng dan gia sue. Trong mpt cd ging dim bao tinh lien tuc, nhdng kien thde thu dupe dugc chuyen rpng rai tdi cpng ddng thdng qua cac trudng hpc, noi ma cac sinh vien hpc each chan nudi gia sue hien dai.
Bat diu td2001, duan nudi de bao gdm 11 ndng dan, 154 con de va 15 ha dat da dupc khdi phue. Sau dd thu hut them 34 ndng dan trong nam 2005 khi ma du an dugc chuye'n giao cho edng ddng tu dieu hanh de giup cu dan duy tri hoat ddng dudi hinh thdc hpp tac xa. Du an nay khdng ehi cung ci'p thjt ma edn sua va phomat Tdi nauven vd Mdi tradng | Ky 2 - Thang ft/2010 4 5 '
de eho eu dan. Hien nay, tai day da phat trien dan de Idn, sin xui't ra lugng sda ddi dao.
Mo hinh Mo than Cerrejon, Canada:
Cdng ty than Cerejon cua 3 edng ty Anglo American, Xstrata Coal va BHP Billiton d vung Ddng Bic Columbia sd dung hon 5.000 lao ddng khai thae than nhiet trj eao.
Trong nam 2007, md Cerrejon da nop thud 180 trieu USD cho bang Colombia eung vdi khoan tidn thud thue md la 130 trieu OSD. Thang 7 - 2007, Cdng ty nay dugc thdng bao rang OECD nhin dugc mpt don kien ve viec md than nay vi pham hudng dan eua OECD dd'i vdi edng ty qudc gia. OECD yeu eau cd dugc mpt danh gia xa hdi dpe lap ve nhdng cam kdt xa hpi hien tai va trudc day eua md va nhung van de xa hdi trudc khi tidn hanh danh gia.
Diin dan dd danh gii ddc lip dupc thanh lap, dugc su hd trg bdi Social Capital Group cua Peru trong edng viee nghien cdu va da tien hanh edng viee mdt each khan truong vdi eac cpng ddng dja phuong va eae thanh vien qudc te. Bao eao dua ra mdt sd nhdng ITnh vuc da lam tdt d Md Cerrejon, bao gdm:- Ddng gdp cho nen kinh te qud'c gia va dja phuong; Nhdng cam kdt cua md vd viee ddng gdp eho phat tridn ben vung cija cpng ddng dja phuong;
Chuang trinh dao tao ve quyen con ngudi eho ngudi lao ddng, dai dien quan dpi va cdng an; Muc tieu nang cao tieu chui'n dieu hanh trong ITnh vuc khai khoang.
Bao cao cung xac djnh nhung ITnh vuc ma md ed the phat huy hon nda cdng tac xa hdi 11/4/2008,
Cerrejon da chuyen cho OECD Ban bao cao day du vdi dien giai tdng the vd chi'nh sich, trach nhiem xa hpi cua mo, mdt tdng quan nhOng khuydn nghj va nhin nhin cOa dien dan va md t i nhdng hanh ddng cda md cam ket thuc hien.
Mo hinh dong gop cho chi/dng binh xa hpi Oiong qua Quy khai khoang Anymana:
Thang 12/2006, Chinh phd Pern va nganh khai khoing nudc nay thiet lip mdt chuong trinh ddng gdp chung 5 nim, nham muc dich tang cudng su hd trg td cac doanh nghiep cho cac chuong trinh xa hpi d nhdng vung ngheo khd nhat bang hoat ddng khai khoang.
Cdng ty Md Antaimina trd thdnh cdng ty diu tidn ky mdt thoa thu^n rieng bidt vdi chfnh quyen. Cdng ty ddng gdp 3% Igi nhuan trudc thud vao Quy Khai khoing Anymana. Vdi sd tidn ddng gdp ban diu hon 64 tridu USD, chiem tdi 40% tdng ddng gdp cua nginh khai khoang giup Quy hoat ddng,
Cdng ty Antaimina sin xui't tinh quang ddng va kem bang cdng nghe Id thien d vung Andes, tinh Huari, vung Ancash, cich thd dd Lima khoang 270 km ve phia Bic. Thing 2 - 2007, Antimana lap cic u;^ ban ddng d tinh Huaraz d l tidp nhan thdng tin va dua ra nhdng khuyen nghj lien quan den cic du i n v i chuong trinh dugc thuc hien bang ngudn tidn td Quy niy. Nam 2007, Quy da h5 trg chuong trinh y te va dinh dudng mot sd sau day:
Chuong trinh Ally Micuy giup cat giam suy dinh dudng thudng xuyen cda tre em, phdng ngda cic vi'n de y te va khuyen khfch cham sdc sdc
khoe trong vung Ancash, mdi nam diu tu hon 8 trieu USD.
Chuang trinh cham sdc sdc khoe ba me va tre em giup giim thieu tuf vong bang each tang cudng djch vu cap cdu va sinh nd. Chuong trinh nang eao chat lugng djch vu y te ban diu vdi viec danh gii nhu ciu ha tang eo sd y te.
Chuong trinh eao Giao due: Mot nguyen nhan khien eho cac hpc sinh yeu kem la thidu thiet bj va dd dung day hpc. Quy da cung ci'p ban hoc, ban giio vien, thu vien, sda chQa trudng hpc.
Chuong trinh nang cao tay nghe:
Quy hd trg tao cdng i n viee lam va tang thu nhip bang each tang cudng sd nhan luc hien ed va tao ra sd mdi, kinh doanh thuc di'y budn ban va san xuat, ho trg sin xua't dja phuong v6i thj trudng toan qudc va qudc te;
Tang cudng edng tic quin ly:
LTnh vuc thd 4 ma Quy dau tu la cac chuong trinh tang cudng quin ly dia phuong va giup trang bj cho hp thu dugc nhdng Igi ieh td nganh cong nghiep khoang sin Peru ma Quy dau tu vao viee thiet lap eae don vj quan ly thanh phd de cung cip tu van ky thuat eho chfnh quyen huyen va tinh, hd trg viee dng dung dd'i vdi Quy dau tu nganh khai khoang Peru, nang cap trinh dp quan ly cho cic vien chufc thanh phd.len ke hoach phit then vung va ci'p tai chinh cic du an san xui't va xa hpi.
Tai nguydn khoing sin cang trci nen khan hiem va quan trpng ddi viin con ngudi, cua ta't ca cac qudc gia.
Can nghien cdu nhdng md hinh de quan ly, khai thac hgp ly, ben vdng tai nguyen khoang sin. Od la chien lucic hien tai va tuong lai.
ThS. N G U Y I N THI BICH THUY 4 6 Tdi ngayen vd Mdi tradng | Ky 2 - Thdng ft/2010
