7MO MOT Vfll f\€l V€ CHINH SRCH VRN HOR / cun U€N MINH CHRU RU
Vu Thanh Ha
Tom tat: Ke tir sau khi Hiep ude Masstricht dugc ki ket vdo ndm 1992, ITnh vuc vdn hda dugc dua vdo tdt cd cdc hogt dgng nham tdng cuang muc tiiu lien vdn hda, thiie day tinh da dang vdn hda trong mgt khudn khd hogch dinh phdp ly rdng han vdi nd lire hudng tai mdt chinh sdch vdn hda chung cho todn Lien minh Theo dd, "mgt dien mao vdn hda chung trong khong gian chdu Au khong chi Id mgt phdn mang tinh phu trg ddi vdi kinh ti, chinh trf cua qud trinh hoi nhgp md nd cdn bo sung nhiing khd ndng de ddi phd vai nhung dieu kien kinh ti - xd hdi khong thuan lgi trong EU". Bdi viet nay se phdn tich ngi dung cua chinh sdch vdn hda EU vd ddnh gid hieu qud hoat dgng eua hai chuang Pinh vdn hda tieu bieu cua Lien minh ChduAu.
Tir khoa: chinh sdch vdn hda, Thu do Vdn hda Chdu Au, Chuang trinh Eramus, Lien minh ChduAu
1. Nhan di^n ve chinh sach van hoa cua Lien minh Chau Au
Giai doan truoc nam 1992, vai tro cua van hoa va cac chinh sach van hoa a Lien minh Chau Au (EU) duong nhu kha mo nhat. Cpng ding Chau Au liie nay chi bao ton da dang van hoa eiia cac quoc gia thanh vien ehir chua chii trpng vao xay dung ban sac van hoa hay xay dyng khung chinh sach van boa chung. Chinh sach van hoa noi rieng va van boa chau Au noi chung khong dugc coi la van dl uu tien. Nhung gan day, van hoa da dupe coi trpng dung miieV Cho den
nay,"chinh sach van hoa" vln con la mpt thuat ngii trim tugng, mo ho^, khai niem nay thuong dugc sii dung de minh hpa ve hpi nhap chau Au. Tren thuc te, van boa bi rang bupc vao mpt khuon kho phap ly tuong doi ban che 6 cap dp EU; ngan saeh phan bo cho van hoa con kha khiem ton.
Npi ham ciia chinh sach van hoa Lien mirih Chau Au dugc xac dinh gom^:
- Chinh sach van hoa, voi tu each mpt bp phan hgp thanh ciia chinh sach nhdt thi boa ehau Au, la phuong tien phu trg khong the thieu ciia chien luge kinh te, chinh tri. Sy xam than lan nhau giua van hoa va chinh tri.
' Ths, Vi?n Nghien cihi Chau Au
' Nina Obuljen, Why we need European cultural policies, the impact of EU enlargment on cultural policies in transition countries, http://www.encatc.org/pages/uploads/media/2004_cpr a_publication.pdf.
Monika Mokre, European Cultural Policies and European
OemocracVihttpiZ/eipcp net/policies/dpie/mokre/en.
^ European Commission, Culture, http.//ec.europa eu/culture/index_en.htm
58 NGHIEN COU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N ° 2 (185|.2016
kinh te da bo trg, lam hoa hgp va ciing co thanh qua chinh tri va kinh te cua nhat the boa, tir do nang cac Igi ich len thanh cpng dong CO ly tuong van boa lau dai, rpng rai, khien chiing c6 tinh ben viing.
- Chinh sach van hoa cua EU la bp phan hgp thanh ciia chi6n luge toan eau cua Lien minh nham canh tranh voi My.
- Tham dy vao cac cong viec quoc te, de cao dja vi va hinh anh ciia Lien minh Chau Au tren the giai thong qua viec phat trien nganh dien anh va truyen hinh de truyen ba van boa doe dao ciia nguoi chau Au; hgp tac voi cae to chiic quoc te de mo rpng anh huong; ben canh do Lien minh con tang cuong hgp tac va vien trg eho eac nuoe the gioi thii ba dS the gioi hieu hon ve chau Au va ly tuang ciia nguoi chau Au.
2. Noi dung chinh sach van hoa 2.1. Khung phdp ly chung
Hien nay, EU khong co mpt dinh nghia ro rang nao danh cho van hoa. Tiiy thupc vao cae boi eanh khae nhau, van boa c6 the duge hieu la dong nghia voi nghe thuat, bieu hien eua di san xa hpi va cac nganh eong nghiep van hoa, v.v. Mac dii van hoa co tiem nang a nhieu linh vuc (nhu gan ket xa hpi, phat trien, sang tao, doi moi...) nhung chinh sy mo ho xung quanh khai niem nay da can tro vai tro ciia van boa trong sy lua chpn chinh sach cua ehau Au. Tuy nhien, chau Au lai mac nhien hy vpng van boa nhu la mpt trinh
dilu khiln cho phat trien kinh te, (cong nghe, xa hpi va kinh tl) doi mai va phat trien trong khu vyc. Trong b6i canh nay, van hoa nen dugc hilu la ding nghia voi "tang truong"
va "tao viSc lam", mac dii van boa khong chi han chi trong huong tilp can "kinh tl" nay, vi no eon dong nhieu vai tro khac.
Tuy Hpi dong Chau Au da thong qua Cdng ude Vdn hda Chdu Au vao dau nam 1954, vai tro ciia cac ehinh sach van hoa chung da dugc cac nha lanh dao Lien minh Chau Au quan tam, nhan thiic sau sac tir rat som'*, nhung phai den sau khi Hiep uoc Masstricht dugc ki ket vao nam 1992, cac boat dpng thuc day van boa moi dugc tien hanh manh me. Dieu 167, Hiep uoc Masstricht ve cac chirc nang ciia EU da dua ra hai quy uoc ve van hoa, theo do de cap den mpt "Di san van hoa chung" va buoc cac quoc gia thanh vien phai co hanh dpng quang ba van hoa.
Ngay 29/11/2007, Hpi ding Chau Au da ra nghi quyet ve Chuong trinh Nghi su ve van hoa chau Au . Day dugc xem la chien luge khung cho viec thi hanh chinh sach van hoa 6 EU. Trong do, Hpi dong Chau Au da dua ra ba muc tieu chien luge cho ITnh vuc
''Elisabeth Keller, European cultural policy between integration and growth /'/'omo/(o«,http://eutopiamagazine,eu/en/e!isabeth-
keller/issue/european-cultural-policy-between- integration-and-growth-promotion.
' European Agenda for Culture, http://eur- lex europa.eu/tegal-
content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32007G1129%2801%
29.
M&l oainet... 59
van hoa bao gom: Thu nhdt, thiic diy su da dang van hoa va giao luu van hoa dii thoai;
Thir hai, thiic day van hoa nhu la mpt chat xiic tac cho su sang tao trong khuon khi cua Chien luge Lisbon cho tang truong, viee lam, doi moi va eanh tranh; Thir ba, thiic dly van hoa la muc tieu quan trpng trong quan he quoc te ciia Lien minh.
Ngoai ra con eo ba muc tieu cu thi lien quan den thiic day da dang van hoa va ddi thoai lien van hoa, do la: Thu nhdt, khuyin khich su di chuyen eua cac nghe sT va cac chuyen gia trong ITnh vuc van boa. Dl lam dugc dieu nay, EU phai huong den viec tang cuang trao doi giiia cac nghe sT va nhiing ca nhan, to chirc boat dpng trong ITnh vyc van hoa giua cac quoc gia va ma rpng hon niia eae boat dpng nghe thuat giiia cac quoc gia;
Thu hai, phat huy di san van hoa, cu the bang viec tao dilu ki^n thuan Igi cho viee di chuyin cua cac nghe sT, thiic day qua trinh so hoa voi mue dich tang cuong tiep can cua cong chiing vofi cac hinh thiic khac nhau eiia van hoa va ngon ngii; Thu ba, thiic day doi thoai lien van hoa nhu mot qua trinh xay dyng ban sic chau Au, cong dan chau Au bin viing va gin k8t xa hpi, bao gom ca viec phat triin nang luc liSn van boa cua cong dan chau Au.
Voi muc dich lien ket cac quoe gia thanh vien EU de thye hien ba muc tieu chiin luge tren, Chuang trinh Nghi su ve van hoa ciing gioi thieu each thiic hgp tac
moi vai cac ben lien quan bao glm: d6i thoai giiia cac nen van boa; tang cuong xu huong van boa trong tat ca cac chinh sach, chuong trinh thong qua thiic day sy hgp tac giua cac bp phan ciia Uy ban Chau Au (EC) ciing nhu hgp tac hon niia giiia cae nuoc thanh vien va giiia eac the che cua chau Au (phuang phap hpp tac moi). Hien tai, EC cam ket trong dii thoai giiia cac ITnh vyc van hoa de xac dinh va hieu biet day du ban vl cac ben lien quan trong hgp tac van boa cua EU.
Chuong trinh van hoa nay doi hoi phai co sy hgp tac timg buac sau ban, chat che hon gifta cac nuac thanh vien bang viec sii dung phuang phap hgp tac mo thong qua doi thoai. Nam Chau Au ve doi thoai lien van boa (2008) dong vai tro nhu mpt kenh eung cap thong tin va cung eo the coi la dien dan doi thoai mang tinh xay dyng nham gop phan hien thye va cu the hoa Chuong trinh Nghi sy ve Van hoa cua EC.
2.2. Cong cu thuc hien
- Chuang trinh vdn hda 2000 (Culture 2000 Programme) dugc khoi dpng vao nam 2000 va keo dai den nam 2006 voi tong kinh phi vao khoang 236,4 trieu EUR voi muc dich tang cuong hpi nhap khu vuc, da dang van hoa va chia se eae di san van hoa.
Chuong trinh Khung dau tien cua EU vl ho trg van boa giai doan 2000-2004 da nhan dinh: "Vdn hda khong chi dugc coi Id mgt
" Culture 2000 Programme,
http://ec.europa.eu/cultiire/tools/culture-2000_en.htm
60 NGHIEN CCrU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N ° 2 (185).2016
hogt dgng phu md Id mdt ddng luc trong xa hoi, tgo nen stic sang tgo, sire song, ddi thoai vd lien kit" Theo do, chuong trinh da coi van hoa la yeu to quan trpng de lien ket xa hpi va trong nhieu truong hgp, cac boat dpng van hoa con giiip nguai song tach biet, dac biet la giai tre, boa nhap vao xa boi. Quy ciia chuang trinh da cung cap cac khoan tai tra cho cac dy an hgp tac van boa trong cae ITnh vyc van boa ngh$ thuat nhu bieu dien nghe thuat, nghe thuat thi giae, ngii van, di san va lich sii van hoa.
Chuang trinh vdn hda 2007-2013 (Culture Programme 2007-2013f mang tinh tong the, mo rpng va thiet thye hon so vai giai doan 2000-2006. Chuong trinh nay bat dau khoi dpng vao nam 2007 voi tong ngan sach 400 trieu EUR, danh cho cac dy an va sang kien nham phat trien sy da dang v6 van hoa, d6ng thoi eiing co nhung gia tri van boa chung cua ehau Au thong qua viec phat trien hgp tac giua cac to chiie boat dpng van h6a a nhieu quoe gia. Chuang trinh nay nham vao ba muc tieu chii yeu: Thu nhdt, thiie day trao doi cac nhom lam viec trong ITnh vyc van boa giiia cac quoc gia; Thu hai, khuyin khich trao doi eac san pham van hoa, nghe thuat giiia cac quoc gia; Thu ba. tang cuong doi thoai lien van hoa.
Chuang trinh Phuang lien truyin thdng 2007-2013 (Media Programme 2007-
2013)^ la mpt sang kien keo dai trong giai doan 2007-2013 vai kinh phi 755 hieu EUR dl ho trg cac dy an va boat dpng quang ba dien anh ciing nhu cac boat dpng dao teio, li^n hoan va dy an van boa nghe nhin tren toan chau luc.
Chuang trinh Sang tgo Chdu Au^
(Creative Europe) la chuong trinh khung moi ciia EU nham ho trg Imh vyc van boa va nghe nhin. Noi tiep cac ehuong trinh van hoa (2000-2006 va 2007-2013) va chuong trinh Media, Sang tao Chau Au se keo dai cho den nam 2020 voi tong kinh phi dau tu 1,46 ti EUR (cao hon 9% so voi giai doan truoc).
Vai tu each la nguon gan ket xa hpi, Chien luge nay tap trung vao phat trien cac ITnh vuc van hoa ngh? thuat va sang tao lay earn hiing tir rat nhieu quan diem khae nhau.
3. Bu-drc dau danh gia hieu qua hoat dpng cua cac chuong trinh van hoa EU
Trong nhihig nam gan day, vai tro ciia van boa a EU ngay cang duge khang dinh.
Lgi nhu$n tir cac nganh cong nghiep van hoa va sang tao da tao ra them nhieu cong viec, thiic day tang truong cung nhu gia tang da dang van hoa va boa nhap xa hpi. Bao cao moi day cua Martin Schulz da chi ra rang ITnh vyc nay dong gop khoang 4,2% GDP
Culture Programme (2007-2013), http://ec.europa.eii/culture/tools/culture-
progranime_en.htm.
" MEDIA Programme (2007-2013), http://ec.europa.eu/cuiture/tools/media-
programme_en.htm.
Creative Europe,
http://ec.europa.eu/programmes/creative- europe/opportunities/indexenhtm.
•MMoainei,.. 61
ciia EU va tao ra khoang 7 trieu vi6c lam'**.
Erasmus va Thii do van hoa Chau Au la hai trong so nhiing chuong trinh van boa boat dpng hieu qua nhat cua Lien minh.
3.1. Chuang trinh Erasmus (European Community Action Scheme for the Mobility of University Students)''
Erasmus la mpt chuang trinh trao doi sinh vi8n cua EU dugc bat dlu vao nam 1987. Truoc do, EC ciing da h6 trg chuong trinh thi diem trao dSi sinh vien trong 6 nam.
Dua tren nhiing chuang trinh trao doi sinh vien trong cac nam 1981-1986 va chi duoc hinh thanh mot thai gian ngan truoc khi bit diu nam dai hpc 1987-1988, 3.244 sinh vien da tham gia Erasmus trong nam dau tien.
Sau ban 20 nam, tren 2 trieu sinh vi6n da dupe nhan hpc bong Erasmus, va dat 3 trieu vao nam 2012. Thong ke moi nhat ciia Erasmus cho biSt, gan 270.000 sinh vien dugc nhan hpc bong cua EU d§
du hpc hay dao tao a nuoc ngoai trong
'" Martin Schulz, President of the European Parliament, Creating growth Measuring cultural and creative markets in the EU, http://www.ey.com/PubIicalion/vwLUAssets/Measuri ng_cultural_and_creative_markets_in_the_EU/$FILE/
Creating-Growth.pdf.
'' T i n g hpp tit c^c nguin:
http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-14- 821_en.htm; Erasmus+ The new EU programme for Education, Training, Youth, and Sportfor 2014-2020;
Lifelong Learning Programme, http://ec.europa.eu/education/tools/statistics_en.htm;
Socrates and Leonardo da Vinci programmes in 2000-2006, tai t^i:
http://www.minedu.ti/OPM/Julkaisut/2007/Socrates_
and_Leonardo_da_Vinci_programmes_m_2000_2006 .html?lang=en.
nam 2012-2013'^ Trong khi da s6 chpn di hoc tai mpt dai hpc nuoc ngoai, 1/5 sinh vien (55.000 nguoi) chpn mpt viec lara do Erasmus sap dat tai cac cong ty.
Ba quoc gia dugc sinh vien lya chpn den lam viec nhieu nhat sau khi ket thiic khoa hpc la Tay Ban Nha, Dire va Phap. Cac quIc gia eo ti le sinh vien di hpc nu6c ngoai nhieu nhat la Luxembourg, Liechtenstein, Finland, Latvia va Tay Ban Nha.
Uy vien Chau Au vl Giao due, Van hoa, Da ngon ngii va Thanh nien Androulla Vassiliou da ehi ra rang: trong 27 nam, chuang trinh Erasmus da giiip cac sinh vien CO nhieu ca hpi dugc hpc tap o nuac ngoai hon, giiip hp mo rpng kiSn thiic va cai thipn kl nang cua hp. Erasmus giiip sinh vien co kha nang nang cao ki nang nghe nghiep va giiip hp CO dugc trien vpng eong viec tot ban. So li$u thing ke nam 2012-2013 cho thay miic hpc bong Erasmus tnmg binh, nham giiip sinh vien trang trai mSt phan chi phi sinh boat a nuoc ngoai la 272 EUR/thang, tang 9% so voi nam truoc (250 EUR). Ngoai trao doi sinh vien, hpc bong Erasmus con daiih cho cac hpc gia, nhan vien hanh chinh, nhan vien trong cac doanh nghiep. Trong nam 2012-2013 ban 52.600 hpc gia va nhan viSn hanh chinh nhan dugc tai trg tir Erasmus de giang day hoae dao tao o nuac ngoai. Nhirng kien thiie, kinh nghiem nhimg nguoi nay thu dugc se gop phin nang
'^ European Commission, Press release, tii t£ii http ://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-14- 821 en.htm
62 NGHIEN COU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N ° 2 ( 1 8 5 K 2 0 1 6
cao chat lugng giang day va hpc tap cac nuac khi hp tra ve lam viec tai nuoc nha'^
Mpt phan tich moi day nhat da ehi ra nam dieu tuyet voi chuong trinh Erasmus mang lai, gom : (1) Nang eao kT nang. KT nang dugc xem la cong cu rat co gia tri cho mpt ling vien khi tham gia tuyen dung lao dpng. Theo nghien ciiu ciia Erasmus Impact, sinh vien da timg tham gia chuong trinh nay hpc dugc nhieu hon ve nhirng kT nang giai quyet vdn de, kT nang phan tich, tinh toan,...
Hon nua, song a nuoc ngoai trong mot thai gian giiip sinh vien thanh thao ngoai ngii hon va CO them nhieu hieu biet ve van hoa eua nuac so tai; (2) Tang co h6i viec lam: 85%
cac sinh vien Emuras co ca hpi dugc lam vi$c t^i nuoc ngoai; (3) Tao co hpi kinh doanh: eii 10 ngucri thi co 1 nguoi theo hpc a cac chuang trinh Emuras khoi dau bang viec kinh doanh va cii 4 nguoi thi co 3 nguoi la chu doanh nghiep; (4) Mo rpng tam hieu biet: 40% cuu sinh vien Erasmus da chuyen den nuac khac sau khi tot nghiep va 93%
sinh vien co the de dang thich nghi voi cupe song 6 nuoc ngoai; (5) Tinh yeu: 27% cuu sinh vien cua chuong trinh Erasmus noi rang hp da gap nguoi ban doi hien tai cua hp hong thai gian o nuac ngoai.
3.2. Chuang trinh Thu do Van hda Chdu Au
http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-14- 821_en.htm
'* 5 Ways Erasmus Boosts Career and Love Life, tai tai: https://moverbIog.goguin.com/lifeslyle/5-ways- erasmus-boosts-career-and-love-life-2/.
Chuong trinh Thii do Van hoa Chau Au la mpt phan n6 lyc cua Lien minh nham bao ve va thiic day sy da dang van hoa ciia chau Au, ding thai la eong cu duy nhat de boi duong giao luu van hoa quoe te va ho trp sang tao van hpc, nghe thuat. Ban chat cua Chuang trinh la tao dieu kien hgp tac van hoa bin viing, chat lugng cao giiia cac to chiic van hoa va ca nhan co nguon goc dia ly khac nhau. Do vay, ngay ca khi khong dupe dl cap din trong eac van ban, van hoa van la mpt ITnh vuc quan trpng trong EU va d^c biet phii hgp voi Chien luge Chau Au 2020.
Tren thue te, chuang trinh nay dugc bat dau tir nam 1985 vai ten gpi Chuong trinh Thanh pho Van boa ciia EU; nam 2005 doi thanh Thu do van boa va dugc duy tri cho den nay. Thit do Van hoa Chau Au la thanh phi dugc EU lua chpn to ehiie mot chuoi cac sy kien van hoa da dang trong thai gian 1 nam. Viec dugc chpn la Thii do Van hoa Chau Au la co hpi de tao ra gia tri gia tang ve kinh te, van boa, xa hpi dong thoi giup nang cao va quang ba hinh anh thanh pho do hen binh dien quoc te. Sang kien nay bat dau bang eupc tro ehuyen giiia Melina Mercouri, Bp truong Bp Van hoa Hy Lap va Jack Lang, Bp truong Bp Van boa Phap tai san bay Athens vao thang 1/1985'^ voi muc dich lam noi bat su phong phii va da dang ve van hoa cua ehau Au, dua ehau Au xich lai gan nhau, nang cao nhan thiie ve nguon goc, lich sir va nhiing gia tri chung van hoa ciia chau Au.
" iVhat are the European Capitals of Culture?, htrp://europa.eii/rapid/press-release_MEMO-IO- 93 en.htm?locale=EN
MM. oai net... 63
Danh hieu nay do Uy ban Chau Au dilu hanh. Hang nam, theo tieu chuan ciia EU, mpt uy ban gom cac ehuyen gia van hoa se danh gia, de cir danh sach cac thanh phi ling vien; tren co so do, Hpi ding Bp truong EU se chpn ra Thii do Van hoa Chau Au ciia nam. Ban dau, chuong trinh nay dy djnh se ket thuc vao nam 2004 nhung do thanh cong nen vln dugc duy tri cho den nay. Ke tir nam 2004, de day nhanh qua trinh hpi nhap cho cac nuoc thanh vien Dong Au, moi nam trung binh se eo hai dia danh dugc nhan danh hieu nay. Tir nam 1985 den nam 2003, CO 29 thanh pho mang danh hieu Thanh phi van hoa Chau Au; den nam 2012 c6 45 thanh pho tra thanh Thu do Van hoa Chau Au; toi thai diem hien tai da co 51 thanh pho cua chau Au dugc vinh danh Thii d6 Van hoa Chau Au (European Capital of Culture).
Thu do Van hoa Chau Au se nhan dugc ho trg tai chinh tir cac ehuong trinh van boa de dau tu cho cac su kien va trien lam ve di san van hoa cua thanh pho va cac quan huygn trong thanh pho ay; to chiie cac cupc hinh diln quy mo lan nhu hoa nhac va cac loai hinh bilu diln khae thu hiit cac diln vien va nghe sT tir khap chau Au. Nghien ciiu ciia Robert Palmer '^ nam 2004 cho thay viec dugc chpn lam Thu do Van hoa Chau Au la chat xiic tac eho su phat trien van hoa va biin dii ciia mpt thanh pho. Tren thuc te, chuong trinh nay da cd tac dpng Ion den viec
'^ Robert Palmer, European Cities and Capitals of Culture, http://ec.europa.eu/programmes/creative- europe/actions/documents/ecoc/cao-Dartl en.pdf
phat trien van boa va du lich tai cac thanh pho dugc lya chpn.
Ket thiie ehuong trinh Thii do Van hoa Chau Au hang nam, EC se ket hgp voi Hpi dong Kinh te Xa hpi va Hpi dong Vimg de dua ra nhiing danh gia ve qua trinh trien khai cung nhu nhung thanh qua dat dugc cua eac thanh pho dugc lua chpn la Thii do Van hoa Chau Au. Viee dua ra nhung danh gia vl nang lyc ciia cae thanh pho dugc lya chpn se la nguon thSng tin ehinh xac giiip qua trinh quan tri, quan ly cua EC co hieu qua. Viec quang ba chuoi boat dpng, su kien van hoa, truyen thong, v.v. ciia cac thanh pho van hoa m6t mat gop phan hoan thanh muc tieu chung duge EC dua ra trong chuang trinh khung (European Culture Programme), mat khac nham lien ket eac boat dpng giira cac nha van hoa, thiic day sy da dang cua cac nen van hoa chau Au, lam noi bat cac tinh nang chia se, h6 trg phat tri€n kinh te - xS hpi cua thanh pho, thiic day sy tham gia ciia cong dan, tang cuang pham vi va sy da dang cae loai hinh van hoa, mo r6ng kha nang tiep can va tham gia vao cac nen van hoa, tang cuong nang lyc ciia cac ITnh vuc van boa va nang cao vi the quoe te eua thanh pho van boa.
Tom lgi, eo the thay van boa la mpt bp phan khong the tach roi ciia EU ke tir khi Hiep uoc Masstricht chinh thiic co hieu lyc.
Voi cac muc tieu chinh: thiic day doi thoai lien van hoa, khich le sang tao va thiic day kinh te ciing nhu su canh tranh mang tinh toan cau, nang cao vai tro cua van boa trong
64 NGHIEN COU C H A U AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N ° 2 (1B5).2016
cac doi thoai chinh tri voi cac quoc gia va khu vye tren toan cau, ro rang cac chinh sach van boa noi rieng, van hoa chau Au noi chung da dong vai tro quan trpng trong cac k l hoach cua EU, tham chi co vai tro quyet dinh den tuong lai cua Lien minh.
Nhiing ket qua dang kich le ciia cac chuang tnnh/hoat dpng van boa nhu tao viee lam, mang lai ca hpi giao due tot ban (nhat la doi voi the he tre), tao dpng luc phat trien kinh te (thong qua du lich), v.v. da la chat xiic tae, chat keo gan ket EU, tao dpng luc de toan Lien minh co the vugt qua dugc nhiing kho khan, thach thiic trong thoi diem bien tai nhu khung hoang ng cong, van nan nguoi di eu hay khimg bo... Co the noi, day la thoi diem thich hgp de EU danh gia lai cac chinh sach van boa va hieu qua eua chiing nham dam bao CO the tan dung eo hpi, vugt qua eac thach thiic dang phai doi mat trong pham vi chau Au va rpng hon la tren toan the giai.
Tai lieu tham khao 1. Trln Phuang Hoa (2003), "Chinh saeh van boa EU: nhiing buoc di kho khan", Tgp chi Nghien cuu ChduAu, s i 4, tr. 92-97.
2. Pierre-Michel Monger, Cultural Policies in Europe fi-om a State to a City- Centered Perspective on Cultural Generativity, tdi tgi:
http://www3.grips.ac.jp/'-pme/data/10-28.pdf 3. Nina Obujien, Why we need European cultural policies the impact ofEU enlargement on cultural policies in transition
countries, tai tai;
http://www.encatc.org/pages/uploads/media/
2004_cpra_publieation.pdf
4. European Commission, Ex Post evaluation of the 2012 European Capitals of Culture (Guimardes and Maribor), tdi tgi:
http://ee. europa. eu/dgs/edueation_eulture/m ore_info/evaluations/docs/culture/ecoc2012- annexes_en.pdf
5. European Commission, Creative Euro 2014-2020 a new culture policy as
well, tdi tgi:
http://www. ifa. de/fileadmin/pdf/edition/ereat ive-europebruell pdf
6. Erasmus + Project Result, Changing lives, opening minds, tdi tgi hltp://ec. europa. eu/programmes/erasmus- plus/documents/erasmus-plus-leaflet_en.pdf
1. Cris Shore, "In uno plures" (?) EU Cultural Policy and the Governance of
Europe, tai tai:
http://socs.berkeley.edu/--caforum/volume5/
pdfshore.pdf
8. Ecorys, Interim Evaluation of the Culture Programme 2007-13, tdi tgi:
http://ec europa. eu/dgs/education_culture/m ore_info/evaluations/docs/culture/culture20i Oen.pdf
9. Council of the European Communities, Treaty on European Union, tai tai. http://europa.eu/eu-law/decision- making/treaties/pdf/treatyoneuropeanjuni on/treaty_on_europeanjinion_en.pdf
10. European Commission, Work Plan for Culture 2011-2014; Priority Area A: "Cultural diversity, intercultural dialogue and accessible and inclusive culture", tdi tgi:
http://www.kulturradet.se/Doeuments/Verksa mhet/Internationellt/Minutes%20-
%2018th%20and%2019th%20March%2020 13.pdf
