MOT SO VRN D€ V€ SU* PHRT TRI€N NONG NGHI€P SINH THRI 6 PHRP
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Phap nam d phia lay chau Au, co nen cong nghiep phat trien, hien nam trong nhom nhiing nudc cong nghiep hang dau d chau Au va tren the gidi. La nudc kinh te cong nghiep nhung Phap ciing rat quan tam tdi vai tro cua nong nghiep trong nen kinh te. So vdi nhieu quoc gia khac, nen nong nghiep nudc Phap sdm dugc hien dai hoa, nhieu thanh tyu khoa hgc cong nghe tien tien dugc ap dyng rgng rai trong san xuat, do do nang suat, chat lugng va hieu qua cua san xuat nong nghiep ngay cang dugc nang cao. Den nay, nong nghiep nudc Phap da gat hai dugc nhieu thanh tyu to ldn, gop phan dang ke trong viec lam tang GDP hang nam cho quoc gia.
Thanh tyu noi bat ciia nong nghiep nudc Phap nhiing nam gan day la sy phat trien gia tang ciia nong nghiep sinh thai.
Nong nghiep sinh thai d Phap dugc ap dyng hien nay la sy phan anh qua trinh phat trien cac ky thuat canh tac trong nhieu thap ky qua, la nong nghiep to chirc vat nuoi, cung nhu cay trong bang each sir dyng cac tai nguyen sach va ky thuat canh tac hai boa, khong chong lai he sinh thai ty nhien. Ky thuat nong nghiep sinh thai khong keo theo cac yeu to nguy hai nhu nong nghiep tham canh, khong diing phan boa hgc boa tan (nhat
TS. Nguyen Van Ngung Bp Cong an
la dam), chat trir co va cac chat bao ve thye vat khac. Tren thuc te, cac ky thuat nay cho phep giam dang ke viec sir dyng cac san pham CO dau lira (qua viec loai bo viec lam dat ca gidi). Trong viec phat trien nong nghiep sinh thai, nudc Phap da ap dung nhieu ky thuat canh tac dac trung, trudc het phai ke den luan canh can bang, chang han sy luan phien giira cay hg tich liiy nito va cay coc tieu thy nita, hay luan phien cay trong CO re an nong vdi loai cay cd re an sau nham tan dung tot ban cac chat dinh duang san cd trong dat. Cac ky thuat canh tac nay gan lien vdi ky thuat lam dat nhd cac cong cy chuyen dung, ben canh dd la sy duy tri lau dai mgt ldp phu thuc vat bing each luan phien cac cay trong phu hgp. Do mau md ciia dat dugc tao ra theo ca chi ty nhien do viec che phii dat bing tham thuc vat co kha nang tao ra cac chat hiiu ca dong gdp vao viec hip thy cacbon, ciing nhd ldp tham thuc vat, qua trinh rira troi cua dlt bi ban chi va lam tang kha nang giii nudc.
Nong nghiep sinh thai cd lgi ich to ldn tren nhieu mat, ngudi ta cd thi danh gia dugc hieu qua cua cac phuang phap nong nghiep sinh thai nhit la trong ITnh vye giii
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dat, giam bdt 6 nhiem va dam bao chat dinh dudng ciia san pham.
Ve chat lugng dinh dudng ciia cac san pham, de nhan thay nhat d rau qua khi so sanh vdi san pham cua san xuat theo nong nghiep tham canh. Mac du kich thudc va trgng lugng rau qua san xuat bang nong nghiep sinh hgc nhd ban, nhung ham lugng chat kho lai cao hon, ke ca cac thanh phan dinh dudng cd tuang quan true tiep vdi chat kho nay (nhu cac muoi khoang va vitamin C).
Ngudi ta udc tinh rang neu ngudi dan Phap tieu thy deu dan cac san pham cay trong sinh hgc thi cd the giam dugc tir 30- 40% lugng nitrat hap thu trung binh va se dat miic do to chiic the gidi quy dinh.
Ngoai gia tri siic khoe va bao ve moi trudng cua cac san pham tir nong nghiep sinh thai, hien nay ngudi ta cdn nhan thay rang kha nang sinh lgi ich kinh te cua chiing khong phai luc nao ciing thap ban so vdi san pham cua nong nghiep truyen thong. Ve mat nang suat, nong nghiep sinh thai cd the thap hem so vdi nong nghiep tham canh, nhung chi phi tryc tiep ciia nong nghiep sinh thai (phan bdn, ky thuat, giong v.v...) nhin chung thap ban nong nghiep tham canh, mat khac san pham ciia nong nghiep sinh thai bam dat hon nen bii lai phan nang suat thap cua nd.
Vi vay, thu nhap cua nong nghiep sinh thai la ngang bang hoac thap hon mgt chiit so vdi nong nghiep truyen thong, nhung nong nghiep sinh thai lai cd uu the vugt trgi ve phat trien ben viing, bao ve moi trudng, dac
biet la bao ve sue khde cho con ngudi khi tieu dung san pham. Nhu vay, nong nghiep sinh thai mang lai nhieu nguon lgi to ldn bieu hien tap trung d bao ve moi trudng ty nhien, khai thac sir dyng hgp ly cac nguon tiem nang tai nguyen, dua lai hieu qua kinh te khong kem nong nghiep tham canh, dac biet gia tri to ldn cua nd la bao ve siic khde de khong ngirng nang cao chat lugng cuge song cho con ngudi. Do tinh hiiu ich da dang cua nd mang lai nen nong nghiep sinh thai da dugc nhieu quoc gia tren the gidi quan tam phat trien.
Hien nay xu hudng ap dyng nong nghiep sinh thai tren the gidi da dugc hinh thanh. Khoang 100 trieu ha da dugc trong theo phuang phap nay, vdi nhieu he sinh thai khac nhau trong do cd cac nudc chau A nhu Trung Quoc, An Do, Lao...
O Viet Nam, tai vung nui phia Bac, dugc sy giup dd cua Phap trong khuon khd dy an SAM, (he thong nong nghiep mien nui do Bg Ngoai giao Phap tai trg) cac ky thuat nong nghiep sinh thai da dugc ap dyng. Dy an da ket thuc nam 2005 vdi nhirng ket qua kha quan. Dac biet, tai viing mien mii Ble Kan, cac ky thuat nong nghiep sinh thai da thich ling dugc vdi dieu kien dia phuong va dugc phd bien cho ngudi ndng dan. Sau khi dy an ket thuc, cac can bg cua Phap da chung td kha nang tiep tyc cac boat dgng nghien cim, iing dyng ndng nghiep sinh thai dap ling nhu cau ngay cang cao cua nong dan vimg mien nui d nudc ta. Dy an khlng dinh sy can thiet cua viec nghien ciiu thich iing va
3 4 NGHIEN COU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°5 (116).2010
tien tien cd kha nang ap dyng cao giiia can bg cua Viet Nam va cua Ban. Dy an ciing cho phep khang dinh cac he thdng canh tac dya tren ca che sinh thai ty nhien cua dat cd the tiet kiem nang lugng va cong lao dgng, do do cd hieu qua kinh te ddi vdi ndng dan va bao ve cac nguon tai nguyen thien nhien (dat, nudc, da dang sinh hgc) cua cac tinh mien nui phia Bac Viet Nam.
Nhin chung, Viet Nam cd nhieu dieu kien va kha nang de phat trien ndng nghiep sinh thai. Hien nay, tai cac vung trung du, mien nui phia Bac, vung Tay Nguyen, ven bien mien Trung... cua Viet Nam van cdn nhieu dien tich dat hoang hda chua dugc khai pha, hoac dat canh tac theo phuong phap truyen thdng nhung cho hieu qua kinh te thap can chuyen ddi muc dich sir dyng, dat bi bac mau do xdi mdn rira trdi manh dudi tac dgng cua bao, lii... Nhiing dien tich nay cd the timg budc cai tao qua dau tu vdn, ky thuat, lao dgng de chuyen dan sang phat trien ndng nghiep sinh thai.
Ngoai tiem nang ve dat dai, Viet Nam cdn cd khi hau ndng am, lye lugng lao dgng ndng nghiep ddi dao, cd nhieu kinh nghiem trong san xuat nong nghiep dugc tich liiy qua rat nhieu the he. Dd la nhirng dieu kien thuan lgi, nhiing tien de can thiet cho sy phat trien cua ndng nghiep sinh thai. Viec phat trien ndng nghiep sinh thai d Viet Nam se dem lai nhieu lgi ich, do la:
- Ndng nghiep sinh thai d Viet Nam cho phep khai thac, tan dyng triet de, cd hieu qua cac ngudn tiem nang san cd trong ty nhien
vao myc dich phat trien kinh te nham tao ra nhieu cua cai vat chat cho xa hgi de khdng ngirng nang cao miic sdng va chat lugng cuge sdng cho mgi thanh vien trong xa hgi.
- Trudc tinh trang d nhiem mdi trudng ngay cang gia tang tac dgng xau den san xuat ddi sdng sire khde con ngudi, viec ngan chan d nhiem bao ve mdi trudng la van de cap thiet. Phat trien ndng nghiep sinh thai vdi cac quy trinh ky thuat san xuat khdng gay 6 nhiem, than thien vdi mdi trudng se cd tac dyng bao ve mdi trudng, lap lai can bang sinh thai, dam bao su phat trien ben viing trong tuong lai.
- Chat lugng cuge sdng ngay cang nang cao, xu hudng tieu dung san pham nong nghiep sach ngay cang trd nen phd bien tren the gidi, do vay viec phat trien ndng nghiep sinh thai phu hgp vdi xu hudng phat trien chung ve nhu cau tieu dung san pham sach tren the gidi. Ci Viet Nam, san phim ciia ndng nghiep sinh thai mgt mat timg budc se dap irng nhu cau tieu dung cd chat lugng d trong nudc, nhung mat khac chung ta cung phai tinh den kha nang xult khlu san phim ndng nghiep sach trong tuong lai khi nhu clu tieu dung cua the gidi ddi hdi.
- Ky thuat san xuat ndng nghiep sinh thai rat tien tien nhung cd nhilu khau san xuat lai phu hgp vdi diiu kien Viet Nam va cho phep phat huy nliung lgi thi vdn co trong truyen thong tham canh trudc day.
Chang ban, khau lam dlt khdng ddi hdi may mdc ca gidi hien dai ma chi cin nhiing cong cy chuyen dung vdi lye lugng lao dgng co
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kinh nghiem trong san xuat thye hien. Mat khac, cac chat hiiu ca dugc tao ra trong dat theo ca che ty nhien khdng can nhieu phan bdn, dac biet cac loai phan vd ca gay hai cho dat, nhu vay se tiet kiem dugc nhieu vat tu ndng nghiep, sire lao dgng, ngudn nhien lieu (vi khdng sir dyng may mdc ca gidi), do do hieu qua san xuat cua ndng nghiep sinh thai se tang len.
- Phat trien ndng nghiep sinh thai d Viet Nam cdn cd tac dyng rat ldn ddi vdi viec cai tao dat, giii dat, chdng sdi mdn rira trdi, bien cac dien tich dat hoang hda bac mau, ngheo dinh dudng thanh dat san xuat cho hieu qua kinh te cao. Han nira, ndng nghiep sinh thai d Viet Nam phat trien khdng chi de sir dyng tdt ban dat ndng nghiep ma cdn ket hgp giiia cay ngan ngay va cay dai ngay de san xuat mgt each ben virng cac loai cay cho hat, cay cho cu, cay thirc an cho gia siic... Dac biet, viec nghien ciiu phat trien cac loai cay thiic an gia sue se cho phep ket hgp tdt hon giira chan nudi vdi trdng trgt.
De phat trien ndng nghiep sinh thai d nudc ta, trudc het can cd sy quan tam cua Nha nudc, cac bg nganh cd lien quan. Phai thye hien quy hoach tdng the cac vung cd kha nang dua vao phat trien ndng nghiep
sinh thai trudc mat ciing nhu trong tuong lai.
Tren ca sd quy hoach tdng the, cd ke hoach cu the cho tirng vung, tirng dia phuang vdi dy tril dau tu ve vdn, ky thuat, lye lugng lao dgng can thiet. Dac biet, can tranh thu sy giup dd cua cac nudc cd kinh nghiem trong viec phat trien ndng nghiep sinh thai tren the gidi nhu Phap, An Do, Trung Qudc... ve vdn, khoa hgc va trinh do td chiic quan ly san xuat, di lien vdi viec dao tao ddi ngii can bg khoa hgc am hieu chuyen mdn, nhanh chdng tiep thu nam bat nhirng thanh tyu khoa hgc tien tien cua the gidi, cd kha nang truyen dat kinh nghiem san xuat, quy trinh san xuat cho ddng dao ngudi dan de hg tiep thu va thye hien cd hieu qua tren thye te.
Tai lieu tham khao
1. Vien Nghien cim Dy bao chien luge Khoa hgc va Cdng nghe. Gidi mdi Irudng vd phdt trien d Viet Nam, Nxb Chinh tri qude
gia. Ha Ngi, 1995.
2. Dao The Tuan, Kinh te ho ndng ddn, Nxb Chinh tri qude gia. Ha Ndi, 1997.
3. Nguyen Tran Que, Nhieng van de todn cdu ngdy nay, Nxb Khoa hgc xa hgi,
1999.
