Mua xudn - Bai nudc - Tdi nguyen - Moi tradng
JKinh nghiem canh tac tren dat doc cua ngiral Tiiai ven ho thuy dien Son La
O ThS. DO X U A N Disc Dai hpc Quoc gia Hd Npi
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gudi Thai o ban Nhap vdn la cu dan ndng nghiep canh tac mdng nUdc vd eanh tae nUdng rdy. Khi mdi trudng thung lung va canh tac Ida nude truyen thd'ng khdng edn, nay dieu kien tU nhien thay ddi, dja hinh ddi ndi cao, da't dai cd do dd'e Idn. Nham thfch dng vdi didu kien canh tac tren dat dd'c khu vye ven hd, ngudi Thdi d ban Nhap da van dung nhdng tii thdc dan gian va kinh nghiem truyen thdng vao qua trinh canh tdc tren dat dd'c ven hd.Canh tac trdn ddt ddc dira vao tri thu'c ban dja
Ket qua dieu tra va phdng van mdt so hd dan d ban Nhap xa Chieng Lao eho thay, canh tac nUdng riy ddng vai trd quan trpng trong ddi sd'ng hang ngay cda hp, cd tdi 86 hd gia dinh d ban Nhap gan bd vdi canh tac nUdng ray ven hd, Mdt sd hp gia dinh khde ket hop danh ca, tha dd tdm vdi canh tie nUdng ray ven hd. Vdi tat ca cae loai nuOng, ngudi Thai d ban Nhap sd dung bien phdp canh tdc lien hoan theo ehu trinh;
chpn dat, dpn xdi dat, khdng cudc dat, trdng tia, ehdm sdc thu hoaeh, ludn eanh trong 1 ndm, hd thdng eanh tdc nuong ray truyen thd'ng cda ngudi Thai ban Nhap ed nhieu mdt tfch eye trong quan ly bao ve tai nguyen da't dd'c ven hd Thdy dien Son La.
Lich canh tic trin dat nUdng eda ngudi Thai d ban Nhap - Chieng Lao - Mudng La: Thing dUdng lieh: 1-2: Phat nuong, reo ngd sdm; 3: Ddt nUdng, reo ngd sdm; 4: Lam cd nuong ngd sdm, tra lua nUOng; 5: Lam ed, chdm sdc eay trdng tren nuong; 6; Lam CO nuong ngd, nuong san; 7: Lam CO lua nUdng; 8: Cham sdc lam ed nuong, thu ngd tren nuong; 9: Thu hoaeh Ida nUOng. Thing am lich:
1: Phat nuong, reo ngd sdm; 2:
Ddt nuong, reo ngd sdm; 3: Ldm cd nuong ngd sdm, tra Ida nUOng;
4: Lam cd, chdm sdc cay trdng tren nuong; 5: Lam cd nUOng ngd, nuong san; 6: Lam cd Ida nUdng; 7: Chdm sdc lam ed nUdng, thu ngd tren nUdng; 8: Thu hoach Ida nUOng. Ljch Thai: 7:
Phdt nUdng, reo ngd sdm; 8: Ddt nUdng, reo ngd sdm; 9: Lam co nuong ngd sdm, tra Ida nUdng;
10: Lam ed, ehdm sdc cdy trdng tren nuong; 11: Lam ed nuong ngd, nuong san; 12: Lam cd Ida nuong; 1: Chdm sdc lam ed nuong, thu ngd tren nUOng; 2: Thu hoach Ida nUdng.
Cdng cu iao ddng ddn gian nhu cudc budm, dao quam, thudng, cudc chim, liem, nhip, gay chpc Id, Titu, neo... Trong do, dao quam cd vai trd quan trpng hang dau ed the thay the cac cdng cu khac trong qua trinh lam nUdng.
Ngudi Thai nhdn thCrc duoc nhidu
loai da't khac nhau dya va(^cic bidu hien cda thUe vat, mau sac, dp am cda ddt. Theo thdng tin thu dupc dieu tra va phdng van ngudi dan dupe bidt, hp thudng chpn dit canh tac dudi nhOfng khu rdng, dat khdng qud ddc ddng, phfa tren ddt nUdng la khu rdng nhieu cdy, tot hdn ca la cd nhidu cay to, phfa tren ddc ddng d l mua chiy trdi da't d tren xudng nUdng, gidp nUdng them mau md. Ho se tranh nhdng khoang dat ed nhilu co tranh, vi noi day dat se xau, chpn dat ed mau den, dat cd nhidu da se khdng chpn. Ngudi chpn ddt lam nUPng thudng la dan dng.
Chu trinh sCr dung dat nuang ci^a ngudi Thai d Ban Nhap - Chieng Lao Mudng La: Phit nuong - Ddt, dpn nuong - Gieo hat - Chdm sdc - Thu hoach - Cho dat nghi (rdi chu trinh lai quay ngupc trd lai).
Thdi diem bat dau phat nuong vao khoang thing 2 dUdng Ijch (thang 7 lieh Thai), phit nuong xong, nUOng dupe d trong vdng 1 thang cho cay, ed khd, sau khi d vao thdng 3 duong lich (thing 8 Ijch Thdi), trdi khd ndng ngudi ddn bat dau dd't cay cd vi dpn nuong. Ngudi Thai cd kinh nghiem chdng chay lan ra cdc khu vye xung quanh bang each tao mang nuong khdng cd cay cd khd gan khu vyc ben canh khi ddt.
Sau khi ddt tro than duoc vdl diu 6 0 Tdi nguyen vd Mdi trudng | Ky 1*2-Thiing 1/2014
khip nuong. Den thdng 4, thdng 5 dUdng Ijch bdt ddu vao mua mua Tdy Bac. ngudi Thai bat ddu deo hat. Mdt sd hp gia dinh cho bidt, 90 % gieo hat vao cudi thang 4 duong Ijch, ky thudt gieo hat la chpc lo, tra hat. Nam gidi di trudc
\ia lo, phu nd, tre con di sau tra hat, Idp dat. Bd con giai thfch rang cich lim nhu tren chdng lang phf ddt, trdnh chim chdc dn hat, tidt kiem lao ddng, khdng mat edng tia bdt di cay con, cay du khoang cich sinh trudng. Thdng thudng mdt dp chpc lo, tra hat 25-30 Id tren m^. Moi Id 3-5 hat, cdy dupe trdng theo hang ngang ed vai trd can nudc, chdng rda trdi khi mua xudng. Khi cdy eao 20 em, cdc hd gia dinh bat dau lam cd, cudc xdi nhe. Trong dldu kien canh tdc tren the dd't ddc ven ho nhU vdy dupc xem l i bien phip bao vd mau dat khdng bj rCfa trdi khi mua Idn. Tuy theo nuong ma lam co 2-3 lan. Ba con Idm cd vao Idc trdi nang cdy cd bj tidu didt triet de, dat chdng khd v i thodng khf, khi mUa xudng ciy trdng Idn nhanh hon. Ngudi Thdi d ban Nhap khdng sd dung phdn bdn, thude trU sdu trong qud trinh eanh tdc nuong ray ven hd d l trinh mudng thd, chim chdc phd hoai cdy khi cdn nhd va bap, Ida nUdng, cd, qua khi sap chin, hp sd dung hdng rao bang cdy gd bao ve xung quanh, sd dung cdeh hinh ndm ngudi.
Cdng cu thu hoach Ida tren nUdng riy la dao, nhfp, liem, neo, thdm chf Id mdt dng tre, nda lam nhpn, cheo mdt dau, viec thu hoach chi tdp trung vao cde san phim chfnh nhu: hat Ida, qua ngd, hat dd, ddu, qua bf, bau, dUa. Cac phin phu cdn lai bao gdm tat ca rdm, ra, thdn, r l . Id, be ngd dd lai nuong rSy. mdt phin do nuong riy xa nhd, di chuyin bdng
thuyin nen khdng the mang ve nha dupe. Mdt khac hp dd lai phin re, thdn, la, cdy da thu hoach nham bao ve dat khdi bj trdi mau khi mua ID ve, kinh nghiem thu hoaeh truyen thdng nhu vay cho thay ddt se dupc bao ve tdt hon eho mda sau, dat dupe giOf I m , tdng dd mdn, trdnh mat nude den vu sau. Day Id each gid ddt kha hieu qua cda ngudi Thai ti-ong didu kien canh tde tren dat ddc khu vyc ven hd phu thude hodn toan vdo thdi tiet, didu kien ty nhidn.
Trong qua trinh canh tac tren dat ddc ven hd, ngudi Thai d ban Nhap cd nhieu cich xen canh va luan eanh. Muc dieh la khdng lang phf dat, tdng cde san pham thu dupe va tan dung dat, neu dd't xd'u khdng trdng Ida nUdng dupc thi trdng ngd, trong san, Hp luan canh cdy trdng theo hudng: Lda, ngd, san, bdng... NghTa la, dd't trdng Ida bao gid cung la loai td't nha't, khoang nuong mdi phdt. mdi dd't uu tien trdng Ida nUdng (vu 1), mdt sd dd't trdng ngd ne'u dat kem hon. Sau dd, neu da't da giam chd't dinh dudng do mUa, xdi mdn, do dd't khdng dupe bd sung dinh dudng, nUdng se dupe ehuyen sang trong ngd, san, bdng, cham, Trong qud trinh eanh tie neu cay trdng ehfnh nhu Ida nuong, ngd, san mpc qua thua khdng ddu, cde loai cdy khde se dupc trdng xen vdo ehd trdng. Hp chd y den ddc tinh cda cay trdng de chpn cdy xen canh thfch hpp, cdy Ida, ngd khi Idn se vupn cao dupc trdng xen dua, bau, bf, ddu sd'ng bd ngang mdt dd't. Xen canh bao dam dat doc duac che phd ky hOn giam xdi mdn do mua lu, ddng thdi cd t h i cai tao dat tao them ngudn thCre dn cho ngudi, gia sue frong mda khd.
Nhdng uu diem tir phuong phap canh tac tren dat ddc ven hd
Truydn thdng canh tdc tren da't ddc cda ngudi Thdi d ban Nhap phd hpp vdi dieu kien tu nhien va dja hinh, mdi t n / ^ g khu vue ven ho Thdy dien Sdn La, edeh lam nuong ray tren dat ddc khdng phat ddt tren dinh vda cd tac dung giOf nudc, gid Im cho dat ban che td'i da dat bj xdi mdn, rya trdi xudng Idng hd thuy dien ddng thdi gid dupe rdng phdng hd cho hd thdy didn Son La. Vide duy tri cae khu rung thieng, rdng cdng ddng, rimg ma ven hd thdy dien bao dam cho khdng gian sdng eda cdng ddng cu dan tai dinh cu ven hd ludn dupc che phd an toan, frdnh ID d'ng, lu quet qua ban Idng d khu vuc cac sudn ndi, sudn ddi ven hd. Sau thdi gian thu hoach, dd't dupe nghi va tao mun td chinh thdn. rd, la, be cda, rdm cua cay Ida nUdng. eay ngd, cdy san, dau, dd, la eay rdng dd't se dupc b l sung chat dinh dudng kha ndng phuc hdi cho ndm sau canh tdc, Ludn canh, xen canh cung Id bien phap sd' dung hpp ly da't ddc ven hd cda ngudi Thai. Trong dieu kien da't ven hd ed dp ddc Idn, dudi su ehe chan cda rung, dat va ngudn nudc hd eung dupc bao ve ban che dupe bdi lang Idng hd.
De bao ve vd sd dung hpp ly, hieu qua canh tac tren dat ddc vung ven long hd Thdy dien Sdn La can ket hpp va Idng ghep cic bien phap ky thuat tien tidn vdi nhufng tri thde dan gian, kinh nghiem truyen thd'ng eda ngudi Thdi vdo nhdng chUdng trinh phdt trien cai thien sinh ke cho cdng ddng cu ddn ven hd. Hudng den mue tieu bao ve tai nguyen ddt ddc, dat vd rdng. mdi trudng nude va DDSH ben vdng vung ven Idng hd Thdy dien Son La • Tdi nguy§n vd Mdi truang | Ky1*2-Thing 1/2014 g^
