N G 6 N NGtr
S 6 5 2016
MQT VAI
TRAINGHIfM TRONG CACH TlfiP C^
N H 6 M
Ttr CHI
HITONG V ^ D Q N G T I E N GVlfT
NGUYEN LAI*
Abstract: This is a very active word group. The development of its meanings can by liniced to space, time and socio-psychological factors. This is why when speaking about the the formation ofthe new sememes of this word group in Vietnamese, we cannot isolate them from the influence ofthe geographical and socio-geographical enviromnent.
Key words: Language development, new sememes..process of cognition.
1. D$t van de
Ngliien curu Nhdm tie chi hudng vgn dpng tiing Viit - doi v6i chiing toi 1^ m^t trong nhihig c^h 1 ^ sang td bdn chdt nhgn thuc ciia ngdn ngir nhim th\rc tiln hoa qud tdnh gi^g d^y li lu$n d^ cuong (trong sy thuc thi phucmg c h ^ "nghiSn cihi kit hgp v6i gi^g dgy"). Nhi^u d6ng nghifp cho ring dAy
\k mOt trong nhfhig cdng trinh diu tiin thi hiin hudng di cua ngdn ngir hpc tri nhgn d Viit Nam, mdc cUittkgid khdng mpt ldn dtmg thugt ngff TRI NHAN [ 6 ].
N h ^ d&y, xin du(?c n6i r6 doi dieu:
(1) Theo thdi quen, trong cong trinh chiing t6i diing NHAN THU"C thay cho TRI NHAN vi th\rc ra, ve m$t thugt ngu, COGNITIVE LINGUISTICS c6 thi dich la NOON NGC" HQC TRI NHAN ho^ NGON NGU" HQC NHAN THlTC (npi h ^ nhu nhau)...
(2) B ^ thSn Id ngudi dgy dgi cuang theo hudng vgn dung chuyen dk
"ngon ngii vd tu duy". Li4n diem sau xa ma toi quan tam tir diu la loi canh b ^ sau day cua nhd nghia hpc thdri X6 viet T. Fillin ... Nghiin cieu cua chiing ta chua thgt s?/ chu y din qud trinh ddng hda nhgn thiec th\ec tiin vdo ngdn ngS (Triit hpc trong ngdn ngie hpc, 1984). (Neu theo cdch noi cua ngon ngij hpc tri nh§n ... Thi gidi thvc hOu dupe phdng chiiu (projected world) vdo ngdn ngU thdng qua nhgn thuc ciia con ngudi dien ra nhu thi ndo cdn dupe quan tdm hon!). Nhu vgy, lugn dilm ciia Fillm dupe chiing toi v§n dyng til rat sdm de dua nhom tir chi huong vgn d^ng tieng Vi^t vdo quj' dao thuc tiin hda cdch gidng dgy dgi cuang, r5 rdng, dd c6 mpt xuit phdt dilm tuong ting vdi ng6n nga hpc tri nh$n tgi n0i h ^ thugt ngtt COGNITIVE LINGUISTICS...
* GS. TSKH, Tnifimg D?i hpc Th4i Binh Dircmg.
Ng8n ngit s6 5 nim 2016 2. Pbiramg phip
S6m van dung khuyto cio ciia Fillm de tiiuc tien hoa li lu|n dai cuong ti-ong giang day, tiiong qua nh6m tit chi huong v ^ dgng, chiing t6i xac lap mgt c4ch nhta dgng mang tinh ll gidi vh m^t phuong phap luan. Trai nghifm cua chung toi la:
(1) Lay boat d0ng nhan thilc huiSng vio thuc tien lim tien de, qua do, giai fliich cac bu6c nb^n tiiilc tao fliinh ngdn ngtt khdng tich vdi qua trinh phii triin doi tui?ng Nghien cilu ttong flie dgng ciia qui trinh phit triin ngtt nghia nhu viy, chiing toi khong tiie tich Nhdm lu chi hudng vgn dgng tieng Viit khoi moi tiuong tiiien nhien - xi hgi - lich su Vi$t Nam thdng qua nhdn thic cua con ngudi Viet Nam xi hgi Ijch su cu thi.
(2) Mat khic, khi di vio qui tiinh ii giii su phit tiiSn vi md rgng cac tortog nghia tit vung ve sau cua nh6m tit chi buiing van dOng (chgy RA->tim RA, dep RA,hdaRA...), chiing tdi dua vio quy lu^t tuong tic gitta cic pham His khdng gian, thdi gian vi tdm ll (xem [8, 205]). Nhu vay, cimg vS mit phucmg phip luin, qua ttii nghifm, chiing toi khdng tich roi logic vol tam li flieo cich nhta truyen fli6ng. Trii lai, coi do nhu li sin phim tich hgp tir mdi dgng hogt dgng md cua lu duy v6n dugc kich boat tit thuc tien giao tiep xi hpi.
3. Kit qua
Tit each ti^ can tien, bucjc dau chiing tdi dS c6 ging nhin difn dugc mgt s6 die diem quan ttgng cua nhdm tit chl huong v$n dgng tieng Vi$t. KSt qui trii nghifm niy dugc cu the hda thinh hf th6ng 10 ghi nhan mang tinh GOI M 6 CO CHE, GlAl TRINH LUAN DifiM vi CHlTNG MINH QUY LUAT
1) Phdt hiin sg hinh thinh nhom tit chi huong van dgng lu quy lugl logic cua qud trinh hogt dgng nhgn thuc:
Xet qui tiinh phit triin ngdn ngtt tixing moi quan hf v(5i boat d^ng nhin fliilc thi ngdn ngtt vita li liin di vita li kit qui. Nhin ra dugc quy luit niy li mgt xuat phit diem vd cimg quan ttgng d6i vdi chiing tdi. Tit ttii nghifm, chung tdi thiy ring, chi khi nio chiing minh dugc nd hi mdi Men h$ flivc tien, ta mdi cd dieu ki$n nhin dang dich thuc dugc vai ttd cua boat dgng nhan thiic.
Tit quy luat tten, lan diu tien, chiing tdi phit hifn ra mgt dieu chua ai ndi den: Su hinh thinh nhdm ttt clii hudng van dgng khdng gian RA, VAO, LEN, XUONG bit dau tu tien de nh|n fliiic vh cic d6i iing khdng gian RQNG - HEP, CAO - THAP. Khdng cd y nifm tirong phin khdng gian RONG - HE?
ttong nhin thuc thi khdng the cd tien il cho su binh thinh RA - VAO, vi citog nhu viy, khdng cd y ni$m tuong phin CAO - T H A P till khdng cd tiln de btah thinh LfiN - XUONG. Nhu vay, ngdn ngtt d diy vvra ii sin pham vita li nhin chiing ciia qui trinh phit trien nhan thiic.
Mpt vAi trii nghi j m -
2) Chdng minh dugc quy lugt logic nhgn thuc tren tu tu lieu lich su:
Dvmg v$y, ve mit tu li$u Ijch su, qua tin ciiu, chiing tdi thiy: ra, vio, len, xuong chua cd ttong Quic imM tgp (flie ki XV) vi ttong An Nam dich ngd (the kl XV) mjc dii tixmg nhflng tu li$u niy di cd c;ao - thip, rgng - hep; trong liic dd, RA, VAO, L£N, XU6NG chl xuit hi$n ttong Tu diin Viit -Bd-La (flie kl XVII). Nhu vay, x6t vh mit logic cua ho?t dgng nhin thuc cung nhu vd tu lifu Ijch sir, ta cd flil xic djnh: nhdm ttt chi hudng van dgng RA - vAO/ LEN - X U 6 N G tieng Vi^t xuit hifn sau nhdm RONG - HEP/ CAO - THAP.
3) Ghi nhdn sg md rgng trudng nghta tu dgng tic sang hudng cita DI:
Trong tieng Vi$t hi^n d^, DI li dgng ttt dgng tic duy nhit md tdng sang trudng nghia hudng de n h ^ vio nhdm ttt chi huiing vin dgng (dgng tic *— tap DI; huc^g <— chgy DI). Su phin hda vi phit triSn khdng the tich rdi veil qui trinh md rdng nh$n thttc ve ho^t dgng di chuydn khdng gian ttong y thuc con ngudi. Ve mit hhih tiiii bilu hi^n, d tilng Khmer, Hin, Thai... khdng cd ttang thii ding am nhu DI d tieng Vi$t. Hi$n tui^ng d ^ dio trtn dirge chiing minh m$t cich cd co chl vi dugc mdi bio cio t^ii Hi Lan nim 1993 vdi tieu dl Quelque remarques sur le mot DI en Vietnamien contemporain (ngi dung tilng Vi^t, xem cdng tiinh Vi tit DI trong tiing Viit Men ^oi [8,417-423].
4) Chi ra mgt cdch nhgn dgng vi quy lugl hinh thai:
Ttt khio sit, ttii nghifm ciia chiing tdi cdn ggi md them: a) Trong qui trinh phit triin ngdn ngtt, HINH THAI cua khdi niim ngon ngd liin de cd thi vin duijic t)4o Ivm ttong HINH THAI ciia ngdn ngfi kit qui (ching han, vdi DI);
b) Nhung ciing trong qui trinh phit tiiln niy, HINH THAI cua khdi niim ngdn ngd liin de cung cd till khdng dugc bio luu ttong HINH THAI cua n^dn ngu kit qui (ching ban, so RONG, HEP/CAO, THAP vdi RA, VAO/ LEN, XUONG). LUU >>: phit hif n (b) di gdp phan chiing minh cu till dugc quy luit
"Hai m$t kl hilu cd thi bien doi khdng If thugc vio nhau" ciia F. de Saussure.
5) Qua su hinh thinh nhdm tii chi hudng vgn dgng, chung minh lugn diim kinh diin cda Linin ve vai trd cua hogi dgng nhgn Ihdc thuc liin trong qud trinh phdt triin ngon ngu, va a ddy ngdn ngu ludn Id nhin Id vua liin di vua kit qud: "Khii niim cua con ngudi khdng ddng im, trii lgi, ludn biin dgng chuyin tu cii ng sang cdi Ida, trin tu cdi niy sang cdi khdc, niu khdng nhu vgy thi no khdng la cii phdn inh ddi sing sinh dgng... " (BKTH tt.290). Nhu vay, khdng coi ngdn ngtt Ii mgt thuc thi dgng theo tam nhin kinh diln, chiing ta se mit dgng luc ttt chiiu siu ttong cich tiep can nhdm ttt chi hudng van dgng.
6) Phdt hiin die diim Viit Nam cua nhom ttt chi hudng van dpng tilng Vift + Die dilm doi img rd ndt ciia dilu kifn dja hinh Vift Nam - qua nhgn thuc cua ngudi Viit - di khiic xa vio su rgng md cic trudng ngbia cua nhdm tii chi hudng vin ddng titmg qui tiinh phit tiiln. Tai day, ttii nghifm cdn chi ra: Sau khi xuat hifn, ra, vio, lin xudng d tieng Vift ngoii khi ning bilu hifn vin ddng khdng gian gdn/ hep, chiing cdn cd tbl thi hi$n qui tiinh
Ngon ngfi' s6 5 nim 2016 v ^ dgng khdng gian rgng/xa ling vdi thuc te dia hinh phat trien Vi^t Nam flieo cich hi nhin cua ngudi Vi$t (VAO nhi-^ VAO miln Nam/ L6Ngdc ->
LEN Toy Nguyin, v.v...)((i ngdn ngtt An Au hau nhu khdng cd hifn tugng rgng/xa (xuit hifn vl sau) ndn ngudi hpc tiiu$c h | bin ngtt niy tiiudng lung tiing tixmg stt dung). Nhu vay, cd till ndi: 2>ong nhiiitg tiing khic nhau thuang thi phd niim chung ddu tiin cua iMnglu nio died thi giong nhau, nhungvdiqud trinh phdt triin vi sau, do tic dgng die diim mdi truang vio lu duy cia cgng ddng sd lugng vaphdm chdt cdc nghia to ciia lit khdng thi ludn ludn ddng nhdt
7) Phdt hiin vi cdch dinh vj hudng khdng gian ctia ngudi Viit: Su Wong quan hudng ttong cich dinh vj vio die dilm dja Mnh khdng gian Vift Nam tiieo udc 1# sau diy li dilu de tiiiy (cao (ndi) - thdp (biin), rgng (bdc) - hep (nam)). Do ip luc niy mi cich djnh vj khdng gian cua ngudi Vi$t tit co dpng Ngudi nude ngoii nhilu khi khd nli$n bilt. Ching ban: Ttt Hul di Hi Ngi (Hul vi Hi Ngi dli lap flieo true Nam -» Bic) vi til Hi N$i di Lang Son (hiy Hi NOi vi Lang Son cung dli lap theo true Nam —> Bic), nhvmg vdi ttudng hgp fliu nhat (Hul -> Hi Ngi) ngudi Vift ndi "RA Hi Ngi", ttong khi dd, * trudng bcpp thu hai (Hi Ngi - • Lang Son), ngudi Vift lai thudng ndi "LEN Lgng San "(khdng miy ai ndi RA Lgng San"). VI, trudng hc;ip thtt nhat, ngudi ndi udc If ttt vj tbl doi Igp cua hudng bdu trdi, vi trudng hgp thu hai udc 1$
tu vi the doi Igp dia hinh cao Ihap, v.v...
8) Phdt hiin net diin hinh vi mdu thudn "ldi thiiu hinh thai, tdi da chuc ndng" cua tiing Viit dan Igp khdng biin hinh qua cdch diing nhom nhdm tit chi hirdng van dgng
v l mit dong dai, nhdm ttt chi hudng vin ddng tilng Vift don lap (so vdi ngdn ngtt biin hinh An Au) li noi tip trung m0t cich tieu bilu vi de fliiy nhit xu till miu thuan "tdi thiiu hinh thai dng vdi tdi da chic ndng' (mi/t hinh thai RA cd flil ling vdi 15 chttc ning khic nhau d tilng Diic ). Ttt fliuc tiln nay, chiing tdi - qua so sinh tamg giing day - di ggi md mgt co chl xtt U chung van dl cAire ning - hinh thai doi vdi tilng Vi$t khdng bien hinh cho smh vi&i An Au hgc tieng Vi$t nhu sau: Vdi tilng Vift khdng biin btah, khdng till nbin dang chuc ning qua hinh thai nhu d ngdn ngtt An Au, ttii lai, chu ylu phii nhin dang chuc nang ttt hiiu It/c giao tiip ttong flnb huong stt dung. Ndi khic, ngtt phip tieng Vi$t li mgt thtt ngtt phip mi boat dgng cua nd nim trong tinh trim tugng cda nhan thttc nhilu hon li tinh cu flil cua su tri giic true tilp.
9) Phdt hiin ca chi di xu ll vdn di td hu vi hiin lugng hu hda Dua vio nghta hgc giao tiip (communicative semantics) ttong moi quan hf vdi host dOng nhin flittc, chung tdi xtt II khii ni$m Id hu sao cho cd flie gittp ngudi hgc khdng mo hi khi nhjn dang cdc net nghta Idm li (vin fliuOc pham ttil khdng lu nghta (non-autosemantic)) tiieo nhttng ttii nghidm sau:
(a) Khii nifm/ar/uia ein dugc dit ttong moi quan h$ gitta ngdn ngtt vi boat dpng
Mpt vii trii nghi jm...
nl^n thttc gin vdi qui trinh tao nghia ttt bifu luc giao tilp. (b) Hu hda xdt flieo hudng tren flii khdng phii li qui trinh "md" ngMa, "teo" nghia hoic "mit"
nghia. Trii lai, diy li qui trinh lim djnh htah nghia mdi gin vdi yiu cdu ddng hda nhin thuc thuc tiin vio ngon ngd qua giao tiip ttt nhOng tfa hi$u sin cd.
(c) Qui trinh tao ngbia gin vdi hi$n tugng mi ttt liu dugc ggi li hu hda dugc chiing tdi xic djnh lai ring: lin hiiu xudt hiin vi sau khdng phu dinh nhOng lin hiiu xudt hiin trudc, trii lai, nhttng tin higu cd cung mgt vd ngu im niy dugc song song ton tai va stt dung m0t cich tich cue vi binh ding tt-en ttiic dong dai ciia boat d$ng ngdn ngtt. Tbl du: RA ttong ra dudng, chgy ra, tim ra, dep ra... (d) Cuoi cdng, cin ndi tiidm: do tilng Vi$t fliugc leai ngdn ngtt khdng biin hinh ndn cii ggi li "vai ttd cua ttt hu trong cin bing ngtt phip"
tiiudng de hi phdng djii, coi diy li nhttng nhin to "tiiuin tuy ngtt phip". Phii ching, ila din Ittc van dl ludn mang tttih thdi s\r doi vcii tilng Vift niy can ducjic kiem tra lai dudi inh sing nghta hgc giao tiip dl tti vl cho tu hu nhttng cii von cd dich thuc ciia chinh chiing thdng qua boat dgng tu nhien cua the gidi ngdn ttt.
10) Lin ddu tiin ll giii mgt cdch co ca che qud trinh chuyin hda nghta gida cac phgm trii khdng gian - thdi gian - Idm Ii ddi vdi nhdm til chi huiimg v§n d^ng tilng Vift.
Ve mit ddng dai, nhdm ra, vio, lin, xudng ttt hudng khdng gian di rgng md trudng nghia sang hudng thdi gian, Idm U. Phit hifn niy vdn li sin pham cua qui trinh nghien ettu dl giing day vl mdt hifn tugng phttc tap it ai ndi din. Lan diu tiSn - nhd ll giii tu ca chi lien thdng giua cdc phgm trit hogI dgng nhgn thuc - nd chuyin thinh m^t iuan diem khoa hgc dugc chip nhan tai Hgi dong bio vf luin in TSBCH - Dai hgc Humboldt (1985) (xem [8,205]).
Tai (iiy, thdng qua hifn tuc?ng chuyin hda phttc tap dien hinh ttt pham trii khdng gian sang pham trtt tdm li (vdi RA trong Cd dy dep RA), luan dilm khoa hgc tten dugc giii trinh cu tbl nhu sau:
a) RA (Cd dy dep RA) dugc djnh danh tai luin in TSKH Ii Hudng binh phdm mang tinh chdi xuc cam tdm ll (psy- emolional-werlende-richtung);
b) Hifn tuc?ng niy dugc mieu ta bing 2 ghi chii:
- Ghi chd 1: RA (Cd dy dep RA) li su biiu hien vi mgt sdc thii nggc nhiin tich cue trong cdch binh gii ddi tugng theo hudng xuc cam tdm li cita ngudi ndi Sdc thdi nggc nhien nay la trgng thai hudng ngi ctia Tl/ONG PHAN, va TUONG PHAN khi chua hudng ngi (con nguyin dgng hudng khdng gian) Ihi dd chinh li su tuong phin HEP - RONG cua RA (ttong RA dudng).
- Ghi chd 2: Ba d$c tinh cIt ldi cua ylu tl RA duc?c ghi nhin tai luan in TSKH li: (i) Khdng tu nghta (non-autosemantic); (ii) Khdng cd chuc ndng CIU phip bit bugc; (iii) Tich hgp cac sdc thai nghta CAM THAN (modality), nghta LIEN HOl (connotation) vi nghta HAM AN (implication)...
Ng6n ngit s6 5 nim 2016 4. Mily ghi nh$n chung
1) Nhdm ttt chi hudng van d^ng tilng Vift hifn dai xuit hi$n mu^n nhung phit tiiln nhanh do dugc stt dung nhilu. Nd an giiu ngay tixmg bd mit dong dai cua minh nhilu sfi dan chfo vi chuyin hda ve nghia gitta ddng dgi va ijch dgi. Tiln de ddng nim ngay tixmg bin chit ngtt ngbia niy di t ^ chii chung mgt tra till gin nhu tuy$t doi vl mjt md rgng viphit trien phim chdt nghta so vdi nhieu nhdm khic tixing tilng Vift hi^n dai.
2) Trii nghi|m ttt thuc tiln khio sit tren ttd lai lim sing to them cho chiing tdi (nhttng ngucri dgy 11 lugn dgi cugng theo hudng thuc liin hda) mdt nhin tiiuc logic bao quit hon nhu sau vl BAN C H A T N H A N THlTC CUA N G 6 N NGIJ: (i) Ndi din boat d|ng fliyc tiln li ndi din su tic ddng cci y thuc cua con ngudi vio mdi trudng thuc tl khich quan de chinh phuc vi cii tao nd.
Day chinh li dgng luc viia true tiep vtta siu xa tao ra hogt ddng nhgn Ihdc cua con ngudi-. (ii) Nhu viy, trong tinh hi$n thuc cua nd, quan h$ gitta ngdn ngtt vi tu duy bao gid cung dugc thuc tien hda bing hogt dgng nhdn thuc cd dinh hudng ciia chinh con ngudi trudc thi gicii khich quan.
3) Culi cimg, kit qua cdng tiinh ching nhttng cd flil lim sing Id ban chit nhdm ttt chi hudng vin dpng tieng Vift, mi hon till, nd cdn chdng minh dugc mgt cich cd CO chivi cd guy luit till nio li DONG HOA NHAN THUC THI/C TIEN VAO N G 6 N N G U - m§t vin dl cot ldi nhit nim ttong bin ehit nhin flittc cua ngdn ngtt, von dang li hat nhin tao ndn hudng di cap nhit cho ngdn ngtt hgc ngiy nay.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
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