MOT SO GOP Y VE QUYEN LAP HOI CUA CA NHAN VA TU CACH PHAP NHAN CUA HOI
CHO DU THAO LUAT VE HOI
N G U Y E N V A N Q U A N "
P H A M u r O N G K H I E N <"' Tom tdt: Bdi viet ndy trinh bdy mgt soy kien nhdm hodn thien Du thdo Luat ve Hgi dang dugc dUa ra ldy y kii'n dong gop cua cv! tri di trtnh Qud'c HQi thdng qua. Cdc y kiS'n dong gop liin quan din do tuSi cua ngU^ co quyen lap hgi va tham gia sinh hoat hgi dodn, thu tuc thdnh lap hgi vd vi logi hinh hgi khdng co tU cdch phdp nhdn.
TU khoa: TU do hiip hgi; quyin lap hgi; tU cdch phdp nhdn; Du thdo Ludt vi HSi.
Abstract: This article presented some comments for the draft ofthe Law of Association. Comments were made with regard to the age of people who have the right to found and join an association, procedure of founding an association, and the legal status of an association.
Keywords: Freedom, of association; right of association; legal status; drafi ofthe Law of Association.
Ngdy nhdn bdi: 10/8/2016; Ngdy siJa b&i: 09/9/2016; Ngdy duyit ddng bdi: 30/9/2016.
1. N a n g liic p h a p l u a t c u a c a n h a n l i e n q u a n d ^ n t i i d o v e h o i
Khoan 2 Digu 3 Du thao Lufit vg Hfii quy dinh vg quygn lfip hfii cua cflng dfin.
Theo dd, "cflng dfin, phfip n h a n Vifit Nam thile hifin quygn lfip hgi theo quy dinh phap luat". N h u vfiy, mgi eflng dfin Vifit Nam deu cd quyen lfip hfli. Vlih dg dat r a la c l n hieu nhU t h e nfio ve khfii nifim eong dfin Viet Nam. Theo cfieh higu pho thong n h a t thi edng dfin lfi khfii niem dfing dg chi mflt ngUdi thuflc ve mgt nhfi nUde nha't dinh mfi ngudi dd mang qufi'c tich (Vi du:
cfing dan Viet N a m lfi nhflng ngUdi mang qufi'c tich Viet Nam). Vg m a t phap ly, quygn lap hoi (hay t u do ve hoi theo nghia rgng) hfin quan dgn nfing lUc h a n h vi dfin sil cua c a n h a n , va trong p h a p lufit ngUdi ta hay dfing khai niem "ca nhfin" (trong mfli tUdng quan vdi phfip nhfin) hdn lfi
"cong dan". Xet ve p h a m vi nghia thi ca [ Q NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XAHOI
nhfin bao t r u m ca cflng dan. Trong ca nhan ggm cd cflng dan, ngUdi nUdc ngofii va ngUdi khong quoc tich. Theo chfing toi, can quy dinh ve quyen lfip hfli cfia ea nhan dila trfin cfic quy dinh cfia phfip lufit dfin sU ve n a n g lUc hfinh vi dfin sU cua ca nhan.
Khoan 1 Difi'u 20 Bfl lufit Dfin sU 2005 quy dinh: "NgUdi tfi du mUdi sfiu tugi dgn chUa du mudi t a m tuoi khi xac lfip, thilc hifin giao dieh dfin sU p h a i dUdc ngUdi dai dien theo phfip l u a t dong y, trfi giao dich n h a m phuc vu n h u c l u sinh hoat hfing ngay phfi hdp vdi Ifia tudi hofic phfip lufit cd quy dinh khfic".
N h u vfiy, n e u xem hfinh vi tham gia sinh hoat hdi lfi mflt hoat dgng "sinh hoat hfing ngfiy" thi t r e em (ngUdi dUdi 18 tud'i) cd quygn lfip hfli va t h a m gia sinh hoat hdi.
Tuy nhifin, t u do vg hfli khflng chi lien quan
" TS Luat hoc, Khoa Lu§t, Dai hoc QUM gia Ha N^i.
•^ ThS, khoa Lu|t, Dai hoc QuSb gia Hi Ngi.
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NGUYEN V A N Q U A N , PHAM L U O N G KHIEN den quygn nhfin t h a n ma edn lifin quan dgn
quygn tfii san (vf du: ddng hfli phf, tfing cho tfii san cho hoi...), nfin c l n cfin cfi vfio khoan 2 Digu 20 Bg lufit dfin sU de xfie dinh nang lUc phfip l u a t cua ngUdi ehUa t h a n h nifin. Theo do, "trong tnfdng hdp ngUdi tfi du mUdi lam tufl'i deh chUa du mUdi tfim tudi cd t a i san rifing bao dam thuc hifin nghia vu t h i cd thg t u minh xae lap, thUc hifin giao dich d a n sU mfi khfing c l n phai cd sU dong y eua ngUdi dai difin theo phfip lufit, trfi tnidng hdp phap lufit cd quy dinh khac". Ngbia Ifi, tnidng hdp ngUdi chUa t h a n h nien khi dfip iing dUdc cac yeu cau vg nfing lUc dfin sU se cd quygn lap hoi vfi t h a m gia cfic hoat dflng cfia hgi.
Viee thfia nhfin trong Lufit vg Hfli quygn l^p hfli va t h a m gia sinh hoat hgi eua tre em ciing p h u hdp vdi quy dinh cua Cdng Udc cua Lifin Hiep Qufic vg quygn t r e em 1989 ma Vifit N a m dfi phfi c h u a n (Vifit Nam la quoe gia C h a u A dau tien phe c h u ^ cdng Udc nfiy). Theo dd, cac qud'c gia thfinh vifin cfing nhfin cae quyen cua t r e em dUde tU do k e t giao (lfip hfii) vfi t u do hfii hgp hda binh (Khoan 2 Digu 15).
Trfin thiic te, ed nhigu hfli doan dang hoat dflng vdi efie t h a n h vifin Ifi ngUdi chua t h a n h nien va vific ngUdi chUa thfinh nien t h a m gia vfio sinh boat hifip hgi la mgt xu hudng c l n dUdc khuygn khfch. Hien nhifin, ngUdi chUa thfinh nifin cd t h e thile hifin mgi giao dieh p h a p ly cd fch cho sU vfin hfinh eua hgi, vdi sU d6ng f trUde cfia ngUdi dai di^n hdp p h a p , trfi cfic giao dich h e n quan dgn tfii san m a phfip l u a t quy dinh thugc quygn cua ngUdi giam hfl.
Dgng thdi, quy dinh cua Lufit vg Hgi dm vdi vfih dg nfiy eiing c l n p h a i tUdng thieh vdi cfic quy dinh cua Bfi luSit Dfin sil*".
N h u vfiy, theo c h u n g tfli c l n sfia doi
Khoan 2, Dieu 3 cua Dil thao Lufit vg Hdi n h u sau:
"a. Cd nh&n tit du 15 tuoi trd len, phdp nfidn Cli tru vd hogt ddng trSn lanh thd Viit Nam thitc hien quyin lap fidi tfieo quy dinh phdp luaf.
b. Ngiidi chi&i tfidnh nien du 15 tuoi co the tudo tfidnh lap figi vdi tii cdch Id ngUiA dting ddu cung nhii thdnh viin cua fidi-
NgUbi chUa thdnh nien co the thUc hien mgi giao dich phdp ly co ich cho sU van hdnh cua hgi, vdi sU dong y trUdc cua ngi^ dgi diin hap pTidp, trU cdc giao dich liin quan d^n tdi sdn md phdp luat quy dinh thude quyin cua ngU&i gidm fid.
c. Cd nhdn vd pfidp nhdn thUC hiin quyen lap hdi fifidng duac xdm phgm lOi ich qud'c gia, ddn tdc; quyin vd ldi ich hap phdp cua ngi^ fihdc."
2, T u e a c h p h a p n h a n c u a h o i Vaa dg t u each phfip n h a n cua hgi c l n dUde nhin n h a n dudi gdc do lufit d a n sU.
B a n chat eua quy ehe phfip n h a n eua mgt chfi the phfip lufit t h e hien 3 tfnh chfi't dfic lfip vg tfii san va dfic lfip vg tU cfieh phap ly khi t h a m gia cac giao dich dan sU. Theo dd, quan trgng nhfi^t lfi, p h a p nhfin cd mgt khdi tfii san rieng, dfle lfip vdi cac khfli tfii san rifing cua cfic thfinh vien tao r a nd'^.
N h u vfiy, hgi khong k h a i bfio se khong cd t u cfieh phfip n h a n , dong nghia vdi viec nd khdng ed quygn va nghia vu dflc lfip. Di nhifin, hfii nay ed thfi dUdc thfia nhain sU ton tai hdp phfip nhUng bi trufit di k h a n a n g hfinh dong vdi tU each mfit chu the dfic lfip cua q u a n hfi phap lufit.
'« Xem thgm Dilu 20 B6 lufit Dan sii 2005.
<^ Xem: Nguyin Ngoc Dign (1999), Nghien cvCu vi idi sdn trong lu&t d&n sii Viit Nam, Nxb. Tre, Thknh pho Ho Chi Minh, tr,35; Francois Terre, Dominique Fenouillet, Droit civil. Les personnes. Personnalite - Incapacite - Protection (Precis), 8'£. Nxb. Dalloz, 2012, tr. 263.
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M O T S 6 G O P Y V E QUYEN LAP H O L . Nhin rfing hdn, t u thfin cfic hdi khdng cd quy che' p h a p nhfin "ganh chiu" mot sd' h a n ehe', rui ro phfip ly:
- Vi mat tdi sdn vd sd hitu, hfli khflng khai bfio (khong cd tU cfieh phfip nhfin) khflng thg trd thfinh chu sd hflu, khdng thg nhfi'n cfic khoan tfing cho trao tay, cae di t a n g va cfic khoan trd cfip cfia cd quan cflng quygn. Hdi chi cd t h i t h u dae cae tfii san tfi cae t h a n h vifin cfia minh: cfic dflng san, b^t dflng san, cac khoan ddng gdp lfi phf... Hgi khdng thg lfi chu sd hflu, cac thfinh vifin gifl nguyen p h i n sd hiiu cac tai san cd cua minh vfi cd t h e Ifiy Iai p h i n nay khi hgi giai tfin. Nghia lfi, cfic tfii san mfi hfii sfi dung vfin thufie sd hflu cfia cfic thfinh vien hgi. Trong t n i d n g hdp cfic thfinh vifin cua hdi bd r a mgt khoan tien de t h u dfic mfit tfii san phuc vu eho hoat dflng cfia hfli, thi khi giai tfin hfli, mfli t h a n h vien da ddng gdp chi phi cho tai san dd cd thg Ifiy lai p h i n minh da ddng gdp, tUdng fing vdi p h i n da bd ra.
- vi mat giao dich ddn sU, de duy t r i hoat dflng, hoi p h a i tifi'n hfinh cac giao dich dfin sU, nhU giao kgt cfic hdp dong cung fing dich vu cho cfic hoat dong cua minh, hdp dgng thufi mUdn nhfi, hdp dong lao dong... N h u vfiy, n e u khflng cd t u cfieh phfip nhfin, mgi hdp dong c l n thiet cho ddi sgng cua hgi p h a i do thfinh vien eua hgi 1 ^ vdi tU cfieh ca nhfin. Cfic t h a n h vifin hfii chiu trfich nhifim lien ddi vg khoan nd vfi khoan tfii san cd cfia hgi.
Trudng hdp kf hdp dgng t h i b e n thfi ba se ddi nd dfch d a n h thfinh vifin kf kgt hdp dong, ngudi nay cd nghia vu hofin t r a tofin bg nd va sau dd ed thg yeu c l u cac t h a n h vifin khac t r a lai ehi phi da bd r a . Mgi hdp dgng ky ket nhfin d a n h hgi se r a n g buoc trach nhifim ngUdi dai dien cua hgi. Do dd, chi vfi chfnh thfinh vien ky ket Q NH&N LOC KHOA HOC X A H O I
hdp dong mdi chiu trfich nhiem vg viec thiic t h i hdp dgng do. Mgi giao dich ma hfli khdng cd tU each phfip nhfin thUe hifin p h a i dUde thfinh vifin cua hfii tign hfinh vdi t u cfieh ca nhfin eua t h a n h vifin nay.
Neu lfim trfii quy tfic nfiy, giao dich ma hdi thuc hifin se bi xem lfi vfl hifiu*^\
- vi trdch nhiim pfidp ly: trong trUdng hdp truy cfiu trfich nhifim (hfinh chfnh, h i n h sU...), chi duy nhfi't nhfing thfinh vifin hgi thUe hifin giao dich p h a p ly chiu t r a c h nhiem vdi tU each cfi nhfin. Dong thdi, hfii khong cd tU cfieh hfinh dflng vg m a t tfl' t u n g . Nfi'u mflt hfli chiu thifit hai (dan sii, h i n h sii h a y hfinh chfnh) viec khdi kien chi ed t h e tie'n hfinh thflng qua thfinh vifin cua minh**\
Lufit phfip cua nhifi'u qufi'c gia thfia nhfin l o ^ h i n h hgi khong cd tU each phfip nhfin. Vf du, Digu 2 cua Lufit vg hfli cua Phfip nfim 1901 quy dinh: Cdc hdi dugc thdnh lap mgt each tU do fifidng cdn gidy phep hogc khai bdo trUdc, nhiing chi co ndng lUc phdp ly fihi dugc nhitng ngUdi sdng lap cdng b^sU tfidnh lap tfieo cdc quy dinh cua Biiu 5*®. NhU vfiy, theo quy dinh
'^' Co the tham khao phan quyet cua Toan hanh chinh Phap v l vffn d l nky: CAA Paris. 18.5.1995, BAF1/95, inf2.
'•" Tai Phap, liSn quan dl'n trach nhi|m hinh sU, khi mot hoi khong khai bdo (hdi t i n t ^ trSn thuc te - de facto) h% truy to ve trach nhigm Unh sil (phap lu^t hinh SMi. Phap truy cliu trach nhigm hinh 8\^ dfii vfii phap nhan) thi ngUcli diiing ddu hoi rAy phai cbiu trach n h i | m ck nhSn (Phan quylt cua Cour d'Appel de Chambfiry, 4 septembre 2014, RG n°13/01483).
"" V l lo^i hinh hoi khdng co tU each pbSp nhfin trong phap lu^t Cfing hoa Phdp, cfi t h i tham khao bai vilt ciia tac gia: Nguyen Van Quan, Khdi niim vi hoi ^ong luat Cdng hba Phdp vd gop y hodn tkiin khdi niim vi hdi cua Viet Nam, T^p clii Nghien cflu Lflp phfip, sfi*
21 (301), thfing 11/2015, tr. 60-65; Ban dich Lu^t vl hfii nam 1901 ciia Phfip, tham khao: Nguyin Hoang Anh (Chii bien), Phdp lugt vi quyin tU do l&p hdi, hgi hgp hba binh trin thi gidi vd cua Viit Nam, Nxb.
H i n g Dilc, 2015.
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NGUYEN VAN QUAN, PHAM L I T O N G KHIEN cua luat vg hoi cua Phfip ton t a i h a i dang
hfli: Hgi khflng k h a i bfio vfi hgi k h a i bfio.
Vifie k h a i bao la digu kifin de hgi cd dUdc t u cfieh p h a p nhfin. P h a p lufit ve hfii cua N h a t B a n ciing thfia n h a n sU ton tai cua loai hgi khfing cd t u each p h a p n h a n (cfic hfli cd muc dfeh hoat dgng khdng mang t i n h pho thdng). Vific thfinh lfip, sfia doi va giai t h e mflt hfli dang n a y khdng ddi hdi b^t ky mfit thfi tuc hfinh chfnh nao. Cfie t h a n h vien ed t h e to ehfic hfii theo cfieh nhfing ngUdi nfiy mu^n.
N h u vfiy, ngu sfi dung loai hinh hgi khdng dfing ky (phfip lufit cua nhigu nUdc ggi loai hgi nfiy lfi "hfli tgn tai trfin thilc tfi'' - de facto) b a n t h a n cac t h a n h vifin cua hoi phai gfinh chiu efie r u i ro phfip ly khien hg phai suy nghi thliu dao, nfin d i n se chgn phUdng thfie dfing 1 ^ de hoi ed dUde tU each phfip n h a n .
Theo Khoan 4 Dieu 7 DU t h a o thi hgi
"cd t u each p h a p nhfin", n g l m dinh rkng, mfit nhdm dUde eong nhfin lfi hfli t h i se ed t u each phfip nhfin hay tU each p h a p n h a n lfi mdt thfinh to' cfia hfli. Cd nghia rang, mgt nhdm g6m eae ca n h a n hofic tfl' ehfic t u nguyen chi cd t h e dUde p h a p luat cho phep hosit dflng k h i "cd t u each phfip nhfin". Ndi cfieh khfic, cflng d a n ehi ed t h e thilc hifin quyen lfip hoi, hgi hgp khi lfip t h a n h mflt nhdm, mot tfl chfie nhfi^ dinh va phai dvtoc cdng nhfin lfi cd tU each phfip nhan? Quy dinh nay cd t h e Ifim can trd quygn lfip hgi, hgi hop cfia cfic efi n h a n , khi chUa dUdc cdng n h a n hofic khflng dfi dieu kifin de dUdc eong nhfin "cd tU each p h a p nhan".
Trong thUe tien d Viet n a m hifin nay, nhigu ndi trfin p h a m vi ea nUdc, quygn Ifip hgi vfin dUdc cac cong dfin sfi dung mfi
khdng c l n tdi "tU each p h a p nhan". Cfic hgi dong hUdng, hgi eUu hgc sinh, hfii khuyfi'n hgc, hoi lfim vudn... la nhfing to ehfic dUde thfinh lap t r e n cd sd t u nguyen cua mot so' cfi nhfin. NhQng to ehfic nfiy hoat dgng b i n h thudng mfi khflng can tdi
"tu efieh phfip nhan". Vf du, hfli khuyeii hoc cfia mot thdn, Ifi mflt tfip hdp tii nguyen eua cac p h u h u y n h trong thfin, ddng gdp hgi phi lam giai thudng cho nhflng chfiu hieu hge, giup dd chi phi m u a sach vd cho con ehfiu nhflng gia (hnh ngheo khd... Cfic thfinh vien cua hgi khuydn hgc n a y cung khdng cam t h a y c l n phai cd t u each p h a p n h a n cua hoi de thuc hifin cfic giao dich kinh te, dan sU. Trong bdi eanh nay, nfiu lay tifiu chf lfi hfli phai cd "tu efieh phfip n h a n " t h i sU ton tai vfi hoat dflng cua nhiing hoi nhU hgi khuyen hgc cd dUdc coi lfi hdp p h a p vfi ehiu sU digu chinh cua phfip lufit vg hfli h a y khflng?
Theo chfing toi can vfi xem xet lai tieu ehi t u each p h a p n h a n tai Khoan 4 Dieu 7 Du thao. Tuy nhien, khflng cd ngMa la phfi n h a n tifiu chf "tU each phfip nhfin"
cua hgi. C l n p h a i t h a y r i n g , dudi gdc do phfip ly, "cd t u cfieh phfip nhfin" chinh lfi dieu kien p h a p ly q u a n trgng de hgi cd t h e t h a m gia cfic q u a n hfi phfip ly vg h a n h chinh, dfin sU, Vinh te... Dgng thdi, vdi cd quan nhfi nUdc, tU each p h a p nhfin cua hdi cung la dieu kifin p h a p ly quan trgng trong vific q u a n ly n h a nUdc dm vdi hgi.
Chung t a cd t h e t h a m khao giai p h a p n a y txong luat eua mgt so nUdc nhU da n e u tren. Theo dd, hoat dgng cua mgt hgi khong cd t u cfieh phfip nhfin hoan toan hdp phfip, nhUng hi h a n che ve quygn vi thieu t u each phfip nhfin. Nghia la cfic hfli dang nfiy khflng t h e t h a m gia td* t u n g dan
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M O T S 6 GOP Y VE QUYEN L ^ P HOL., sU, ky ket hdp dgng, nhfin cfic khoan tang cho va tfii trd cung nhU sd hfiu tai san rifing. Tuy nhifin, hgi khflng cd tU each phap nhfin cd the t h u lfi phi cfia hgi vifin de boat dgng. Vg phfa cd quan quan ly nhfi nude, khflng nen cd thfii dfi nghi ngai vdi loai hinh hgi khong cd t u cfieh phap nhfin (hoi ton tai trfin thUe te). Bdi vi, nhU da phfin tfch, t u t h a n loai hoi nfiy chfia dilng nhiing h a n chfi' vfi dac bifit la cfic rui ro phfip 1;^ (trfich nhifim ca nhfin) cho eae thfinh vifin, khien nhiing ngudi nfiy lUa chgn vifc dfing ky lfip hfli vdi ed quan nhfi nUdc cd t h a m quyfi'n de hgi t h u hudng tU efieh phap nhan.
Ke't l u a n
Thli nfidt, vg nguyen tfie thilc hifin quygn l^p hfli tai Khoan 2 Digu 3 cfia Dii thao, c l n quy dinh cu t h e va chi tie't hdn ve quyfi'n lfip hfli eua ea nhfin. Theo dd, e i n quy dinh cu the ca vg quyfi'n lap hoi cua ngudi chUa thfinh nien, dg phu hdp vdi thilc t i l n sinh hoat hifip hoi cung nhU Cflng udc qufl'e t e vg quygn t r e em 1989 mfi Vifit Nam da phfi c h u l n , t h a y vi trflng ddi vao cac van b a n hudng dfin t h i hfinh lufit se dUdc ban hfinh nhU thudng le.
Thit hai, d nUdc t a ton tai nhigu hfli boat dflng t u phfit, khflng ed boat dgng hudng r a bfin ngofii, dUdc thfinh lfip theo thfi tuc ddn gian, chi c l n thfi tuc cfing nhfin tfi phfa Nhfi nUdc, n h u de xulit cfia Bg Tu phap trong Bfio efio t h i m dinh Dii thao Lufit vg hfii^^'. Thuc t g nfiy ddi hdi md rfing sii digu chinh cfia Lufit vg hgi. Theo dd, lufit nfiy c l n digu ehinh ca hfii cd tU each phfip nhfin va hgi khflng cd tU each phfip nhfin. Tfic lfi thfia nhfin hfii khong cd t u each phfip n h a n nhU mfit thUc thg hdp phfip cua ddi song hiep hgi, Dieu nay dap [ Q N H A N LUC KHOA HOC XA HQI
fing dUdc thuc tien phong phu cua ddi sfl'ng hifip hgi d nUde t a cung nhu phu hdp vdi thflng le qu6c te.
Vific thfia nh|in t i n h hdp phap cfia loai hinh hfli khdng cd tU each phfip nhfin (hoi tgn tai t r e n thUc tg), hofic ngu c l n lfi vific cflng nhfin theo thfi tue ddn gian (rut ggn) eho loai h i n h hgi vfin dang tgn tai khfi pho d nUdc t a hien nay lfi mgt cfieh gdp phan dam bao quygn lap hfli cua cong dan da dUdc ghi ro trong Hifi'n phfip, thay vi chi quan tfim de'n efie quy t i i n h vg quan ly cua Nha nUdc vg hdi n h u trong DU thao Lufit vg Hdi hien tai.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO 1. Du thdo Lugt vi Hdi cua Bd Ndi vu trinh Qudc hgi.
2. Bd Tu p h a p , Bdo cdo thdm dinh Du dn Lugt vi hgi, so' 247/BC-BTP, ngay 28/8/2015.
3. Cdng Udc Liin Hiip Qud'c vi quyin tre em 1989.
4. N g u y i n Nggc Dien, Chu thi quan hi phdp lugt ddn sit, Nxb. Chinh tri quoc gia,
2010.
5. Nguyen Vfin Quan, Kfidi niem vi fidi trong ludt Cdng hda Phdp vd gdp y hodn thiin khdi niim vi hgi cua Viet Nam, Tap chf Nghifin cfiu Lfip phfip, sg 21 (301), thfing 11/2015.
6. Fran9ois Terre, Dominique FenouiUet, Droit civil. Les personnes. Personnalite • Incapacite - Protection (Precis), 8" 6. Nxb.
Dalloz, 2012.
7. Pran9ois Terre, Philippe Simler, Droit civil. Les biens (Precis), 9^ e. Nxb. Dalloz, 2014.
'•^ Bfi Tu phap, Bdo cdo thdm dinh DU dn Ludt vi hdi, ao 247/BC-BTP, ngky 28/8/2015.
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