TRAO DOI Y KIEN
MOT SO VAN DE CAN XEM XET LAI TRONG GIAO TRINH
"NHOTNG
NGUYEN LY CQ BAN CUA CHU NGHiA MAC-LENIN"
IRAN CHI MY (*)
Vdi mong mud'n Gido trinh "NhUng nguyen ly cd bdn cua chu nghla Mdc - Lenin" phdi Id mgt gido trinh chudn vi ndi dung kie'n thUc, dich thiic Id nhihig nguyen ly khoa hgc cua chu nghla Mdc - Lenin, dUdc trinh bdy mdt cdch co he thd'ng, ro rdng vd di hieu, trong bdi viet ndy, tdc gid da chi ra nhdng vdn di cdn phdi dugc xem xet lgi, phdi sda chUa cd vi ngi dung ldn kit cdu, cd vi ngdn tU ldn vdn phong, trong dd co nhUng ndi dung hodn todn xa lg vdi tU tudng cua chinh cdc nhd sdng lap chu nghla xd hdi khoa hgc dphdn "Ly lugn cua chu, nghla Mdc - Lenin vichu nghla xd hgi" (tU trang 359 den trang 491) cua cud'n Gido trinh md chung ta dd xudt bdn ndm 2009.
di vdi Viet N a m , m d t nfldc da tfl xac dinh cho m i n h n h i e m v u t r d t h a n h mgt nfldc xa hdi c h u n g h i a , lay chu nghla Mdc — Linin vd tU tUdng Hd Chi Minh ldm nin tdng tU tudng vd kim chi nam cho hdnh ddng cdch mgng, kien tri muc tieu dgc lap ddn tdc vd chu nghla xd hgi tren nen tdng chu nghla Mdc — Lenin vd tu tudng Ho Chi Minh, t h i trfldc bet, ban t h a n nhflng n g u y e n ly ly l u a n cua chu nghia M a c — L e n i n ve c b u n g b i a xa hgi phai dUde n h a n thflc dflng. Ddi vdi sinh vien t r o n g cac trfldng dai hgc va cao dang, dieu n a y p h u t h u d e r a t Idn vao c h a t Ifldng giao t r i n h m d n hgc. Dae biet la, trong dieu k i e n h i e n n a y , k b i thdi Ifldng danh cho mdn hgc Nhdng nguyen ly cd bdn cua chu nghla Mdc — Linin p h i i c i t giim den h d n 50% so vdi trfldc day; t r i n h do dgi n g u g i a n g -vien k h d n g ddng d e u va
n g a y t r o n g b a n t h a n mdi giang -vien cung cd mflc do n h a n thflc k h d n g gid'ng n h a u ddi vdi cae v a n de ly l u a n cua chu n g h i a Mac — Lenin; -viec dii ldp va n g h e h i e u ciia s i n h vien c u n g k h d n g ddng deu, t r o n g k h i nhflng t h d n g tin ve tfl tfldng va ly l u a n m a s i n h -vien cd t h e biet dfldc b a n g n g a y lai he't sflc d a d a n g , n h i e u chieu va phflc t a p ; v a t r e n t a t ca la, mdn hgc dae thfl, cd q u a n b e triic tie'p de'n n e n t a n g tU t u d n g , t h i nhflng t r i thflc m a nd cd n h i e m vu d e m lai cho ngfldi hgc p h a i ddng vai trd Id "kim chi n a m " cbo b a n h ddng each m a n g eua bg, vd do vay, Gido trinh 'Nhdng nguyin ly cd bdn cua chu nghla Mdc - Linin" p h a i la mdt giao t r i n h
(*) Tie'n si, TrUdng Bp mon Chu nghia xa hpi khoa hpc, Khoa Triet hpc, TrUdng Dai hpc Khoa hpc Xa hpi va Nhan van, Dai hpc Quoc gia TP. Ho Chi Minh.
TRAN CHI MY
chuan ve ndi dung kie'n thflc, dich thflc la nhflng nguyen ly khoa bgc ciia chii nghia Mac - Lenin, dfldc trinb bay mdt each cd he thd'ng, rd rang va de bieu. Trong khi do, Gido trinh nay eua Bd Giao due va Dao tao, do Nha xuat ban Chinh tri Qud'c gia xuat ban nam 2009, h i u nhfl d ta't ca cac chfldng, tie't, nhat la trong Phdn thit ba: Ly ludn cua chu nghla Mdc - Linin vi chu nghla xd hdi, deu cd nhflng van de c i n xem xet lai, phai sfla chfla ca ve ndi dung ldn ke't ca'u, ca ve ngdn tfl lan van phong. Trong do, cd nhflng ndi dung hoan toan xa la vdi tfl tfldng cua cbinh cac nha sang lap chu ngbia xa bdi khoa hgc, va neu sinh vien khdng dgc, se td't hdn cbo bg trong viec nhan thflc ly luan ve chu nghia xa bdi. Trong pham vi bai biet nay, chung tdi chi neu ra mdt so' trong nhflng vd'n de thudc loai dd trong p h i n Ly ludn cua chu nghla Mdc - Linin vi chu nghla xd hdi, tfl trang 359 den trang 491 cua Gido trinh. Cac van de ve ke't cau, ngdn tfl, van phong diln dat,... chflng tdi se ban de'n trong mgt dip khac.
1. Quan diem cua C.Mac va Ph.Angghen ve tie'n trifih hai giai doan trong viec thiic hien sfl menh lich sd cua giai cap cdng nhan dfldc cdc tdc gid cua Gido trinh trinh bay va giai thich tai trang 368 nhfl sau: Budc thfl nhat, Gido trinh trich d i n cau ndi cua Ph.Angghen trong Chdng Duyrinh, rang: "Giai cap vd san chie'm lay chinh quyen nhd nUdc vd bie'n nhdng tU lieu sdn xud't trUdc hit thdnh sd hUu nhd nUdc". Bflde thfl hai, Gido trinh trich cau ndi tiep tbeo cua Ph.Angghen trong tac pham nay, r i n g : "... giai cap vd san cung tfl thu tieu vdi tfl each la giai ca'p vd san,
ehinh vi the' ma nd eung xda bd mgi sU phan biet giai cap va mgi doi khang giai cap". Sau khi trich dan, Gido trinh binh luan them: "Hai bflde nay quan he chat che vdi nhau: giai cap cdng nhan khdng thflc hien dfldc bflde thfl n h i t thi eung khdng thflc hien dfldc bflde thfl hai nhflng bflde thfl hai la quan trgng nhat de giai cap cdng n h a n hoan t h a n h sfl menh lich sd cua minh" (tr.368 - 369)! Day la mgt sai l i m bet sflc thd thien vd vung ve cua Gido trinh. Nguyen van cau ndi cua Ph.Angghen dang dfldc de cap d day la nhfl sau: "Giai ca'p vd san chiem lay chinh quyin nhd nUdc vd bie'n tU lieu sdn xudt trUdc hi't thdnh sd hUu nhd nUdc. Nhitng chinh vi the md giai ed'p vd s i n cung tfl thu tieu vdi tfl each la giai cap vd sin, c h i n h vi t h e md nd cung xda bd mgi sfl phan biet giai cap va mgi ddi khang giai cap, va eung xda bd nbd nfldc vdi tfl each la nba nfldc" (chfl vie't dam la do chflng tdi - T.C.M)(1). Dd Id mdt doan nghi luan ndi tie'ng cua Ph.Angghen nhUng khong phai ve tie'n trinh hai giai doan trong viec thflc hien sfl menh lich sut eiia giai cap cdng nhan nhfl Gido trinh hieu, ma la ve sfl tieu vong eua nha nfldc vd san, nha nfldc hinh thdnh sau cich mang xa hgi chu nghia, trong dd eau thfl nha't la nguyen nhan. Id h a n h ddng xuat phat khdng t r a n h khdi ciia giai cap vd sin, cdn cau thfl bai la he qua ta't ye'u cua hanh ddng dd. Khi luan giai van de nay, Ph.Angghen cdn chi rd them: "Hanh dgng d i u tien, qua dd nbd nfldc that sfl the
(1) C.Mac va Ph.Angghen. Todn tap, t.20, Nxb Chinh tri Quo'c gia. Ha Npi, 1994, tr.389.
hien ra la dai bieu cua toan the xa hdi - chiem lay cae tfl lieu san xua't nhan danh xa hdi — cung ddng thdi la banh ddng ddc lap cudi cung cua nd vdi tU each la nba nfldc"(2). Tflc la, khi giai cap vd s i n gianh dfldc cbinh quyen nha nfldc tbi ddng thdi v6i viec "tfldc doat ke di tfldc doat", nd
"cung tu tbu tieu vdi tfl each la giai cap vd san, chinh vi the ma nd cung xda bd mgi sfl phdn biet giai cap va mgi ddi khang giai cap va cung xda bd nha nUde vdi tfl each Id nha nfldc". Nhfl vay, cd the ndi, Gido trinh dd c i t bd mdt each "vd tfl"
menh de "NhUng chinh vi thi' md" trong sfl luan giii cua Ph.Angghen de coi dd la tfl tfldng cua dng ve "bflde thfl hai" trong viec thflc hien sfl menh lich sd cua giai cap cdng nhan va chinh vi the ma Gido trinh da bdp meo mdt each te hai tfl tfldng cua dng. Tie'n trinh bai giai doan trong viec thflc hien sfl menh lich sfl cua giai cap edng nhan da dfldc C.Mac va Ph.Angghen ehi ra mdt each dae biet rd rang trong Tuyin ngdn cua Ddng cgng sdn, ring: "Bflde thfl n h i t cua cugc each mang cdng nhan Id giai cap vd s i n bien thanh giai cap thd'ng tri. Id gianh Iiy dan chu", la "lat dd sfl thd'ng tri cua giai cap tfl san, giai cap vd s i n gidnh lay chinh quyen"(3). Cdn "bUde thfl hai" - "giai cap vd san se dflng sfl thd'ng tri chinb tri ciia minh de tflng bflde mdt doat lay toan bg tfl ban trong tay giai cap tfl s i n , de tap trung ta't ca nhflng cdng eu s i n x u i t vao trong tay nbd nfldc, tflc la trong tay giai cap vd s i n da dfldc td chflc thanh giai cap thddng tri va de tang that nhanh so' Ifldng nhflng lflc Ifldng san xua't"(4). Neu dem ddi chieu nhflng luan diem nay vdi ndi
dung cua Gido trinh, thi bat cfl ai cflng cd the de dang nhan ra rang, nhflng gi ma Gido trinh da trinb bay va thuyet giii ve tien trinh hai giai doan trong viec thflc bien sfl menh lich sd ciia giai cap cong nhan la hoan toan xa la vdi tfl tfldng cua cbinh C.Mac va Ph.Angghen.
2. Ban ve chinh dang cua giai cap cdng nhan, Gido trinh dat ra tieu muc a) vdi tieu de: "Tinh tat yeu va quy luat binh thanh, phat trien cbinb dang cua giai cap cdng nhan" (tr.375). NhUng, khi trinh bay ndi dung cua tieu muc nay, Gido trinh lai khdng he cd mgt ddng nao ndi ve quy luat hinb tbanb va phat trien cua chinh ding cua giai cap cdng nhan ci. Qua cau tha!
Nhflng sai lam nhfl the nay la khdng the chap nhan dfldc ngay ca trong trfldng hdp dd la mgt tieu luan mdn bgc cua sinh vien, chfl dflng ndi la trong mdt giao trinb quo'c gia.
3. Kbi trinh bay nguyen ly cua chu nghia Mac - Lenin ve vai trd cua lien minh cdng ndng trong cugc d i u tranh gianh chinb quyen cua giai cap cong nhan, Gido trinh da bd qua mgt dieu kien ma cbi cd nd mdi lam cho nguyen ly nay mang tinh xac thiic, cd gia tri khoa bgc.
Dieu kien do la trong cdc qud'c gia md ndng ddn chiim da sd' trong nhdn ddn.
Gido trinh vie't: "Khi ndi ve vai trd cua giai cap ndng dan trong cudc da'u tranh gidnh chinh quyen cua giai cap cdng nhan, C.Mac da cbi ra, ne'u giai cap cdng nhan khdng thflc hien dfldc bai ddng ca
(2) C.Mac va Ph.Angghen. Sdd., t.20, tr.389.
(3) C.Mac va Ph.Angghen. Sdd., t.4, tr.626, 615.
(4) C.Mac va Ph.Angghen. Sdd., t.4, tr.626.
TRAN CHI MY
cdch mang vdi giai cap ndng dan. tbi bai ddn ca cua giai cap cdng nhan se trd thanh bdi ai dieu" (tr.384). Viet nhfl vay la Gido trinh da bd qua nhflng chi d i n cu the cua C.Mac va Ph.Angghen r i n g , trong cic qud'c gia md ndng dan chiem da so', thi dfl trong dau t r a n h chdng phong kien bay chd'ng ehu ngbia tfl ban, -viec cd lien minh dfldc hay khdng vdi ndng dan se trflc tiep quye't dinb sfl t h a n h bai cua cugc each mang gianh cbinb quyen cua giai cap cdng nhan. Ngay tfl nam 1847, trong NhUng nguyen ly cua chu nghla cgng sdn - tai lieu xua't phat cua Tuyen ngdn cua Ddng cdng sdn, Ph.Angghen da chi ra rang, each mang vd san se trflc tiep hoac gian tie'p thie't lap nen thd'ng tri cua giai cap vd san. 0 Anh, giai cap vd s i n da chie'm da sd' trong nhan dan, cd the triic tie'p thiet lap nen thd'ng tri eua minh, cdn d P h i p va Dflc, giai ed'p vd san chi chie'm thieu so' trong dan cfl, hai nfldc ndy cdn tdn tai ddng dao nhflng ngfldi ndng dan vd tieu tu s i n , hien dang d giai doan qua do phan bda thdnh giai cap vd san. Hg ngdy cang diia vao giai cap vd s i n de thflc hien ldi ich cua minh. Do dd, giai cap vd s i n d nhflng nfldc nay cd the gian tiep thie't lap nen thd'ng tri cua minh b i n g each lien minh vdi ndng dan. Dieu nay giai thich tai sao sU luan chflng mdt each toan dien, cd he thd'ng tfl tfldng ve lien minh cdng ndng lai dfldc C.Mac va Ph.Angghen thflc hien chu ye'u trong nhflng tac pham tdng ke't kinh nghiem cua cac each mang diln ra tfl 1848 de'n 1850 d Phap va Dflc, nhfl Dd'u tranh giai cap d Phdp 1848 - 1850, Chii'n tranh ndng ddn d DUc, Ngdy mUdi tdm thdng
SUdng mu cua Lui Bdnapdctd. Vd chinh trong tac pham Ngdy mUdi tdm thdng SUdng mu cua Lui Bdnapdctd, xua't ban nam 1852, C.Mac da xac dinh rd rang r i n g : "Tuyet vgng vi sfl phuc hdi cua De cbe Napdledng, ngfldi ndng dan Phap cung mat ludn niem tin vdo manh dat cdn con eiia minh; toan bd lau ddi nha nfldc xay dflng tren m a n h dat cdn con dd hi sup dd, vd nhfl the' cdch mgng vd sdn mdi cd dUdc bdi ddng ca md thie'u nd thi trong td't cd cdc quo'c gia nong ddn, bdi ddn ca cua cdch mgng vd sdn se trd thdnh bdi ai dii'u"(S) (chfl vie't dam la do chung tdi - T.C.M). Nhfl vay, cd the thay, Gido trinh da cat bd mdt each tfly tien menh de:
"trong td't cd cdc qud'c gia ndng ddn" trong luan diem ciia C.Mic va do vay, da lam cbo nguyen ly lien minh cdng ndng cua cbu nghia Mae md't he't gia tri ly luan va thiic tien, va n h a t dinh se khdng tranh khdi lung tung khi phai tra ldi cdu hdi:
Ne'u hien nay, cudc each mang gianh cbinh quyen cua giai cap cdng nhan nd ra, chang b a n d Hoa Ky, ndi md ndng dan chi chie'm mgt ty le rd't nhd trong dan cfl(*), thi -viec lien minh dfldc hay khdng vdi ndng dan ed cdn trflc tie'p quyet dinh sfl t h a n h bai cua cudc cich mang do khdng?
4. Ve nhflng dae trflng cd ban cua xa hgi xa bdi chii nghia, Gido trinh neu dae trflng thfl nha't la: "Cd sd vat chat - ky
(5) C.Mac va Ph.Angghen. Sdd., t.8, tr.762.
(*) Hien nay, d Hoa Ky, nong nghiep chl chie'm 2,4% lao dpng (Xem: Tii dien Bdch khoa Viet Nam tap 2. Nxb Til dien Bach khoa. Ha Npi, 2002, tr.314).
thuat cua xa bdi xa bdi cbu nghia la nen cdng ngbiep" (tr.410). Chflng tdi cho ring, ndi "cd sd vat chat — ky t h u a t cua xa hdi xa hdi chu nghia Id nen dai cdng nghiep"
khdng sai, nhflng coi "cd sd vat chat - ky thuat cua xa hgi xa hdi chu nghia la nen dai cdng nghiep" Id mgt dae trflng cd ban, hdn nfla la dae trflng cd ban thU nhdt nhfl Gido trinh da xac dinh thi lai khdng dung. Sfl that la chfla bao gid va h dau C.Mac, Ph.Angghen va V.I.Lenin ndi nen dai cdng nghiep la dae trflng cua cbu nghia xa bdi ca. Trong rdt nhieu tac pham cua minh, n h a t la trong NhUng nguyen ly ciia chu nghla cdng sdn va trong Tuyin ngdn cua Ddng cdng sdn, C.Mac va Ph.Angghen da sfl dung phd bien cum tfl "nen dai edng ngbiep tfl b i n chu nghia". Hai dng chi ra rang, giai cap tu s i n ra ddi, ldn manh, chie'n thang va sup dd cung tfl dai edng nghiep, do dai cdng nghiep; r i n g giai cap vd s i n la san pham cua ban than nen dai cdng nghiep, v.v..
Chic c h i n r i n g , kbi coi nen dai cdng nghiep la mgt dae trflng cd ban cua xa hdi xa hgi chu nghia, Gido trinh da diia vao mgt luan diem ndi tie'ng cua V.I.Lenin trong Di cUdng bdo cdo vi sdch lUdc cua Bdng Cdng sdn Nga dgc tai Dai bgi III
Qudc te cdng s i n , hgp d Matxcdva, thang 6 nam 1921, ndi r i n g : "Cd sd vat chat duy nha't ciia chu nghia xa hdi cbi cd the Id nen dai cdng nghiep cd k h i ndng cai tao ca ndng nghiep"(6). Nhflng nhfl vay la Gido trinh da sai l i m . Sai l i m d chd, luan diem dd khdng phai Id tfl tfldng cua V.I.Lenin ve dae trflng ciia chii ngbia xa hgi, coi nen dai cdng nghiep la cai duy
nha't, rieng cd cua cbu nghia xa bgi ma la tu tudng cua dng ve con dfldng, ve each thflc duy nha't de xay diing chu ngbia xa bdi, ve dieu kien vat cba't ed't loi bao dam sfl tdn tai va chie'n thang cua che do xa bdi cbu nghia trong hodn canb ciia nUdc Nga lflc bay gid. Trong hoan canh lich sd cua nfldc Nga lflc bay gid, ndi ma chu ngbia tfl ban phat trien cdn yeu dt, tan dfl cua che' do ndng nd va phong kien cdn rat nang ne, nen cdng ngbiep cdn d trinh do phat trien rat tha'p so vdi cac nfldc tfl ban d Tay Au va Bac My, lai d trong vong vay cua chu ngbia de qud'c quo'c te, van de dat ra la p h i i xay diing chu nghia xa bgi bang each nao. Cau tra ldi dfldc V.I.Lenin - ngfldi dflng dau Dang Cdng s i n Nga va Nba nfldc Xdviet - dfla ra lflc do la:
"Khdng the xay dflng chu nghia xa hgi b i n g each ndo khac hdn la bang dai cdng nghiep"(7). Theo do, V.I.Lenin da de ra ke hoach phat trien dai cdng nghiep va dien kbi hda toan qud'c, coi dd la dieu kien dam bao cbo nfldc Nga xa bdi chu nghia
"dflng vflng dfldc". "Va dflng vflng nhfl the' khdng phai d trinh do mgt nfl6c tieu ndng..., ma la d trinh do vUdn len mgt nfldc dai cdng ngbiep"(8). Nhfl vay, cd the tha'y, ca C.Mac, Ph.Angghen va V.I.Lenin deu '" hdng cd y kie'n nao ndi rang dai cong nghiep la dae trflng cua chii nghia xa hgi ci. Va, cbinh ngay md hinb xa hdi xa hdi chu nghia dang dfldc xay dflng d Viet Nam trong thie't ke ly luan cua D i n g ta cflng khdng cd dae trflng nao noi r i n g "cd
(6) V.I.Lenin. Todn tap, t.44. Nxb Tie'n bp, Matxcdva, 1978, t r . l l .
(7) V.I.Lenm. Sdd., t.44, tr.l26.
(8) V.I.Lenin. S<fd., t.44, tr.459.
TRAN CHI MY
sd vat cha't - ky t h u a t cua xa hdi xa bdi cbu ngbia Id nen cdng nghiep". Chi cd Gido trinh mdi phat bieu lech lac nhfl vay ma thdi.
5. Khi trinb bay quan niem ve dan chu, Gido trinh da danh bdn mdt trang de luan giai ve nghia gd'e eiia khai niem "dan chu" trong ngdn ngfl cua Hy Lap cd dai va xac dinh dd Id do hai tfl "Demos" va
"Kratos" dfldc ghep lai vdi nhau (tr.421 - 422). Theo chung tdi, trong mdt cud'n giao trinh danh cbo sinh -vien khdi khdng chuyin ngdnh Mdc - Linin nhfl Gido trinh nay, khdng can thie't phai ly giai dai ddng, phflc tap va r i c rdi de'n nhfl vay.
Trong Phi phdn cUdng linh Gdta - mdt tac pham ly luan kinh dien trgng ye'u cua cbu nghia xa bdi khoa hgc, khi giai thich k h i i niem dan ehu, C.Mae chi viet the nay: "Tfl "dan chu" neu chuyen sang tieng Dflc tbi cd ngbia la "nhan dan lam chu"(9). That ddn gian, ro rang va d l bie'u, mac dfl ddi tfldng ma C.Mac c i n giai thich luc bay gid la cac nba lanh dao Ding Dan chu - xa hdi Dflc - Dang, nhfl Ph.Angghen ndi, cua "mdt dan tgc cua nhflng nha "tfl tfldng"(10).
Dae biet, kbi neu nhflng dae trflng cd b i n cua nen dan chu xa bdi chu ngbia, Gido trinh da pham phai nhflng sai lam nghiem trgng. Dd la: Thd nhdt, trong bd'n dae trung cua nen dan chu xa bdi cbu nghia ma Gido trinh neu ra (tr.425 - 427) khdng CO dae trflng ddn chu cua so ddng, trong khi dd "ddn chu cua so ddng" Id dae trflng Cd ban nhat, phan biet sfl khac nhau cd tinh ban chat gifla nen dan chu xa hgi chii nghia vdi cae nen dan chii trfldc dd. Nhfl chung ta deu biet, trong
lich sfl trfldc dd, trfl dan chu nguyen thuy, ta't ca cac nen dan chii deu Id ddn chu cua so it. Thii hai, cai khdng phai la dae trflng ciia nen dan chii xa hdi chu nghia tbi Gido trinh lai coi la dae trUng cd ban cua nd. Dd Id trfldng hdp dae trflng thfl tfl, Gido trinh neu r i n g : "Nen dan cbu xa hdi chu nghia.. mang tinh giai cap", "trong nen dan ehu dd, chuyen chinh va dan chu la hai mat, hai ye'u to' quy dinb ldn nhau, tac ddng, bd sung cho nhau" (tr.426 - 427). Sfl t h a t la, nen dan chu vdi tinh chat la mdt hinh thflc nhd nfldc, thi khdng phai chi rieng nen dan chu xa hdi ehu nghia, md ta't ea cac nen dan chii deu mang tinh giai cap, deu bao ham hai mat dan ehii va ehuyen ehinh.
Ve mat ly luan, C.Mic, Ph.Angghen va V.I.Lenin cung khdng he coi "tinh giai cap" va "tinh hai mat: chuyen chinh va dan chu" la dae trUng cua nen dan chu xa hdi chu nghia. Trfldc sau cac dng deu coi dd Id thude tinh chung cua mgi nen dan chii.
6. Ve van de xay dflng nen van hda xa hdi chu nghia, tuy Gido trinh cd dat ra muc b) vdi tieu de Khdi niem nin vdn hda xd hdi chu nghla, nhflng khi trien khai ndi dung cua de muc dd, Gido trinh da khdng xac dinh va lam rd ndi ham ciia khai niem "nen van hda xa hdi chu nghia". Do vay, khi trinh bay ndi dung cua nhiem vu xay dflng nen van hda xa hdi chu nghia, Gido trinh da td ra bet sflc lung tung vd tuy tien. C h i n g ban nhU, trong bd'n ndi dung ed ban eua nhiem vu
(9) C.Mac va Ph.Angghen. Sdd., t . l 9 , tr.44 - 45.
(10) C.Mac va Ph.Angghen. Sdd., t . l 6 , tr.280.
xay dflng nen van bda xa bdi cbu nghia dUdc Gido trinh neu ra (tfl tr.445 den tr.450) khdng cd ndi dung xdy dflng tfl tfldng va dao dflc xa hdi chu nghia, trong khi tfl tfldng va dao dflc lai la linh vflc can ban n h i t eua nen van hda xa hdi chii nghla. Khdng cd ndi dung xay dUng tU tflcfng vd dao dflc xa hdi chu nghia, nhUng lai cd ngi dung xay dflng "gia dinh van hoa xa hdi ehu nghia" (tr.447). Chflng tdi cho ring, xay dflng nen van bda xa hgi chu ngbia dUdng nhien khdng the khong bao ham xay diing gia dinh vdn bda xa hgi cbu ngbia. Nhflng, viec dfla van de
"xay dflng gia dinh van hda xa hgi cbu nghia" vdo Gido trinh nay nhfl mdt ngi dung cd ban ciia nhiem vu xay diing nen van hda xa hgi cbu nghia lai chflng td Gido trinh da khdng bieu dung thiic chat va vi tri cua ca hai van de van bda va gia dinh trong ly luan chii nghia xa hdi khoa hgc. Trong cic tac pham kinh dien trgng ye'u ciia cbu nghia xa hdi khoa hgc, nhfl Bdn thdo kinh te - triet hgc ndm 1844;
NhUng nguyen ly cua chu nghla cdng sdn;
Tuyin ngdn cua Ddng cdng sdn; Nguon gdc ciia gia dinh, cua che do tU hUu vd ciia nhd nUdc; Sdng kie'n vl dgi;... C.Mac, Ph.Angghen vd V.I.Lenin deu de cap den van de gia dinh nhfl mdt van de chinh tri - xa hdi quan trgng, tfldng xflng vdi cac van de, nhfl nha nfldc, dan tdc, tdn giao va van hda. O day, Gido trinh c i n nhan thflc day du va rd rang r i n g , so vdi cgng ddng dan tdc, cdng ddng tdn giao, gia dinh la mdt cgng ddng nbd, nhflng lai cd vai trd ldn ddi vdi sfl phat trien vd tien bg cua ca nhan va xa hdi. Khdng chi giai cap vd s i n va chu nghia xa hdi, md tat c i cac giai
cap cim quyen trong cac che do xa hdi khac deu quan tam den van de gia dinh, can thiep vao che' do hdn nhan gia dinh b i n g tfl tfldng, p h i p luat, v.v. de lam cho quan he dd phuc tflng ldi ich cua nha nUdc, tflc ciia giai cap c i m quyen. Do dd, d gdc do chu nghia xa hdi khoa hgc, van de gia dinb p h i i dfldc nhin nhan la mgt van de chinh tri - xa hdi quan trgng, phai dfldc dat ra va giai quyet mgt each tfldng xflng vdi cac van de, nhfl nba nfldc, van bda, dan tgc, tdn giao, chfl khdng the ggp van de gia dinb vao v i n de van bda va trinb bay v i n de dd mgt each md nhat va hdi bdt nhfl Gido trinh nay da thflc hien.
V i lai, neu -viec xay diing "gia dinh van bda" dUde nhin nhan va dfla vao GJdo trinh nay nhfl mgt ngi dung cd ban cua nhiem vu xay diing nen van boa xa bgi chu nghia, thi viec xay diing, chang ban:
"lang van hda", "khu phd van hda", "qudc gia van hda",... phai dfldc nhin nhan nhfl the nao vd dfla vao dau trong Gido trinh?
7. Ve khai niem "dan tdc", Gido trinh vie't: "Khai niem dan tgc thfldng dfldc dflng vdi hai ngbia: Thfl nhat, khai niem dan tgc dflng de cbi mdt cgng ddng nao dd cd mdi lien be chat cbe, ben vflng, cd s i n h h o a t k i n h t e c h u n g , cd ngdn ngfl chung cua cgng ddng va trong sinh boat van hda cd nhflng net dae thfl so vdi cgng ddng khac; x u i t bien sau cgng ddng bg lac, bg tdc va the' hien thanh y thflc tfl giac cua cac tbanb vien cdng ddng dd"
(tr.454, chfl viet dam la do chflng tdi - T.C.M). Va, Gido trinh giai thich rang, neu hieu theo ngbia thfl nba't nhfl vfla neu, thi ddn tdc "Id bd phan cua qudc gia, la cdng ddng xa hdi theo nghia la tgc
TRAN CHI MY
ngfldi" (tr.454). 6 day, khdng ke phfldng phap dinh ngbia, ngdn tfl, van phong diln dat vd Idi giai thich khai niem - bet sflc la lung vd lung cung, chi rieng viec Gido trinh dUa menh de "c6 s i n h h o a t k i n h t e c h u n g " vao ngi h a m ciia khai niem "dan tdc" hieu theo nghia tde ngUdi cung da qua du de ldm hdng dinh nghia khai niem dd, ldm cho nd trd nen hoan toan sai va vd dung. Vdi dinb ngbia nhfl vay thi Gido trinh t r i ldi nhfl the nao trfldc thflc te', c h i n g ban, tdc ngfldi Khmer, da so sd'ng d Cdmpuebia, nhflng cd bd phan sd'ng d Viet Nam, Ldo, Thai Lan,... la nhflng qud'c gia ed che do kinh te khac nhau, hg khdng the "cd sinh boat kinh te chung" dfldc va nhfl vay, hg cd cflng thudc ve tdc ngfldi Khmer nfla khdng? Ne'u khdng thi hg trd thdnh tde ngfldi gi trong eac qud'c gia dd? Te hai hdn, khi trinh bdy va giai thich mdi quan he gifla khai niem "ddn tdc" va khai niem
"qud'c gia", Gido trinh da vie't: "Khai niem dan tde vd khai niem qud'c gia cd sfl gan bd chat che vdi nhau, ddn tdc bao gid cung ra ddi trong mdt qud'c gia nhd't dinh" (tr.455, chfl -vie't nghieng la do chung tdi - T.C.M). Nhfl vay, theo Gido trinh thi qud'c gia la cai cd trfldc, dan tde ngfldi la cai cd sau?!
8. Ngi dung chfldng IX - Chu nghia xd hdi hien thiic vd trien vgng (tr.467 - 491), ndi bat la va'n de ehii nghia tfl ban khdng phai Id tfldng lai eiia loai ngfldi, ehi ed chii nghia xa hgi mdi la tfldng lai cua nhan loai, la nhflng va'n de da dfldc chu nghia Mae - Lenin dat r a va giai quye't mdt each triet de va tfldng minh b i n g ca
mdt td hdp Iy luan khoa hgc chat che, bao gdm ea trie't hoc, kinh te' hgc ehinh tri va ehu nghia xa hdi khoa hgc. Do vay, viec Gido trinh dat lai va ban luan them ve nhflng van de do la khdng can thiet. Dd la chfla ke, vdi tfl each Gido trinh "Nhdng nguyen ly cd hdn cua chu nghla Mdc - Linin", khdng phai ai eung cd the dfla
quan diem cua minh vao trinh bdy trong dd dfldc. Mat khac, t a t ca nhflng gi dfldc the hien trong chfldng IX eua Gido trinh la r a t xa la vdi ehu nghia xa hdi khoa hgc.
Dd ddn gian ehi Id y kie'n ehii quan, nhflng n h a n dinh, nhflng ke't luan vgi vang cua mgt cud'n Gido trinh khong dang tin cay, khdng thuyet phuc. Do vay, ndi dung cua chfldng nay chang nhflng khdng cd t i e dung xay dflng, cung cd niem tin eua ngfldi hoc vdo tfldng lai tot dep va ta't t h a n g ciia ehii nghia xa hgi, ma trai lai, cdn gay eho hg sfl sfl hoai nghi, tba't vgng ve tfldng lai dd.
Tren day ehi mdi Id nhflng van de ndi com ve mat ndi dung, chUa phai Id tat ca, nhflng cung du de danh gia r i n g , cudn Gido trinh "Nhiing nguyen ly cd hdn cua chu nghla Mdc - Lenin" khdng ddng dfldc coi la giao trinb. Nd can dfldc thu hdi va siia chfla. Bdi le, ne'u s\i dung Gido trinh ndy de giang day trong cac trfldng dai hgc va eao dang Viet Nam thi ro rang la, se dem den cho sinh vien nfldc ta nhflng n h a n thflc sai lam ve chu nghia xa hgi khoa hgc. Va nhfl the, chung ta ed Idi chang nhflng vdi ddi ngu tri thflc tre ciia Viet Nam, md cdn doi vdi C.Mac, Ph.Angghen, V.I.Lenin - nhflng nha sang lap chu nghia xa hdi khoa hgc.Q
