NAM-NAM/BAC-NAM
TRUNG QUOC: DOI TAG NONG NGHIEP QUAN TRONG 0 CHAU PHI TRONG NHUNG THAP NIEN DAU THE KY XXI
Trdn Thi Lan Huang*
Dang Thi Thit**
T
rong vai n a m gan day, T r u n g Qud'c la hien tflpng mdi ndi so vdi cac dd'i tac k h a c trong chien lUde hpp tae vdi chau Phi. Hpp tac ndng nghiep cua T r u n g Qude vdi chau Phi chu yeu theo 3 hudng: +) Hd trp tai chinh, ky t h u a t va kinh nghiem de ngudi chau Phi thiic hien cac k h a u d e a n q u a n trpng trong nong nghiep, q u a n ly da't dai, ngudn ngUde, p h a t trien cd sd h a t a n g ndng nghiep, dieu h a n h t r a n g trai, chdn nudi, nudi trdng t h u y san, an n i n h lUdng thiic, hd trd ky t h u a t , s a n xua't may mdc ndng nghiep va che bien san p h a m n e n g nghiep;-I-) Giup chau Phi md rpng thi trUdng h a n g boa nong nghiep, chu yeu sang T r u n g Qud'c, sau dd Id s a n g cac nUde khac; +) T r u n g Qud'c triic tiep thiic hien t a t ca cac quy trinh ndng nghiep tai chau Phi bdng each m u a va t h u e da't t r d n g trpt, lap t r a n g t r a i T r u n g Qud'c tai chau Phi. Cach thflc
tien h a n h va t h a n h cdng bfldc dau cua cac dfl an hpp tac ndng nghiep T r u n g Qud'c - chau Phi cho tha'y T r u n g Qud'c cd the se trd t h d n h dd'i tac ndng nghiep tiem n a n g ldn nha't cua chau Phi t r e n g nhUng t h a p nien dau the ky XXI.
I. TRUNG QUOC CHAU PHI
DOI TAC MCJl NOI 0
* Thac sT, Vien Nghien curu Chau Phi va Trung D6ng
•* Thiac sT, Dai hoc Thirong Mai
Sau hai t h a p ky t a m lang mei q u a n he vdi chau Phi, T r u n g Que'c chinh thflc khdi dpng lai mdi q u a n he hpp tac vdi cac nfldc chau Phi ke tii n a m 2000. N h a n t d chinh thuc day mdi q u a n he hdp tac T r u n g Qud'c - chau Phi p h a t t r i e n m a n h me trdng nhflng n d m gan day la:
Tha nhdt, dd'i vdi T r u n g Qude, chau Phi la mpt k h u viic giau tai nguyen thien nhien, dac biet la d a u md va tai nguyen khai khoang. Hien nay, T r u n g Qud'c dang phai n h a p k h a u tdi 70% Ifldng d a u liia can thiet chd p h a t t r i e n k i n h te va p h a n ldn trdng sd nay den tfl k h u viic T r u n g Dong
m
Tap chi nghien cifu CiiAc PHI & TBC]\G BOIXG sd 03 (43) thang 3/2009Trung Qud'c: Ddi tdc ndng nghiep,
Trdn Thj Lan Huong-Ogng Thj Thu
bat dn va d a n g n a m trong su kiem seat eda My. Nam 2003. T r u n g Qud'c da trd t h d n h nude tieu t h u cac san p h a m dau md ldn thfl 2 the gidi sau My, vflpt qua N h a t Ban vdi 5,56 trieu thung/ngdy. Theo tinh toan cua cac chuyen gia My, den nam 2025 mfle tieu t h u cua T r u n g Qud'c se la 12,8 trieu thflng/ngay t r o n g dd hPn 9 trieu t h u n g se phai n h a p k h a u . T r u n g Qud'c chiem 2/5 Ifldng tieu t h u dau Ida gia tang trong hai n a m 2006-2007 t r e n toan the gidi va chinh sfl gia t a n g nay da la mpt trong nhflng nguyen n h a n chinh khien gia dau t h e gidi t a n g cao. T r o n g k h i dd, chau Phi hfla h e n se la mpt n g u d n cung ca'p dau Ilia dn d i n h va chfla bi cae nfldc ldn khac dpc chiem. Vdi n d n g Iflc san xua't k h o a n g 84 t r i e u t h u n g d a u / n g a y (2005), chau Phi d a n g d a p flng 30% n h u cau tieu t h u dau cua T r u n g Qud'c. Nhflng nfldc n h u Xu Ddng, Angola, Nigieria, Ghine Xich dao, Xaotdme & P r i n c i p e , Congo, Gabong, Mali, M d r i t a n i , Namibia, Modambieh... se la nhflng ddi tac tiem ndng cua T r u n g Quo'c t r o n g nhflng t h a p ky dau the ky XXI.
Ngoai dau liia, T r u n g Qud'c cdn cd nhu cau ra't ldn ve cac khoang san quy hiem nhflng r a t ddi ddo d chau Phi nhfl ddng, t h a n da, cac nguyen lieu phdng xa cho cdng nghiep h a t n h a n . HPn the nfla, sfl thay ddi tich ciic ciia chau Phi trong nhflng ndm gan day cflng nhflng nd lUc lien ket khu viic cua AU, NEPAD... khien Trung Qud'c tha'y rd t a m q u a n trpng phai khai thac mdi q u a n he N a m - Nam trong viec n a n g cao vi the cua T r u n g Qude trong cac dien dan qud'c te. Ddi vdi ndng nghiep.
do da't dai bi thoai boa vd dd thi hoa cao, dan sd ddng due, nen Trung Qud'c dat Uu tien h a n g dau cho viec tim kiem ngudn dat dai ndng nghiep. Chau Phi cd the dap flng dupe n h u cau nay cua Trung Qud'c bdi vi p h a n ldn dat dai cua chau Phi ehUa dupe khai thac het tiem ndng. La mpt chau luc nhieu tiem n a n g nhflng dang gap nhieu thach thflc t r e n eon dfldng phat trien, chau Phi dang can r a t nhieu sfl hd trd va giup dd cua cong ddng qud'c te.
Trung Qud'c biet tan dung mdi quan he be ban truyen thd'ng lau dai. thong cam va hieu biet ldn n h a u de tim kiem khau dot phd vao chau Phi.
Tha hai, dpi vdi chau Phi, Trung Quo'c la mpt ddi tae ra't quan trpng. La mpt nfldc dang phat trien ldn nbd't tren the gidi, Trung Qude cd the giup dd chau Phi cung cai each vd phat trien kinh te theo each rieng cua minh va mang tinh chat be ban hdn la nfldc giau quan he vdi nfldc nghee.
Ddi vdi nhieu nfldc chau Phi, mo hinh Trung Quoc trong viec thiic hien chinh sach cdng nghiep boa hfldng ve xua't khau va thu hut FDI vd trong viec thflc hien cac chinh sach Ddng t h u a n Washington' ... td ra de hpc hdi hdn so vdi nhflng chinh sach md cac nfldc phfldng Tay dd ap dung d chau Phi thdi gian qua. Hdn the nfla, chau Phi hien nay dang k h a t vd'n cho viec xay dflng dfldng xa, trfldng hpc, benh vien, nha ga va k h a n hiem h a n g hoa re tien. Trung Qud'c da dap flng r a t tdt nhflng nhu cau nay cua chau Phi md khdng he ap dat nhflng dieu kien r a n g budc. Sfl hien dien ngay cang t a n g ciia Trung Qud'c d chau Phi ke tfl t h a p ky 1990 da dem lai sflc
Tap chi nghien cUu CllAc PHI & TBI "NG B d \ C sd 03 (43) thang 3/2009
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Trdn Thj Lan Huong-Oqng Thj Thu Trung Qud'c: Dd'i tdc ndng nghiep...
sdng mdi t r d n g n h i e u linh viic hpp tac gifla T r u n g Qud'c va c h a u Phi. Thfldng mai T r u n g Qud'c - chau P h i t a n g 700% trdng t h a p ky 1990, d a t 53,6 ty USD vad n a m 2007 va dfl kien se t a n g ga'p ddi vad n a m 2020. FDI ciia cac cdng ty T r u n g Que'c dau tfl vad chau Phi t a n g ra't n h a n h , tfl 6,27 ty USD n a m 2005 len 12 ty USD n a m 2006 va dfl kien se t a n g ga'p ddi vao n a m 2020.
v a o n a m 2005, da cd tdi 750 ddanh nghiep T r u n g Que'c cd m a t tai chau Phi. Trong Hdi nghi thfldng d i n h T r u n g Qude - chau Phi n a m 2006, T r u n g Qud'c da vien trp khong dieu kien cho chau P h i 3 ty USD vao n a m 2006, chiem t r e n 1 nUa trong khoang tai chinh 5 ty USD ma T r u n g Qud'c da cam ket vien trp cho chau Phi;
ddng thdi buy bd k h o a n np 1,4 ty USD cua 31 nUdc chau Phi t r o n g n d m 2006. Chi trdng 5 n a m trd lai day, T r u n g Qud'c da trd t h a n h mpt trong nhflng ddi tac thUdng mai, dau tU hdng dau cua chau Phi. Nhieu nude chau Phi da cdi nen kinh te - chinh tri cua T r u n g Que'c la mpt md h i n h de hpc hdi hdn nhieu so vdi each thflc md phfldng Tay vdn ap d u n g d chau Phi trUdc day.
Nhflng each thflc T r u n g Qude dang ap dung d chau Phi hien nay cho tha'y trong tfldng lai T r u n g Qude se la nhdn td mdi, quan trong t r e n g cac chien Iflpc hpp tae ciia chau Phi vdi t h e gidi ben ngodi. Nhieu ngfldi dang ndi tdi quyen Iflc mem ciia T r u n g Qud'c tai chau luc ndy. Vdi 54 nfldc chau Phi, tdng dan so' k h o a n g 900 trieu ngfldi vdo n a m 2005 va dfl kien se la 1,3 ty ngfldi vao n a m 2020, c h a u Phi d a n g la khu vflc cd so Ifldng cac nfldc d a n g p h a t trien ldn nha't t r e n t h e gidi, vdi nhieu ldi
the m a T r u n g Qud'c d a n g mong m u d n khai thac. Trong sfl c a n h t r a n h vdi My va cac nfldc phfldng Tay k h i xam n h a p thi trfldng chau Phi, T r u n g Qud'c da tim r a hfldng di cho rieng m i n h va dflpc n h i e u nfldc chau Phi hfldng flng. T r o n g k h i Hiep fldc Cdtdndu cua E U (ndm 2000) va Dad luat cd hdi va t a n g trUdng d a n h chd chau Phi (AGOA) cua My (nam 2000) d a n g gap phai nhieu van de t r o n g k h i thiic hien d chau Phi, thi Dien d a n hpp tac T r u n g Qud'c - chau Phi (nam 2000) va Hdi nghi thUdng dinh T r u n g Qude - c h a u P h i (nam 2006) td r a cd hieu qua hdn. Cdtdndu la Hiep udc dupe E U ky k e t vdi 77 nUdc chau Phi, Caribe va T h a i Binh Dudng (ACP), diia t r e n cac n g u y e n tdc thUdng mai tii dd, bad gdm ca nhUng nguyen tac ciia WTO va chu nghia k h u viic tieu chau luc, Uu tien tU n h a n hea ddanh nghiep, thuc day xua't k h a u va FDI, ap d u n g cac bien p h a p ha khac, cd dieu kien khi tiep n h a n vien trp, yeu cau quyen tU do d a n chu cua mdi ca n h a n va cac xa hdi. Giam ngheo d chau Phi theo Hiep Udc Cotonou t h u d n g dUpc ket hpp t r o n g cac chien lUdc thUdng mai, t u do hoa ngudn vd'n va FDI, ddng thdi thdng qua cac EPAs. Nhflng nguyen tdc trong Hiep fldc Cotonou k h i dam p h a n vdi cac nfldc chau P h i trong thdi gian qua khd m a n g lai hieu qua.
Cflng vdi Cdtonou, AGOA cua My cung dfla t r e n n g u y e n tdc t h i trfldng hoa, tfl do hoa, tfl n h a n hoa, giam trd ca'p va dieu chinh ca'u true, n h a m dem lai n h i e u ldi ich trdng chinh sach dd'i ngoai ciia My. Da co 37 nfldc chau P h i t u y e n bd' thflc hien AGOA. Cfl h a i n a m mpt lan. My va cac
Tap chi nghien citu CllAc PHI & TBIJ1\G »w>iG sd 03 (43) thang 3/2009
Trung Qud'c: Dd'i tdc ndng nghiep... Trdn Thj Lan Huong-Oqng Thj Thu
nfldc chau Phi lai td chflc Dien dan AGOA.
Chi cd mpt sd it nfldc chau Phi dat dfldc nhflng t h d n h cdng khi thflc hien AGOA vdi My thdng qua xua't k h a u h a n g hoa ndng nghiep. Cdn lai, h a u bet cac san pham cua chau Phi p h a i dd'i m a t vdi sfl canh t r a n h tfl san p h a m h a n g hoa ndng nghiep vd'n dflpc trd cap ldn vd dam bad tieu chuan ve sinh cua My. Trong khi dd, AGOA dupe coi n h u la mpt cd sd de thiic hien FTAs gifla My va cac nfldc chau Phi.
Sfl ba't ldi ciia h a n g hda chau Phi trdng trad ddi thfldng mai vdi My thdng qua AGOA cho tha'y chau Phi khdng dflpc hudng ldi nhieu tfl Dae l u a t nay. Hdn the nfla, khoang 80% vien trp cua My danh cho chau Phi la de sii d u n g m u a h a n g hoa va dich vu tfl My (tfldng tfl, 60-65% vien trp cua cac nfldc EU, N h a t Ban danh che chau Phi de sd d u n g vi Ipi ich thflPng mai cua EU, N h a t Ban). Nhflng khoan vien trd nay cung vdi nhflng quy dinh ha khac ddi vdi cac nfldc tiep n h a n vien trp khien cac nfldc chau Phi ngay cang phu thupc n a n g ne vao vien trd va khdng cai thien dang ke dfldc tinh h i n h k i n h te - xa hei trong nfldc.
Trung Qud'c da vdo chau Phi, thay the AGOA va Cotonou b a n g cac giai phap vien trd khdng dieu kien va giiip cac nfldc chau Phi dau tfl xay diing cd sd h a tang, vdn n h a n Iflc. Bang nhflng h a n h dpng thiet thflc hdn nhfl k h e a n gieng lay nfldc trong cac lang mac xa xoi, xay dflng trfldng hpc cho tre em, xay dflng benh xa de cham sec ngfldi benh, gieo t r d n g trflc tiep t r e n cac canh ddng.... Trong vai t h a p nien trfldc
dd, T r u n g Qude da gUi khoang 15.000 - 20.000 chuyen gia sang giup chau Phi xay diing benh xa, dieu tri cho khoang 180 trieu benh n h a n . Trung Qud'c cung dd vien trd r a t nhieu cho p h a t trien ndng nghiep d chau Phi. Tren 10.000 ky sU ndng nghiep d Trung Qud'c da dUde gUi tdi chau Phi ke tU t h a p ky 1960, lam viec trong 200 dii an ndng nghiep va dao tao ndng dan. Cd khoang 530 giao vien Trung Qude da tflng giang day trong cac trfldng cd sd va t r u n g hpc d chau Phi. Nhieu dfl an xay diing dudng xe lUa, dUdng sat, he thdng vien thdng, trUdng hpc, benh vien, dap nUde vd boat dpng kinh doanh... d chau Phi da dupe Trung Qude hd trd trong thap ky 1960-1970. Trong nhUng nam dau the ky XXI, Trung Qud'c tiep tuc tang cUdng vien trp cho chau Phi. Vien trd cua Trung Qude cho chdu Phi khong dUdc sa dung nhU mpt cong cu chinh tri nhU cdc nhd tdi trd My vd EU dd Idm, md no Id chinh sdch mang tinh chdt lau ddi. Vien trd cua Trung Qud'c ddnh cho chau Phi thUdng dupe phan bd de cho gidi tham nhung chau Phi khdng the sd dung nd de mua d td, tdi san ca nhan..., ma nd thUdng dUdc phan bd de xay diing cd sd ha tang, chang b a n n h u xay diing he thdng dUdng xe Ida d Nigieria, he theng dUdng sat d Kenia va Ruanda, heac dUdi hinh thflc cii bac si, y ta sang cham sdc sflc khoe cho ngudi dan ngheo chau Phi... Chinh vi the, ngfldi Trung Qude da mang den chau Phi mpt phfldng thflc hdp tac mdi mang tinh xa hoi dam mau sSc chau A.
Tap chi nghien ciru C H A C PHI A TBin^G Bdr^G s6 03 (43) th^ng 3/2009
Trdn Thj Lan Huong-Dgng Thj Thu Trung Qud'c: Dd'i tdc ndng nghiep.
B a n g 1. D a u txi c i i a T r u n g Quo'c d c h a u P h i t r o n g t h d i g i a n g a n d a y
TUnam 1996
TU nam 1997
Tfl nam 2003 TU nam 2004 Nam 2004
Nam 2004
Nam 2004 Nam 2006
Trung Quoc la nha dau tU chu yeu d Xu Dang: 1) Tdng cong ty dau khi qud'c gia Trung Quo'c (CNPC) dau tU khong chi trong linh vUc khai thac dau khi. ma cdn trong linh vUc san xua't va xay dung cd sd ha tang van tai d Xu Ddng. TU nam 1996, CNPC da sd hflu 40% cd phan cua Cong ty van hanh dau khi song Nile md rpng (Greater Nile Petroleum Operating Company); 2) SINOPEC gan day da xay diing 1500 km dUdng dng d i n dau d Xu Ddng; 3) Nam 2001, Cdng ty Harbin Power Engineering (HPE) cua Trung Quoc da xay diing tram nang lUdng d Xu Dang v6i khoan vay 110 trieu USD cua EXIM Bank Trung Qud'c
Nam 1997, cae doanh nhan Trung Quo'c da dau tU 24 trieu USD de xay diing nha may det d Ddmbia. NhUng nam gan day, Trung Quo'c da dau , tu tren 300 trieu USD trong cac linh vUc khai thac mo, dii an che tao, : xay dUng va phat trien nong nghiep.
Cae cong ty Trung Quo'c dau tU d Angieri, Nigie va Sat.
Cae cdng ty Trung Qud^c dau tU d Tuynidi vd Mali.
CNPC dong y dau tu 1 trieu USD khai thac dau vd khi d Mdritani.
Khoan tin dung 2 ty USD dUdc EXIMbank cho Angola vay de xay diing cd sd ha tang, giup SINOPEC cd dieu kien thuan ldi khai thac dau khi i nhieu hdn nfla d Angola.
SINOPEC ky thoa thuan hdp tac cong nghe de khai thac dau d Gabong.
Cdng ty khai thac dau khi ngoai khdi cua Trung Qud'c (CNOOC) ky hdp ddng hdp tac san xuat vdi Ghine Xich dao.
Nam 2006 CNOOC mua 45% cd phan trong linh vUe dau va khi cua Nigieria tri gia 2,3 ty USD
Nguon: Deutsche Bank Research, China's Commodity Hunger: Implications for Africa and Latin America, 13/6/2006.
II. XU HL/dNG HOP TAC NONG NGHIEP TRUNG QUOC - CHAU PHI TRONG NHUfNG THAP NIEN DAU THE KY XXI
T r u n g Qud'c d a n g day n h a n h viec xuc tien hpp tac va t r a o ddi k i n h nghiem p h a t trien ndng nghiep vdi cac que'c gia chau Phi t r e n nhieu ca'p dp, thdng qua nhieu
yeu la n h d m p h a t trien da't t r e n g trpt, trdng ca'y cay ndng nghiep, ky t h u a t chan nudi, an n i n h lUdng thiic, may mdc va che bien san p h a m ndng nghiep, cdng nghe ndng nghiep, dao tao ky t h u a t ndng nghiep, tien h a n h thii nghiem va trinh dien cac du an ky t h u a t ndng nghiep d c h a u P h i . D i e n h i n h la cac dU a n +) kenh va nhieu h i n h thflc khac n h a u , chu T r u n g Qude g i u p D i m b a b u e xay diing
32 Tap chi nghien cifu CllAl Pill & TBC:\G BO:NG sd 03 (43) thang 3/2009
Trung Qud'c: Dd'i tdc ndng nghiep. Trdn Thj Lan Huong-Dgng Thj Thu
t r u n g t a m t h i n g h i e m ky t h u a t ndng n g h i e p ( n a m 2007); -i-) T h a n h lap t r a n g t r a i tai M o d d m b i c h (2007); -^) Cd hdn 10.000 c h u y e n gia n d n g n g h i e p va xay d u n g hdn 200 dii a n n d n g n g h i e p d 40 nude c h a u P h i . Dac biet, md h i n h t h a n h lap t r a n g t r a i h a y cac cong ty ndng nghiep cua T r u n g Qude d c h a u P h i d a n g dupe n h a n rpng.
Tren thiic te, viec t h a n h lap cae t r a n g trai ndng nghiep T r u n g Qud'c d chau Phi dang Cd xu hudng dupe n h a n rpng. Lang ndng nghiep d Modambieh la mpt hinh thflc hpp tac nong nghiep kieu mdi cua Trung Qud'c d chau Phi. Chau thd sdng Ddmbeidi la mdt v u n g da't mau md cua Modambieh, cd dien tich 230.000 km^
thupc hai t i n h Tete va Dambeida. Chau thd Ddmbeidi cd ca'u tao da't thupc loai mau md nha't t r e n the gidi va cd nhieu ngudn tai nguyen quy gia nhU t h a n da, vang va da quy. NgUdi T r u n g Qud'c bat dau quan t a m den chau thd Dambeidi tfl gifla ndm 2006 khi N g a n h a n g n h a nfldc Exibank cua T r u n g Qud'c cho Modambieh vay 2 ty USD de xay eon dap ldn Mpanda Nkua tai t i n h Tete. Tfl dd, T r u n g Qude mong mud'n t h u e mpt vung da't rpng d Dambeidi de xay dflng n e n g trai ldn vd trang trai chan nudi gia sue la'y sfla. Theo Ban ghi nhd dUde ky ket vdd t h a n g 6 nam 2007, 3000 ngudi T r u n g Qude se den dinh cu tai tinh Ddmbeida va Tete de xay diing lang neng nghiep. Tuy nhien, theo cac quan chUc chinh p h u Modambieh thi sd lupng ngUdi T r u n g Qud'c den chau the Dambeidi dinh cU len den 10.000 ngUdi.
Thee cam ket tfl phia chinh phu Trung Qud'c, T r u n g Qude hfla se giup Modambieh trd t h a n h mpt trong nhflng nUde san xua't lUPng thiic ldn, dae biet Id lua gao. Trung Qude da cam ket cung ca'p tdi chinh cho viec xay them 3 con dap ldn dpc theo chau thd Dambeidi va sdng Limpopo, ddng thdi xay diing nhUng tuyen dUdng hien dai thupc tinh Dambeidia va Manpula. Vao dau n a m 2008, Trung Qud'c da dau tU 800 trieu USD de hien dai boa nen ndng nghiep Modambieh vdi muc tieu se tang san lupng Ida gad tU 100.000 tan len 500.000 ta'n trong vdng 5 nam tiep theo.
Cung vdi dd, Trung Quo'c thiet lap Vien nghien cUu cay trdng va xay diing nhieu trUdng day ky t h u a t nong nghiep tren da't nUde Modambieh. Hdn 100 chuyen gia ndng nghiep cua Trung Quoc dUde cU sang Modambieh. Ddng thdi, Trung Qud'c cung CO nhieu dii an xay diing cac he thd'ng tUdi tieu vd kenh rach d vung chau tho nay.
Theo cam ket tfl hai phia, Trung Qud^c se chiu trach nhiem xay diing, quan ly cac ndng trai rdng ldn, dieu h a n h va bao quan cac thiet bi ndng nghiep tien tien va dieu h a n h he thdng kenh mUdng, trong khi dd phia Modambieh se cung cap lao dpng lam viec theo mua. Van de thue dat se tiep tuc dflpc thoa t h u a n theo hinh thflc lien doanh, trong dd ngfldi nam cd phan chu yeu thupc ve phia Mdddmbich.
Su cd mat gan day cua Trung Qud'c trong hdp tac ndng nghiep vdi chau Phi dang dupe cdc nUde chau Phi hUdng flng m a n h me. Tra ldi bad chi tai Dien dan hpp tac Chau Phi - T r u n g Qude td chflc lan
Tap chi nghien cUu C H A C PHI A TBC>G Bd^MG sd 03 (43) thang 3/2009 - ^
Trdn Thj Lan Huong-Dgng Thj Thu Trung Qud'c: Dd'i tdc ndng nghiep.
thfl nha't d Bac Kinh t h a n g 10 n a m 2000, Tdng t h u ky COMESA cho r a n g hdp tac ndng nghiep COMESA - T r u n g Qud'c se la linh viic chu yeu t r o n g p h a t t r i e n vung.
Hpp tac ndng nghiep vdi c h a u Phi va cac nUdc khac se giup COMESA t a n g n h a n h san lupng, d a m b a e a n n i n h lUdng thiic d ta't ca cac cap dp va t h u c day thUdng mai ndng san ben t r o n g va ngoai k h u vUc COMESA. Cae q u a n chflc COMESA cho biet COMESA la mpt k h u vUc cd ca sii da d a n g vd tUdng ddng, va sU tUdng ddng q u a n trpng nha't la ndng nghiep ddng vai trd q u a n trpng d ta't ca cac nUdc. D a n so sd'ng bang nghe ndng chiem tdi 74% tdng dan so 380 trieu ngUdi cua cac nUde t h a n h vien COMESA. Ndng nghiep chiem hdn 30% GDP, la ngudn t h u ngoai te q u a n trpng nha't, t h u h u t n h i e u liic lUdng lad dpng nha't vd cung ca'p tdi t r e n 50%
nguyen lieu t h e cho cac ngdnh cdng nghiep. COMESA dUdc d a n h gia Id k h u viic cd t a m q u a n trpng trong luc dia Phi, bao phu p h a n ldn vflng Ddng va N a m Phi vdi tdng dien tich k h o a n g 13 trieu km^.
Mac dfl k h u vflc nay cd tiem n a n g r a t cao trong san xua't Ifldng thiic va cung ca'p nguyen lieu t h e chd cac n g a n h ceng ngljjgp che bien, nhUng k h u viic nay" van phu thupc p h a n ldn vad n h a p k h a u lUdng fthiic, vdi khdi lUdng n h a p k h a u ngu cdc len tdi 30 t r i e u ta'n/nam. Hien nay, COMESA d a n g muo'ri hpc hdi k i n h nghiem p h a t trien nong nghiep cua cac nfldc chau A nhfl Thai Lan, Indonexia, Malaixia va T r u n g Quoc. Trong so' cac doi tac d6, T r u n g Quoc dfldc d a n h gia la nfldc co mdi
q u a n he cdi md nha't vdi cac nfldc chau Phi trdng n h i e u n d m gan day. T r u n g Que'c da giup n h i e u nfldc chau P h i t h e n g qua cac chfldng t r i n h ldn va cac du an hd trp khdng id. Cac chUdng t r i n h va dii an hd trd cua T r u n g Qud'c thUdng la cac dfl an lien ddanh t r o n g linh vflc nong nghiep, xay diing n h a d cho ngUdi d a n chau Phi vdi chi phi tha'p, xay diing cac cen dap, dudng cad tdc, dUdng sat. Trdng r h i e u ndm qua, T r u n g Qude da ra't t h a n h cdng trong viec p h a t t r i e n ndng nghiep d dat nUdc minh vdi d a n sd ddng ky luc va dien tich dat dai h a n che. Vi vay, hdp tac ndng nghiep vdi T r u n g Qud'c la mpt h u d n g di q u a n trpng de cac nUde chau Phi cd them kinh nghiem t d n g cUdng n a n g sua't lad dpng ndng nghiep t h e n g qua md h i n h cho n a n g sua't cay t r d n g cao d cac hp ndng dan quy md nhd. T r u n g Qud'c cd tiem ndng giup COMESA cai t h i e n chinh sach neng nghiep t h e e n h i e u hUdng cung nhU p h a t trien ngudn n h a n lUc vd dao tao. T r u n g Qud'c cung cd t h e giup ngUdi ndng dan chad Phi cai tien viec q u a n ly ngudn tai nguyen t h e n g qua cac bien p h a p chinh sach hdp ly n h u cai each r u p n g da't, thflc hien cac cdng n g h e q u a n ly ngudn nfldc...
Trong Ke hoach h a n h dpng Addis Ababa dUa r a tai Dien d a n hdp tac T r u n g Qud'c - chau Phi, ca h a i ben deu nha'n m a n h hdp tac nong nghiep la each tiep can hieu qua nha't de d a m bao a n n i n h Ifldng thiic, xoa ddi giam ngheo, tao cong an viec lam tai C h a u Phi. Dfl kien t r o n g n h i e u n a m tdi, T r u n g Quoc se tiep tuc thflc hien cac du an p h a t t r i e n nong nghiep quy mo
Tap chi nghien cihi CiiAu PHI A TRliiMG BdNG so 03 (43) thang 3/2009
Trung Quoc: Ddi tdc ndng nghiep... Trdn Thj Lan Huong-Dgng Thj Thu
ldn d nhieu nfldc chau Phi. Cac ceng ty cua T r u n g Qud'c hien cd m a t d h a u het cac nfldc chau Phi, t a p t r u n g nhieu nha't d Xu Dang, Angieri, Dambia, Modambieh, Nigieria. Trong thdi gian vfla qua, Quy phat trien T r u n g Qud'c - Chau Phi hfla se chi 5 ty USD de giup ndng dan chau Phi phat trien nhflng dfl a n ndng nghiep va cd sd ha tang. Mpt h i n h thflc hpp tae mdi Trung Qud'c d a n g day m a n h , dd Id hdp tac 3 ben gifla T r u n g Qud'c - FAO - 1 nUdc chau Phi theo vdn b a n da thoa t h u a n gifla FAO va T r u n g Qud'c. Theo van ban nay, trong 6 n a m qua T r u n g Quo'c da cd ta't ca 3000 n h a khoa hpc t h a m gia chfldng trinh lam viec tinh nguyen giup dd cae nUdc nghee chau Phi p h a t trien ndng nghiep.
Ngoai ra, T r u n g Qud'c cdn cam ket xod np va xay diing t h e m nhUng t r u n g tam ky t h u a t ndng nghiep d mdt so' nUde chau Phi va giup chau Phi dao tao 15.000 ky sU nong nghiep mien phi.
Trong nhflng t h a p nien dau the ky XXI, ndng nghiep dflpc coi la mpt trong nhflng flu tien trong chinh sach hdp tac kinh te Trung Que'c - chau Phi. Tai Hdi nghi thfldng dinh T r u n g Qud'c - chau Phi td chflc tai Bac Kinh n a m 2006, T r u n g Qude da nha'n m a n h : ''Trung Quoc hUdng tdi thuc ddy hcfn naa quan he hdp tdc nong nghiep tren moi tinh vUc, thong qua cdc kenh da phUcfng vd dUdi nhieu hinh thac khdc nhau. Trung Quo'c se tap trung vdo viec hdp tdc trong linh vUc phdt trien ddt dai, md rong rupng ddt nong nghiep, dp dung mdy mdc cong nghe trong nong nghiep, che bien sdn phdm nong nghiep,
ddo tao chuyen gia nong nghiep vd nhanh chdng thiet lap ChUdng trinh hdp tdc nong nghiep chdu Phi - Trung Quoc"-. Theo quan diem hdp tac tren, Trung Qud'c da va dang thflc hien nhieu cam ket mdi trong phat trien ndng nghiep vd ndng thon chau Phi nhfl phat trien cd sd ha tang ndng nghiep, hd trp ndng dan trong san xua't ndng nghiep, chuyen giao cdng nghe ndng nghiep, hd trd ky t h u a t , xay dflng nha may che bien san pham ndng nghiep...
v a o nam 2006, da cd tren 1000 bac si va y ta Trung Qud'c dflpc cfl den 36 nfldc chau Phi. v a o n a m 2008, Trung Qud'c da tien h a n h xoa nd tdng tri gia 24,7 ty Nhan dan te cho 49 nfldc ngheo nang np d chau A va chau Phi. Vad nam 2007, Trung Qude da quyet dinh vien trd khdng dieu kien vdi tdng tri gid 2.377 ty Nhan dan te cho cac nfldc chdu Phi. Theo nhU dU bdo, den cudi nam 2009 se cd tren 100 chuyen gia ndng nghiep Trung Qude dupe eU den chau Phi, se cd tren 10 vung ndng nghiep se dUde ngUdi Trung Qud'c thiic hien d chau Phi, ddng thdi se cd khoang 30 benh vien vd 100 trUdng hpc ndng thdn se dUde xay diing d nhUng nUde chau Phi cd quan he ngoai giao vdi Trung Quo'c. Trong bdi phat bieu tai Uy ban Lien hiep qud'c thang 9 nam 2008, chu tich Trung Qud'c VUdng Gia Bad n h a n manh: trong vdng 5 nam tdi Trung Quoc se tdng gdp doi sd lUdng cdc trung tam dp dung cong nghe nong nghiep d cdc nUdc dang phdt trien, giup dao tao ve kien thflc ndng nghiep khoang 3000 ngfldi tfl cac nfldc dang p h a t trien, chu yeu la d chau Phi. Cung trdng 5 ndm tdi, Trung
Tap chi nghien citu CiiAc PHI & TBlAG Bd.>G sd 03 (43) thang 3/2009 35
Trdn Thj Lan Huong-Dgng Thj Thu Trung Qud'c: Dd'i tdc ndng nghiep.
Quo'c se cd t h e m 10.000 chuyen gia tdi cac nfldc chau Phi, xay diing t h e m 30 b e n h vien chd cac nUdc nay, ddng thdi giup cac nude chau Phi dad tao k h o a n g 1000 bac si, y ta va n h a q u a n ly ndng nghiep.
Mpt trong nhUng dpng t h a i tich ciic khien T r u n g Qud'c quay trd lai chau Phi ke tfl nhflng ndm ddu tien cua the ky XXI la T r u n g Qude d a n g k h a n hiem mpt so'Idai hdng boa. Theo dfl bao cua Ngan h a n g Deutsche, den n a m 2020 T r u n g Qude cd n h u cau ra't ldn ve mpt so' san p h a m nhU dau khi, ngu co'c, thit, mpt so' khoang san quy. Vdi sii gia t d n g d a n so', tdc dp dd thi hoa va t i n h t r a n g m a t dan da't canh tac nong nghiep, k h a n hiem ngudn nUde, n g a n h nong nghiep T r u n g Qud'c den n a m 2020 se gap phai nhieu van de ldn. Sii k h a n hiem h a n g boa cua T r u n g Qude, trong dd cd h a n g boa ndng nghiep dang Id cd hdi ldn cho chau Phi. Dii bao trong vai t h a p ky tdi, vdi nhUng muc dich kinh te, chinh tri cua minh, cac cdng ty cua T r u n g Qud'c se tap t r u n g dau t u r a nUde ngoai, trong dd dia ban chu yeu la chau Phi vd chau My Latinh. Trong so' nhUng nUdc chau Phi dUpc h u d n g Ipi tfl sfl k h a n hiem h a n g hoa ciia T r u n g Qud'c tfl nay den n a m 2020, nhflng nfldc dflpc hfldng ldi nhieu nha't t r e n g p h a t t r i e n ndng nghiep se la
Camdrun, Cdt Divoa, G h a n a , Kenia, Malauy, U g a n d a , N a m P h i . . . vdi cac ca'p dp k h a c n h a u .
Vao ngay 18/2/2009, chu tich T r u n g Qud'c Hd Cam Dad da cd chuyen vieng t h d m 4 nfldc chau Phi la Mali, Xenegan, T a n d a n i a va Mdrixd. Day la nhflng nfldc nhd d chau Phi va khong giau cd ve ngudn tai nguyen. Mong m u d n cua chinh phu T r u n g Qud'c sau chuyen vieng t h d m nay la dau t u vao cd sd h a t a n g va giup cac nUdc chau Phi ke t r e n cung p h a t trien kinh te.
N h u vay cd t h e tha'y chien lUdc cua Trung Qud'c vao chau Phi khdng chi dUdc xac dinh b a n g cac k h e a n d a u t u vao tai nguyen va n a n g lUpng, ma la md rpng q u a n he hdp tac n h i e u hUdng vdi chau Phi n h d m thuc day mo h i n h hdp tac Nam - N a m trong the ky XXI. Chuyen t h a m nay se d a n h da'u mdt trien vpng to ldn trong thuc day q u a n he hpp tac ngoai dau Ida, cu the hdn la q u a n he hpp tac nong nghiep giUa T r u n g Qud'c vdi cac nUdc chau Phi. La mdt dat nUdc cd quy md r u p n g da't r a t nhd, binh q u a n mdi hp gia dinh chi sd hflu 0,7ha (trong khi d My binh q u a n mdi hd gia dinh sd hflu 200 ha, chau Au Id 20 ha), thi viec t h u c day m a n h me hdn nfla hdp tac ndng nghiep vdi chau P h i la hfldng di lau dai cua chinh p h u T r u n g Qud'c.
Tap chi nghien ciru OlAlJ Pill & TRCIMG B 6 I \ G SO 03 (43) thang 3/2009
Trung Qud'c: Dd'i tdc ndng nghiep... Trdn Thj Lan Huong-Dgng Thj Thu
Chd thich:
' Dong t h u a n W a s h i n g t o n dUpc cac td chdc nhfl IMF, WB, Bo tai chinh My ap dung td dau t h a p nien 1990 , bao gom mot chuong trinh cai each kinh t e t r o n goi trong 10 linh vUc khac nhau nham thuc dsiy t a n g trUdng kinh te. Nhieu nU6c tren the gidi ap dung Dong t h u a n Washington va da t h a n h cong. Tuy n h i e n cdng co nhieu nU6c khong the thUc hien dUdc bdi cac chUdng trinh cai each k i n h te m a n g t i n h c h a t h a khac ciia Dong t h u a n nay.
^ Theo China's African Policy, J a n u a r y 2006.
Tai lieu t h a m k h a o
1. How Can Africa (SADC) Benefit from China's Economic Expansion?, Roundtable Meeting, Gauteng, South Africa, 29/3/2005.
2. Deutsche B a n k Research, China's Commodity Hunger: Implications for Africa and Latin America, China Special, 13/6/2006.
3. Didrik Schanche, China's Rising Power in Africa, www.NPR.org , 28/6/2008.
4. Barry V S a u t m a n , Friends and Interests: China <s Distinctive Links with Africa, Working Paper N o l 2 , 2005-2006.
5. Lore Horta, The Zambezi Valley: China's First Agricultural Colony? Africa Policy Forum, 2008. http://forum.csis.org/africa/?p=120
6. www.vietbao.com: Tai lieu t h a m khao dac biet 2008-2009.
Tap chi nghien ciru CHAU P H I & TRC1\G Bd.^c so 03 (43) thang 3/2009
