.^MiiUMi..iailM>M
CHIfi Si Tfil NGUYEN THONG TIN G I W CfiC TfiU VIEN DQI HOC: NH^N DIEN CRC Y I U TO T^C DONG
Vfi o l XU^T MO HINH HOP Tfic"'
TS D6 Van Hung Khoa Ihong tin-ThU vien. TrUdngDai hoc KHXH&NV- DHQGHN
Tom tdt: Phan tich boi cdnh ve ddi mdi gido diic, dng dung cdng nghe vd xu the md trong gido due dai hpc ddn tdi nhu cdu hdp tdc chia si tdi nguyin thong tin giua cdc thd viin dgi hoc. Khdo sdt thUc trgng hoc lieu, hogt dong hdp tac chia se tdi nguyen thong tin cua cdc thu vien dgi hoc; nhan dgng 14 yeu to dnh hUdngden hogt dong ndy. Nghiin ciiu de xudt md hinh hgp tdc phdn tdn vdg6iy mot so dich vu lien thd vien co the dp dung cho cac thU vien dgi hoc Viet Nam.
Tii khoa: Tai nguyen thong tin; hdp tac chia se thong tin; thii vien dai hpc; yeu to tac dpng; mo hinh hpp tac
Information resource sharing among university libraries: influential factors and recommended cooperation model
Abstract: The article introduces factors led to the increased demand of sharing information resources among university libraries. It analyses the current status of the learning resources, the cooperation in sharing information resources among university libraries; identifying 14 factors influencing this activity. The research recommends the decentralized cooperation
model and some interlibrary services applicable for Vietnamese university libraries.
Keywords: Information resources; Cooperation in sharing information; University Ubrary; Influential factors; Cooperation model.
1. Boi canh thiic day hop tac va chia se due dang la yeu cau cap thiet, iing dung cong thong tin nghe thong tin lam thay doi quan tri dai hpc Hpp tac chia se va trao doi thong tin dang ^Cmg nhii hoat dpng giang day va hpc tap, xu la xu the chung hien nay Trong mdi linh ^he mcy dang la xu hUcfng chu dao cua giao viic, viec chia se thong tin dong vai tro quan '^^^ ^^^ ^9*^ thi cac thU vien dai hoc can phai trpng trong viec h6 trp phat trien, han che ^^ nhCfng thay doi can ban de thich iing vdi nii ro va tang ciidng nang liic canh tranh. 7^" '^^^ cua phat trien.
Trong linh viic giao due va khoa hpc viec Viet Nam co so lupng cac triitJng dai hpc, chia se thong tin se tao dpng lile cho doi cao dang Icfn nhiing ehat liipng giao due chiia m6i, thtie day binh dang trong tiep can giao eao. Theo thong ke, Viet Nam co 445 trifdng due va tn thiic, dong thcfi tang ciidng nang dai hpeva cao dang vcfi 2.118.500 sinh vienva life sang tao. Trong boi canh doi m6i giao 93.500 giang vien (Tong cue Thong ke, 2016).
(1) Nghien cilu nay difOc tai tro bdi Dai hoc Quoc gia Ha \'6i
4 I THONti TIN VATU LIEU- 1/2017
.^}Miil:t}W>ilM.JH.I.l.lM Theo bang xep hang cac tnlcfng dai hpc tren
the gidi cua Quacquarelli Symonds nam 2016, Viet Nam khong co tnfcfng dai hoc nao lot vao top 1.000, con trong bang xep hang 350 trudng dai hoc Chau A, Viet Nam co tnicfng dai hpc xep hang cao nhat la Dai hpc Quoc gia Ha Npi - vi tri 139 {Quacquarelli Symonds, 2016). Co the thay khoang each gifla cac tnidng dai hpc Viet Nam vdi cac tnidng dai hpc trong khu viie va the gidi la kha xa, vi the doi mdi giao due dai hpc la nhu cau cap thiet.
Cac dai hpc se chiu trach nhiem ve san pham dao tao, chu dpng hon trong hoat dpng dao tao va van hanh theo nhu cau xa hpi. Trong boi canh nay, la mpt thanh to quan trpng cua trildng dai hpc, cac thii vien eung phai ehii dpng doi mdi de dap ting vdi nhu eau phat trien cua cac tnicfng dai hpc. Day cung chinh la cd hpi va thach thiic de cac thif vien dai hpc khang dinh vai tro cua minh trong hoat dpng dao tao va nghien ciiu cua trddng dai hoc.
Cong nghe thong tin dang lam thay doi quan tri dai hpc va phiiong phap dao tao.
Cupc each mang eong nghiep 4.0 dang dien ra nhanh chdng trong nhflng nam dau the ky 21, trong do cong nghe so, tri tue nhan tao, tii dpng hda, npi dung so hay van vat ket noi se la nhiing cong nghe chii dao. Tat ca thong tin diipc san sinh ra deu d diidi dang so va viec liiu trii tnic tuyen vdi thdi gian thiic, dien toan dam may se la xu the chinh. Dai hpc so {Digital University) hoac dai hpc 4.0 (University 4.0), hay giang day 4.0 (teaching 4.0) khong con la khai niem mdi la niia ma la muc tieu de eae dai hpe hiidng tdi. Lay ngtfdi hpe lam trung tam (student-centred learning) va ling dung cdng nghe thdng tin trong quan tri dai hpe la xu the tat yeu. Ben canh do, ngifdi hpc eung da cd nhiing thay doi ve phiipng thiic tiep can giao due bdi cd sii hd trp eiia eong nghe. Dd la hpc tii xa, hpc
tnic tuyen, tiipng tac ao giiia ngiidi hpc vdi ngUdi hpc va giQa ngifdi hpc vdi ngiidi day, sii dung tai Ueu so, cd the hpc bat cii liic nao va bat cii d dau neu cd mot thiet bi dau cuoi cd ket noi Internet. Cd the khang dinh tai lieu in an va cac tda nha thii vien van ton tai.
Tuy nhien, thii vien ao vdi nguon tai nguyen so se la xu the chu dao ciia thii vien trong the ky 21. Khong gian ao va khong gian vat ly se bo trp cho nhau de eung thiic thi vai tro ciia thli vien {Hinh 1). Cac thil vien dai hpc Viet Nam phai bat kip vdi nhip phat trien ciia eac tnidng dai hpc va xu hiidng tiep can giao due ciia ngiidi hpc. Thiic te tren the gidi cho thay, thii vien chinh la noi tfng dung nhiing thanh tiiu khoa hpc eong nghe hien dai nhat eiing nhii la noi din dat sii doi mdi trong ling dung cdng nghe thdng tin eua cac tnidng dai hpc.
Xu hiidng so hda, ap dung cdng nghe va hpp tae trong nghien eiiu dang trd thanh xu the pho bien trong eac tnidng dai hpc, vdi sU ra ddi cua mpt hnh viic mdi digital humanities (DH), tam dich la nhdn vdn ky thugt so. DH la sii ket hpp giiia khoa hpc may tinh va khoa hpc nhan van. Doi vdi DH, hpp tac (Collaboration). va tao lap mang liidi (Network) chinh la yeu to can ban nhat, trong dd khdng chi eae hpc gia, cac nha nghien ciiu chia se nghien ciiu cho nhau, ma cpng dong ciing cd the chia se nhiing y tiidng ve nhiing chit de khac nhau, thdng qua dd giiip mpi ngiidi cd the hpe hdi lan nhau, nang tri thiie va sii hieu biet cua moi ngiidi (Sabharwal, 2015). Muc tieu cua DH la so hda tri thiic cua nhan loai va chia se cho edng dong ciing hpe tap. Mue tieu nay rat phii hpp vdi thii vien trong giai doan mdi hien nay.
Trong boi canh toan eau hda, xu the hpp tac dang diln ra ngay eang sau rpng va toan dien, dae biet la trong linh viic giao THONG TINVATCLIEU-1/2017 | 5
Cac nai VUI choi Khong gian cong cgng
vatly
Faeebook, blog, Khong gian ao oi?" thogi, dich
Thuvien
Phong tw' hgc Phdng labs Ph6ng cgng dong
Phong dgc
OPACs, Tin nhan, faeebook, djch vg ttiam
khao t r y c tuven, biog, flickr, Wikis...
Mdi trudng ~ hoc thuat
Lop hpc Phong l&m vi§c
Website mon hgc, phan mem quan i-^ /
sinh vien, blogs, w i k i s . J
Hinh 1. Mo hinh thd vien dgi hpc 2.0 (Habib, 2006) due va chia se tri thdc. Trong dd giao due
va tri thiic diipc ky vpng se diipe eung cap mien phi va truy cap md. Cac xu the nhii:
giao due md (Open education), hpc lieu md (OpenCourseWare - OCW), Khoa hpc dai tra tnic tuyen md (Massive Open Online Course - MOOC), tai nguyen giao due md (Open Educational Resources - OER), truy cap md (Open Access), xuat ban md (Open Publishing), vakhoa hpc md (Open Science) dang diipc cac trUdng dai hpc, cae to ehiie quoc te va eac chinh phu quan tam dau tU.
Cac to ehiie qudc te nhu UNESCO, OECD.
WorldBank, IFLA hay UN dang img hp tich eiic cho truy cap md va chia se mien phi tri thifc {UNESCO, 2016). Trong boi canh gia thanh giao due ngay cang tang, bat binh dang ve thdng tin la mpt van de hien hiiu thi nhflng nd liic thue day tiep can giao due va tri thiie md se gdp phan lam giam di tac ddng xau cua nhflng van de do. Theo each tiep can nay, tat ca nhflng ket qua khoa hpe dflpc dau tfl tit tien thue phai dflpc truy cap va sif dung mi^n phi. Lam dflpc dieu nay can ed sii hpp tac gifla cac thii vien, eac trfldng dai hpe, cae to chiic qudc te va dac biet la sii hd trp tii cac chinh phu.
Thu vien la nPi ehuyen giao tri thflc se ddng vai trd quan trpng trong xu the md va
hpp tac chia se tri thiic. Sfl hpp tae ehia se ngudn llic thdng tin gifla eac thii vien, dac biet la thfl vien dai hpc se gdp phan thiic day doi mdi giao due, nang cao chat Iflpng dao tao va ho trp ngfldi dimg tiep can den kho tri thiic ldn hPn va da dang hpn ma ban than mdt thfl vien khdng the dap iing dflpc (Hussaini, Owoeye, va Anasi, 2010).
2. Thiic trang hoc lieu tai cac thii vien dai hoc Viet Nam
Ket qua nghien eflu nay diia tren khao sat 34 tnidng dai hpc trong ca nfldc vdi 502 ngfldi tham gia khao sat, bao gom: lanh dao nha trfldng, lanh dao thfl vien, can bd thfl vien, giang vien va sinh vien.
Tinh trang hpc chay, day chay va nghien eflu chay van cdn xuat hien trong eac trfldng dai hpc. Ndi each khac, ed nhflng giang vien va sinh vien khdng den thfl vien hoac khdng sfl dung hpc lieu trong thfl vien cung cd the hoan thanh viec day, hpc va nghien eflu cua minh. Cd the ehi ra hai nguyen nhan cua thiic trang nay. Thfl nhat, dd la phflpng phap day va hpe van chfl^ thiic sfl thay doi. Sinh vien chi can mpt cuon giao trinh cua thay la cd the hpe va thi tra mdn vdi ket qua tot.
Giao vien khdng chu dpng gidi thieu cac tai lieu cho sinh vien, ben canh dd khdng dat
6 I THONG TIN V.^TLT U E U - 1 / 2 0 1 7
NGHIEN CCU TRAO DOI
tieu chi doc va tim hieu, tong hop tai lieu v6i 30 tnidng dai hoc tren ca nu6c, cac thit hen quan den mon hoc - mot tieu chi quan vien dai hoc chila lam thoa man nhu cau hoc trpng de danh gia qua trinh hpc va ket qua heu cua ngU6i dung tin. Chi co 19% ngiidi hpc ciia sinh vien. Thil hai, cac thu vien dai liung Mnh gid thu vien phuc vu tot nhu cdu hoc dang thUc sii thieu nguon hpc heu de cua hg. Trong khi do. 44% ddnh gia trung phuc vu cac hoat dpng dao tao va nghien hinh vd kim doi vdi hoat dgng phuc vu cua cilu trong tnlflng dai hoc. Dac biet, nguon thu vien. Day chinh la con so cac thil vien tai lieu chuyen nganh, co tinh cap nhat dang can nhin nhan thang than neu mudn nang bi danh gia la thieu. Theo khdo sdt mdi nhdt cao chat lupng boat dong cua mmh trong cua chiing toi ndm 2016, binh qudn mdi gidng viec dap ilng nhu cau ve dao tao va nghien vien vd sinh vien chi cd 3 cudn sdch. Day thilc ct£u khoa hpc cua cac trUcfng dai hpc.
su la mpt con so khiem ton ve nang Itlc phuc okeagu (2008) khang dinh rang, thiic te VU cua cac thU vien dai hpc. Dieu nay dan j^hfing cp mot thu vien nao co the dap ilng den tinh trang giang vien va sinh vien phai ^^g^ j j y ^ j nhji (-ju ve tai lieu cua ban doc tim den nguon tai heu ben ngoai thU vien ^jj^ du thu vien do co nguon kinh phi bo hoac tim kiem tren Internet de phuc vu muc j,yjjg tai heu tot den dau. Dac biet, trong dich cong viec cua minh. ji^u j^^n nh^j viet Nam hien nay kinh phi Thu vien dai hoc dang hi danh gia thap ve cho bo sung tai lieu con rat han che, van de nang lUc va chat lupng phuc vu. Theo khao thieu hut nguon hpc Ueu van chUa co ldi sat cua chiing toi thUc hien dau nam 2014 giai. Do vay, hpp tac chia se hpc lieu dupe
Bang 1. ThUc trang chia se thong tin giiia cdc thu vien dcii hgc Cdc boat dong chia se thong tin/hoc li^u
gifla cac thil vien
Muon lien thu vien (true tiep cung cap/mifon tai lieu v6i cac thu vien ban khi co yeu cau/
nhu cau)
Hpp tac vdi cac thu vien khac trong viec xay dung cac co sd dfl Ueu tra cifu dung chung ThUc hien viec mUpn tra, dat yeu cau tif cac thU vien khac bang pham mem mUOn Uen thU vien Cho phep tra cifu lien tUu vien (vi du Z39.50):
may cUu cua thu vien khac tim trong CSDL ciia thu vien
Hpp tac vdi cac thu vien khac trong viec khai thac diing chung tai nguyen so do thu vien xay dung.
Hop tac cimg mua cac co sd dii lieu toan van td cac nha cung cap qudc te
Cho phep ban dgc cua trUdng khac den thU vien minh khai thac tai Ueu (khi dupe gidi thieu)
Chua bao gid
36%
39%
69%
28%
33%
22%
8%
Hiem khi
20%
11%
12%
7%
18%
14%
2%
Ihinh thoang
25%
34%
14%
26%
27%
36%
36%
Thudng xuyen
15%
10%
5%
22%
12%
24%
21%
Luon luon
5%
5% 0%
17%
10%
5% 33%
THONG TINVATULIEU-1/2017 | 7
xem la mpt trong nhflng giai phap hflu hieu de giiip cac thfl vien khac phuc han che nay.
Tuy nhien, khao sat chi ra rSng thiic trang hpp tae va chia se thdng tin gifla cac thfl vien chfla thiic sfl dflpc trien khai rpng rai, mac du manh nha da cd sfl hpp tac (xem Bdng 1).
Sd lieu eho thay 46% cac thfl vien chfla bao gid hoac rat hiem khi thflc hien giao dich hen thfl vien (nhfl chia se tai lieu, tra eflu lien thfl vien, hpp tac khai thac hoac mua dii lieu so, gidi thieu ban dpe den thfl vien khac, xay dflng eac dich vu dung chung). Qua con so thdng ke nay cd the thay mdt thflc te cac thfl vien dai hpe Viet Nam chfla thflc sfl tham gia vao xu the hpp tac va phat trien- xu the hien dang diln ra sau rdng trong cae nganh nghe, d moi quoc gia, khu viic va tren the gidi. Dieu nay cang thflc day eae thfl vien dai hpe can phai tien hanh doi mdi va hpp tae chia se thdng tin.
3. Cac yeu to tac dong den viec chia se tai nguyen thdng tin giiia cac thfl vien dai hoc Trong nghien eflu nay chung tdi tap trung phan tich cac yeu td tae ddng den sfl tham
gia cua cac thfl vien trong viec hpp tac chia se ngudn Iflc thdng tin. Cac yeu to nay cd the la yeu to tich ciic hoac yeu to tieu cflc, ddi khi mpt yeu td ciing mang ca mat tich c\ic va tieu cUc. Chung tdi tinh tong the ehi sd tac dpng cua 14 yeu to. Hinh 2 md ta chi so tac ddng cua cae yeu td nay, trong dd mflc 1 la tac dpng thap nhat va miic 5 la tac ddng cao nhat.
Danh gia tong the cd the thay tat ca cac yeu to deu cd sfl tac ddng d mflc cao va rat cao, thap nhat la 2,94 den cao nhat la 4,5. Chung tdi chia cac yeu td nay thanh 3 nhdm dfla theo mflc dp anh hfldng va tinh chat cua chung.
Nhom thd nhdt vdi cac yeu to cd sfl tac ddng cao nhat, do la: Vai trd cua ngfldi quan ly (4,5), C P ehe chinh sach (4,38), Nguon Ifle thdng tin (4,38), Ha tang cdng nghe thdng tin {4,37) va Van de ban quyen/he thdng phap luat {4,32). Thflc te cho thay, nhflng nut that va vfldng mac chinh eho sfl phat trien ludn nim d eP che chinh saeh va vai trd dau tau cua ngfldi quan ly/dpn vi dan dau. Day la hai van de cd the la rao can tnic tiep cho hoat ddng hpp tac chia se neu
S6 lucmg va chat lirgng ^ ^ ' ^ ^ ciia ngircn quan ly nguon hoc lieu s6/tai
nguyen Nguon luc thong tin
Van de ban quyen/he thong phap luat Sir tien phong ciia mot sQ
thu vien/trucmg dai hoc trong viec chia se hgc heii
Yeu to van hoa/thoi quen
Su khong dong dgu ve nguon hoc heu giira cac
thu vien
Sir sEn sang hop tac giira~
cac thu vien
San pham va dich vu thong tin
) Ca che, chinh sach
I Nguon nhan li,rc/ chat / lirgng can bg thu vi^n
.1 iang cong nghe thong tin Nhu cau lin/ngirai dung tin Cac tieu chuan v6 du lieu
Hinh 2. Ddnh gid mdc dp tdc dong cua cdc yeu td den hogt ddng chia se thdng tin
1 I THONG T I N V A T U L I E U - 1 / 2 0 1 7
N G H I £ N C I / U TRAO DOI
chiing ta khdng khai phdng dflpc. Hien tai, hau nhfl chfla cd chinh sach va hfldng dan ve hpp tac chia se thdng tin d cac cap. Qua day mdt phan ly giai tai sao chung ta cd day du dieu kien de ehia se nhflng van chfla the trien khai dflpc vao thflc tien. Cac ben tham gia hoach dinh chinh sach bao gom: lanh dao nha trfldng va lanh dao cac thfl vien - nhdm quyet dinh tnic tiep viec chia se; cae hpi nghe nghiep (Hdi Thfl vien Viet Nam, Lien ehi hdi thfl vien dai hpc phia Bac va Nam) - nhdm tao lap mdi tnidng chia se va dieu hda Ipi ich chung; va Bd Giao due va Dao tao - dpn vi xay dflng cP sd nen tang ve chinh sach va phap ly cho hoat ddng hpp tac cua cac trfldng dai hpe.
Ba yeu td mang tinh can ban cho hoat ddng ehia se la ngudn Ifle thdng tin, ha tang cdng nghe va van de ban quyen ludn la nhiing van de cot ldi cua thfl vien. Muon chia se phai ed thdng tin, va thdng tin mudn chia se dflpc phai thdng qua mdt nen tang cdng nghe thdng tin cung nhfl dflpc dam bao ve ban quyen va sd hflu tri tue. Ngudn llic thdng tin va cdng nghe thdng tin la nhflng yeu td tich cflc thuc day sfl phat trien cua hoat ddng chia se thdng tin gifla eac thfl vien. Tuy nhien, viec thflc thi ban quyen yeu kem tai Viet Nam dang la rao can ldn khien eae thfl vien khdng san sang hpp tac chia se thdng tin.
Nhdm thd hai dd la cae yeu td, nhfl:
Ngudn nhan Ifle (4,23), Nhu cau thdng tin cua ngfldi dung (4,25), Sfl san sang hpp tac gifla cac thfl vien (4,26), Nguon hpe lieu so (4,19) va Sfl tien phong eua cac thfl vien/trfldng dai hpc trong viee ehia se thdng tin (4,04). Trong bat ky hoat ddng nao thi vai trd cua ngfldi can bd thfl vien ludn quan trpng. Hp quyet dinh sfl thanh bai eua mdt dich vu thdng tin va cao hpn la chat Iflpng hoat ddng cua thfl
vien. Cdng nghe thdng tin la cdng cu, con ngfldi mdi la yeu td nen tang cho sfl phat trien. Mpt trong nhflng thuan Ipi de chia se tai nguyen thdng tin la can bd cac thfl vien dai hpc cd trinh dp kha cao. 61% can bp thfl vien cd trinh dp cfl nhan va 38% can bd la thac si. Dac biet, 99%
can bd thfl vien ung hp va san sang tham gia hoat dpng chia se thdng tin neu thfl vien trien khai cac dich vu lien quan. Day chinh la yeu td tich cflc ddi vdi hoat ddng chia se thdng tin.
Trong bat ky hoat ddng nao, sfl tien phong cua to chfle, mdt ca nhan - thfldng gpi la nhan to thay doi- ludn can thiet. De hoat ddng chia se thdng tin trien khai vao thflc te, rat can mdt hoac nhdm cac thfl vien tien phong sin sang chia se ngudn Iflc cua minh, lam dpng liic cho cac thfl vien khac di theo xu hfldng nay. Ben canh do can sfl sdn sang eua eac thfl vien khi tham gia he thdng ehia se. Khao sat cho thay, 83% cac thfl vien dai hpe khang dinh sSn sang tham gia hpp tac chia se thdng tin. Mac dfl khang dinh sSn sang, cd nhu eau hpp tac chia se (91% lanh dao khang dinh cd nhu eau), va eac thfl vien dang thieu ngudn Ifle thdng tin {70% sinh vien cho ring thfl vien chi dap flng mdt phan hoac dap flng rat it nhu cau ve tai lieu hp can) nhflng hoat ddng chia se van it dien ra. Ly giai cho van de nay mdt phan quan trpng la do cae thfl vien thieu ddng Ifle thuc day sfl chia se. Rd rang eac thfl vien cd nhu eau, cd dieu kien day du nhflng van khdng trien khai cac dieh vu mflpn lien thfl vien bdi ddng liic de phuc vu ngfldi dung, mong mudn ddng gdp cho sfl phat trien cua ban than eac trfldng dai hpc chfla thflc sfl cao. Cac thfl vien van dang d vimg an toan - "safe zone" khi ma dau tfl cho thfl vien van dflpc dam bao, va sflc ep tfl eac bd phan trong trfldng dai hoc chfla thflc sfl cao vdi thfl vien.
THONG T I N V A T U ' L I E U - 1 / 2 0 1 7 | 9
NGHIEN CUU TRAO DOI
Nhdm thd ba la cac yeu td, nhfl: Cac tieu chuan dfl lieu (4,11), Sfl khdng ddng deu ve hpc lieu gifla cac thfl vien (3,91), Yeu td van ' hda/thdi quen (3,65) va San pham va dich vu thdng tin {2,94). Trong nhdm yeu to nay dac biet chu trpng den yeu td van hda. Yeu to nay cd tac ddng tieu cflc den hoat ddng hpp tac chia se tai nguyen thdng tin. Chung ta cd truyen thong tflpng trp, chia se trong cudc sdng, tuy nhien trong cdng viee sfl hpp tac va phdi hpp rat kem. Dieu nay cung ly giai tai sao mat dfl cd day du dieu kien de cho viee ehia se nhflng viee hpp tae la rat khd khan, hoac cd sfl hpp tac nhflng khdng dien ra lau ben. Tuy nhien, vdi xu hfldng quoc te hda ngay cang cao, giao thoa van hda phflpng Tay cung vdi nhu cau cap thiet tfl phia ngfldi dung thi mat han che cua yeu to nay se dan dflpc khac phuc.
4. Mo hinh hpp tac chia se tai nguyen thong tin
Bailey-Hamer (2014), Dd Wn Hung (2015a, 2015b), Francis (2015) va Wang (2012) trong nghien eflu cua minh da tdng hpp mdt so hinh thflc hpp tac chia se thdng tin gifla eac thfl vien. Tflu ehung lai cd 2
md hinh hpp tac ca ban, dd la: Md hinh tap trung va md hinh phan tan.
4.1. Md hinh hdp tdc tap trung Md hinh khai thac tap trung dflpc coi la md hinh hfldng tdi ngfldi sfl dung. Diem mau chdt cua md hinh phdi hpp nay la tao lap mpt cong thdng tin dung ehung cho cdng dong ngfldi sfl dung cua cac thfl vien tham gia hpp tac {Hinh 3).
Dac diem cua md hinh nay la sfl hpp tac rat cao ca ve tao lap dfl lieu va cung cap eac dich vu. Cac thfl vien tham gia hpp tac se eung nhau xay dflng mdt cP sd dfl lieu dung chung va cung thda thuan cung cap cac dich vu thfl vien (cd tinh hen thdng trong he thong) thdng qua mpt edng thdng tin. Cong thdng tin nay dflpc quan ly bdi mot trong sd cac thfl vien thanh vien, hoac cung cd the la mdt dpn vi ddc lap hoac ben thfl 3 vdi nhiem vu don thuan la quan tri ve mat ky thuat va duy tri hoat dpng cua cong thdng tin. De toi flu, cdng thdng tin nay nen dflpc trien khai theo phflpng thflc tim kiem tap trung - Web Scale Discovery.
U'u diem cua md hinh tap trung la: phuc
f Thu'vien thanh vien ^
zii * s !
^£11
TiMieu in Tai lieu s(Hinh 3. Md hinh chia se vd khai thdc thdng tin tap trung (Bd Vdn Hiing, 2015a) 10 I THONG TINVATULIEU. 1/2017
NGHIEN C t m - TRAO DOI
VU ngfldi dimg dflpc thdng suot, chinh sdch cua cdc thu viin Id thong nhdt, thdng tin va dfl lieu cd tinh duy nhat, khdng t n i n g lap, di ban; hoat ddng cua he thdng xuyen suot va it trd ngai; truy cap thdng tin n h a n h va chinh xac do ngfldi chi can ket ndi vdi cdng thdng tin chung la dflpc; viec duy tri, bao tri he thdng dflpc de dang.
Tuy nhien, nhflpc diem cua md hinh nay la tdn kem, ed the phai xay dflng ca m d t he thong ldn de dap flng nhu cau cua eac thfl vien thanh vien. Them nfla, neu nhfl cd xay ra sfl CO tai trung tam, ea he thong se bi anh hfldng. Them nfla, neu mdt thfl vien t h a n h vien khdng tham gia, se gay anh hfldng den eae thfl vien khae.
Ddi vdi ngfldi sfl dung thfl vien, md hinh nay tdi flu la vi ngfldi dung dflpc sfl dung mdt each d l dang eac dich vu cua tat ca cac thfl vien trong he thdng ma khdng gap bat ky trd ngai nao. Chi can dang ky sfl dung tai mdt thfl vien, ngfldi dung cd the sfl dung cae tai nguyen va dich vu cua cac thfl vien khac nam trong pham vi h p p tac da dflpc ky ket. Hp khdng phai mat thdi gian chd dpi thfl vien cap the xfl ly yeu eau thdng tin, thay vao dd hp dflpc khai thac tnic tiep ngudn tai nguyen hoac dflpc phu vu trflc tiep bdi thfl vien hp can thdng tin.
Ddi vdi cae thfl vien thi md hinh nay chfla dflng nhflng thach thflc rat ldn. Md h m h nay ddi hdi sfl hpp tac chat che trong viec chia se traeh nhiem xay dflng tai nguyen thdng tin gifla eae thfl vien, ddng thdi yeu cau sii cam ket cao gifla eac thfl vien trong viec eung cap cac dieh vu va phuc vu ngfldi dung chung eua he thdng. Dieu nay thflc sfl khd trong bdi canh hien nay. Cd le day la md hinh ly tfldng nhflng khd thflc hien. Tuy nhien, cd the dp dung d nhflng mflc dp khae nhau nhfl hpp tac mdt phan den hpp tac toan phan. Dieu nay phu thudc vao nhan thflc va quyet tam
cua mdi thfl vien thanh vien trong he thdng.
4.2. Mo hinh phdn tdn
Trong m d h i n h h p p tac phan tan, mdi thfl vien ddng vai trd la m d t mat xich trong chudi cac n h a dich \TI cho ngfldi d u n g thdng tin. Mdi mdt thfl vien la m d t d p n vi cung cap thdng tin dde lap va se tien hanh phuc vu hen thfl vien khi cd yeu cau tfl phia thfl vien trong he thdng hoac tfl phia ngfldi sfl dung.
Dich vu va chinh sach khdng hoan toan thdng nhat. Diem mau chdt d day la khdng ed CP sd dii lieu dung chung hay cdng khai thac thdng tin chung, ndi each khac khdng cd m d t thfl vien chiu trach nhiem dau mdi, thay vao dd eac thfl \4en eung cap cae cP sd dfl heu, thdng tin va dich vu cua minh thdng qua website rieng cua tflng thfl vien. Cac thfl vien thda thuan hpp tac h o trp phuc vu ngfldi dung trong he thdng khi cd yeu cau {Hinh 4).
Dac diem cua md hinh nay la tinh h p p tac, tfnh chiu trach nhiem khdng cao. Cac thfl vien cd the ky thda thuan h p p tac, tuy nhien viec trien khai se phu thudc vao mdi mdt thfl vien. Cae thfl \'ien se xay dflng cae dich vu hen thfl vien cung nhfl phuc vu ngfldi dung ngoai thfl vien tuy thudc vao nang Iflc va chinh sach rieng cua minh.
l / u diem cua md hinh phan tan la: viec dau tfl khdng ldn, cd the sfl dung ha tang cdng nghe sin cd tai mdi thfl vien va bo sung nang cap them; sfl phu thudc gifla cae thfl vien khdng cao, do \'ay, khi ed sfl co tai mpt thfl \ i e n hay mdt thfl vien nao do rut khdi he thdng thi cac thfl vien khac v i n tiep tuc hoat ddng; edng viec quan ly dflpc phan deu cho cac thfl vien.
Ve nhflpc diem, di nhien md hinh nay khdng ed dflpc nhflng flu diem eua md hinh tap trung. Xd tiem tang mdt sfl tan ra neu nhfl eae thfl vien khdng cd sfl cam ket manh me. Ngfldi dung gap khd khan khi mudn sfl THONG I T X V A T U L I E U - 1/2017 ] 11
NGHIEN CtJU ' TRAO DOI
dung dich vu lien thfl vien.
Ddi vdi thfl vien, md hinh nay de dang thflc hien va dfla vao trien khai. The hien rd nhat dd la chi ky cam ket tham gia hpp tac phuc vu la mdt thfl vien ed the trd thanh mpt thanh vien cua he thong ma khdng can bat ky mdt sfl nang cap, thay ddi nao trong ehinh thfl vien dd. De thuan Ipi cho ngfldi dung thi mdt trong nhflng yeu cau ve cdng nghe trong md hinh nay la cho phep tim kiem lien thfl vien, cd the theo chuan Z39.50. It nhat ngfldi dung eung khdng can phai vao tflng thfl vien thanh vien de tra eflu, thay vao dd hp sfl dung mdt website duy nhat cua thfl vien de tim kiem den cae ngudn thdng tin khac nhau.
Ddi vdi ngfldi dung, tat nhien md hinh nay khdng tien Ipi nhfl md hinh tap trung.
Ngfldi dung phai thdng qua thfl vien cua minh mdi khai thac dflpc den cae nguon tai lieu eua cac thfl vien khac. Ddi khi ngfldi dung khdng biet minh cd kha nang/quyen dflpc khai thac tai nguyen va sfl dung dich vu d nhflng thfl vien nao. Tdm tai, viec khai
thac thdng tin mang tinh gian tiep va gap phai nhflng rao can dang ke bdi nhflng chinh sach cu the cung nhfl sfl san sang phuc vu cua mdi thfl vien.
5. D^ xuat va ket luAn 5.1. Be xudt mo hinh
Xet trong trong dieu kien hien tai cua cac trfldng dai hpc Viet Nam, vdi nhflng yeu to tac ddng tich cflc va tieu cflc den boat ddng chia se thdng tin, ehung tdi de xuat ap dung mo hinh phdn tdn la phu hpp. Md hinh nay cung dflpc phan ldn cac thfl vien dai hpc, cac hiep hpi thfl vien tren the gidi ap dung.
Md hinh nay ap dung tai Vi^t Nam vi nhflng ly do sau:
- Tinh hen ket cua cac thfl vien dai hoc Viet Nam khdng cao.
- Co sd ha tang chfla ddng bd, cac ngudn thdng tin va dich vu chfla ddng deu gifla cac thfl vien.
Vai trd eua eac hiep hpi chfla cao, nhfl vay dang thieu sfl dan dat thflc sfl trong viec hpp tae va chia se.
Tliii vien thaiih vien
Hinh 4. Mo hinh chia se vd khai thdc ihdng tin phdn tdn
12 I T H O N G T I N V A T U L I E U - 1 / 2 0 1 7
NGHIEN CUU - TRAO DOI
- Md hinh nay t^o "hanh Iang" de dang cho cac thfl vien san sang hpp tac ma khdng gap trd ngai nao. Cac thfl vien se sin sang tham gia n^u nhfl khdng cd nhflng yeu cau rang buoc trach nhiem qua cu the.
- Dau tfl cho cac thfl vien khdng ldn, neu ap dung md hinh phan tan chii yeu cac thfl vien se hpp tac tren nhflng san pham va dich vu minh dang cd ma khdng phai dau tfl mdi, dieu nay cd tinh thflc te cao hpn.
5.2. Dixudt dich vu
MUdn lien thU vien (Interlibrary loan): day ia dich vu quan trpng va cP ban nhat ciia hpp tac hen thfl vien. Thdng qua dich vu nay mot ngfldi dung d mdt thfl vi^n cd th^ dflpc mflpn sach hoac nh3n ban sao tai heu dang sd hflu bdi mdt thfl vien khac. Dich vu nay cd the lam tU dpng thdng qua phan mem chuyen nghiep va tuan theo chuan quoc te nhfl ISO 10160, ISO 1016M va ISO 10161-2 (vdi giao thflc mflpn hen thfl vien PICS - Protocol Implementation Conformance Statement);
hoac cd the lam thit cong thdng qua di^n thoai hoac thu dien tfl. Tai Viet Nam da cd mpt sd tnidng dai hpq thflc hien vi^c nay, tuy nhi^n chi mdi ap dung trong cimg mdt he thdng va ngfldi dung dang phai bd chi phi kha cao (UEL, 2016).
Dich vu thdng tin tham khdo so (Collaborative Digital Reference Service): Cac thfl vien thiic day cac dich vu thdng tin tham khao trflc tuyen, ho trp ngfldi dung sfl dung cac nguon tai nguyen cua thfl vi^n thdng qua cdng nghe s6. Hien nay thfl vien Quoc hdi My dang la dPn vi dan dat Mang thdng tin tham khao toan cSu-Global Reference Network (CRN) vdi muc tieu phat trien dich vu thdng tin tham khao so va xay dflng cac chinh sach hpp tac lien thfl vien. Thfl vien Qudc hpi My phoi hpp vdi OCLC de trien khai viec xay dflng cac bg sflu tap tmy cap
md cho ngfldi dimg va trien khai cac chflOng trinh ho trp cac thfl vien va can bo thfl vien.
Muc luc Uen hdp (Union catalogue - UC): Ca sd dii lieu thfl muc, muc luc Hen hpp trflc tuyen la mdt trong nhiing yeu td quan trpng trong hpp tac chia se thdng tin (Rahman, 2006).
Trung tam thfl vien may tinh tnic tuyen - OCLC (Online Computer Library Center) hien cd 2 ty bieu ghi thfl muc ket ndi hdn 74.000 thfl vien ti-en the gidi (OCLC, 2014). Vdi he thdi^
muc luc lien hcfp, OCLC da hd trp hang trieu Iflpt ngfldi dung mflpn Uen thfl vien tr£n the gidi. Day chinh la ddng Iflc cho thfl vien dai hpc Viet Nam trong viec hpp tac xay dflng muc luc lien hpp.
Hdp tdc xdy dUng tai nguyen gido due md (Open Educational Resources - OER):
Tai nguyen giao diic md d\iac coi la xu hfldng chu dao cua giao due dai hpc trong the ky 21. OER dflpc coi la cdng eu de doi mdi va nSng chat Iflpng giao due dai hpc, thflc hien triet ly ve binh dang giao due cho tat ca mpi ngfldi, va tri thiic can duac chia se va sfl dung rdng rai. Vdi viec hpp tac xay dflng OER, cac thfl vien dai hpc hang nam se tiet ki^m dflpc khoan kinh phi dau tfl ve giao trinh, bai giang. Nguon tai nguyen se dflpc nhSn l^n n^u cac thfl vi^n phdi hpp phat trien, dieu nay giup tranh trung lap va tranh Iang phi vi kinh phi dau tfl hpc heu.
Dong thdi, cac tai nguyen giao due ludn dflpc cap nhat va chat Iflpng ngay cang cai thien khi cd sfl phan bien cua cpng dong sfl dung.
Ket luan
Hpp tac chia se tai i ^ y e n thdng tin la xu hfldi^ tat yeu trong qua trinh phat trien va hdi nhap ciia cac thfl vien dai hpc Viet Nam.
Cd the thay viec hpp tac nay bi anh hfldng bdi nhieu yeu to ca tich cflc lan rao can. Can phat huy nhflng yeu to tich cflc va han che nhflng
T H O N G T 1 N V A T I / L I E U - 1 / 2 0 1 7 | 13
tac ddng tieu cflc/rao can de cac thfl vien h p p tac chia se tai nguyen thdng tin m d t each thuan Ipi. Trong bdi canh hien tai, md h m h hpp tac phan tan la md hinh kha thi nhat. De trien khai dflpc sfl hpp tac nay vai trd eiia Hdi Thfl vien Viet Nam, cac Uen ehi hpi cac trfldng dai hpe va cua Bd Giao due va Dao tao la rat quan trpng. Cac td chfle nay se dan dat, dfla ra quy che va chinh saeh de thuc day hpp tac gifla eac thfl vien dai hpe Viet Nam.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO 1. Bailey-Hainer, B; Beaubien, A; Posner, B.
and Simpson, E. (2014). Rethinking library resource sharing: new models for collaboration.
Intedending & Document Supply, Vol. 42 Iss 1 pp. 7 - 12. http://www.emeraldinsight.com/
doi/pdfplus/10.U08/ILDS-12-2013-0038.
2. D6 Van Hiing (2015a). Vai tro cua thfl vien sd trong mdi tnidng hgc tap trflc tuyen va chia se hpc lieu. Tap chi Thdng tin vd TuUeu. 6, tr. 3-11.
3. D6 Van Hiing {2015b). Hpp tac chia se hpc lieu- giai phap tang cfldng nguon liic thong tin cho thfl vien dai hpc Viet Nam. Tap chi ThU vien Viet Nam. 3(53), tr. 3-9.
4. Francis, A. T. (2005). Library consortia model for country wide access of electronic jourt^als and databases. In International Conference on Multilingual Computing and Information Management in Networked Digital Environment, Cochin (India), 2-4 February 2005. [Conference paper] https://core.ac.uk/
download/pdf/11879043.pdf
5. Habib, M. C. (2006).roH'ard Academic Library 2.0: Development and Application of a Library 2.0 Methodology. A Masters Paper for the M.S. in L.S degree. November, 2006. 49 pages. Advisor: David Carr
6. Hussaini, A., Owoeye, J.E.fic Anasi , S.N.I.
(2010). Resource sharing among law libraries:
An imperative for legal research and the administration of justice in Nigeria. Library Philosophy and Practice. Truy cap tfl http://
w w w . w e b p a g e s . u i d a h o . e d u / ~ m b o l i n / a l i - owoeye- anasi. htm.
7. Rahman, L. (2006). Resource Sharmg:
Management of Information. In Ikpahindi (2006) Resource sharing in cataloguing, bibliographic, and indexing services in an Information and Communication Technology (ICT) age. Paper presented at the 26th Annual Cataloguing, Classification and Indexing Seminar/Workshop, Abeokuta.
8. Quacquarelh Symonds. (2016). QS World University Rankings 2016-2017 http://www.
t o p u n i v e r s i t i e s . c o m / u n i v e r s i t y - r a n k i n g s / world-university-rankings/2016
9. OCLC (2014). OCLC WorldCat. Truy cap tfl http://www.oclc.org/worldcat.en.html
10. Okeagu, G., Okeagu, B., (2008).
Networking and resource sharing in Library and Information Services : the case for consortium building. United Kingdom : Information, Society 8c lustice. From www.ftipotsdam.
de/~IFLA/INSPEL/01-Ikasu.pdf
11. UEL. (2016). Dich vu mUm lien thUvien.
Truy cap tai http://lib.uel.edu.vn/ArticleId/
b9ca9d7c-e961-436f-a2cc-2ee377dad416/dich- vu-muon-lien-thu-vien
12. UNESCO. (2016). Open educational resources. Truy tap taihttp://www.unesco.org/
n e w / e n / c o m m u n i c a t i o n - a n d - i n f o r m a t i o n / a c c e s s - t o - k n o w l e d g e / o p e n - e d u c a t i o n a l - resources.
13. Sabharwal, A. (2015). Archives and special collections in the digital humanities. Digital Curation in the Digital Humanities, pp. 27-47.
14. Tdng cue Thdng ke. {2016). Sd' lieu thdng ke gido due dai hoc vd cao dang. Truy cap tai https://
www.gso.gov.vn/default. aspx?tabid=722.
15. Wang Xianyan and Pemg Yafei (2012), Library Management structure model under Information Resources Sharing International Conference on Information Management, Innovation Management and Industrial Engineering, Sanya, 2012, pp. 159-162.
(Ngdy Toa soan nhan dUdc bdi: W-l 1-2016;
Ngdy phdn bien ddnh gid: 21-12-2016; Ngdy chdp nhan ddng: 03-01-2017).
14 I THONG TINVATULIEU-1/2017
