D l i N Q A N K H D A H O C vi. CON NGUl!ri
VON XA HOI, VON CON NGUOI VA MANG LIfOI XA HOI QUA MOT SO NGHIEN CUU 6 VIET NAM
Le Ngpc Hiing*
Khi chu nghia tu bdn phdt trien den trgng thdi dinh cao trong xd hdi hien dgi thi chinh cdc nhd kinh ti hgc lgi la nhicng nguai di ddu nghien cicu cdc logi vdn phi kinh te'. Nhd kinh ti hgc Loury dugc coi la mdt trong sd nhirng ngu&i ddu tien su- dung khdi niem "vdn xd hdi" (Social Capital) de chi nhiing ngudn luc vdn cd trong nhihig quan he gia dinh vd cdc td chicc xd hdi cua cdng ddng, cd lgi cho su phdt trien tri tui vd phdt trien xd hdi ciia the he tre (1977).
Vdn xd hdi vd vdn ngu&i khdng chi cd chicc ndng kinh te md cdn cd chicc ndng xd hdi cdn dugc phdn tich ky de cd the hieu ro mgng lu&i xd hdi ciia con ngu&i Do do, bdi viet ndy tap trung vdo ldm ro mdt sd quan niem ve vdn xd hdi de tir dd cd the phdt trien md hinh tdng hgp vi vdn xd hdi, vdn ngu&i vd mgng lu&i xd hdi, tren ca s& dd tdng quan mpt sd kit qud nghien cuu vi nhirng khdi niem ndy a Viet Nam.
1. Dat van de: Von xa hgi tir goc dg kinh te hgc
Cdng thiic "T-H-T' "chiia dung toan bp ban chdt ciia khdi nilm tu bdn vd cd the dien dat thdnh ldi nhu sau: tu ban Id loai tien (ky hieu Id T) dugc sir dung (vi du dl mua hdng hod - H) nham sdn sinh ra tien (ky bilu la T') tiic la sinh ra lgi nhuan.
Siic manh cdi bien cac quan he kinh tl - xa hdi cua loai vdn nay to ldn vd sdu sac den miic nd dugc diing ldm tin ggi cho cd mpt hinh thai kinh tl - xa hdi trong lich sir lodi ngudi, dd la xa hdi "tu ban chii nghTa". Nhung khi chu nghia tu ban da phat trien din trang thai dinh cao ciia nd
•pGS. TS.;Vien Xa hoi hoc v^ tam ly lanh dao quan ly. Hoc vi|n Chfnh tri - H^nh chinh quic gia Ho Chi Minh.
' Le NgQc Hiing. Xa hgi hgc kinh ti. Nxb Dai hpc quoc gia. Ha Npi. 1999. Tr. 45. Xa hgi hgc kinh ti.
Nxb. Ly luan chinh trj. Ha Npi. 2004. Tr. 81.
trong xa hdi hien dai thi chinh cac nhd kinh ti hgc lai la nhiing ngudi di ddu nghiin ciiu cdc loai vdn phi kinh tl . Vi du, Becker nghiin ciiu vdn ngudi. North nghien ciiu vai trd ciia thilt cbl va vdn td chirc, Loury nghiin ciiu vdn xa hdi, Granoveter nghien cim mang ludi quan he xa hdi, Williamsons dua ra khai niem chi phi giao dich. Nhd kinh ti hgc Loury dugc coi Id ngudi dau tiln vao nam 1977 sir dung khai nilm "vdn xa hgi" (Social Capital) de chi nhirng ngudn luc vdn cd trong nhirng quan he gia dinh va cdch td chiic xa hdi ciia cdng ddng md nhimg quan he nay cd lgi cho su phat trien tri tue va phdt triin xa hdi ciia thi he tri. Nhu vay, khai nilm vdn xa hdi dugc sir dung
^ Le Ngpc Hung. Xa hgi hgc kinh ti. Nxb D^i hpc quic gia. Ha Npi. 1999. Tr. 45. Xa hgi hgc kinh ti.
Nxb. Ly luan chinh tri. Ha Npi. 2004. Tr. 81.
NghlSn ciiu Con ngudi sdi 4 (37) 2008 45
Le Ngoc Hiing
de nhan manh vai trd ciia quan he xa hdi va cdu true xa bdi nhu la nhirng ngudn luc xd hgi de giam bdt chi phi giao djcb kinh ti va phat triln vdn eon ngudi^.
2. Thuyet chirc nang ve von xa hgi:
Quan niem ciia Coleman
Thuy it chicc ndng. Dua vdo chiic ndng luan, nha xa bdi bgc James Coleman dinh nghTa vdn xa bdi Id cdc ngudn luc cdu tnic - xa hdi ma ca nhan cd thi sir dung nhu la ngudn vdn tdi san'*. Nhu vay, vdn xa hdi cd nhirng dac trung co ban sau day: thii nhat nd Id mdt chilu canh ciia cau tnic xa bdi vd thii hai nd bd trg cho banh ddng nhat dinh ciia ca nhan trong pham vi cau tnic dd. Mdt dae trung co ban ciia vdn xd hdi la noi tni ngy cua nd khdng phai d trong cd nhan ma d trong cau tnic ciia cac mdi quan he giiia ngudi nay vdi ngudi khac^. Vdn xa hdi khdng phai la tai san ca nhan cua rieng mdt ngudi bat ky ndo mac dil cd nhan cd the sir dung nhu la tdi san cd nhan khdng trao ddi va chia sl cho ngudi khac nhu ddi vdi vdn tdi chinh. Vi du, chuan muc cd hieu luc vl an toan giao thdng se lam tang su an toan cho tat ca nhiing ai tham gia giao thdng chir khdng phdi danh rilng cho ngudi dl xuat hay chap hdnh chuan muc dd.
So sdnh vdn nguai vd vdn xd hdi. Theo Coleman, vdn ngudi dugc tao bdi nhirng thay ddi de tao ra nhirng nang luc, ky nang hanh ddng mdi d con ngudi. Tuang tu nhu vay, vdn xa hdi dugc tao bdi nhihig
Pham Thanh Nghj - Vu Hoang Ngan. Qudn ly nguon nhdn lice a Viet Nam: mgt so vdn di ly ludn vd thuc tien. Nxb. Khoa hpc xa hpi. Ha Noi. 2004.
Tr. 96-118.
James Coleman. Foundations of Social Theory.
USA: Harvard University Press. 1994. Tr. 302.
' James Coleman. Sdd. Tr. 302.
thay ddi cd kha nang tbiic day hdnh ddng trong cau tnic ciia cac mdi quan he xd hgi.
Trong mang xa hdi, vdn ngudi nam d cdc dau mdi va vdn xa hdi nam d cac dudng lien he, quan he giira cac dau mdi.
Vdn xa hdi la mdt khai nilm cd the su dung dl phan tich dinh lugng va djnh tinh cau tnic xa hgi, he thdng xa hdi va mang xa bdi.
Vdn xa hdi la nhiing gia tri cua nhiing yeu td ciia mdi quan he xa hdi ma chii the cd the sir dung nhu la nhiing ngudn luc de thuc hiln muc dich nhat dinh.
Coleman da chi ra mdt sd hinh thai cua vdn xa hdi nhu sau :
- Ldng tin, su ky vgng, trach nhiem the hien trong quan he xa hdi vd nhd chiing ma hanh ddng dugc thuc bien deu la nhiing hinh thai cua vdn xa hdi.
- Thdng tin dugc phat trien va thu- phat trong quan he giiia ngudi nay vdi ngudi kia ma nhd nd hdnh dgng dugc thyc hien ciing la hinh thai ciia vdn xa hdi.
- Nhimg chuan muc cd hieu luc ma nhd nd hanh ddng dugc thuc hien cung la hinh thai cua vdn xa hgi. Dudi hinh thai la nhimg chuan muc xa hdi, vdn xa hgi cd the khuyen khich hoac kiim chi hanh dgng. Vi du "chuan muc khiem tdn" co the khien mgi ngudi it cdi md vdi ngudi khde.
- Quyin uy, uy tin la hinh thai ciia vdn xa hdi: khi ta chuyin giao quyin kiim soat hanh ddng cho mgt ngudi nhat dinh cd nghTa la ta da tao ra nhirng vdn xa hgi cho ngudi dd.
Chicc ndng vd phi ehire ndng eiia vdn xdhdi Phuang phdp tiip can chirc ndng
luan cua Coleman ddi hdi phai phan tich
' James Coleman. Sdd. Tr. 306-313.
Von xa hoi..
chirc ndng vd phi chiic nang cua von xa hgi. Da sd cdc nghien ciiu tap trung ldm rd mat tich cue hay chiic nang ciia vdn xa hgi. Chi mdt bd phan nhd cac nghien ciiu chi ra nhiing mat tieu cue hay he qua bat lgi, phi chiic ndng ciia vdn xa hdi nhu sau.
Von xa hdi tao ra su rdng budc ben trong nhdm, tao ra su khep kin, ddng cira vd nhu vay cd the ngam ban che quan he vdi nhihig ngudi ngodi nhdm. Ddng thdi su khep kin trong ngi bd nhdm cd the ngan can cac sdng kiln, tao ra su y lai tap the, thiiu nang ddng. Vdn xa hdi cd the thdng qua quan he xa hdi, mang xa hgi kiem soat qua chat che cdc ca nhan va nhu vay lam gidm su ty do, tu chu va su rieng tu cua cd nhan. Vdn xa hdi khep kin trong mdt nhdm, mdt cdng ddng ciing cd nguy co tao ra sy binh quan chii nghia trong each iing xir vdi con ngudi.
3. Thuyet cau true ve von xa hgi:
Quan ni^m cua Bourdieu
Dai difn tieu bieu nhat ciia thuyet cau tnic ve vdn xa hdi la nha xa hgi hgc ngudi Phdp Pierre Bourdieu. Khi ban vi "Cdc hinh thiic ciia vdn xa hdi"^, nam 1983, Bourdieu da phan biet vdn kinh te, vdn xa hgi, vdn van hod vdi tu each la nhiing hinh thiic bieu hiln va chuyen hod ciia vdn xa hdi. Theo Bourdieu, vdn tdn tai dudi hinh thuc vat chat la vdn kinh te dugc do bang tien vd tai san; Vdn tdn tai dudi hinli thiic phi vat chat la vdn van hod dugc do bang vdn ngudi va vdn xa hdi dugc do bang cac mdi quan he rang budc va cac chiic danh.
Bourdieu neu mgt vi dy cho thay sy khac nhau giiia cac loai vdn nay: de sd huu mgt chiic may ta cdn vdn kinh te, vi
' Pierre Bourdieu. Forms of Capital. 1983.
du can tien dl mua chiee may dd, nhung dl sir dung chiee may ta can vdn van boa, vi du su hieu biit va ky nang tiic la von ngudi van hanh chiic may dd. Cd thi bd sung thim mdt y nira vdo vi dy ndy Id: di trao ddi san pham dugc lam ra tir chiic mdy dd ta can quan he xa hdi tiic la cdn cd vdn xa h di. Theo B ourdieu, c dc 1 oai vdn nay cd thi chuyen hod cho nhau, vi du vdn vdn hod cd thi chuyen thdnh vdn ngudi vd chuyen thanh vdn kinh tl vd ngugc lai.
Theo Bourdieu, vdn van boa tdn tai dudi ba hinh thiic: mdt Id hinh thiic long ghep dudi dang cdc xu hudng tam tri va nang khieu, hai la hinh thiic cdc sdn pham van hod nhu may mdc, sdch vd, tdi lieu vd ba la hinh thiic vat hod nhu trinh do giao due. Bourdieu dinb nghla "vdn xdhdi la tap hgp nhiing ngudn luc thuc te hoac tiem tdng g an lien vdi viec nam giir mdt mang ludi bin viing gdm cdc mdi quan h?
quen biit va thira nhan lan nhau it nhieu dugc the chi hod"*.
Von xa hdi gom (i) quan he xa hgi la cai cho phep ca nhan cd quyen tilp can nhirng ngudn lyc thugc sd hiiu cua nhiing ngudi cimg nhdm vd (ii) nhiing ngudn lyc nay dugc do bang sd lugng vd chdt lugng.
Quy md cua vdn xa hdi phu thugc vao quy md ciia mang ludi quan he xa hdi vd quy md ciia moi mdt loai vdn kinh te hay vdn van hod hoac vdn biiu tugng ma moi ngudi ndm giii khi quan he vdi nhau. Dieu nay cd nghTa Id, mac dii vdn xa hgi khdng thi quy ddi hoan toan vi von kinh tl, vdn xa hgi khd cd thi tdn tai ddc lap ma phu thugc vdo cdc hinh thiic tdn tai khac ciia vdn. Cdc chiic danh, chiic vu ma mgt
' Pierre Bourdieu. Forms of Capital. 1983. Tr.
248-249.
NghlSn ciiu Con ngudf s64 (37) 2008 47
Le Ngge Hung
ngudi nim giir la cac hinh tiiiic dugc thi ti-ong do vdn con ngudi ndm d ba dinh vd ehi hod ciia vdn xa hgi. Viec uy quyin, uy vdn xa hgi ndm d ba chiiu canh cua tam nhiem la mdt co chi giao dich vdn xa hgi giac tiic la d mdi quan he giua cac ca nhan tii to chiic sang cd nhan ngudi dugc uy (so dd 1).
quyin, iiy nhiem. ^ A Su chuyin ddi cua cdc logi vdn. Theo
Bourdieu, cdc loai vdn phi vat chdt deu cd thi dugc chuyin ddi tir vdn kinh ti vdi mdt su no luc biin doi nhdt dinh. Vi du, di chuyin ddi vdn kinh ti sang von xa hgi cdn phai ddu tu thdi gian va nhung no luc tiii hien d sy quan tam, chii y, cham sdc vd tao ra y nghTa cho sy trao ddi tien bac hay gin y nghTa cho nhirng mdn qua dugc mua bing tiin. Lgi nhuan thu dugc tir sy chuyin hod nay cd thi la nhiing gi huu hinh nhu tiin bac, hien vat, hang hod va khd nhin thdy nhu ldng tin, su tin cay, sy hiiu biit ldn nhau hay cu the la nhirng miic do nang lyc, ky nang tiic la vdn ngudi vd nhd vay ma cd dugc vi tri nhat
dinh trong td chirc, tiic la vdn xa hdi. Vdn nhdm, td chiic va till hien tirong timg ddu xa hgi la mdt trong loai vdn phi kinh ti mdi ciia cac quan he xa hgi. Vdn xa hgi (vdn van hod, vdn
Cong dong xa hgi
So dd Cdu tnic ba ngudi
Tir cdu tnic don gian nay chiing ta cd thi phat tiiin thanh mgt cdu tnic tdng hgp mang ludi xa hdi (xem so do 2). Md hinh tdng hgp cho thdy vdn ngudi la tap hgp cac nang lyc tdn tai trong moi ca nhan,
con ngudi, vdn bilu tugng) va cd thi ddn tdi vdn kinh te. Qua dd cd thi thdy rang vdn kinh tl xet cho ciing la ngudn gdc ciia tat ca cac loai vdn phi kinh tl va su chuyen hod ciia cac loai vdn la co che tdi sdn xudt ra cac loai vdn.
4. Mo hinh tong hgp ve von xa hgi,
von con nguoi va mang ludi xa hgi Coleman da dua ra cau tnic mang ludi
ba ngudi dudi dang mgt tam giac deu 1994. Tr. 305.
1
Td chiic • ( > ;
_ • < ^
Nh6ra ,
Sa do 2. Vdn nguai, vdn xa hpi va mgng lu&i xa hpi
' James Coleman. James Coleman. Foundations of Social Theory. USA: Harvard University Press.
Von xa h^i...
tin tai trong tung quan he giiia cac cd nhdn, nhdm, td chirc tiic la quan he xa hgi giiia cdc ddu mdi ciia mang ludi xa hdi ngudi. Can cii vao quy md ciia nhdm cd thi phdn biet mang ludi xa hdi vi md vdi ddc trung Id tap hgp cdc quan he xa hdi trong nhdm nhd vd mang ludi xa hdi vT md dya vdo cac quan he trong nhdm ldn hay trong cdng ddng xa hdi.
5. Mot so phat hien ve von xa hoi, von ngmri va mang ludi xa hgi ot Vif t Nam
Mgng lu&i xd hpi cua ngu&i lao dpng.
Mang ludi xa hgi ciia ngudi lao ddng ty do, cu the Id cua ngudi ban hang rong vd ngudi lao ddng tu do d Hd Ndi dugc phdt hien thdy Id cd xu hudng biln ddi tir md hinh thii cdng sang md hinh ddng nghiep vd md hinh thii bac'°.
Mang ludi xa hgi thii cdng dac trung bdi quan he chii-thg trong pham vi nhdm nhd ma quan he nay chii yeu dua vdo mdi quan he tinh cam (hg hang, ban bl, thdn quen) giira ngudi chii ddu tu vd ngudi nhdn thdu md ngudi
nay thuc chdt la mgt nhdm ngudi lao dgng trong dd cd td tmdng nhdm vd cdc thdnh viln quan he vdi nhau theo kiiu "thii cdng"
vira chii-thg vira anh em mgt nha cimg an d vd ldm viec vdi nhau.
Mang ludi xa hdi dong nghiep dac trung bdi su xudt hien nhan
Nguoi dSuUr
vdt trung gian la ngudi nhdn thdu, thudng Id ky su. Ngudi nhan thdu (bin B) tir chu dau tu (ben A) vd giao thdu cho td tmdng td lao ddng (bin B'). Quan he giiia ngudi nhan thdu vdi td tmdng tren thuc ti la quan he ddng nghiep vi cimg chung muc dich la ldm thdu tiic la ciing thugc bin B.
Mang ludi xa hdi thii bac cd dac trung thii nhdt Id su chuyin mdn hod theo thii bdc trong nhdm nhdn thau (so dd 3). Bin B phdn hod thdnh cdng ty nhdn thdu, ngudi qudn ly viec thuc hien thdu, cdc dgi tmdng vd cdc td trudng, cdc td lao dgng.
Ddc trung thii hai ciia mang ludi xa hdi thir bdc Id sy kit hgp cdc mdi quan he chinh tbiic vd phi chinh thiic giiia cdc cd nhdn vd cdc nhdm trong mang ludi. Vi du, cdng nhdn vira chinh tbiic ky hgp ddng lao ddng vira true tiep iham gia quan he phi chinh thiic kilu than quen vdi nhau trong td lao ddng.
Vdn xa hdi cd the gay ra nhiing nii ro tiic la "phdn chiic nang" (defiinctions) trong nhiing dilu kiln nhdt dinh. Vi du, trong
Mpttrofsg nhung Cdrtg ty nhin Silu
T i truong
Nhan viin «uar ly eong tn/cng
To Thg xiy
ToTh<?x4y
To Thg xay
Sa do 3. Mgng quan he xd hdi thii: bge sJi
'" Regina Abrami. ''Kinh ti nong thon - Mgt s6 ghi nhan ve nhung mdi quan he xa hgi vd nghien cuu xa hgi hgc ve nhiing nguai lao dgng vd buon bdn hdng rong tgi Hd Ngi". Tap chi Xa hgi hgc. So' 4(60). 1997. Tr. 61.
" Regina Abrami. ''Kinh ti nong thon - Mgt so ghi nhdn vi nhimg moi quan he xa hgi vd nghien cuu xa hgi hgc ve nhimg nguai lao dgng vd buon bdn hdng rong tgi Hd Ngi". Tap chi Xd hgi hgc. So 4(60). 1997. Tr. 61.
NghlSn ciiu Con ngudf s64 (37) 2008 49
Le Ngpc Hung
ITnh vyc budn ban, vdn xa hdi dya vdo
"von tin dung nhd" va "miic do tham hdi lan nhau" md khdng cd nhiing thi che rdng budc chinh thiic ma chi dua vao
"miic do tin cay" ca nhan, khdng chinh thiic, vi vay khi vdn xa hdi dd cdng ldn thi miic do nii ro cdng tdng. Vi du, khi xay ra sy cd nhu chay chg Ddng Xuan thi nhiing ngudi cd vdn xa hgi ldn tiic la cdc quan he rdng vdi miic do tin cay cao ddng nghia vdi sd tiin ng ndn ldn se bi thiet hai nhieu hon so vdi nhung ngudi ban hang rong. Do thilu tm cay ddi vdi khach hang, nhung ngudi ban hang rong khdng ban chiu, khdng cho ng vd ling xir kiiu "tien trao chdo miic" nin van bdo toan vdn (so do 4).
Mgng thdng tin eua doanh nghiep. Mdt nghien ciiu ve van de nay cho biet trong thdi ky tmdc Ddi mdi, doanh nghiep chii yiu dya vao mang ndi bg khip kin vdi thdng tin chinh thiic nhd gigt bur tren xudng va thdm thau cham chap tir ngodi vdo doanh nghiep qua mgt sd kenh phi chinh thiic. Trong qua trinh Ddi mdi, doanh nghiep chuyen dan sang md hinh mang md rdng vdi mdi trudng thdng tin bin ngoai cd su tham gia ciia cac ddu mdi thdng tin chuyen nghiep va cdc mang ludi xa hdi chinh thiic va phi chinh thiic'''.
Mgng di cu. Dua vao khai niem
Cac chd bien gidi TP H6 Chf Minh
Khong tin cay
" • — - *
0 6 tin cay thiip
Khong tin cay
Cac d i d Ictn 0 Ha Noi (NgUdi ban buon ldn)
NgUdi mua buon (chii ciia hang Ha Noi
va ngoai tinh)
NgUdi ban buon nho (d nong thon)
Tin cay cao
Kh6ng tin c^y
NgUdi mua le (ngUdi sCf dung va
ngi/cJi ban rong)
Sa dd 4. Mgng cdc quan he xd hdi Tren thuc tl, vdn xa hdi khdng phai liic nao ciing la sdn pham cua su lya chgn ca nhdn ma phu thugc vdo hgp ddng va gia cd hgp ly va vdn kinh tl, vi du "cdc nha budn khdng cd du vdn dl chiu dyng do tin cay cao" vd "quan he tin cay cao cd the dugc dp dat cho ngudi ban, trong khi quan he khdng tin cay cd the chi Id su lua chgn ciia ngudi mua hdng" .
'^ Regina Abrami. "Kinh te nong thon - Mgt sd ghi nhgn ve nhung moi quan h$ xa hgi vd nghien ciru xa hgi hgc ve nhimg nguai lao dgng vd buon bdn hdng rong tgi Hd Ngi". T^ip chi X3 hgi hgc. S6 4(60). 1997. Tr. 65.
" Regina Abrami. Sdd. Tr. 65.
v&i mirc dp tin cdy khac nhau'^
"mang ludi xa hgi" dugc hieu la tap hgp cac mdi lien kit, cac mdi quan he giiia cac cd nhan vd cac nhdm dan cu, mdt so tac gid dua ra khai niem "mang ludi di cu" di nhan manh tam quan trgng cua mang ludi xa hgi cua nhirng ngudi di cu'^ Hon 75% sd ngudi di cu dugc khao sat cho biet cd hg hang, ngudi than, ban be sinh sdng tai noi chuyin din vd nhirng ngudi than dd la nhiing ddu mdi
Le Ngoc Hiing. "Thong tin vd doanh nghiep trong nin kinh ti chuyin dof. Tap chi Xa hgi hgc.
S64(64). 1998. Tr. 106-112.
" D ^ g Nguyen Anh. "Vai tro cua mgng lu&i xa hgi trong qud trinh di cu". T^p chi Xd hpi hgc. S6 2(62). 1998. Tr. 17.
Von xa h^i...
thdng tin va ngudn hd trg kinh te-xa hdi doi vdi ngudi di cu'^. Phu nii Id ngudi thudng ddng vai trd "ndi tudng", "te gia ngi trg" nen qud trinh di cu ciia phu nii phu thugc nhieu vdo mang ludi quan he gia dinh'''. Cdc td chiic ke ca co quan chinh quyen dia phuong, co quan truyen thdng dai chiing, td chiic gidi thilu viec lam, td chiic ngdn hdng ddng vai trd nhd be ddi vdi ngudi dan trong vile quylt dinh chuyin cu vd qud trinh sinh ke d noi nhap cu. Ngudi di cir chu ylu sii dyng mang ludi quan he xa hdi tmyen thing (ngudi nhd, ngudi thdn quen, ban be) di giao dich kinh tl nhu tim viec ldm, vay tien, giri tien vl nhd. Cdu ndi
"sdy nhd ra that nghiep" cho thdy vai trd quan trgng to ldn ciia gia dinh ddi vdi viec di cu va tim kiem viec lam d noi nhap cu.
dung nhilu chien luge khac nhau di doi phd vdi ddi nghlo trong dd cd nhirng chiin luge cd thi buy hoai sy phdt triin ben viing nhu bdt tre em bd hgc. Do dd, cdc chuong trinh xod ddi gidm ngheo dugc dl xudt la can phdi hudng vao ho trg ngudi ngheo vl cd vdn tin dung va dac biet Id vdn ngudi (vi du dao tao nghe) va vdn xa hdi (vi du td chirc cdc nhdm tilt kilm vd cau lac bd) de ngudi nghlo cd the Jchai thdc, phdt trien vd chuyen hod cdc ngudn vdn nay hg nhim cai thien ddi sdng.
Mgng lu&i tim kiim viec ldm cua sinh vien. Trong thdi ky Ddi mdi kinh te, sinh vien cd xu hudng sir dung mang ludi hdn hgp dl tim kiem viec ldm (so dd5)'^
Mang ludi xa hdi kieu hon hgp Id sy
Vai trd cdc logi trong xod
cua von ddi, gidm ngheo.
Nghiin ciiu dinh tinh vdi phuong phdp phdn tich tmdng hgp vd phdng van sdu da phat hi?n thdy hg gia dinh ngheo khdng chi thieu vdn tdi chinh, vdn vat chat vd von ty nhien ma con thieu cd vdn
ngudi vd vdn xa hgi'*. Ngudi ngheo sir
Sa dd 5. Mgng lu&i xa hpi kiiu hdn hgp .20
18
" D^g NguySn Anh. Sdd Tr. 9.
" DJlng Nguyen Anh. Sdd Tr. 19.
" B4o cio phdt triin Vi?t Nam nam 2000: Viit Nam tdn cong nghio ddi. Hk NOi. 1999. Tr. 105.
" LS Ngge HCing. "Ly thuyet vd phuang phdp tiip cgn mgng lu&i xd hgi: tru&ng hgp tim kiim vi$c ldm cita sinh vien". T^p chi Xd hgi hgc. S6 2(82).
2003. Tr. 67-75.
^^ U Ngpc HCing. Sdd Tr. 74.
NghlSn ciiu Con ngudf s64 (37) 2008 51
LS Ngpc Hung
kit hgp md hinh kieu truyen thdng ddc trung bdi cdc mdi quan he gia dinh va ngudi thdn quen vdi md hinh k ieu hien dai ddc trung bdi mdi quan he chiic nang ciia ca nhan vdi cac co quan, td chiic va thiit chi chinh thiic. Sinh vien cd y thiic trong vile phdt trien vdn ngudi tiic Id hgc tap dl cd tri thiic, ndng lyc chuyen mdn nghe nghiep ddng thdi phat trien vdn xa hdi thdng qua viec tilp xiic, trao ddi vd hgp tdc vdi nhiing ca nhan cd vdn ngudi cao, vi du thdy cd gido vd vdn xa hdi rdng nhiing ngudi sir dung lao ddng.
Vai trd eua vdn xd hpi trong giao dich kinh ti. Trong dieu kiln thi trudng vdn tin dung chua phat trien, cac doanh nghiep gia dinh dua chii ylu vdo ngudn vdn xa hdi tir mang ludi xa hdi gia dinh, ngudi than vd ban be dl huy ddng vdn kinh te. Vdn xa hdi dudi dang trach nhiem, ldng tin giiia cdc thanh viln gia dinh V a mdi quan he thdn quen vdi cdc cd n ban t rong c dc c o q uan c hinh q uyin dia phuong vd cdc co quan chiic ndng cd the giiip gidm chi phi giao dich kinh ti cho cdc doanh nghiep gia dinh vd tang cudng kha nang huy dgng ngudn lao ddng khi can thiet. Tuy nhien, vdn xa hdi trong trudng hgp nay cd thi gay phdn chiic nang hay rui ro cao do phdt sinh chi phi co hgi va lam giam triin vgng ciia the he tuong lai, vi du nhu trong tmdng hgp huy dgng lao ddng tre em .
Cdch thuc sic dung von xd hpi cua ngu&i ndng ddn. Hon 93% sd hd dugc khdo sat d ven do Hd Ndi cd ngudi tham
^' Nguyin Quy Thanh. "Su giao thoa giiia vdn xd hgi v&i cdc giao djch kinh ti trong gia dinh. So sdnh gia dinh Viet Nam vd gia dinh Hdn Qudc".
Tap chi A'a hgi hgc. S6 2(90). 2005. Tr. 119.
gia cac td chiic xa hdi d dia phuang va tmng binh mdi hg cd 1,6 ngudi tham gia nhirng td chirc xa hdi nhu Hgi ndng dan, Hgi phu nil, Hgi cim chien binh^^'^^. Hg gia dinh ndo cd nhieu thdnh vien tham gia cac td chiic xa hgi, tiic la nhieu vdn xa hgi thi t hudng cd miic thu nhap cao ban nhiing hg cd it vdn xa hgi. Dd thi hod cd xu hudng pha vo cac cau tnic cua mang ludi xa hgi truyen thdng vd budc ngudi ndng dan phai tham gia vao cac quan he xa hgi mdi d ngoai lang, xa de tim thu thap thdng tin, tim viec lam vd nang cao trinh do chuyen mon nghe nghiep mdt each phu hgp. Vdn xa hgi da cd sdn trong quan he gia dinh, ddng hg, ban be va cdc td chiic xa hgi d ndng thdn cd kha nang giam chi phi giao dich khi tao dung nhirng mang ludi xa hgi mdi nhdm tim ra sinh ke phii hgp. Khi ma ngudn vdn tu nhien nhu dat dai bi thu hep do do thi hod thi ngudi ndng dan cd xu hudng tim each ddu tu va khai thdc vdn xa hgi vd vdn ngudi gdm "kiin thiic khoa hgc, cdng nghe va ky thuat sdn xudt, tay nghi chuyen mdn".
6. Mot so van de can tiep tuc nghien ciru & Vif t Nam
Khai niem vdn xa hgi dugc quan tam nghien curu manh din miic Tap chi Tia Sdng va Thai bdo Kinh ti Sdi Gon da phdi hgp td chiic mgt cudc Hgi thao khoa hgc chuyen dh v i "VSn xa hpi trong phdt triin" vao cudi thang 5/2006 tai TP.Hd Chi Minh. Cac bao cao tham luan cho thdy vdn xa hgi cua ngudi Viet
Nguyin Duy Thing. "Sic dung vSn xd hoi trong chiin luge sinh ki cua nong ddn ven do Hd Ngi du&i tdc dgng cua do thi hod". Tap chi Xa hgi hgc.
S64(10_0).2007.Tr. 41.
" Nguyin Duy Thing. Sdd.
Von xa hgi..
CO vai trd hd trg cho giao dich kinh te nhung ciing chira dyng nhiing ylu td cd the cdn trd sy phat trien kinh tl, vi du nhu trong trudng hgp lgi dung quan he than quen de tudn cdc ngudn luc ciia nhd nudc cho cdng ty ciia ngudi thdn quen.
Cdc nghiin curu hiln cd vl vdn xa hgi, vdn con ngudi vd mang ludi xa hdi d Viet Nam bien nay da phdt hiln ra mdt dilu quan trgng sau day.
Ngudi Viet quan tam gay dung vdn xa hgi vd duy tri cdc quan he xa hdi khdng chi trong ITnh vuc sinh boat hdng ngay md trong boat ddng budn bdn, sdn xudt kinh doanh, xdy dung, di cu, xod ddi giam ngheo, tim vile lam, khdi nghiep va van hdnh doanh nghiep. Vdn xa h gi vd q uan he xa hgi cd chiic ndng nang cao kha ndng tim kiem vd huy dgng cdc ngudn luc kinh tl, cung cap thdng tin, ddng thdi cd phdn chirc ndng nhu ban che viec md rdng quan he xd hgi, gay nghi ngd ddi vdi ngudi ngodi mang ludi xa hdi vd gay khd khdn cho viec chuyen hod giiia cdc loai vdn vdi nhau.
Tuong ty nhu d nhiing nudc phuang Dong khdc^'*, ngudi Viet thudng ddu tu phat trien vdn xa hdi trong quan he gia dinh, ddng hg vd ngudi thdn quen tiic Id trong nhdm nhd, cdng ddng nhd. Dieu nay cd the phii hgp vdi ldi sdn xuat tieu ndng, t u tiic va phan tdn nhung khd cd the thich nghi vdi yeu cdu sdn xudt cdng nghiep theo co che thi tmdng.
Cdn cii vdo mdi quan he ciia cdc loai vdn kinh te, vdn ngudi va vdn xa hdi ma ngudi Viet cd cdc chiln luge iing xir
" Francis Fukuyama. "Nguon vdn xd hgi vd su phdt trien: chuang trinh nghj su tuang laC. Tap chi;ra hgi hgc. So 4 (84). 2003. Tr. 90-98.
khde nhau: nhdm cd vdn ngudi cao thudng cd xu budng ddu tu phdt triin vdn ngudi vd md rdng mang ludi xa bdi vdi su tham gia cua cdc ddu mdi chuyen mdn, chuyen nghiep di ddm bdo duy tri vd phdt trien vdn ngudi cimg cdc ngudn vdn khac mdt each ben virng. Trong khi dd, nhiing cd nhdn cd vdn ngudi thdp thudng chi gidi ban quan he xa hdi trong pham vi gia dinb vd ngudi than quen, cdn ddi vdi ngudi khac tbi td ra it tin cay va ling xir thilu tdm chiln luge theo kieu tiln trao chao miic.
Cimg vdi sy ngheo ddi vl vdn vdt chdt, vdn kinh te va vdn ty nhiln, su ylu kem ve vdn ngudi vd pham vi ban hep ciia ngudn vdn xa hdi cd khd nang 1 am tang nguy co ddi ngheo vd thiic ddy vile sir dung nhiing chiln luge sinh kl, vi du nhu bdt tri em bd hgc sdm, gay tdn hai cho sy phdt triln bin vung.
Vdn ngudi ciia the he cha me d ndng thdn chu ylu bao gdm mdt trinh do hgc van tdi thieu (nhu tilu hgc ddi vdi ngudi ndng ddn) va ky nang lao ddng gidn don dac trung cho nghi ndng truyin thdng.
Nhiing nam gan day, dudi tac ddng cua cac yeu cdu tir phia cdng nghiep hod, hiln dai hod, dd thi hod vd nhdt Id kinh ti thi trudng, vdn ngudi ngdy cang dugc nhiiu ca nhdn, gia dinh quan tam phdt trien bang each ddu tu cho gido duc-ddo tao bdc cao (tmng hgc phd thdng, cao ding, dai hgc) de cd vile lam vd thu nhap dn dinh.
Vdn xa hdi vd quan he xa hdi eiia ngudi Viet dang biln ddi tir md hinh mang ludi xa hdi kieu truyen thdng sang kieu hien dai, tir mang ludi xa hdi ddng ddng, don gian sang mang ludi xd hdi phan tdng, phiic tap. Tuy nhien, sy biln
NghlSn cAi Con ngudf s64 (37) 2008 53
LS Ngpc Hiing
ddi vdn xa hdi vd quan he xa hdi dien ra cham chap do thdi quen vd nhung truyen thong van hod Idu ddi ciia ngudi ddn. Do dd, mdt sy bien ddi nhanh chdng va vung chac phu thugc nhilu vao chinh sdch phdt trien kinh te-xa hgi vd mdi tmdng phdp ly va cdc thiet che thiic ddy su hgp tdc tren co sd ldng tin, sy tin cay vd trdch nhiem lan nhau trong pham vi toan xd hdi dudi tdc ddng cua hdi nhap kinh tl thi gidi vd todn cdu hod.
Qua dd cd thi the thdy, nhdm vdn de thii nhdt cdn tilp tyc nghien ciru se la chiic nang va phan chiic nang ciia cdc loai vdn phi kinh te ddi vdi su tang trudng vd phdt triln bin viing, cu the d day 1 a " tinh h ai m at"^^ t ich c yc vd t ieu cue ciia vdn xd hdi ddi vdi cd nhdn vd xa hgi. Nhdm van dl thir hai la nghien ciiu
CO che xdy dyng vd chuyen hod cac loai vdn kinh te, vdn ngudi, vdn xa hdi trong dd viec dau tu vdo phdt trien vdn ngudi' Id mdt lya chgn uu tien hang dau.
Ca hai nhdm van de nay can dugc xem xet tir nhieu gdc do khoa hgc nhu xa hgi hgc, kinh te hgc, tam ly hgc, nhdn hgc theo lat cat ngang vd ldt cat dgc ciing nhu nghien ciiu so sanh trong nudc vd so sdnh qudc te. Cac van de nghien ciiu ndi tren can dugc xem xet trong khung canh cua mang ludi xa hgi cu thi la xa hdi Viet Nam hiln nay dang trdi qua thdi ky qua do "kep" tir xa hdi ndng nghiep truyen thdng sang xa hdi cdng nghiep hien dai va tir co che tap trung quan lieu bao cap sang co chi thi trudng dinh hudng xa hdi chu nghTa.
25 ' Alexaiidro Fortes. Vdn xa hgi: ngudn gdc vd nhimg su dp dung nd trong xa hgi hgc hi?n dgi. Tap chi Xa hgi hgc. So 4{S4). 2003.tr. 99-109. y -^ ^y
