PHAT HUY i q i THg so S A N H D E HlNH THANH.. HHGHlgHTHUtTigM E | | J
PHAT HUY L0I THE SO SANH DE HINH THANH NHIEU NONG SAN CHU LI/C LAM GIAU CHQ NONG DAN MliN NUI THANH HOA
Liromg Tat Thdng*
^-^
Tdm tdt
Thanh Hda Id tinh cd nhiiu tiim ndng ve ndng nghiip, thudn Igi cho phdt triin mgt sd cdy trdng, vgt nudi chu dgo nhu: mia, sdn, cao su, bd, v.v. Tuynhien, do thiiu nhieu dieu Men, ndng sudt cua cdc sdn phdm ngy vdn cdn ihdp. Viic trien khai cdc biin phdp di ndng cao ndng sudi cua cdc sdn phdm chii lue, khai thdc tdt tiem ndng se Id bi^n phdp di giup cdi thiin ddi sdng cua nguoi ddn vimg miin nui Thanh Hda. Bdi viit se ddnh gid ihi^c trgng phdt triin ndng nghiep & vimg miin niii Thanh hda vd di xudt mgtsd gidiphdp nhdm phdt huy tiim ndng cua tinh.
Tir khoa: tiim ndng phdt tridn ndng nghifp, ndng sdn, midn nui, Thanhhoa.
1. Tiem ndng phdt triin ndng nghiep vimg nui tinh Thanh H6a
Vd dia ly, vimg miin nui tinh Thanh Hda gidp eac tinh Son La, Hda Binh, Ninh Binh ve phia bdc; gidp tmh Nghf An vd phia Nam vd Tay nam; gidp tinh Hfla Phan cfla CHDCND Ldo ve phia Tay vd gidp vflng ddng bang cfla tinh Thanh Hda vd phia Ddng.
Nam 2014, viing midn nui ciia Thanh Hda ed didn tieh ty nhien khodng 8517 km2 (chiim khodng 76,5% so todn tmh) vd cd sd ddn khdng 1 tridu ngudi; gdm 210 xa va 12 thj frdn. Day la vflng ddungudn eua cae he thing sdng sudi, cd y nghla Idn vi phdng hd vd smh tgo ngudn nude.
Trdn dja bdn vflng miin nfli cd cdc qudc Ip chay qua nhu dudng Hd Chi Minh, qudc 1015a, 45 vd 217. Ddng tiidi, ed 192 km dudng bien gidi vdi CHDCND Ldo; cd cdc cfla khdu Na Meo (Quan Son), Ten Tdn (Mudng Ldt) vd Kheo (Thudng Xudn) ed thd giao luu tbu$n tifn vdi cae tmh Bdc Ldo vd ddng bdc Tbai Lan vd phdt tiidn kmh ti, ddc bidt la Imh vyc ndng nghifp.
Bdn eanh do, ddy Id viing cd dja hbh phiic tap, chia tiidnh 3 tiiu vflng bj chia cdt mgnh bdi nui
cao va cdc sdng sudi, dp ddc khoang fren 25 dd.
Theo dd d mdi tiiu viing cd dac^ tnmg rieng frong phdttriinndngnghidp. Cythe:
(i) Vflng nui cao: gdm ede huydn Mudng Lat, Quan Son, Quan Hda, Bd Thude, Lang Chdnh vd cd dja hinh hiim frd, ed dinh nfli Phfl Pha Phong eao tdi 1.550 met so mgt nude bien, cd ngudn ldm sdn ddi dao, lugng mua Idn nen cd tidm ndng phdt triin thuy difn, hd ttp phdt tridn ndng nghifp.
(ii) Viing nfli thdp: gdm cdc huyfn Thgeh Thanh, Cdm Thuy, Ngpc Lgc, Thudng Xudn va cdc xd miin nfli cfla cdc huyfn Thp Xudn, Vmh Ldc, Ydn Dinh, Ha Trung vd cfla Thi xa Bim Son; cd thung liing nhung hidm frd, cd tiem nang phdt tridn mia, lgc, eao su, cdy an qud vd chan nudi gia sue.
(iii) Viing trung du phia nam: gdm cac huyfn Nhu Xudn, Nhu Thanh vd mpt sd xa cfla cdc huyfn Trieu Son, ITnh Gia; dii nfli thdp, ddt mau md thuan lpi frong vifc phdt tridn cdy cdng.
nghifp, ldm nghidp, cdy ddc sdn va ed Vudn Qude gia Bin En (thude dia bdn huyfn Nhu Thanh vd huyfn Nhu Xudn), cd rflng phat trien tdt, vdi nhidu gd quy, thu qu^.
Vd khi hdu, khu vuc midn nfli tinh Thanh Hda chia thanh hai mua rd rf t: mfla ha tu thdng 4 ddn thang 10 vd mua ddng tu tiidng 11 ddn thdng 3 nam sau; nhift dp trung binh khodng 22-24oC (vdo mfla hg khodng 25-28oC vd vd mfla ddng khodng 15-20oC). Lupng mua trung binh nam khoang 1.600-2.200 mm vd phan bd khdng deu ttong nam, tdp trung Idn vi mua mua. Chdy qua dia bdn cd cac con sdng Ma (cd cdc phu luu la sdng Ld, sdng Ludng, sdng Budi vd sdng Chu), sdng Ydn vd sdng Chdng dd vd sdng Hdu thude tinh Nghe An. Vdi he thdng sdng cd luong nude Idn, tgo dieu kien thudn Igi phdt trien ndng nghifp noi ddy.
Ngudi ddn viing midn niii tinh Thanh Hda da sfl dung Idiodng 78 van ha (chiem khodng
* Luang Tat Thdng, Th^c si, Scr K^ ho^ich vii Diu tu Tinh Thanh H6a.
SO 68 (7/2015) QUANLfKINHTf Q
WBSM KIHHHSKIjHTHUtTliN PHAT HUY U l T H g SO SANH o i HINH THANH..
91,5% so di$n tich tir nhien). Trong d6, dSt non^
nghiep Ijhoang 12 van ha (chiSm 14,3%); dat iam nghi&p 58 van ha (chilm 77% diSn tich tu:
nhien nhtmg con hon 7 van ha chua co rimg).
Trong s6 diSn tfch dit rimg thi dien tich rimg dac d\mg khoing 7,7 van ha; ph6ng hO khoang 14,5 vsin ha v4 rtag sin xuit khoing 29 van ha.
Tii nguySn khoing san tuy IdiSng Ion, nhung cung khi phong phii ii phit trijn cong nghi$p.
Trong do n6i bat la juang sSt, crom, kem, ddng, chi, thiec, ving, ph6t phat, cao lanh, da graphit, quaczit. Tito nang idn nhit vin li tii nguyen du
Ijch: Vudn qu6c gia BSn En, Khu bio t6n thi&i nhien Phd Ludng, Fu Hu, su6i ci Cim Luong, thic Ma Hao, chiln khu Ngoc Trjo, Thinh nhi H^, Khu Lam kmh...
Tai nguyen dit va rung co tiem nang Idn, li tien di de phit triln nin sin xuit hing h6a quy mo 16n, chit lugng cao. Den nim 2015, viing miln mii tinh Thanh H6a con khoing 72 nghin ha dit chua su dyng. Tuy Ichong Ida nhimg nlu huy dpng 50% sl niy dl phat triln sin xuit thi diy ciing li nguon ding ke de sir dyng cho cac nginh vi ITnh vvc trong qui trinh phat triln.
Bilu 1: Cff cau sii- dung dit cfla viing miln mii, Chi tieu
Ting dien tich bf nhien 1. Dit n6ng nghiep
% so dien tich t\r nhien 2. Dat lim nghiep
% so dien tich t^r nhien 3. Dat thuy sin
% so dien tich tu nhien 4. Dat phi nSng nghiep
% so dien tich tu nhien 5. Dat chua sur dung
% so dien tich tu nhien + Dit bing chua su dimg
% so dien tich tu nhien + Dit doi niii chua sir dimg
% so dien tich tu nhien + Dat niii di kh6ng co rimg
% so dien tich tu nhien
2010 851.663 117.635 13,8 531.971
62,5 2.066 0,24 69.339
8,1 130.517
15,3 6.104 0,7 105.451
12,4 18.961
2,2
2014 851.667 122.072 14,3 576.768
67,7 3.412 0,4 76.972
9,0 72.167
8,6 5.269
0,6 52.072
6,1 14.826
1,7
Bien dpng +4 +4.437
-
+44.797 +1.346
-
+7.633
-
-58.350
-
-835
-
- 53.379
-
-4.135
Ngudn: Thdng ke tmh Thanh Hda 2014 2. Thuc trang phat trien ndng nghifp vung
nui Thanh Hoa
Vdi tiem nang, Ipi thd nhu tten, thudn Ipi cho Thanh Hdaphat trien mdt sd cay tting, vat nudi
ehu dao nhu: mia, san, cao su, bd... Tuy nhiSn nan^ sudt vdn thdp.
Vd ttdng ttpt, mpt sd cdy dupe ttdng chu yiu Id: mia, sdn, cao su... (Bdng 1).
ma QU&NUKINHT^ stf 68 (7/2815)
PH*T HUY LQI THg SO SANH pg HJNH THANH.. KIHHHeHltMn"":™" ^ ^ ^ Bing 1: M$t so cay tr5ng chinh tai cic huy$n miln nui nim 2014
Ciy tring + Ciy Ilia + Cay ngo + Mla + Lac + San + Cao su
Dien tich (ha) 67.000 29.300 24.000 3.570 6.000 10.312
Nang suat (ta/ha)
44,6 35 52 14 11,7
13
Nang suit sinh hoc (ta/ha)
60 45 65 25 25 18
Gii tri tao ra trSn mSi ha, Tr.d
28 19 31 25 23 22 Nguon: Cye Thing ke tinh Thanh Hda
Cdy lua: vdi^ difn rich ttdng Idn nhdt 67.000 ha, cdy lua chiSm vi tri quan ttpng ttong co cdu cdy ttdng ndi chung. Tuy nhien, vifc sdn xudt Ilia tten cdc difn tieh ddt kem hifu qud do mpt sd nguydn nhan nhu: ddt dai khdng phu hpp, thiiu nudc tudi, ngap flng thudng xuydn, nhidm mgn... deu khdng mang lai hifu qud kinh ti, thdm chi la khdng cd lai.
Cay mia: cay mia hifn dang Id cdy xda ddi gidm ngheo d U huyfn midn nui Thanh Hda vdi difn tieh 24.000 ha. Ddu ra sdn lupng mia cfla ndng dan dupe 3 nhd mdy dudng: Lam Son, Ndng Cdng, Vif t-Ddi thu mua chd bidn dn dinh.
Tuy nhidn, hifn nay nang suat mia cfla midn nui Thanh Hda chi bdng khoang 70% cfla Thai Lan.
Chi phi cao hon cfla Thai Lan khodng 30%. Chi tinh muc tidu diing dudng khodng 24 kg/nam (nhu muc tnmg binh hifn nay ciia the gidi), thi thi trudng dudng mia edn Idn nhung khd canh ttanh vdi nudc ngodi neu chi cd nang sudt vd trfl dudng nhu hifn nay. Ben canh dd, vifc phat tridn niia nguydn lieu khdng theo quy hoach vdn didn ra d mpt sd huyen; difn tich mia dflng chdn ttSn ddt die tfl 150 ttd Idn chiim tdi 18,4% tdng didn tich vd binh qudn mdi hp chi sdhflu 0,52 ha ddt mia nen khd thyc hifn co gidi hda ddng bd, nhdn rdng viing tudi nudc nhd gipt. Them nira, vdn cdn tinh trgng ndng hd sfl dyn^ ngpn mia tiiuong phdm di ttdng, ty Id trdng gidng mia cu, giing thoai hda cdn cao; phdn Idn didn tich mia khdng ttdng ludn canh cdy hp dau lam tang dp phi eho ddt; vide ddu tu gidng, vdt tu ung trudc, thu mua, van chuyen nguyen Ufu thye hien qua khdu trung gian nen thu nhdp cua hp ttdng mia khdngcao.
Cay san: Ld loai cdy hoa mau vdn dupe coi la nguin luong thyc bd sung quan ttpng cho ngudi ndng ddn, dae bidt ddng bdo viing sdu, viing xa, vflng dgc bift khd khan. Thdi gian qua, eay sdn tuong ddi dn dinh, cd xu hudng tang vd da ttd thdnh cdy edng nghidp hdng hod, gdp phdn ttong vifc thyc hidn ehuyen ddi co cdu kinh td theo hudng CNH - HDH ndng nghidp, ndng thdn tinh Thanh Hda. Bhih qudn nang sudt sdn nien vy 2014-2015 dgt 21,5 tIn/ha, tini chi phi ngudi ddn ehi thu Iai tfl 7 -10 trieu ddng/ha. Thu nhdp tu cdy sdn nhu vdy Id thdp. Nguyen nhdn chinh Id do didn tich ttdng san phat tridn d at, khdng theo quy hoach, ddn din nhidu didn tich sdn ttong d nhiing vung cd dp die eao; t^p qudn canh tdc theo hinh thure qudng canh, ngudi ddn thieu sy ddu tu cham sdc, gdy suy kift dinh dudng ddt ttdng, nang sudt thap. l-^ng sudt sdn eiia viing chi bdng khodng 50% cfla An Dp.
Thdp hon khoang 16-20% cfla Camphuchia vd cfla Indonesia va 10% eua Thdi Lan. Vift Nam san xudt khodng 10 trifu tdn sdn tuoi (ttong dd xuat khdu 70%)
Ben egnh do, tai nguyen rflng cd khd nang tgo ra sdn phdm mang thuong hidu Thanh Hda cung cd quy md Idn. Vung midn nui cd 513,4 nghin ha ddt cd rflng, chiem 60,3% difn tieh tu nhidn va 93% difn tich rflng todn tinh, ttong dd: 382,9 n^hm ha rflng ty nhien vd 130,5 nghin ha rflng ttdng. Ca cdu vdn rflng: rung dae dung 77,4 nghm ha; rung phdng hp 147,5 nghin ha; rflng sdn xudt 288,5 nghin ha. Trfl lupng: ting trft lupng cdy dflng ttdn 14 tiif u m3 gd, hdng nam cd thi khai thac duoc 27.000 - 33.000 m3 gd, 30.000 - 40.000 tridu ste cfli, 10 trieu cdy tie,*
Stf 68 (7/2815) QUANlYKINHTf ^
I W l milHNBHllHITHIlCTliN PHAT HUY m i THgSO SANH B I HINH THANH...
lulng vi 10 -15 ttieu cay mia. Theo du bao t^
day CO the phit Uiln cong nghiep che bien giay carton vdi c6ng suit khoing 5 van tin/nam. Voi tilm nang 16n nhu viy, nhung lim nghiep mien mii Thanh H6a moi tao ra khoing 6% vi$c lim cho ngu6i lao dpng va d6ng gop khoang 8%
ting gii tri sin xuit.
v l chan nu5i, vimg miln niii Thanh H6a noi bit len v6i viec phit hien cic din bo siia, voi ning suit siia b6 nim 2014 djt 12,5 lifngiy/con. Diy li con sl khong nho, tuy nhien khi so sanh voi binh quin ci nuac vi mgt sl viing miln mii CO tiem ning tuong dong khic ciia Viet Nam, nhu: Tuyen Quang, Son La, thi
ning suit sira b6 ciia viing vin c6n thip hon Cniyen Quang khoing 14 lit; Son la 15 lit; binh quan ci nu6c khoing 13,5 lit). Ben csmh d6, mot sd sin phim chin nuoi khic, nhu: gi ldng ving, thit Ign sGa co hing hoa, nhung khii lu<pfng con nhd vi siic c^nh tranh k^m so voi cic dia phucmg khic nhu miln mii cua H6a Binh, Nghe An, Son La.
Thim chi, theo thong ke cua S6 Nong nghiep va Phit triln nong thon Thanh H6a, so lugng gia siic, gia cim tren dia bin cac huyen mien mii dang c6 xu huong giim trong nhihig nim gin diy (Bing 2).
Bing 2: Sl lugrng trau, bo t^i cic huyfn miln niii giai doan 2011-2014
Nam 2011 2012 2013 2014
S6 luffng Triu 153.000 145.500
-
142.184 B6 70.800 65.800 65.185
-
DVT: con
Ngudn: Sd Ndng nghidp vd Phdt tridn ndng thdn tmh Thanh Hda Cd thd thdy, ndng suat ndng nghifp eae huyen
mien nfli Thanh Hda vdn cdn thdp, gid tri kinh te cfla cay tting, v^t nudi chua cao. Mdt ttong nhiing nguygn nhdn cua nhiing khd khan, ban chd la dia hinh viing midn nui Thanh Hda chia cat phfle tgp, ket can hg tdng ky thudt vfla thiiu, vfla kem chdt lupng. Cae cdng trinh cdp didn, giao tiidng vgn tdi, thdng tin Udn lgc diu thidu va chdt lupng cung thdp. Ehrdng ndi kit cdc viing sdn xudt t^p tnmg vdi cdc tuyin huyit mgch cdn kdm. Theo quy dinh, di dupc cdng nhdn dat tieu chi giao ttidng, dia phuong phdi dgt 80% si km dudng giao thdng dupc be tdng, cflng hda. Thi nhung, cac xa miin nfli phdn Idn dia hinh la vimg ddi nfli, dan cu sinh sing phdn tan, khdng t^p trung, vifc huy ddng nhdn ddn ddng gdp xdy dyng dudng con hgn chi. Chinh vi thi, vifc ddu tu xay dyng giao thdn^ d cdc xa d 11 huyfn miin nui cfla Tinh gdp rdt nhidu khd khan.
Bdn canh dd, kinh ti chua phat triin, ddi sdng cua bd phdn tuong ddi Idn ngudi ddn cdn khd [3] quANLtKINHTf
khan, ty If ngudi nghdo cdn d mflc cao. Theo quy dinh cfla Bp tieu chi qudc gia, thu nhgp cfla ngudi ddn ndng thdn giai doan 2013-2015 phdi dgt binh qudn tfl 18 trieu ding/ngudi/ndm. Tuy nhien, qua kiem tta, ddnh gid thu nhdp binh qudn cdc xd midn nui thudc Tinh chi dgt 13-14 tridu ddng/ngudi/nam.
Ngoai ra, do difn tich ddt canh tdc cua bd eon nhdn ddn it, chfl yiu Id ddt ddi rflng, khd sdn xudt. De tang thu nhlip, xda ddi, gidm nghdo, nhidu dia phucmg da dp dun^ khoa hpc - ky thu|it dua cac md hinh vao sdn xudt, chan nudi, nhung hidu qud kinh ti vdn khdng cao, ehi dgt tfl 10-12 tridu ddng/ngudi/nam.
3. Mpt si kiin nghi
Ihu nhdt, dh ndng cao gid tri kinh td cfla ndng sdn d viing miin mii tinh Thanh Hda cdn phdt trien mpt sd chudi gid tri va mOt sd td hpp sdn xudt tten co sd gan nghien cflu khoa hpc vdi sdn xudt ndng nghiep vd phdt trien edng nghifp chi Stf 68 (7/2815)
P H A T H U Y LCll THE SG S A N H OJ HJNH T H A N H . . KINHHeHlgMTHiftTiFH ^ ^ J
bidn cung nhu phdt triin he thing phdn phdi ndng sdn phim.
Tliu hai, Tinh edn thdnh lap quy phat trien midn nfli, bdn egnh ngudn ngdn saeh nhd nude dia phuang, cdn huy dOng ddng gdp cua cac doanh nghifp ttdn dia bdn va huy dpng tfl doanh nhdn Id ngudi Thanh Hda sdng vd ldm dn d ngoai Tmh. Theo dd, Quy dflng di khuyin khich nhung doanh nghifp ldm ra ndng sdn xudt khdu (di xudt: 5% gid tri xudt khdu; khuyin khich nhiJng doanh nghifp cd gid thdnh cgnh tranh vdi tinh khae Id 2% gia thdnh); Ddng thdi, khuyin khieh nhiing doanh nghiep thyc hifn nghia yy xa hdi (dd xudt: ghi cdng va thudng 10 ttidu ddng); Khuyen khich nhihig doanh nghifp flng dyng cdng nghd cao (dd xudt h i ttp 10% chi phi flng dung).
Thu ba, Tinh edn cd kd hoach phdt triin nhdn lyc cho vung midn nui phu hpp vdi qua trinh chuyen ddi phuang hudng phat triin kinh ti - xd hpi ndi chung vd phuong hudng phdt tridn ndng nghifp ndi rieng cua viing nay Trudc mat, ndn hinh thanh lyc lupng ehuyen giao cdng nghf va lyc lupng hudng ddn quy trinh canh tde mdi, cung nhu nhanh chdng dao tgo nghd phi ndng nghifp cho ngudi ddn nai ddy, dd chuyin mpt bp phdn lao ddng dang ldm vide ttong khu vyc ndng nghifp sang ldm phi ndng nghifp, md trude het la sang khu vyc cdng nghifp chi bien ndng, ldm sdn.
TAI L i f u THAM KHAO
• Sd Ndng nghiep vd Phdt triin ndng thdn tinh Thanh Hda (2013). Dd dn Tdi co cdu ngdnh ndng nghifp tmh Thanh Hda theo hudng nang eao gid tri gia tdng vd phdt ttiin bdn viing den nam 2020 vd dinh hudng den ndm 2025.
• Minh Hiiu (2015). Cdn nhiiu khd khan, vudng mac ttong vifc xdy dyng ndng thdn mdi d c d c x d m i d n n u i ( h t t p : / / w w w . b a o t h a n h h o a . v n / v n / x a - hoi/nl34651/Con-nhieu-kho-khan,-vuong- mac-ttong-xay-dung-nong-thon-moi-o-cac- xa-mien-nui).
• Thu tudng chinh phfl, Quydt dinh sd 114/2009/QD-TTg ngdy 28/09/2009 cfla Thfl tudng Chinh phu ve vide phe duydt Quy hoach tdng the phdt trien kinh te - xa hpi tinh Thanh Hda din ndm 2020.
• UBND tmh Thanh Hda, Quydt djnh sd 1832/QD-UBND ngdy 03/07/2006 cfla Chfl tich UBND tinh vi vifc phe duydt Quy hogch tdng thd phdt tridn kinh te - xa hdi midn nui ddn nam 2020.
• Thu tudng chinh phu, Quyit dinh sd 712/QD- TTg (21/5/2012) vd vide phd duydt Chuang trinh qudc gia "Nang cao ndng sudt vd chdt l u ^ g sdn phdm hdng hda cfla doanh nghidp ViftNamddn2020"
Stf 68 (7/2815) QUANUKINHTI Q ]
