N KHU THlTC

VAIIBEHOMNAY

THlTC TRANG QUAN LY

CHAT THAI RAN VUNG VEN DO KHU DO THI TRUNG TAM

THANH PHO HA NOI

Hien nav, iml Iiilfing vung ven flo U H I n t h j tning tam TP. Ha M l Oang bj 0 nliiein chu w u do niillc dial ra Mot Irong nhihig nguien nhan chinh gai o nhiim moi truiing vung van 16 la ila chiR thai rin ICTRI tirhoal dpng nong nghiep, chiin nuolstflam dung ttiuiic bao ve Ihuk: val phan bin trong san niat nong nghiep, CTR tifhoatdpng san xuat tai cac lang nghe va rac thai slnh hoat Tiong idiuon kho bai bao nav, tac gia danh gia tbilc trang auan IvCTH vung ven do. l i v la cd st quan trong da da luai cic glal phap quan lv CTR v w g ven do khu do thj ttung tam TP, Ha Npi.

Ths. Le Cildng*

1. Khai quat ve vung ngoai thanh TP. Ha Npi.

N

goai l^hu do tlij tnjng tam vdi 10 quan noi tiianh v^ TX Son Tay, vung ngoai thanh TP. Ha NOI CO 18 huyen vdi 398 xa va 22 thi trln, dien tich 2.977,9 lim^, dan s64.279.719 ngudi. Theo bao cao cua Sd Ndng nghiep va Phat tnln

nong thon TP. Ha Noi, dien tich dat canh tac trong lua cua thanh pho ifhoang 92.000 ha, dien tich gieo trong tren 150.000ha. Sau l<hi md rong, Ha Noi cd lihoang hdn 2.000 vung trong rau tap tmng d cac huyen Dong Anh, Me Linh, ChUOng My, Thanh Oai.. Ngoai ra, tren dja ban TP. Ha NOI cd 255 lang nghe, moi ngay thai ra khoang

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VlfHOE HOIVI N A Y

207,3 m^/ngay dem, chQa ke IQdng CTR phat sinh tU chan nuoi gia sue, gia cam [4],

2. ThQc trang quan ly chat thai ran viing ven do khu do thj trung tam TP. Ha Npi

2.1. SQ phat sinh ehat thai ran

a. Phit sinh chat thai ran sinh hoat nong thon - Lugng chat thit ran sinh hoat phit smh Theo sd lieu cua Tong cue thong ke (2010), neu tinh binh quan moi ngQdi moi ngay tiiai ra 0,54kg chat thai ran sinh hoat (CTRSH), thi tong khoi IUdng CTRSH thai ra ch!

tinh rieng cho viling ven do va ndng thon TP, H^ Npi da la 2,338,9 tan/ngay,

- Nguon phat sinh, die diem thinh phan vi tinh chat CTR

CTRSH ndng thdn vCing ngoai thanh TP, Ha Ndi phat sinh tU c^c nguon Smh hoat cCia cac hfi gia dmh;

Chd, nha kho, trudng hoc, benh vien, cd quan hanh chinh,,, CTRSH khu vUe nong thon cd ty le chat hdu cd kh^ cao, chCi yeu la til thUe pham thai, chat thai vudn va phan Idn deu la ehat hQu ed de phan hOy (khoang 65%),

Trong thanh phan CTR phat sinh tU cac diem dan cu nflng thon TP, Ha Ndi cd nhieu loai CTR cd the thu hfli tai che nhu. Bao bi, chai lo, vo do hflp, thCiy tmh, kim loai, do diJng hdng (ro, ra, quan ao}... Tuy nhien, trong th^nh phan CTR phat sinh tQ cac diem dan cU nong thfln TP. Ha Ndi cung cd mgt so loai CTR nguy hai nhu Pin, ac quy hdng, bao bi chQa hda chat tay rQa, bao bi chQa hda chat bao ve thUe vat, bao bi dung phan bdn,,.[3].

b. Phit sinh chat thai ran tai cac lang nghe tren dia ban TP. Ha Ngi.

Hien nay, c^ nQdc cd 1,324 lang nghe dUdc cflng nhan va 3.221 lang co nghe [1] Theo bao cao cCia Sd Cong thUdng Ha Noi n§m 2008, tren dia ban TP, Ha Noi CO 255 lang nghe, moi ngay thai ra khoang 207,3m^

CTR, ehUa ke IUdng CTR phat sinh tQ chan nuoi gia sue, gia cam,

CTR lang nghe thuoc nhieu chiJng loai khac nhau, phu thuoc vao nhieu nguon phat sinh va mang d^c tinh cua loai hinh san xuat Cung vdi sQ gia tang ve sd IQdng, chat thai lang nghe ngay cang da dang va phQc tap ve thanh ph^n, Cd the thay rang chat thai lang nghe

bao gom nhQng thanh phan chinh nhU Phe phu pham tu che bien lUOng thUc, thUc pham; Chai lo thiiy tinh, nhi/a, nilon, Vo bao bi dung nguyen vat lieu; Go'm, sil, go, kim loai,

c. Phat sinh chat thai ran ndng nghiep

• Chat thai ran tU trong trot

Vao nhi3ng ngay thu hoach, IUdng rOm, ra va cac phu piilm nong nghiep khac phat sinh nhieu chiem thanh phan chu yeu trong CTR nong nghiep.

^ ^ T h e o so lieu cua Tong cue Thong ke va Vien Cong H l e Sinh hoc nam 2011 [1], vdi khoang 92.000 ha dat trong lua 6 Ha Noi, hang nam IUdng rdm ra thai ra len tdi 880,000 ngan tan. Tuy nhien, hien nay IUdng rdm rathai nay khong dUdc tinh toan trong thong ke lUdng CTR phat sinh cua TP. Ha Noi

- Chat thai ran chan nuoi

Mac du chan nuoi phat trien, song phUdng thilc chan nuoi con lae hau, quy mo nho, Chinh quyen dia phUOng cung nhu cac ho dan chUa quan tam den xd ly chat thai da 1am cho moi trUdng nong thon von da 6 nhiem nay cang bi 6 nhilm hdn

* CTR chan nuoi dang la mot trong nhUng nguon thai Idn 6 nong thon, bao gom phan va cac chat don chuong, jtliQe an thila, xac gia sue, gia cam chet, ehat thai lo mo,,,

^ - ^ T h e o \J6c tinh, eo khoang 40-70% {tuy theo tilng

^ j ^ g ) CTR ehan nuoi dUdc xU ly, so con lai thai trUctiep raao, ho, kenh rach,

2,2, ThQc trang tai che, tai sU dung chat thai ran a, Tii che, tai stf dung CTRSH

Tai khu VUc ven do khu do thi trung tam TP. Ha Noi, eac ho gia dmh thudng tai ehe cac loai CTR co nguon goc l^gQjj cd eac loai CTR eon lai cd nguon goc vo cd thi bi vitt bo CTRSH la gd, tre, nUa thudng dUde eac ho gia dmh sil dung lam nhien lieu dun nau, Cac loai thUc an thila, rau CO thai bo thi dUdc lam thUc an ehan nuoi.

4 M

_^ b L/ phan compost

Mo hmh u phan compost theo phUOng phap u ddn gian nhu Ci dong hay u luong da dUdc ap dung tai mot so khu dan eu ngoai thanh Ha Noi. Dien hinh la eae huyen nhu Thanh Tri, Soc Sdn, TL/Liem,.. la nhCfng ndi co hoat dong nong nghiep kha pho bien Tai mot so dia phUdng, ngudl dan cdn tron phan gia sue, phan bim lin chat thai nham duy tri dp am va tao dieu kien tot cho vi smh vat

[S^ S B . e a i 3 } HOC VI£N CAN BO QUAN LY XAV DUNG VA B 6 THI

WAN DE HOIVI N A Y

hoat dflng, Nhd hoat dflng cua cac vi sinh vat cd trong CTR va phan bun, cac chat hQu ed co trong CTR ehuyen hoa thanh mun hflu cd bdn cho cay trflng. Bien phap nay dQdc ap dung kha pho bien tai cac hfl gia dmh san xuat nong nghiep tai cac dja phQdng nhu Sflc Sdn va mot so cum dan cU ven dfl nhU xa HQu Hfla, Ta Thanh Oai thupc huyen Thanh Tri.

Kmh 1. Thiing u phan compost tai cac ho gia dinh d My

c. Ham u khi sinh bgc biogas

Biogas la mpt loai khi dot sinh hoe dUdc tao ra khi phan hOy yem khi phan thai ra ciia gia sue, Cac chat thai cua gia sue dUdc cho vao ham kin (hay tui D), d do cac w sinh vat se phan huy chung thanh eac chat miin va khi, Khi nay dUdc thu lai qua he thong dQdng ong tdi 16 de dot phuc vu cho smh hoat gia dmh, Cac chat thai ra sau qua trinh phan huy trong ham kin gan nhU da sach va cd the thai ra moi tnJdng, dac biet nUdc thai cua he thdng nay cd the dung tUdi eho eay trong [1].

Tren dia ban TP. Ha Noi, ham u khi smh hpc biogas dQdc sii dung de xQ ly CTR va chat thai long b-ong chan nuoi tai mflt so t^a phQdng nhQ d xa HQu Hoa, Ta Thanh Oai eua huyen Thanh Tri,

d. San xuat nhien lieu - Sin xuat nhien lieu tO trau:

Ngay nay, than trau, cui trau la mot sQ IQa chpn tdi lAi de thay the nhiSn lieu hda thach, Vien Nang IUdng (thupc Tdng eong ty Dien iQc Viet Nam) da che tao thanh cflng may ep taic vit dimg de ep cae phe thai - phu pham nflng nghiep (trau) thanh thanh nhien lieu vdi nhiet nang cao, tien ldi trong van chuyln [1] nhu Lam nguyen lieu san xuat than to ong,

2.3. Xiif ly tieu huy chat thai ran a. Thtfc trang x& ly chat thai ran sinh hoat - Chdn lap CTR

Chon lap la bien phap xQ ly phd bien nhat tai eac diem dan eU ndng thfln TP, Ha Npi, Day la phUdng phap ehon lap ddn gian, gay mat ve sinh mfli trudng khu vUe, Theo do, CTR dQdc chon khflng cd kiem soat, khong co td ehde quan ly va khong cd bien phap xQ ly sau chon lap. Tai cac lang xa ven do, ngUdi dan thudng tan dung eac khu vQe trung hay ao ho de do rae true tiep xuong dd, khong can chi phi dau tU ban d^u de do rac. Do vay, da hinh thanh nhieu bai rae Ip thien khu vQc ngoai thanh TP. Ha Nfli.

- Dot chat thai ran

Hien nay, tai cac khu dan cU nong thon Ha Nfli deu co bien phap xii ly CTR bang each ddt dUdi nhieu hinh thQc khae nhau, Cae hinh thUc dot phd bien nhat la:

- Dot CTR tai eho: La cay kho, canh tre, canh cay loai bd dQdc cac hfl gia dmh thu gom thanh dong tai gdc san, gdc VQdn roi dot

- Ddt CTR tai diem tap trung tam thdi hoae tai bai dd thai. Theo phQdng phap nay, CTR tai diem tap tnjng tam thdi hoac tai bai do thai dQdc dot, tro dem bon ruflng, phan khflng chay dQdc dem chon lap hoae do tai cac bai rac 16 Siien,

NhQ vay, dot CTR la bien phap hieu qua dfli vdi CTR nong thdn cd nhieu chat ehay dUdc va it dflc hai. Day la bien phap xiJI ly ddn gian, chi phi thap, Hien nay, thanh phan CTR lang xa, vung ven do khu dfl thi trung tam TP, Ha Ngi ngay cang phUc tap, ed nhieu chat dflc hai.

Dae biet tai cac iang nghg, CTRSH cd chUa ea CTR y te va cac loai CTR nguy hai khac. Do vay, de bien phap dflt CTR duoc ap dung rgng rai, CTR can dUdc phan loai tai ngudn, trong thQc te, can quan ly neng CTRSH, CTR y te va CTR phat sinh tU khu vUc lang nghe.

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E H O M N A Y

b. XO ly tieu huy chat thai ran ndng nghiep Hien nay, cac dia phuong tren dia ban TP Ha Noi deu chua CO cong nghe xif ly bao bi thuoe bao ve thuc vat Bao bl sau khi thu gom cimg vdi bao bi phan bon hoa hoe thudng dem dot hoac ehon lap d xa khu dan cu Nhieu dia phuong. ngUdi ndng dan cdn thu gom chung vo bao bi thuoc bao ve thuc vat vdi rac thai smh hoat

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Cijng nhu CTRSH nong thon. tren dia ban TP Ha Noi, hau het CTRSH lang nghe chUa dUdc xu ly tnet de Dac tinh chat thai lang nghe cd nhieu thanh phan nguy hai, Vi vay CTR lang nghe can duoc phan loai tot ngay tU ban dau (tai nguon phat smh) de cac thanh phan chat thai thong thudng co the xU ly cung rae thai smh hoat eac thanh phan nguy hai can thue eac ddn vi eo chile nang (co giay phep hanh nghe) de xii ly [1]

3, Ket luan

- Viing ngoai thanh Ha Noi la nguon cung cap cae san pham nong nghiep chii yeu eho TP, Ha Ndi nhU Gao, thue pham, rau qua va eac ioai hang hoa thiet yeu khac. Tuy nhien, ben canh nhQng dong gop to Idn ve mat kmh te xa hdi, cong tac quan ly CTR vimg ven dd khu dd thi trung tam TP Ha Noi vin cdn ton tai bat cap

- TP Ha Ndi la mpt trong hai thanh pho dae biet Idn nhat nuoc ta. co qua trinh do thi hoa va edng nghiep hda dien ra manh me, vdi toe do nhanh nhat ea nUoe, xong cflng tac quan ly CTR va bao ve mdi trudng lang nghe tai Thil dd Ha Ndi khong theo kip vdi qua trinh nay Mot so lang nghe, trUde day 6 ngoai thanh TP Ha Ndi, nay da 6 trong nfli thanh.

- Hau het cac lang nghe ven do khu do thi tmng tam TP. Ha NOI deu chua eo he thong, quan ly rac thai, chi/a cd bai rac tap trung. xUly rac thai. Hau het rac thai ti/cac ho gia dmh deu dUdc do tu do

- Tai cac lang nghe. he thong cd sd ha tang, dac biet la he thong giao thong thap kem khdng nhung anh hUdng den viec to chUc he thong thu gom, tap trung van chuyen va xii ly rae thai ma edn anh hUdng den mdi trudng lang nghe Nhieu dudng lang. dudng trong thon, dUdng ngo xdm chieu rdng dUdng ehi co 1,8 - 2,5m anh hudng den giao thong, can trd viec van hanh he thdng thu gom, van chuyen tap trung va xu ly rac thai cua lang •

VEND Quan Ha Ddng - TP Ha Not

Tai lieu tham khao

1 Bao cao mdt tnJOng Quoc gta 2011. Bd Tat nguyen &

Mot tnJdng (7,2012}-

2 De tat NCKH cap B6 (2006). Nghten cilu giai phap quy hoach va xO ly chat thai lang nghe thiJ cdng - Ap dung thi diem cho 01 lang nghe 6 dong bang Bic Bd. Ma soMT 01/2006

3. De tat NCKH cap Bd (2010). Tong ket va de xuat md htnh thu gom. x(j ly chat that ran tat cac diem dan cu ndng thdn. Vten Kien tnic Quy hoach Dd thi Ndng thon - BXD.

4 De tat NCKH cap thanh phd (2010). Nghten euu md htnh thu gom va xO ly bao bt thudc BVTVphat thai trong sin xuat ndng nghiep tat Ha Ndi Sd TN & MT Ha Ndt.

(So E9.2013J ~ZC VCN CAN BO OUAN LY XAV DUNG VA DO TH|