Tap chf Khoa hpc xa hoi mien Trung, S6 01 (63) -2020
Chu nghia cpng dong - Mot trao liiu triet hoc chfnh trj phUdng Tay dUdng dai
Nguyen Hung ViTCng
College of International Cultural Exchange, Central China Normal University Email liin he: [email protected]
Tom tat: ChCi nghTa cpng ddng (Communitarianlsm) la mdt trao lUu triet hpc chfnh trj, khdi nguyen va phit trien t d nhdng nam 80 eCia the k^ XX va nhanh chdng thoat ra pham vi hpc thuat de trd thanh nen t i n g ly luan cua nhieu ding chinhtri d phuong Tay.
Tuy nhien, trao lUu nay dupe de cap eon rat han che d Viet Nam. Nghien edu nay lam ro chu nghTa cpng dong tren ba phuong dien: (i) So sinh gida trudng phai chCi nghTa tudo va ehCi nghTa cpng ddng; (ii) Phan loai chu nghTa cpng ddng; va (ill) Thio luan nhdng van de ly luan nen t i n g cua chu nghTa cdng ddng.
TCr khoa: chCi nghTa edng ddng, chu nghTa tU do, cdng ly, triet hpc, chfnh trj Abstract: Communityism is a trend of political philosophy, originated and developed since the 80s ofthe twentieth century and quickly escaped the academic scope to become the theoretical foundation of many political parties in Western countries. However, this movement Is quite strange in Vietnam. This study clarifies the Communityism on three dimensions: (i) Comparisons between Liberalism and Communityism; (li) Classification of Communityism; and (iii) Discussion on fundamental theoretical issues of communityism.
Keywords: Communityism; Liberalism; Justice; Philosophy; Politics Ngay nhan bai: 15/11/2019 Ngay duyet dang: 30/01 /2020
1. Dat van de
Triet hpe chfnh trj duong dai gan vdi chil nghTa cpng dpng bat ngudn tdJonh Rawls qua tac pham "Mot luan thuyet ve cdng ly"vao nam 1971 (Rowls, 2009).Tac pham nay xuat hien da gay ra nhdng cupc tranh luan hpe thuat soi ndi. Su ra ddi cua t i e pham "Mot luan thuyet ve edng ly"va nhdng tranh luan ma nd tao ra da dUa den ba van de quan trpng cd i n h hudng sau rpng den nen triet hpc: (1) Trong thdi gian tUdng ddi ngan, da xuat hien sd lUdng Idn cae nghien cdu quan trpng ve triet hpc chinh trj gan vdi ehCi de nay; (2) Tren co s6 t u tudng eCia tae pham "Mot luan thuyet ve eong ly", eae nha triet hpe chfnh trj dUOng dai da tien hanh hang loat cac cudc t h i o luan ehi tiet ve ly thuyet cdng ly, eung vdi cac van de triet hpc chfnh tri khac, khong chi nghien edu sau ITnh vUc triet hpe chfnh tri ma con nghien cdu ve che dp xa hpi va eae nganh khoa hpe khac nhU: chfnh trj hpe, luat phap, kinh te hpe, xa hpi hpc....; va (3) TU tudng cCia Jonh Rawls trd thanh tieu diem trong cae eupe tranh luan sdi ndi ve nhieu van de khae nhau cua triet hpe chfnh trj, va chu nghia cpng ddng ra ddi trong bdi canh nay.
Trong nhdng nam 70 cCia the ky 20, cupc tranh luan ve cdng ly chu yeu dien ra trong
Nguyen HtjngVi/ong
npi bp nhdng nha triet hpc theo ehCi nghTa t u do. Neu ly thuyet cdng ly cCia Rawls la mot loai ehij nghTa tU do binh dang, thi Robert Nozick la dai dien cho chu nghia tU do cUc doan (libertarianism) da ehi trfeh manh me ve tU tudng cua Rawls. Cho du do la chu nghia tU do binh ding hay la chu nghTa tU do cue doan, nd deu thupe ve ehi!i nghTa tU do duong dai, va khac han vdi chu nghia tU do truyen thdng - chu nghia edng loi.
Den nhdng nam 1980, nhieu nha tutudng lai chi trich chu nghTa tU do, trong do cd Rawls. Nhdng nha tU tudng nay xuit phat tU nhieu quan'^diem khac nhau, vdi nhdng chi trfch cung nhd nhdng dinh hudng ve mat ly thuyet khac nhau, nhung tat ea ho deu hudng tdi viee kien lap quan diem tu tudng tren nen tang cpng ddng (community). Do do, ly thuyet cua hp dupc gpi la chu nghTa cpng ddng (communitarianlsm). TU nhdng nam 1980 den nay, cupc tranh luan gida chu nghta cdng dong va ehu nghTa t u d o d a trd thanh chCi de chfnh cua triet hpc chfnh tri phUdng Tay.
Ve mat t u tudng, chii nghTa cpng ddng la thach thdc cua chu nghTa tU do, do vay phan tfch so sinh hai trudng phai nay se cd the iam ro nhdng dac trung eua chu nghta cpng ddng. Ddu tien, chu nghTa tU do thUc chat la chu nghTa ca nhan, nd chCi truong ca nhan la chu the duy nhat, mpi ngUdi chi hpp tac vdi nhau thanh lap mpt cpng ddng nham hien thdc hda tdt hon Ipi fch cua hp. Chu nghTa cpng ddng ve thdc chat la ehu nghTa tap the. Nd ung hp quan diem mpi ngUdi deu dupe sinh ra trong mot cpng ddng xa hpi, khdng phii c i nhan cd dupc dac quyen hOn cpng ddng, ma ngupc lai cpng dong mdi la ddi tupng dupe Uu tien hon ca nhan. Tiep theo, chu nghTa tU do la ehu nghTa phd quit, no luon thio luan ve van de cdng ly va dan chu mot each phd quat, dudng nhu nd phu hpp vdi tat ea mpi xa hdi, mpi Ijch sdva mpi nen van hoa va che dp chfnh tri. ChCi nghTa edng ddng la chCi nghta Ijch sd, nd nhan manh van de truyen thdng eung nhu tfnh Ijeh sd, tfnh xa hpi, ddng thdi xem che dp chfnh trj dudi khia eanh Ijch sd; Cud/cung, ehu nghTa t u d o duong dai la nen t i n g ly luan cCia quyen Ipi, nd nhan manh tinh thd nhat eua quyen Ipi va eong ly, gid vdng cdng ly va quyen lpi quy djnh tfnh ca nhan trong cupc sdng xa hpi ddi vdi viec theo dudi dieu tot dep. Chu nghta cpng ddng la mdt ly thuyet dUa tren Ipi ieh ehung, nd tin rang eong ly va quyen Ipi khong nen trdu tupng va hinh thdc, ma mang tfnh thue tien va cd npi dung, dieu do cd nghTa la chung phai dUa tren Ipi fch chung cua cpng ddng.
ChCi nghTa cpng ddng ed tam quan trpng dac biet vi nhdng lydosau:(1)Chu nghTa cpng ddng dang thich thdc su thong trj cua chCi nghTa t u do. Chu nghTa t u do ludn gid dja vj thdng trj d PhUOng Tiy, nhung chu nghta cpng ddng da cd nhdng chi trich, phe phan ddi vdi chu nghta tU do; (2) Chu nghta cpng ddng dat ra nhieu van de triet hpc chfnh trj bupc gidi hpc thuat phii cd nhdng suy nghT nghiem tuc. De thich thdc chu nghTa tU do, chD nghTa edng ddng da de xuat mot loat quan diem cd tfnh muc dfch, tao nen t i n g thuc day trao lUu nghien cdu ve nhdng van de co b i n cua triet hpe duang dai, nhU van de eong ly va dieu tdt, ea nhan va cdng ddng, quyen va lpi fch chung, chCi nghTa phd q u i t va chu nghTa Ijch sd, tfnh trung lap va chu nghTa chf thien, tfnh thdng nhat va da dang,...; (3) Chu nghta cpng ddng cd nhdng diem tUOng ddng dae biet vdi van hda tutudng va ddi sdng chfnh trj d Viet Nam. Mpt mat, chung cd nhieu diem ehung ve tutudng vdi Nho giao - ed nhdng i n h hudng an siu bam re vao van hda ngUdi Viet. Mat khdc, chu nghta edng ddng va chu nghTa Mac eung gap nhau d nhieu diem tuong ddng nhat djnh, trong do nhieu nha t u tudng eua chu nghTa cpng ddng ban dau la nhdng ngUdi theo chO nghTa Mac.
Tap chf Khoa hpc xa hpi mien Trung, SS 01 (63) -2020
2. Bdn phien bdn cCia chCi nghia cong dong phi/cmg Tay 2.7. Ch& nghia cgng dong triet hgc
Michael Sandel la dai dien tieu bieu cho chu nghta cpng ddng triet hpe, bdi hai ly do: TrUdc het, chCi nghta cdng ddng cCia Sandel chu yeu la su phu djnh (the hien trong viec phe phan chu nghta t u do), khdng phai khang djnh (khdng de xuat nhieu ly luan mang tfnh xay dung), ma phe phan la ban chat die trUng cCia triet hpc nay. ThUhal, su ph^ phin chu nghta t u do cua Sandel la mpt loai triet hpc phe phin, bdi vi van de quan t i m cCia loai phe phin nay la sieu hinh hpc, nhan thdc luan va logic. Sandel da lay Jonh Rawls lam dai bieu cua chu nghta tU do de xem xet ly luan nghta vu tU do ehu nghta, va tien hanh phe phin cd he thdng ddi vdi nd. Dieu do dat rayeu cau ddi vdl ehung ta la can phii phan tfch eu the nhurig phe phin cua Sandel ddi vdi chCi nghta t u do, de thay ro d i y la loai phe phan edtfnh chat triet hpe.
Dau tien, Sandel cd gang khai thac nen t i n g sieu hinh ve ly luan nghta vu eua chu nghTa t u do. Chu nghTa t u do nhan manh tfnh uu viet eua cong ly, va yeu cau cdt loi cCia nd la cdng ly luon dupe Uu tien hon dieu tdt.Theo quan diem cua Sandel, trong chu nghTa t u do bat bupc theo kieu eua Rawls, yeu sach cdt Idi cua "cong ly ddi vdi dieu tdt" dua vao sU"Uu tien ban than hdn la mue dfch". Bdi vl b i n than la sU Uu tien hang dau, do do cdng ly la su Uu tien hang dau, vl b i n than ludn dupe Uu tien hon muc dfch nen quyen dupc Uu tien hon Ipi fch ehung. Dieu dd cd nghTa la, ly thuyet cdng bang cCia Rawls kien lap tren nen tang ly luan ve chCi th^, khii niem tU than da cung cap nen t i n g sieu hinh cho cdng ly va cie cac khai niem khae. Nhung Sandel eho rang, Rawls ehi trinh bay thuyet edng ly trong t i e pham "Mpt luan thuyet ve eong ly" ma chua de xuat mpt chu the ly thuyet, cho nen dng can phii xay dUng lai nhan hpc triet hpc. Thdng qua viec t i i thiet lai nhan hpe triet hpc, Sandel tin rSng khii niem tuthan cua Rawls khong the ddng vai tro la nen tang triet hpc cua ly thuyet cong ly ma Rawls da xay dung, t d do di den ket luan: "cdng ly khong the la quan trpng trong y nghta cCia nghTa vu", bdi vl chung ta khdng the ludn coi ban than minh la mpt nghTa vu dao ddc (bat luan la Kant hay Rawls) (Sandel, 1982).
Thd hai, Sandel da dUa ra Idi phe phan ve nhan thdc luan cua chCi nghTa tUdo. Rawls da lien tue nhac den trong "Mpt luan thuyet ve cong ly" rang cdng ly la gia trj quan trpng cCia cae thiet chej|l hpi. Vay theo y nghta nao thi edng ly dupc Uu tien? Sandel de xuat, chung ta ed the hieu dupe tinh Uu viec cua cdng ly t d hai phuong dien bat ddng nhUng cd sU tuong quan vdi nhau, mot loai la y nghta dao ddc, loai khie la y nghta chinh trj (Sandel, 1982). Td viec xem xet y nghta dao ddc thi cdng ly la quan trpng, dieu nay la do yeu eau edng ly cao hon bat ky ldi fch dao ddc va Ipi fch chfnh trj nao khac, bat luan ia nhdng lpi fch nay cd can thiet den dau. Xem xet tfnh Uu viet eCia edng ly vdi nghTa edng ly la gia trj cao nhat trong tat ca cac gia tri, gia tri cOa cdng ly p h i ! dUpe d i p dng trUdc tien, trUde khi p h i i dap dng cac yeu cau gia trj khae. Theo nghTa ed b i n , tfnh uu viet cCia cong ly khong chi la viec the hien d thai dd uu tien dao ddc, ma con cung cap mot hinh thdc chdng minh Uu viet. Ndi each khae, tfnh uu viet cua cong ly khdng chi ed nghta la no dupc uu tien hon so vdi dieu tdt, ma con cd nghta nd cd sudpc lap vdi dieu thien, tdc la nguyen tae edng ly khong phu thupe vao bat ky quan niem cai thien cu the nao. Vay, y nghta chfnh ve edng ly ma Rawls da ndi la gl? Sandel cho rang, xet t d "thuyet khe udc", Rawls dudng nhudanh sU
Nguyin Hung Virong
Uu tien cho cong ly theo nghia dao diJc, nghTa la cong ly auoc Uu tien hon dieu tot, nhung ve ban chat, ong chCi truong uu tien eong ly theo nghia eo bSn, tute la cong l# doe lap v6i dieu tot.
Cuoi eiing Sandel cho rang, ehu nghTa tudo I<h6ng pham sai lam 6 ehCl truong tuthan ma nam d logic. ChCi nghTa t u d o duac dai dien bdi Raw/Is da ung ho tinh uu viet cCia cong ly, trong trudng hgp nay, Sandel eho rSng, tinh uu viet cCia loai eong 1^ nay la eo van de. NhUng Sandel khong cho rang thuyet cong bang cOa Rawls la sai, Rawls khong the ehUng minh dugc tfnh uu viet that sU cua cong ly, khong co nghia nguyen tac cong ly cua ong khong thue hien duge trong the gidi hien thuc, ma la Rawls khdng the suy ra eac nguyen tSc cong ly tU nghia vu dao dOc cCia minh. Noi torn lai, Rawls khong the ehUng minh mgt each hgp ly tinh Uu Viet cOa cong ly va vi sao edng ly lai dugc uu tien hon dieu tot.
2.2. Chii nghia cong dong chinh tri
fVlichael Walzer la dai bieu cCia chCi nghTa cgng dong chinh trj. Quan diem cua Walzer dugc xep vao chd nghia cgng ddng ehi'nh trj thay vi triet hgc vi ba ly do sau: (i) Phuong phap luan cija Walzer la phuong phap cu the, trong khi cae nha triet hge thudng dCing la phuong phap luan pho quat. (ii) Walzer de xuat cae ehinh sach mgt each co he thdng va mang tinh an bai the che, trong khi cac nha triet hgc quan tam nhieu hern den eae y tudng trCru tugng, (iii) Walzer Ong hg manh me ehinh trj dan ehCi, trong khi cac triet hgc thudng can nh^c van delytinh.
Dau tien, chii nghia cgng dong cCia Walzer la mgt chCi nghTa chinh trj dae biet. Ve phuong phap luan, Walzer phan doi each tiep can triet hge phd quat da thong tri d phUdng Tay tu thdi Plato (Walzer, 1983). Nguge lai, Walzer khang djnh quan diem cCia ong hoan toan khac biet va khong bao gid tach ra khoi mdi trudng xa hgi ma dng dang song. Cac triet gia ludn ed gang vUgt qua hien thUe xa hdi, dd la ehu nghia pho quat, do do, cdng ly eua cac triet gia (nhu Rawls) dang theo dudi, ngUdi chgn nguyen tac cdng b^ng trong mdi trudng ly tudng (trang thai ban dau), dua tren mdt tieu chuan (binh dang) va phan phdi Igi ich thdng qua mdt td chile (ehinh phu) trong mgt md hinh (khae biet ve nguyen tac). Cac nha khoa hgc chinh trj can phai dUa tren thUe te xa hdi, hg la chO nghia dac biet. Cac nha khoa hgc chinh tri theo dudi cdng ly thudc loai nay (nhu Walzer) la rat nhieu: dieu tdt khac nhau nen duge tao ra tU eac chil the khae nhau, theo eac trinh t u khae nhau, vi nhOng ly do khae nhau.Tat cJ nhOng khae biet nay xuat phat tU nhOng each hieu khac nhau ddi vdi y nghia cCia xa hdi, ma ban than )i nghia xa hgi la ket qua tat yeu cOa chCi nghia l|ch sCr dac thCi va chCi nghia van hda dae thu.
ThU hai, Walzer de xuat cac thda thuan the che va khuyen nghi chinh sach cho ehu nghia cgng ddng. H/lgi ngudi thudng phe binh chu nghTa cdng ddng ve nhOng de xuat nay eua Walzer khi phe phan ehCi nghia t u do duong dai rat rd rang, nhung lai map md trong giai thich ly luan cCia minh. Ndi each khae, chu nghta edng ddng tang cudng phe phan ngudi khac, ma quen di nhUng yeu td mang tinh xay dung. Loai phe phan nay thich hgp sir dung cho chCi nghia cdng sin triet hgc (nhu Sandel), nhUng khdng that su hOu dung cho chCi nghia cdng san chinh trj (nhu Walzer). Walzer da dua ra nhieu y tudng chfnh sach eua rieng minh d nhieu phuong dien, vi du nhUng chinh sach lien quan den van de cdng ly, dng dua ra 4 yeu cau eho cac thda thuan the che: (1) sU phan phdi edng ly ddi hdi co sd
Tap chf Khoa hpc xa hpi mien Trung, S3 01 (53) -2020
nen t i n g chung ve kinh te, xa hpi va van hda, nd khong chi md rpng pham vi cupc sdng cOa mpi ngUdi, ma cdn cd nhdng t i c dpng quan trpng den Idi sdng eCia mpi ngUdi; (2) phan phdi cdng lyddi hdi mpthethdng cung dng eong cpng, nghta la nha nudc nen quan t i m den ngudi benh, ngUdi gia, ngudi tan tat va ngudi ngheo,... va cung cap cho ho thdc pham, quan ao, nha d, cham soc y te va tham chf la cho hp ca tien; (3) phan phdi cong ly ddi hdi su binh dang ve co hpi, no binh dang cho tat c i mpi ngudi trong phan phdi chdc vj, quyen lUc cung nhUsU giau cd; va (4) phan phdi cong ly stdi hdi phii thuc hanh dan chu kinh te, sd dung sd hdu cdng cpng thay cho sd hdu t u nhan, hoac kiem che edng dan den vdi sd hdu tU nhan (Walzer, 2007a).
Cudi cung, khai niem hat nhan cua ehCi nghta cpng sin chfnh trj cua Walzer la dan chCi. Walzer da ddi dau vdi nen dan chu va triet hpc: nhdng nha triet hpe biet chin ly, ma chan ly do mang tfnh vTnh edu, nhin dan trong nen d i n chu bieu dat cac loai y kien, eae y kien dd khdng ngdng bien ddi. La triet hpc Uu tien (ddng trudc) ddi vdi dan chCi, hay la dan chu Uu tien ddi vdl triet hpc? Ddi vdi mdt triet gia nhU Rawls, thi hp khdng tin quyet dinh d i n chu deu la chfnh xac, khdng tin dan chCi nhat thiet se mang lai cdng ly, do do, ve mat ly thuyet hp Cing hd su Uu tien ddi vdi triet hpe hdn la van de dan chu. NgUpc lai, cac nha khoa hpc chfnh tri nhu Walzer, khong tin rang chan ly triet hpe trdu tupng co the sd dung thfch hpp trong mpi tinh hudng, khdng tin chfnh trj cd tfnh phd quit, dao ddc la chfnh xic, la dung dan, do do tren thue t e h p Cing hp dan chu hon triet hpc. Walzer tin rang dan ehCi phii dupe Uu tien, tat c i sdc manh deu den t d y chf eCia ngudi dan, mpi ngudi deu cd quyen lam nhdng dieu sai trai, va ngay khi hp lam dieu sai do hp van dung dan. Hp la chu the cua phap luat, neu phip luat rang bupctudova binh dang cua ngUdidan,thi hp nhat djnh se che djnh lai phap luat do. Theo lap luin nay, y chf cCia ngudi dan se quyet djnh the nao la luat phip, dd khdng phii la van de ly tfnh cOa cac nha triet hpc (Walzer, 2007b).
2.3. Chu nghia cpng dong codiin
Dai dien eho ehCi nghTa cpng ddng c6 dien la Alasdair Maelntyre. Xu hUdng tUtUdng eua dng the hien rd rang tfnh ed dien: thdi dai cCia ong hudng ve la Hy Lap c6 dai, nha nUdc ly tudng cua ong la mdt nha nude thanh bang nhUAthenscd dai, ngUdi thay chi dan triet hpc eCia dng la Aristotle va Thomas Aquina, tham vpng cua dng ta la vUpt qua thdi hien dai va hau hien dai ma trdve thdi tien hien dai. Maelntyre la mot dai dien cua chu nghTa cdng sin cd dien dUa tren nhdng lap luan sau:
Ddu tien, Maelntyre dUa tren nhdng quan diem nen t i n g cua triet hpc Aristotle, de thUe hien phe p h i n va chi trfch nghiem khac ddi vdi nhdng triet ly dao ddc hien dai. Triet ly dao ddc hien dai gdm 3 bo phan cau thanh: ly luin chu the dao ddc, ly luan gia trj va ly luan quy pham. Theo phe phan cua Maelntyre, sai lam cua thuyet chCi the dao ddc la "tU ca nhan hda", nghTa la cho rang ca nhan ddng vai trd xa hpi va tham gia vao suy ly thUe tien (Maelntyre, 1998). Bdi vi chu the dao ddc la hanh vi tUthan cua c i nhan, cho nen cac vai toi ddng deu la ket q u i lUa chpn cua tdi, cac nguyen tac dao ddc ma tdi ddng y va cac danh gia ve dao ddc ma toi dUa ra la the hien sU yeu thfch cua tdi. Bdi vi tat c i ngon ngd dao ddc bieu dat chang qua la sd thfch cCia toi, cho nen trong suy ly thue tien, dau tien toi can phii tien hanh d u tfnh va s^p xep cac sd thfch khic nhau, sau dd theo dudi va tdi da hoa suthda man sd thfch. Sai lam cua thuyet g i i tri la "canhan hda dieu tdt"(Maelntyre, 1994).
NguySn HCjng Vucmg
Trong triet hpe dao^ddc, dieu tdt dupe hieu la su thda man ham mudn va sd thfch eua ea nhan, ma ham mudn hoac sd thfch cd su khic nhau gida ngudi nay so vdi ngUdi khac, vl vay dieu tdt la muc tieu theo dudi eua c i nhin, khong tdn tai dieu tdt chung. Hon nda, ve cau hdi "dieu tdt la gl?" co rat nhieu quan diem bat ddng gida nhieu ngudi, va nhdng bat ddng nay khdng the dUpc loai bd. Sai lam eCia ly thuyet quy pham la "sullen nganh hda ddc hanh" (Maelntyre, 1984). Trong luan ly hpc cua Aristotle, ddc hanh va cac quy tac deu phat huy dung mde eong nang, nhdng trong xa hpi hien dai va trong triet hpc dao ddc hien dai, cac quy tac dao ddc cd mpt vl trf trung tam va phat huy tie dung, trong khi quy tac ddc hanh dan bj lien nganh hda.
ThU hai, Maelntyre de xuat mpt ly luan chu nghTa cpng dong cd dien dae trUng. Dieu nay dupe p h i n anh trong eac khfa canh sau: Trong phuong dien luan ly hpe, ong chCi truong g i i tri va su that can dupe lien ket cung nhau, phin ddi sU tieh biet gia tri va su that; trong phuong dien triet hpc dao ddc, dng chCi truong Uu tien dieu tdt, phan ddi Uu tien edng ly hon dieu tdt; trong phuong dien ly luan cdng bang, dng ung hd nguyen tac phin phdi cdng bing, phin ddi eae loai nguyen tac phan phdi cCia chu nghTa tU do va chu nghTa cdng Ipi; trong phUOng dien triet hpe chfnh tri, dng Cing hp quan diem ea nhan thudc ve cdng ddng, phin ddi cac loai hinh thdc chu nghTa c i nhan.Tinh chat ed dien cOa chu nghia cpng ddng Maelntyre cdn tap trung the hien trong quan niem cua "muc dfch luan" (Teleology). Trong quan diem eCiadng, mpt loaitriet hpc dao ddc va triet hpc chfnh tri hpp ly can phii d i t mue dfch len hang dau, bdi vl muc dfch ed khi nang cung cap nen t i n g va sU thdng nhat can thiet cho ly luan, dieu nay gidng vdi ehCi nghTa Aristotle. Cac ly thuyet dao ddc hien dai cung deu thda nhan rang dditUpng mpi ngUdi theo dudi la "muc dich" sU khac biet d cho, triet hpc dao ddc hien dai thudng eoi "muc dfch"(ends) theo dudi la dieu tdt, khae vdi nd, Maelntyre eoi dieu tdt la "mue dfeh"(telos), ddng thdi cho rang loai mue dfch nay gida dja vj uu tien.
Cuoi cung, trong tranh luan triet hpe ve tfnh hien dai Maelntyre da gid lap trddng cCia mpt loai tien hien dai. Gan day phat sinh cupc tranh luan ve tfnh hien dai trong triet hpc phuong Tay, nhdng ngUdi tham gia vao cupc tranh luan nay ed the dupc chia thanh hai trudng phai, mot ben la nhdng ngudi theo chu nghTa hien dai, mot ben la nhdng ngUdi theo ehCi nghTa hiu hien dai. Nhdng ngddi theo phai hien dai thong thudng thda nhan qua trinh hien dai hda dien ra theo dUdng vdng t d thdi khai sing eho den nay, nhUng hp cd day hy vpng ddi vdi b i n than xa hpi hien dai, cho ring tfnh hien dai la mot hang mue cdng viec dang con dang dd. Trong khi do, nhdng ngddi theo phai hau hien dai co nhdng t h i i dp phCi djnh hoan toan ddi vdi thdi ky khai sang, cho rang tfnh hien dai la mot thd da 161 thdi, can ddgc thay the bang hiu hien dai. Maelntyre bay td thai do phin doi vdi chu nghTa hien dai va hau hien dai, da khong cd sutien bp so vdi trUde, eung khdng gidng nhu sau nay chuyen t d hien dai sang hau hien dai, va cd gang di theo^con dudng thd ba, trd ve Hy Lap ed dai va ve vdi Aristotle. Dua vao ehCi nghTa Aristotle ed dien, Maelntyre da phat ddng cupc chien chdng lai ea hai trUdng phai. Mot mat dng phin ddi chu nghTa hien dai, phe phan hanh dpng lay triet hpc dao ddc hien dai lam quy tac luin ly hpc (dao ddc Kant), khdi xudng luan ly hpc dao ddc ed dien va phe phan chu nghTa t u do la triet hpe chfnh tri hien dai (thuyet eong bang cua Rawls), chu truong chCi nghTa cpng ddng cd dien. Mac khac, dng eung phin ddi chu nghTa hau hien dai, chi trfeh chu nghTa tuong ddi (Foucault),
T9P chf Khoa hgc xa hpi mien Tmng, So 01 (63) -2020
thCra nhan tinh hgp ly cCia suy ly thUc tien, chi trich cae quan diem cOa Nietzsche, thCra nhan tfnh chan 1^ cCia ly luan dao dUc.
2.4. Tan chi nghia cpng dong
Dai dien eCia tan ehu nghia cdng ddng la Amitai Etzioni. SUtroi day cua ehu nghia cgng ddng trong nhOng nam 1980 va cudc tranh luan eCia nd vdi ehO nghia t u do da khien cho nhOng;? tudng ciia nd lan truyen nhanh ehdng. Cac loai quan diem cgng ddng (triet hgc, chinh trj va cd dien) da ddng len ehi trich ehCi nghia tU do, nd khdng chi thach thUc th^m quyen eCia chCi nghia t u do trong xa hgi phuong Tay, ma cdn thuc day nhanh hon sU phat trien trao luu ehCi nghia cdng ddng. Den nhOng nam 1990, mdt sd ngudi chu nghia cdng ddng khdng mudn bi nham lan vdi'thCi nghia cdng ddng kieu kinh dien"cOa nhOng nam 1980, vl vay, ngay sau dd hg da dua ra bieu ngO"tan ehu nghia cgng ddng" (Etzioni, 2004). So vdi e h i nghia cdng ddng cfla nhUng nam 1980, tan chu nghia cdng ddng cd nhOng khac biet rd net.
Bdu tien, chd nghia cdng ddng trong nhOng nam 1980 dua tren triet hgc chinh trj cOa Rawls, vSn de quan tam edt Idi la cdng ly, tan chCi nghia cdng ddng nhOng nam 1990 dua vao nen tSng thuc tien xa hgi phuong Tay (cu the la thUc tien xa hdi IVIy), van de quan tam edt Idi la van de dao dUc. Chu nghia cdng ddng trong nhflng nam 1980 chi cd mdt ke thil la chCi nghia t u do. Trong khi do, tan chii nghia edng ddng lai phai chien dau vdi ea hai phia, chdng lai ehii nghia t u do - ehii nghia canh ti bSo thii va Kitd giao - canh hOfu. Chii nghia cgng ddng trong nhUng nam 1980 deu ndi den nhUng cdng ddng dja phuong (local community), di^u nay da dUa den hai van de, dd la ehO nghia dae thu va chCi nghia tuong ddi; tan chii nghia cdng ddng cd gang phuc hdi "cdng ddng ciia cdng ddng" va nhuvay da kh^e phuc dugc nhUng han che ciia chii nghia dac thii va ehii nghia tuong ddi.
Thiihai, nhdng ngudi theo chii nghia edng ddng nhdng nam 1980 ve co ban hg la nhOfng nha triet hgc, hg suy nghi ve cac van de I;? thuyet trdu tugng, nhiing nha tan chii nghia cgng ddng nhiJng nam 1990 ve cd b^n hg la tap hgp eac nha xa hdi hge, hg gidi hdn trong viec nghien cdu va gicii quyet cac van de dang dien ra ngay trong thuc tien. Vao nhdng nam 1980, triet hge ehinh trj phuong Tay chd yeu dugc the hien thdng qua cudc tranh luan giCfa chii nghia t u d o va ehu nghia edng ddng, dac biet la nhdng tranh luan gida Rawls va Sandel, ma d day deu la nhdng khai trien cac phudng dien triru tugng ciia triet hgc; dieu ma nhdng nha tan edng ddng ehii nghia khdng ed chut hdng thu nao, nguge lai hg dat su quan tam nhieu hgn den eae van de eua the gidi hien thuc nhu: van de hdn nhan va gia dinh, giao due hgc dudng, chinh sach cdng ddng, d nhiem mdi trudng, lam dung ma tuy va an toan cdng edng...
Cudi cung, chii nghia cdng ddng trong nhijfng nam 1980 la loai ly luan, chfnh xac ma ndi, la nhieu loai ly luan khac nhau, chang han nhu ly luan triet hge, ly luan ehinh trj hoac ly luan dao d\yc, tan chd nghia cdng ddng nhuTig nam 1990 la mdt loai phong trao, nd khdng chi yeu cau mgi ngudi dgc tac pham eiia nd, ma cdn yeu cau mgi ngudi tham gia tfch cue vao cae loai hinh cdng ddng, eac td ehUe cdng ddng khac nhau, chia se cac 'y tudng va I)? tudng ciia chii nghia cdng ddng. Nham thuc day phong trao ehu nghia cdng ddng, nhdng nha cdng ddng chii nghia da tien hanh thanh lap mdt tap san va xuat bSn hang quy, mang ten "edng ddng dap ufng: quyen Igi va trach nhiem" hg da
NguySn Hiing Virong
cdng bd tuyen ngon eCia chu nghTa cdng ddng, thanh lap mpt Website chCi nghia eong ddng. Trong eon m i t cCia nhdng ngudi tan chCi nghTa cpng ddng, nhdng ly luan triet hpc trdu tupng khong giup fch dupe gi cho nhdng van de dang dien ra dxa hoi phUdng Tay, ehi eo nhCrtig phong trao xa hoi cd quy md Idn mdi ed khi nang thay ddi hien thdc.
3. Chu nghTa cong ddng phUtfng Tay: Ba van de trong tam 3.1. Phe binh chu nghia tvtdo
ChCi nghia cpng ddng ndi len nhu mpt thach thde doi vdi ehu nghTa t u do tren vu dai triet hpc chfnh trj duong dai va dUdc biet den vdi nhdng phe phin manh me danh cho chd nghTa tU do. Su phe phan do bao trum mpt pham vi rat rdng, t d khai niem chu nghTa t u do cho den che dp t u do, t d trinh tucdng ly den van de cdng ly thUc chat, t d quan niem quyen den quan niem ve dieu tdt, trong dd edt Idi bao gdm ba van de, do la chCi nghTa phd quit, chu nghTa c i nhan va tfnh trung lap cCia chu nghTa tU do.
Chu nghTa tudo la ehCi nghta phdquat, ludn thio luan ve tUdo, binh ding, quyen va cong ly mot each trCfu tUpng, va xem nd nhu la nhdng g i i trj mang tfnh phd q u i t phu hpp vdi mpi xa hdi, vdi tat c i Ijeh sdva vdl mpi nen van hda. Mpt sd ngudi theo chCi nghTa cpng ddng (nhuMaelntyre) dung chCi nghta Ijch sdde chdng lai chu nghta t u d o phd quit.Theo hp, khdng phii ehi cd mpt loai cdng 1^ phd quit, ma tdn tai mpt loat eac mau thuan cOa cong ly, va nhdng mau thuan gida cac cdng ly nay khdng the dupe giai quyet mdt each hpp 1^. Cdng ly co tfnh Ijch sd, tdn tai trong thdc tien eupe sdng cpng ddng, eho nen eong ly thdi ky Hy Lap khac vdi cong ly thdlTrung Co, edng ly Kitd thdi Trung Co lai cang khic vdi cdng 1;?
cua chu nghta tUdo hien dai. Bin than chu nghta tUdo eua nhdng nam 1991 thdc ra la chu nghta edng ddng eai trang thanh chCi nghTa phd quit, dieu nay da cho thay hien nay chCi nghta tU do cd the thao tung van hda va chfnh trj, cho nen lat do chu nghta phd quit va lat do su thao tung eCia ehCi nghta tu do va mpt viee lam trai ngupc. Mot vai triet gia theo ehCi nghta cpng ddng (nhUWalzer) dung chCi nghta dac biet (dac thCi) de phan ddi tfnh phd quat eCia chu nghTa tudo: ly thuyet cdng lyva tat ca phuong phip cCia ly luan da dat dUpc cua chCi nghTa tudo la truU tupng, thoit ly khdi Ijch sdxa hpi eu the va mdi trudng van hda, edng ly ia phUdng thdc phan chia dieu tdt, bat ky phuong phap phan phdi dieu tdt eCia mpt xa hpi nao deu khong phii la phd quit, ma la dac thu, dieu tdt la mot die thCi, bdi vl tdn tai dCi cie loai dieu tdt, m i khdng chi co mdt sd dieu tdt; phuong thdc phan phdi dieu tdt la dae biet (die thu), bdi vl dieu tdt la dae thiJ, cai thien va dieu tdt la khong ddng nhat, hon nda khdng the tien hanh (ddi xd) nhd nhau; ddi vdi nhdng hieu biet ve dieu tdt la mdt sd dac biet, eho nen van hda la mdt dac thu, moi loai van hda ddi vdi dieu tdt va phuong thdc phan phdi ^ e u tdt deu cd quan i^em rieng biet cua minh.
ChCi nghTa tU do la ehCi nghTa ca nhan, nd chCi trUOng ca nhan la chu the duy nhat, hanh vi ea nhan hoan toan dupc an bai theo dpng eo rieng (ieh ky hoac nhan ai). Ddi vdi nhdng ngUdi theo chCi nghTa tudo, xa hdi ehi la eong cu de cie ea nhan hien thUc hda eic muc dfch cua hp, mpi ngddi hdp tac trong xa hdi cung vl muc dfch nay. Nhdng ngudi theo ehu nghta cpng ddng thi eho rang, ea nhan ehu nghta t u do the hien d ba quan diem eu the sau: (1) Lpi fch c i nhan luon dpc l i p vdi lpi fch cpng ddng, dpe lap vdi cac mdi quan he dao ddc va quan he xa hpi gida cac c i nhin; Ipi fch ca nhan la thd nhat, xa hpi dupc dat d vj trf thd hai; xa hpi dupe tao thanh t d nhieu ea nhan, nhung muc dfch de thanh lap xa hpi
Tap chi Khoa hpc xa hoi mien Trung, So 01 (63) -2020
la de dat dugc Ipi fch ca nhan tdt hdn (Maelntyre, 1984). ChCi nghTa cdng ddng ehCi truong rSng, nhdng ca nhin tdn tai dau tien khdng p h i i la dpe lap, ma vi dpng cO ca nhan ket hpp thanh cdng ddng, mdi ngUdi deu dUpe sinh ratd trong cpng ddng, mpi ngudi khdng the tach khdi cpng dong, khong p h i i ca nhin p h i i dUpc Uu tien hon cpng ddng ma la ngUpc lai, cpng ddng phii dUpc Uu tien hon ca nhan; (2) Chu nghta t u do giai thfch e i nhan la mot thUe the doe lap, mot loai tU chu, bj nhdng ngUdi theo ehu nghta cpng ddng gpi la "tuthan khong b| rang bupe"(unencumberedself) (Sandel, 1998), do la nhdng ca nhan khong chju su rang bude bdi gia dinh, tdn giao, truyen thdng va moi trudng, va cd the dua ra nhdng quyet djnh ma khong can quan tam. Td quan diem cCia ehu nghta cpng ddng, quan niem
"uneneumberedself' nay la sai lam, nd da cat ddt spi d i y ket ndi gida cae ea nhan vdi cac cpng ddng eCia hp. Bdi vi tren thdc te, toi la mpt dda con eua mpt ngUdi nao do cu the, thupc mpt gia dinh, mot gia tpc, mpt lang que, thanh phd hay mpt qude gia, thda hudng nhdng mdn np chUa tra ciia hp, nhdng di sin, sU ky vpng va nghta vu chfnh dang; (3) Tfnh trung lap la mot trong nhdng dac diem khac biet, la die trung rd rang nha't cua chu nghta tudo, nd chCi truong ung hp cac loai y tUdng ve dieu tdt, chfnh phu phal la trung lap, phat duy tri l i p trudng trung lap gida cac quan niem ve dieu tdt, khong thuc day cung khdng c i n trd eon ngUdi theo dudi cupc sdng hoan my. Mac dau cac nha triet hpc cua chO nghta t u do thda nhan rang b i n than tat e i cac ly tudng ve cudc sdng tdt dep ma ca nhan theo dudi la mpt gia trj, nhung hp cho rang viec thuc day va thUe hien hda cac gia trj tdt dep nay khdng phii la van de eCia chfnh phu. Ddi vdi van de nay, chu nghta cpng ddng da dUa ra hai chi trfeh Idn: Dau tien, tfnh trung lap la khdng the. Bat ky mpt ly luan nao cung deu phii duavao eae dieu kien Ijch sd va xa hpi nhat djnh, nhdng dieu kien nay cung cap dieu kien ve bdi cinh va nhdng han che cho ly luan, quyet dinh tfnh tat yeu ve gid vdng lap trddng cua mpt d i n g phai. Khdng ed ly luan nao ed the thoat khoi dieu kien ljch sd va nhdng han ch^ cua dieu kien xa hpi. Neu mpt ly luin da khong the thoit ra khoi nhdng dieu kien Ijch sd va xa hpi cCia no thi nd khong the trung lap. Tfnh trung lap eCia chCi nghta tU do la mpt i o anh nham nguy trang cho dang phai cua nd. Trong cupc tranh luan eua triet hpc chfnh tri duong dai, chu nghta tudo da tham gia vao cupc tranh luin vdi nhieu trudng phai khac.
Ly dochu nghta tU do nguy trang thanh trung lap nham kiem soat cie cudc tranh luan hpc thuat duong dai va cac eupe tranh luan cdng khai. Ndi each khic, chu nghta t u d o vda da bdng vda thdi eoi.
3.2. Cong ly vd dieu tdt
Trong triet hpc chfnh trj dUOng dai, van de trpng tam cCia cupc tranh luan la "cdng lyva dieu tdt". Nhdng nha triet hpe theo ehu nghTa t u do deu tan thanh vdi nhdng gi ma Rawls ndi rang "edng ly Uu tien hon dieu tdt" trong khi nhdng ngUdi theo chu nghta cdng ddng kien quyet phin ddi luan diem nay. Mat khie, t d sU ddi lap gida "cdng ly va dieu tdt"
da dan tdi mpt loat cie quan diem ddi lap khac, vi nhu mdi quan he gida c i nhan va cpng ddng, quyen va lpi ich, chu nghta phd q u i t va ehu nghta Ijeh sd, tfnh trung lap va chu nghta chf thien, tfnh thdng nhat va da nguyen,... lam the nao de giai quyet mdi quan he gida cdng ly va dieu tdt trong phan Idn tien trinh de giii quyet nhdng van de ddi lap khac.
Nhin ehung, ehCi nghta t u do chu truong Uu tien cong ly hon dieu tdt, trong khi chu nghTa cdng ddng thi kien tri dieu tdt can dugc Uu tien hdn so vdi van de cdng ly. Nhdng chung ta can hieu rang, dieu tdt ma nhdng ngUdI theo chu nghTa cpng ddng noi den va
Nguyen HDng Vuwng
dieu tdt ma nhdng ngudi theo chu nghta t u d o quan niem la khdng gidng nhau. Dieu tdt eua nhdng ngUdi theo chCi nghta cpng ddng la dieu tdt cua cdng ddng, ngUpe lai ddi vdi chu nghta t u d o thi do la dieu tdt danh cho canhan. Dodo, chCi nghta cpng ddng de eao tfnh thd nhat ddi vdi dieu tdt, day khdng phii la van de, ma van de d day la cii tdt khong phai la cai dugc uu tien ve vj trf ma la Uu tien tfnh thd nhat ddi vdi van de lpi ieh cua cpng ddng, dieu do khdng tdt ddi vdi ca nhan. Chu nghta cpng ddng nhan manh den cpng ddng, ban chatcCia n o l i nhan manh sd tdt dep cua cpng ddng. Dieu tdt cCia ca nhan lagi?
Tri Idi eho van de nay se la de dang va rd rang: nhdng gl ca nhan theo dudi thi la dieu tdt cua anh ta, va nhdng ngudi khac nhau se theo dudi nhdng thd khong gidng nhau; Dieu tot cua cpng ddng la gi? cpng ddng theo dudi muc dfch gl?Tra Idi cho eau hdi nay la rat khd, cho nen nhdng ngddi theo chu nghta t u d o thudng phu nhan sUtdn tai dieu tdt cua cpng ddng, va bae bd ehCi nghta Cdng ddng thdng qua sU phu nhan nay. Neu ehu nghta cpng ddng dat sU Uu tien hang dau ddi vdi dieu tdt cua cpng ddng, hp phai t r i Idi ro rang dUpc
"dieu tdt cua cdng ddng la gi".
Ve "dieu tdt eCia ehCi nghta cpng ddng la gl" nhdng nha triet hpc theo chu nghta cpng ddng da cung cap hai cau t r i Idi, mot la "Ipi ieh ehung" (common good), cai khac la
"dieu tdt nhat"(highest good). Dieu tdt dau tien cua edng ddng la "ldl ieh ehung", do la muc dfch theo dudi cua tat ca cac thanh vien trong cpng ddng.Theo nghta nay, "Ipi ieh ehung"
khdng phai la sUtdng hpp cac dieu tdt eua caeca nhan, cung khong phii dupc tao nen bdi dieu tdt ca nhan, nd khong chi la tap hpp thong qua eae hoat dpng va chung sU hieu biet, ma quan trpng hon la no dupe tao thanh t d eae hoat dpng tap the va sU chia se hieu biet ehung (Maelntyre, 1998). Ddi vdi chu nghta cdng ddng, Ipi ieh chung eCia mot cpng ddng CO tfnh cau thanh: lpi fch chung khdng chi dupc cau thanh t d tap hpp cie hoat dpng vasU hieu biet chung, ma trong lpi fch ehung nay, ben canh viec ca nhin dat dupe Ipi fch eua minh thi khong the tach biet sU dong gop cOa anh ta eho Ipi fch chung. Theo quan niem ve lpi fch ehung nay, phin biet dau la dieu tdt eua toi va dau la each sdng tdt nhat, phan biet dau la Ipi fch chung va dau la each sdng tdt nhat cCia cpng ddng. Neu ca nhan theo dudi tat c i nhdng dieu tdt va Ipi fch chung cua cpng ddng la khdng the phan chia, thi Ipi fch cua tdi va cua ban la thdng nhat, toi khong cd mau thuan vdi ban trong viec theo dudi dieu tdt hay Ipi fch eua rieng minh, bdi vi tat c i chung ta deu la thanh vien eua mot cong ddng, vi chung ta co chung Ipi fch.
Dieu tdt thd hai cua cdng ddng la"dieu tdt nhat" (lpi fch cao nha't). Ve Ipi fch cao nhat, chu nghta cpng ddng ed hai each luan giai. Mot luan giai de cap trUe tiep den Aristotle.
Aristotle ban ve su hung thjnh cua con ngUdi (human flourishing) va "hanh phuc" (well- being) la dieu tdt nhat cCia eon ngUdi (Maelntyre, 1988).Theo nghta nay, su hUng thinh va hanh phuc eCia eon ngUdi la dieu tdt nhat cua cdng ddng. Mpt lip luan khac den td muc dich luan. Theo quan diem cua muc dich luan, sUtdn tai cua cpng ddng can cd mot sd ly do, ma ly do chinh dang duy nhat cho sU tdn tai cua eong ddng la tao ra va duy tri mdt hinh thdc cupc sdng cpng ddng. Hinh thdc eupe sdng cpng ddng nay khdng chi cd khi nang ket hpp cie loai thdc tien die biet lai vdi nhau thanh mot the thdng nhat va ddng thdi cung cap mot mue dfch (telos) eho cdng ddng, ma muc dfch nay vUpt xa cac dieu tdt trong thUe tien. Day la hinh thde cua cupc sdng cpng ddng vl mue dfch la "Ipi fch eao nhat"
(Maelntyre, 1984).
Tap chf Khoa hpc xa h6i mien Trung, S6 01 (63) -2020
3.3. Cgng dong
ChCi nghta cpng ddng lay cdng ddng lam nen t i n g . ChCi nghta cpng dong va ehu nghta t u do ed nhieu quan niem ddi lap vdi nhau, chang han nhu cac van de gida cdng ly va dieu tdt, trach nhiem va quyen Ipi, sU hoan hao v i tfnh trung lap, chCi nghta Ijch sdva chu nghta phd quit, quy tac dao ddc va phap quyen,... nhdng sU doi lap eo b i n nhat van la quan niem ve mdi quan he gida cpng ddng va c i nhin. Nen tang ly luan eo b i n cua chu nghta cdng ddng la ly luan ve cpng ddng, va chCi nghta tu do la dUa tren ly luan ve c i nhin.
Chung ta c6 the khang djnh rang, khdng cd cpng ddng thi khdng cd chCi nghta cpng ddng.
Chung quy quan diem eCia nhdng ngudi theo ehu nghta cpng ddng cd ba dac diem sau: Ddu tien, ed sU ket ndi tinh eim tdn tai gida cac thanh vien vdi nhau eua cpng ddng.
Cpng ddng la mpt mang lUdl cCia nhdng mdi quan he tinh cam, mdi quan he nay khdng phai la mdi quan he mpt - mpt gida cae ca nhan, ma la mdi quan he phdc tap, dan xen va cung cd tan nhau. Ndi each khac, cpng ddng cung cap mpt spi day lien ket tinh c i m , cd kha nang lam bien ddi cac nhdm ca nhan thanh eac thue the xa hpi nhu gia dinh; Thd hai, cd mpt niem tin chung gida cie thanh vien trong cpng ddng. Tat ei cac thanh vien eCia cpng ddng ed chung niem tin vdi mpt nen van hda die biet, cie gia tri chung, cac chuan mUe cpng ddng, y nghta va eUng chung niem tin ve Ijch sd va nhan thdc cpng ddng. Mdt mat, niem tin vao mpt nen van hoa dae biet nay lam eho cpng ddng ed su dpe d i o rieng de phan biet nd vdl eac cpng ddng khac. Mat khac, cpng ddng da truyen nhdng dac diem van hda nay td ddi nay sang ddi khac, tao ra tfnh ke thda, hinh thanh Ijch sd va b i n sac chung (Etzioni, 1996); va Cuoi cung, cpng dong ddi vdi eic thanh vien la cd tfnh cau thinh. Sandel nhan manh: "Cpng ddng khdng ehi cho thay hp eo nhdng gl vdl t u each la thanh vien, ma eung eho thay hp la gl, khdng ehi cho thay dupe eic mdi quan he hp chpn, ma con cho thay nhdng ket ndi hp da tim thay, phat hien, khong chi bieu hien b i n chat eCia b i n sac ma cdn la nhan td cau thanh b i n sic dd"(Sandel, 1982,1993).
Qua vao su quy nap nay, bat k^ mdt cpng ddng hoac thuc the xa hpi nao hpi tu ba dac diem nhu tren thi dupe gpi la cpng ddng, vf du nhu gia dinh, lang xdm, trudng hpc, cong ty, giao hpi, dan tpc, qude gia,... Dung theo nghta nay, mot sd nha theo chu nghta cdng ddng col edng ddng la mptchlechop, cd nghta la, cac cpng.ddng nhd hon (nhu gia dinh, hpi ddng hUOng) se bj bao bpc bdi cac cpng ddng Idn hon (ling xdm, thanh phd), cac cpng ddng Idn hdn nay lai nSm trong cie cpng ddng sieu Idn hon nhu qudc gia, lien bang, khdi qudc gia (Etzioni, 1993). Van de d d i y la sU khac biet gida cac thuc the xa hdi la rat Idn.
De don giin hon, chung ta cd the chia cpng ddng thanh hai loai, mpt la cac cpng ddng Idn nhu qudc gia, loai khac la cac cpng ddng nhd nhU cac hpi, khu phd, thj tran, trudng hoc,...
Hien nhien, eae cpng ddng nhd hon ddi vdi y tudng eua chCi nghta cpng ddng, cd the d i p dng dupc 3 dac trUng la tinh cim, Idng tin va tfnh eau thanh. Do do, mot sd ngddi theo ehu nghTa cpng ddng (Maelntyre) luon vien den cdng ddng ly tudng eho cac cpng ddng nhd.
Chu nghTa cpng ddng phan ddi viec sCf dung nha nude nhU mpt cpng ddng (Etzioni, 1993). Trudc het, nha nude hien dai q u i rpng Idn, den noi loai trd nhdng dieu ma cie nha cpng ddng hpe rat quan tam, do la su tham gia va xem xet chfnh trj eCia cdng dan, qua nhieu ngudi trong nha nude hien dai, t d hang chuc trieu ngUdi trong cac qude gia nhd den hang tram trieu ngUdi trong eae qudc gia Idn, khong the dam b i o dugc sutham gia
Nguyen Hung Vucmg
true tiep cua mpi cdng dan; Thdhal, cd nhieu nhom Ipi fch trong nha nUde hien dai, va nha nudetrdthanh san choi cua cae nhdm lpi fch nay. Trong mot san choi nhu vay, inh hUdng cua nd la su thuong lUpng gida sdc manh kinh te va sdc manh chfnh trj, va nha nUde duy tri sU tdn tai cua minh thdng qua sU thda hiep gida eic lue lupng xung dot nay; va Cuoi cung, dcae nude hien dai mac dued mpt sd Ipi fch cong cpng n h u d i m b i o an ninh npi bp va chdng lai sUxam lUpetUben ngoai, song khong ed Ipi fch chung theo nghTa chCi nghTa cpng ddng, vi vay nd khong phai la cpng ddng.
NhUng, tai sao ly tudng cua chu nghTa cpng ddng chi dupc thUc hien trong cie edng ddng nh6? Nhdng ngudi theo ehCi nghTa cpng ddng tin rang cac cpng ddng nhd cd hai dac diem t r i i ngUpc vdi cac cpng ddng Idn: Ddu tien, cgng dong nhd la mot loai cpng dong thuc tien. Cie cpng ddng nhd cd mpt sd Idi sdng chung va cac thanh vien cua hp tham gia vao mpt sd loai thuc tien xa hpi. Trong mpt loat cie loai thue tien, hoat dpng san xuat la hoat dpng thue tien CO ban nhat, mpi ngudi phal tham gia vao mdtsd hoat dpng san xuat dehotrpbinthanva gia dinh; Thd/ia/, cdng ddng nhd la mpt loai cpng ddng dao ddc. Cdt Idi cua loai cpng ddng nay la khii niem ve dieu tdt, va ehu nghTa cpng ddng da dit dieu tdt cpng ddng len vj tri du tien. Tinh uu tien nay eua dieu tdt edng ddng the hien nhu sau: ea nhan dUa vao dieu tdt cpng ddng va phan djnh dieu tdt cua minh theo dieu tdt cpng ddng, do dd, ddi vdi cpng ddng, phuong thdc sdng tdt nhat la mdi c i nhan sdng tdt nhat; Ipi fch ehung eung cap tieu ehuan v i sap xep cho eac Ipi fch khie nhau trong cdng ddng, do dd danh sU Uu tien thUc te eho viec thUe hien cac dieu tdt khong gidng nhau.
Td quan diem cCia nhdng ngudi theo chu nghTa cpng ddng, qudc gia la qui Idn de trd thanh mot cdng ddng cau thanh vdi cac ket ndi tinh cimva niem tin ehung. Dodo, ehCi nghTa cpng ddng chi ed the dUa vao cae edng ddng nho. Tuy nhien, trong xa hpi duong dai, dae biet laxa hpi My, van cd nhdng ngddi cd chung mdi quan he ve tinh cimva niem tin, thupc ve mpt cdng ddng dUa tren co sd cd chung dan tpc va ton giao. Trong vf du cua Sandel ve phe binh chCi nghia tudo, nhdng ngudi ed y thde thupc ve ngudi Amish, ngUdi Do thai chfnh thdng va ngudi My ban dja,... (Sandel, 1998).Tuy nhien, nhdng cpng ddng hinh thanh tren cP sdton giao va chung tpc nhd la nhdng cpng ddng tham lam cua ngUdi hdi giio (greedy communities), se khong the lam cho eac thanh vien cCia hp co ddc tfnh cong d i n , cung nhU trd thanh cdng dan tdt vi y thdc tinh cam cua hp tdn tai trong niem tin tdn giao eCia hp (Walzer, 1998). Ngoai ra, eic cpng ddng nhd cua chu nghTa cpng ddng phai la mot cdng ddng thdc tien va dao ddc. Neu mudn trd thanh mot cpng ddng de dat dupe ly tudng cua minh, cdng ddng do phai trd thanh mpt cdng ddng chfnh trj. Ndi each khac, cpng ddng chfnh tri la got chan Ashin eua nhdng nha ehu nghta cdng ddng.
4. Ket luan
ChCi nghta cong ddng la mpt trong nhdng trao Idu triet hpc tuong ddi nho trong truyen thdng triet hpc phuong Tay, dieu dd dugc chi ra bdi sd lUpng rat ft eic hpc g i i tU coi minh la nhdng nha cpng ddng ehCi nghta. Ben canh dd, eac bai nghien cdu va eac tie pham sach da dupc xuat b i n sd dung thuat ngd"chu nghta cdng ddng", hoac "cpng ddng"
mdi nam co sd lupng trfch dan tUdng ddi ft. Tuy nhien, y tudng ve x i hdi cpng ddng da co lieh sd lau ddi, nd dUdc tim thay trong cae nen van minh khae nhau, cie tdn giao khac nhau va tdng bude dugc phd bien rdng rii. Die biet vao nhdng nam 80 cCia the ky XX, cie nha
T?p chi Khoa hpc xa hpi mien Tmng, So 01 (63) -2020
chCi nghta cdng ddng da phit dpng cupc tranh l u i n sdi ndi nham chdng lai cac nha triet hpc ung hp chCi nghta tU do ve cac van de triet hpc chfnh tri. Trong sudt qua trinh tranh luan keo dai nay, cac dai bieu nhU Sandel, Etzioni, Maelntyre,... da tdng bude xac lap mpt h& thdng cie quan dilm ly luin triet hpc, chfnh trj hpc va dao ddc hpe mang sac thai va bin sic dac trUng d phuong Tay, hinh thanh trao lUu triet hpe ehCi nghta cpng ddng duong dai. Nhdng quan diem 1^ luan cOa trio lUu triet hpc nay da eo nhdng anh hudng nhat djnh trong ddi sdng chfnh trj vaxa hpidphuongTiy, d i e biet la trong xa hpi My, khdng ngdng md rpng va phat trien, ed vai tro v i y nghta tfch cdc trong nghien edu va thue tien van hanh cac he thdng chinh trj hien dai ndl chung.
Tai lieu tham khdo
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Maelntyre, Alasdair. (1984). After Virtue, second edition. University of Notre Dame Press.
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Maelntyre, MasdaiT. {2002). Dependent Rational Animals, Chicago and La Salle, Illinois.
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Sandel, Michael. (1998). Democracy's Discontent: America in Search ofa Public Ph//osophy.Cambridge:The Belknap Press ofHarvard University Press.
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Walzer, Michael. (1998). "Michael Sandel's America", In Debating Democracy's Discontent. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Walzer, Michael. (2007a). "Justice Here and Now" in Thinking Politically: Essays in Political Theory. Yale University Press.
VJa\zer,M\ch3e\.(2007b).''Philosophy and Democracy", In Thinking Politically: Essays in Political Theory. Yale University Press.
